ENGLESKI JEZIK

Gramatka
SADRAJ
ENGLESKI JEZIK.................................................................1
1. ALFABET - ALPHABET.....................................................3
2. VRSTE RIJEI..................................................................4
2.1. Broje! - N"#$er%...................................................................4
2.1.1. Gavn bro|ev.......................................................................................4
2.1.2. Redn bro|ev........................................................................................5
2.1.3. Dobn bro|ev.......................................................................................5
2.1.4. Bro|ev za ponav|an|e..........................................................................6
2.1.5. Bro|ev za umnoavan|e.......................................................................6
2.1.6. Bro| nua..............................................................................................6
2.2. &'( - T)e Ar*!+&e....................................................................,
2.2.1. Odreden can......................................................................................7
2.2.2. Neodreden can...................................................................................8
2.3. G&'-o&! - Ver$%......................................................................1.
2.3.1. Pomocn gago.................................................................................10
2.3.2. Bezcn gago...................................................................................16
2.3.3. Nepotpun gago...............................................................................16
2.3.4. Pravn nepravn gago.................................................................17
2.3.5. Preazn nepreazn gago...............................................................21
2.3.6. Povratn gago..................................................................................21
2.3.7. Vser|ecn gago - Mut-Word Verbs................................................21
2.4. I#e(!+e - No"(%....................................................................23
2.4.1. Rod menca - Gender of Nouns.........................................................23
2.4.2. Mnona menca - Pura of Nouns.....................................................25
2.4.3. Pade menca - Cases of Nouns.......................................................28
2./. Pr!0je! - A0je+*!e%..............................................................3.
2.5.1. Poreden|e prd|eva - Comparason ....................................................30
2.5.2. Nepravna komparac|a prd|eva - Irreguar comparason.................32
2
2.,. Pr!je0&o1! - Pre2o%!*!o(%.........................................................32
2.3. Pr!&o1! - A0er$%....................................................................3/
2.4. 51!+! - I(*erje+*!o(%.............................................................33
2.6. Ve1(!+! - 7o(j"(+*!o(%...........................................................33
2.1.. Z'#je(!+e - Pro(o"(%..........................................................34
....................................................................................................................38
2.10.1. Lcne zam|ence - Persona Pronouns ..............................................38
2.10.2. Prsvo|ne zam|ence - Possessve Pronouns.....................................39
2.10.3. Povratne zam|ence - Refexve Pronouns .......................................39
2.10.4. Pokazne zam|ence - Demonstratve pronouns................................40
2.10.5. Uptne zam|ence - Interrogatve Pronouns .....................................40
2.10.6. Reatvne zam|ence - Reatve pronouns ........................................41
2.10.7. Dobne zam|ence - Dstrbutve Pronouns.......................................42
2.10.8. Neodredene zam|ence - Indefnte Pronouns..................................42
3. SLAGANJE VRE8ENA - SE95EN7E :F TENSES.................44
4. GLAG:LSKA VRE8ENA.................................................44
4.1. S'0';(j' re#e('.................................................................44
1. ALFABET - ALPHABET
A, a (e:) N, n (en)
3
B, b (b:) O, o (o:)
C, c (s:) P, p (p:)
D, d (d:) O, q (k|u:)
E, e (:) R, r (a:)
F, f (ef) S, s (es:)
G, g (d:) T, t (t:)
H, h (ee) U, u (|u:)
I, (a) V, v (v:)
|, | (de) W, w (dab |u)
K, k (ke) X, x (eks)
L, (e) Y, y (ua)
M, m (em) Z, z (z, zed)
2. VRSTE RIJEI
2.1. Broje! - N"#$er%
Bro|ev mogu bt:
1. gavn (cardnas)
2. redn (ordnas)
3. dobn (fractona numeras)
4. bro|ev za ponav|an|e (repeatng numeras)
5. bro|ev za umnoavan|e (mutpcatves)
6. bro| nua (zero)
2.1.1. G&'(! $roje!
1 one 16 nneteen
2 two 2. twenty
3 three 21 twenty one
4 four 22 twenty two etc.
/ fve 3. thrty
, sx 4. fourty
3 seven /. ffty
4 eght ,. sxty
6 nne 3. seventy
1. ten 4. eghty
11 eeven 6. nnety
12 tweve 1.. a hundred
13 thrteen 1.1 a hundred and one
14 fourteen 2.. two hundred
1/ ffteen 1... a thousand
1, sxteen 2... two thousand
13 seventeen 1........ a mon
14 eghteen 2........ two mon
Kao sto se vd, bro|ev zmedu 13 20 obrazu|u se kada se bro|u prve desetne
doda sufks "teen", zuzev nekh man|h zuzetaka (thrteen um|esto threeteen
ffteen um|esto fveteen). Bro|ev desetca obrazu|u se na scan nacn,
dodavan|em sufksa "ty".
Bro|ev ko| ma|u desetce |ednce prave se kao u nasem |ezku:
4
25 - twenty fve, 71 - seventy one.
Mogu se |ednce, a samo za bro|eve spod 40, stavt na prvo m|esto vezat
pomocu "and" sa desetcama: 24 - four and twenty.
R|ec hundred thousand pos|e ko|h doaz man| bro| od stotnu, vezu|u se
veznkom "and":
328 - three hundred and twenty eght
3.020 - three thousand and twenty.
Hundred thousand dob|a|u "s" u mnon kada se |av|a|u kao mence:
hundreds of men, thousands of nsects. (stotne |ud, h|ade nsekata)
"One" ma mnonu ko|a gas "ones" upotreb|ava se kao menca, na|cesce da
b se zb|ego ponav|an|e mence u recenc:
Back goves are stronger than whte ones. (crne rukavce su |ace od b|eh)
Redn bro|ev
Prva tr redna bro|a se tvore nepravno:
frst (prv), second (drug) thrd (trec). Sv osta redn bro|ev prave se
dodavan|em
nastavka "th" na gavne bro|eve: seventh (sedm), tenth (deset), sxteenth
(sesnaest), nneteth (devedeset), thousandth (h|adt) etc.
Sova "ve" kod fve posta|u sovo "f" kod ffth (pet), ffteenth (petnaest)
ffteth (pedeset). Isto tako kod tweve se m|en|a u twefth.
Nne u rednom bro|u gub kra|n|e "-e": nne - nnth.
Kod desetca kra|n|e "y" m|en|a se u "e" pred nastavkom "th": thrteth
(trdeset).
Kod sastav|enh r|ec nastavak dob|a|u samo |ednce: twenty-fourth (dvadeset
cetvrt).
2.1.2. Re0(! $roje!
Redn bro|ev se upotreb|ava|u um|esto gavnh za oznacavan|e:
datuma m|eseca: the nneteenth of May (devetnaest Ma|);
rodosov|e vadara: Henry the Sxth (Henry VI)
pogav|a u kn|z: chapter the tenth (gava deseta);
pos|e r|ec every, kao sto su zraz: every thrd day (svakog treceg
dana).
Razomc u nazvnku ma|u redn bro|:
4/5 - four ffths 3/10 - three tenths
Razka |e |edno kod 1/2 - one haf 1/4 - one quarter a quarter, 3/4 - three
quarters.
Redn bro|ev dob|a|u odreden can the. the frst cass (prv razred).
2.1.3. D!o$(! $roje!
Izuzev bro|a haf (poa) sv dobn bro|ev |ednak su sa rednm bro|evma.
U mnon dob|a|u nastavak "s": four sevenths (cetr sedmce).
Iza haf doaz "a" spred mence: haf a oaf (poovna h|eba).
Pos|e bro|a, zraza po ( poovna) prevod se sa "and a haf": two eagues and
a haf (dv|e po m|e).
5
2.1.4. Broje! 1' 2o('&j'(je
Bro|ev za ponav|an|e prave se pomocu r|ec "tmes": four tmes (cetr puta),
twenty tmes (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (|edanput), twce (dva puta),
thrce (tr puta) zadra su se |os u poez|, nace su zastar|e.
2.1./. Broje! 1' "#(o<''(je
Bro|ev za umnoavan|e prave se dodavan|em nastavka "fod" na gavne
bro|eve: fourfod (cetverostruk). Izuzetak |e bro| "twofod" ko| se moe zrazt
|os r|ec|u doube (dvostruk).
2.1.,. Broj ("&'
Nua se u engeskom |ezku kae naught zero:
seven degrees beow zero (sedam stepen spod nue)
206 - two naught sx
U teefonskm bro|evma nua se zgovara kao gas "o" (ou):
32-049 - three two o four nne.
2.2. &'( - T)e Ar*!+&e
U engeskom |ezku posto|e odreden neodreden can.
Odreden can |e *)e. On |e neprom|en|v: the man, the woman, the house.
Neodreden can |e ' '(,
a korstmo spred sugasnka: a char, a unversty, a year;
an korstmo spred samogasnka: an hour, an appe, an eephant td.
Da b ste odred ko|, da upotr|ebt can postavte seb nekoko ptan|a:
1. Da vas ctaac zna o kome o cemu govorte?
da ne
korstte the
predte na s|edece
ptan|e
2. Da |e menca u |ednn mnon?
|ednn mnon
predte na s|edece
ptan|e
zostavte can
3. Moe menca bt u mnon, t|. da |e bro|va? (Sta su bro|ve mence?)
Da Ne
predte na s|edece
ptan|e
zostavte can
4. Da govorte o po|ednacno| stvar opcento| de|?
po|ednacno opcento
predte na s|edece
ptan|e
zostavte can
5. Da menca pocn|e vokama (a, e, , o, u)?
Da Ne
korstte an korstte a
6
2.2.1. :0re=e(! >&'(
Odreeni lan se upotrebljava:
kada se govori o odreenom licu, stvar po|mu: send me the book
(posa| m kn|gu),
kada |e rije o imenici koja je blie odreena poznata cu ko|e susa
cta:
I saw the teacher (vdo sam ucte|a), she gave the etter to her mother
(daa |e psmo svo|o| ma|c);
spred menca ko|e po nasem shvatan|u posto|e u samo |ednom
prm|erku:
the Earth moves round the sun (Zem|a se okrece oko Sunca);
ako menca u |ednn odredu|e c|eu vrstu, a ne samo po|ednu stvar ko|a
prpada to| vrst:
the Earth-satete s faster then the aeropane (Zem|n satet |e br od
avona);
pred superatvma: ths s the best thng you can do (to |e na|bo|a stvar
ko|u moes ucnt);
spred rednh bro|eva: t s the second day of my arrva here (drug |e
dan otkako sam stgao ovamo);
spred "same": the same to you (sto vama);
spred mena zgrada, ustanova, brodova s: The Houses of Parament
(parament),
The Mnstry of Defence (mnstarstvo odbrane), The Ma|estc (hote) td;
spred mena stova, casopsa, magazna: the Tmes;
spred osobnh mena ko|a se sasto|e od prd|eva mence:
The Back Sea (Crno more), The Pacfc Ocean (Th okean);
spred mena naroda u mnon: the Engsh (Engez);
spred mena pos|e ko|h doaz "of": we sgned the treaty of Locarno
(potpsa smo sporazum u Lokarnu);
spred mena r|eka, pananskh anaca, |ezera mora:
we cmbed the Aps (pope smo se na Ape);
spred prd|eva ko| su upotreb|en kao mence:
the poor of London (srotn|a Londona);
u nekm stanm zrazma frazama: the made a |oke at the expense of
ths od woman (nasao se na racun ove starce)
I don't want to run the rsk (ne em da rzku|em).

Odreeni lan se ne upotrebljava:
spred osobnh menca: |ack gave me an appe (|ack m |e dao |abuku);
bez cana su mence ko|e oznacava|u porodcne odnose, a canov su
porodce: mother caed me back (ma|ka me |e pozvaa da se vratm);
mena dana, m|esec godsn|h doba: I sha come by Monday (doc cu do
poned|e|ka);
mena vrhova panna: Magc s the hghest mountan n Bosna (Magc |e
na|veca panna u Bosn);
man woman se upotreb|ava|u bez cana kada oznacava|u c|eu vrstu, t|.
|udsk rod:
man s morta (cov|ek |e smrtan);
7
gradvne mence su bez cana: the tabe s made of wood (sto |e
naprav|en od drveta);
msaone mence su bez cana: I prefer musc to poetry (vse vom
muzku nego poez|u);
mena obroka su bez cana: chdren, come, dnner s ready (d|eco,
dodte, rucak |e spreman);
mence kao sto su: schoo, coege, market, court, prson td, du bez
cana ako oznacava|u rad ko| se tamo obav|a: after schoo chdren go
home (pos|e skoe d|eca se vraca|u kuc),
he was put n prson (stav|en |e u zatvor);
uz superatv proga can se ne upotreb|ava: he runs best (on na|bo|e
trc),
she wrtes quckest (ona pse na|bre);
can se nkad ne upotreb|ava u nekm zrazma:
to be at work (bt u posu)
to catch fre (zapat se)
to take breath (odahnut)
to set sa (spovt)
to shake hands (rukovat se)
to ose courage (zgubt hrabrost)
by and (kopnom)
hand n hand (ruku pod ruku)
by heart (napamet)
on board (na brodu).


2.2.2. Neo0re=e(! >&'(
Neodreden can ?'? upotreb|ava se spred r|ec ko|e pocn|u sugasnkom, a
obk "'(? se upotreb|ava spred r|ec ko|e pocn|u samogasnkom mukm
"h":
a man (cov|ek), an open wndow (otvoren prozor), an hour (cas).
Neodreden can upotreb|ava se samo sa mencama ko|e ma|u mnonu.
Msaone gradvne mence ko|e nema|u mnone ko|e se ne mogu bro|at,
nema|u neodreden can:
I have a book (mam kn|gu), a I have tme (mam vremena).
Neodreden can nema mnonu ne moe se upotr|ebt spred mence u
mnon:
a house (kuca), houses (kuce).
Neodreden can se upotreb|ava uz mencu ko|a |e zdvo|ena z c|ene
mnostva
a ko|a n|e posebno odredena:
the boy saw a brd n the tree (d|ecak |e vd|eo ptcu na drvetu).
Neodreden can moe odredt ctavu vrstu: a cat s an anma (macka |e
votn|a);
Neodreden can se stav|a uz razomke: a haf (poovna), a thrd (trecna).
Neodreden can se stav|a spred r|ec ko|e oznacava|u vr|eme, bro|, tenu
8
m|eru:
I see hm two tmes a week (vdam ga dvaput sedmcno).
Neodreden can se upotreb|ava sa r|ecma: many, such, qute, rather, what,
no ess, so, too, as - ako |e menca u |ednn:
we have seen hm many a tme (vd|e smo ga mnogo puta),
he s qute a good doctor (on |e poprcno dobar doktor).
Neodreden can se stav|a spred r|ec: dozen (tuce), gross (dvanaest tuceta),
score (dvadeset), hundred, thousand, mon: a hundred bas (stotnu opt).
Neodreden can se upotreb|ava s menskm predkatom:
he s a schoo-teacher (on |e ucte| u sko).
Neodreden can se moe upotr|ebt uz apozc|u ko|a se doda|e nazvma
kn|evnh d|ea:
"Rvas", a comedy by Sherdan ("Suparnc", Serdanova komed|a).
Neodreden can upotreb|en za "not" po|acava negac|u: I have not a snge
penny
(nemam nt |edan |edn pen).
Neodreden can se upotreb|ava u mnogm domatskm zrazma, dok se u
nekm spusta:
to have a pan (mat boove)
to be n hurry (urt se)
to be at oss (bt u neprc)
as a rue (po pravu)
on an average (pros|ecno).

Neodreeni lan se izostavlja:
- kad se nesto nabra|a:
my brother s a runner, swmmer and |umper (mo| brat |e trkac, pvac
skakac);
- uz msaone gradvne mence ko|e se ne mogu bro|at:
he put wood on fre (stavo |e drva na vatru), we have confdence n you
(mamo pov|eren|a u vas);
- u suca|u kada neku ttuu moe mat samo |edno ce u sto vr|eme:
he s Presdent of the Repubc (on |e preds|ednk repubke);
- pos|e zraza kao sto su: the tte of, the post of, the offce of, the rank of:
he hods the post of secretary (on zauzma pooa| sekretara);
- pos|e gagoa to turn (kada znac stat):
he was unabe to obtan a cv post he turned soder (posto n|e mogao da
dob|e m|esto u cvu, postao |e vo|nk);
- kada |e predkat do ob|ekta u aktvno| konstrukc|, do sub|ekta u pasvno|
konstrukc|:
the caed hm foo, madman (nazva su ga udm, udakom),
9
he was made prsoner (zarob su ga);
- kada |e r|ec "part" upotreb|ena u smsu "party":
part of the ceng came down on peope (do tavance |e pao na |ude);
- kada pos|e r|ec "what" ko|a |e upotreb|ena kao uzvk, doaz menca ko|a se
obcno ne upotreb|ava u mnon:
what wsdom n so young boy
(kakva mudrost u tako madog d|ecaka).

2.3. G&'-o&! - Ver$%
1. Pomocn gago - Auxary Verbs (Hepng Verbs):
a) gago ?*o $e? - bt ,
b) gago ?*o )'e? - mat ,
c) gago ?*o 0o? - radt
2. Bezcn gago - Impersona Verbs
3. Nepotpun gago - Defectve Verbs
4. Pravn nepravn gago - Reguar and Irreguar Verbs
5. Preazn nepreazn gago - Transtve and Intranstve Verbs
6. Povratn gago - Refexve Verbs
7. Vser|ecn gago - Mut-Word Verbs
- Frazan gago - Phrasa Verbs
- Pr|edon gago - Prepostona Verbs
- Frazan pr|edon gago - Phrasa-prepostona Verbs
8. "-ng" obc (gerund,partcp prezenta) - The "-ng" Forms
2.3.1. Po#o@(! -&'-o&!
2.3.1.1. Pomoni glagol "to be" !u"iliar# $erb "to be"
Pomocn gago sue za tvorbu soenh gagoskh vremena (perfekta, futura
td.)
Pomocn gago su:
'A $eB
b) have,
c) do,
d) sha, w
Gago be, have do mogu bt pomocn gago gago punog znacen|a.
Gavn d|eov gagoa $e su:
$eB C'%B $ee(
Be kao pomocn gago se upotreb|ava:
- za tvorbu tra|nh vremena:
I am surfng. (|a surfam);
10
- za tvorbu pasvnh vremena:
The brdge was but. (most |e zgraden).
Be kao gago punog znacen|a znac posto|at, v|et, stc td.
To be, or not to be. (bt ne bt)
I was n Span ast year. (bo sam u Span| prose godne)
Be se vro cesto upotreb|ava kao do menskog predkata.
He s . (on |e boestan)
Hs brother was a saor. (n|egov brat |e bo mornar).
Be se upotreb|ava za dob, uda|enost c|enu.
It s ten mes. (ma deset m|a)
She s twenty. (n|o| |e dvadeset)
Ths budng s twenty years od. (ova zgrada |e stara dvadeset godna)
Kada govormo o osob kaemo samo bro| (She s twenty.) a kada govormo o
stvar
years od se ne mogu zostavt.
Present Smpe - Prezent
I am - I'm (|a sam) I'm not (|a nsam) am I? (|e sam )
you are - you're you're not are you?
he s - he's, she's, t's he's, she's, t's not s he, she, t?
we are - we're we're not are we?
you are - you're you're not are you?
they are - they're they're not are they?
Past Smpe - Pretert (Prosto proso vr|eme)
I was (|a sam bo) I wasn't (|a nsam bo) was I?
you were you weren't were you?
he was he wasn't was he?
Present Perfect - Perfekt
I have been (|a sam bo) I haven't been have I been?
you have been you haven't been have you been?
he has been he hasn't been has he been?
Past Perfect - Puskvamperfekt (Puperfekt)
I had been (|a b|ah bo) I had not been had I been?
you had been you had not been had you been?
he had been he had not been had he been?
Futur Smpe - Futur
I sha be (|a cu bt) I sha not be sha I be?
you w be you w not be w you be?
he w be he w not be w he be?
Futur Perfect - Svrsen futur
I sha have been (|a cu
bt)
I sha not have been sha I have been?
you w have been you w not have been w you have been?
he w have been he w not have been w he have been?
11
Present Condtona - Pogodben nacn sadasn|
I shoud be (|a bh bo) I shoud not be shoud I be?
you woud be you woud not be woud you be?
he woud be he woud not be woud he be)
Past Condtona - Pogodben nacn pros
I shoud have been (bo bh
bo)
I shoud not have beenshoud I have been?
you woud have been
you woud not have
been
woud you have
been?
he woud have been
he woud not have
been
woud he have
been?
Imperatv be
Infntv prezenta to be
Infntv perfekta to have been
Partcp prezenta beng
Partcp perfekta been - havng been
Gerund prezenta beng
Gerund perfekta havng been
2.3.1.2. Pomoni glagol "to %ave" !u"iliar# $erb "to %ave"
Pomocn gago sue za tvorbu soenh gagoskh vremena (perfekta, futura
td.)
Pomocn gago su:
a) be,
$A )'eB
c) do,
d) sha, w
Gago ?*o )'e? - mat
Have kao pomocn gago:
S pomocnm gagoom have tvore se s|edec gagosk obc:
perfekt (I have spoken)
puskvamperfekt (I had spoken)
nfntv perfekta (to have spoken)
partcp perfekta (to have spoken)
partcp perfekta gerund pros (havng spoken).
Have kao gago punog znacen|a:
- Have za ko|eg s|ed nfntv zraava obavezu. Npr: They had to eave.
(mora su otc)
I have to buy some chocoate for her gr. (moram kupt cokoade za n|eznu
d|evo|ccu)
- U to| se konstrukc| moe uptn obk tvort s pomocu do nverz|om, a
odrcn pomocu do dodavan|em not, npr:
Dd they have to eave?
Had they have to eave?
D |esu mora otc?
12
They dd not have to
eave.
They had not to eave.
D Nsu mora otc.
- Osnovno znacen|e gagoa have kao gagoa punog znacen|a |est pos|edovat,
mat. Npr:
Her brother has a motor-boat. (n|ezn brat ma motorn camac)
The baby has a bue eyes. (d|etesce ma pave oc)
- U govornom se |ezku uz have ko|e znac pos|edovat cesto stav|a got.
I have got znac sto znacen|e kao have.
He has got a TV set. (on ma teevzor)
Kada have znac pos|edovat, ne upotreb|ava se u nesvrsenm vremenma.
- Have se upotreb|ava u nekm stanm zrazma:
to have breakfast (doruckovat)
to have tea (popt ca|)
to have a good tme (dobro se zabav|at)
Causatve have
Have za ko|eg s|ed ob|ekt partcp perfekta oznacu|e da neko drug vrs
radn|u recence
po e| zapov|ed sub|ekta. Takvo have se u gramatkama obcno zove
causatve have.
Last week I had a new sut made. (prose sedmce dao sam napravt novo
od|eo)
You must have your nvtaton cards prnted. (morate dat stampat pozvnce).
Iz th pr|evoda vdmo da se takvo have prevod na nas |ezk gagoom 'dat'.
U ovm recencama osobto |e vaan poredak r|ec:
HAVE E :BJEKT E PARTI7IP PERFEKTA
Ako zm|enmo poredak r|ec, zm|ent cemo znacen|e recence:
I have weeded my garden. (op|evo sam svo| vrt)
I have my garden weeded. (da|em p|evt vrt)
Smpe Present Tense - Prezent
I have - I've (|a mam) I haven't have I?
you have - you've you haven't have you?
he has - he's he hasn't has he?
Past Smpe Tense - Pretert
I had (|a sam mao) I hadn't had I?
you had you hadn't had you?
he had he hadn't had he?
Present Perfect Tense - Perfekt
I have had (|a sam mao) I have not had have I had?
you have had you have not had have you had?
he has had he has not had has he had?
13
The Past Perfect Tense - Puskavamperfekt
I had had (|a be|ah mao)I had not had had I had?
you had had you had not had had you had?
he had had he had not had had he had?
Futur Smpe - Futur
I sha have (|a cu mat) I sha not have sha I have?
you w have you w not have w you have?
he w have he w not have w he have?
Futur Perfect - Svrsen futur
I sha have had (|a cu
mat)
I sha not have had sha I have had?
you w have had you w not have had w you have had?
he w have had he w not have had w he have had?
Present Condtona - Pogodben nacn sadasn|
I shoud have (|a bh
mao)
I shoud not have shoud I have?
you woud have you woud not have woud you have?
he woud have he woud not have woud he have?
Past Condtona - Pogodben nacn pros
I shoud have had (bo
bh mao)
I shoud not have had
shoud I have had?
you woud have had you woud not have had woud you have had?
he woud have had he wuod not have had woud he have had?
Imperatv have
Infntv prezenta to have
Infntv perfekta to have had
Partcp prezenta havng
Partcp perfekta had - havng had
Gerund prezenta havng
Gerund perfekta havng had
2.3.1.3. Pomoni glagol "to do" !u"iliar# $erb "to do"
Pomocn gago sue za tvorbu soenh gagoskh vremena (perfekta, futura
td.)
Pomocn gago su:
a) be,
b) have,
+A 0oB
d) sha, w
Gavn obc gagoa 0o |esu:
14
0oB 0!0B 0o(e
Do kao pomocn gago
- S pomocnm gagoom do tvor se uptn odrcn obk prezenta preterta
gagoa punog znacen|a.
Does he drve a car? (voz on auto)
You do not understand me. (v me ne razum|ete)
They dd not arrve n tme. (nsu stg na vr|eme)
- U mperatvu, prezentu pretertu upotreb|ava se pomocn gago do u
potvrdnm recencama ako emo staknut gago. Takvo do se zove
e#F'*!>(o 0o (Emphatc do).
Do st down! (ta s|ed!)
I do ke ths cakes. (zasta vom ove koace)
Do se cesto upotreb|ava da b se zb|ego ponav|an|e gavnog gagoa, to:
-u kratkm odgovorma:
Do you read? -Yes, I do. (ctate , ctam)
-uz so, za ko|eg s|ed pomocn gago, a onda sub|ekt.
He swms we, and so does hs sster. (on dobro pva, a sto tako n|egova
sestra)
-u dodatnom ptan|u:
You know what I mean, don't you? (znate na sta msm, zar ne)
Do kao gago punog znacen|a
-Do se upotreb|ava u znacen|u cnt, radt. Npr:
They dd ther |ob very we. (on su vro dobro obav svo| posao)
He dd not do what he had promsed. (n|e ucno sto |e obecao)
When does she do the room? (kada ona sprema sobu)
Smpe Present Tense - Prezent
I do (|a cnm) I do not - I don't do I?
you do you do not - you don't do you?
he, she, t does he do not - he don't does he?
we do we do not - we don't do we?
you do you do not - you don't do you?
they do they do not - they don't do they?
Past Smpe Tense - Pretert
I dd (|a ucnh) I dd not - I ddn't dd I?
you dd you dd not - you ddn't dd you?
he dd he dd not - he ddn't dd he?
we dd we dd not - we ddn't dd we?
you dd you ddnot - you ddn't dd you?
they dd they dd not - they ddn't dd they?
Imperatv do
15
2.3.2. Be1&!>(! -&'-o&!
Bezcn gago su gago ko| se upotreb|ava|u samo u 3. cu |ednne sa !*.
On obcno oznacava|u vremenske uv|ete. Npr.:
I(F!(!*! Pre%e(* S!#2&e
to ran (pada ksa) t rans
to ha (pada grad) t has
to freeze (mrznut se) t freezes
to snow (pada sn|eg) t snows
to thunder (grm|et) t thunders
Nek gago u trecem cu |ednne mogu mat bezcno znacen|e.
To su s|edec gago:
to seem (zgedat): t seems to be true (zgeda da |e stna)
to appear (zgedat): t appears as f t woud be a change n weather
(zgeda kao da ce se vr|eme prom|ent)
to ook (zgedat): t ooks ke ran (zgeda kao da ce ksa)
to fee (os|ecat): t fees cod (os|eca se hadnoca)
to make (cnt): t makes me afrad (to me pas).
2.3.3. Ne2o*2"(! -&'-o&!
Nepotpun gago su: can (moc), may (moc, sm|et), ought (trebat) must
(morat).
Za|edncko za nepotpune gagoe |e da:
- da nema|u sve obke vremena,
- u sadasn|em vremenu u trecem cu nema|u nastavak "s";
- uptn m se obk prav nverz|om, odrcn obk obrazu|u sa r|eccom "not";
- trae nfntv bez "to" (zuzev gagoa "ought").

Nepotpun gago "can" (moc, um|et, znat) oznacava fzcku umnu
sposobnost. Ima obk "coud" za proso vr|eme (Past Tense) za pogodben
nacn sadasn| (Present Condtona):
I can swm (um|em, znam da pvam),
I coud swm (umo sam da pvam),
Coud you show me the way, pease? (da bste mog da m pokaete put,
mom?)

Gago "can" se ne moe upotr|ebt s cetvrtm padeom bez nekog drugog
gagoa, tako ne moemo rec:
I can that - vec I can do that (|a to um|em).
Odrcn obk gas "can not" skraceno (saeto, contracted) "can't" "coud
not" "coudn't".

Um|esto gagoa "can" u vremenma ko|e on nema upotreb|ava se zraz "to be
abe" (moc,
bt u stan|u):
I sha be abe to ths for you. (moc cu to da ucnm za vas).

16
Nepotpun gago "may" (moc, sm|et) oznacava odobravan|e, dopustan|e,
v|erovatnost, mogucnost e|u:
he may come tomorrow (moda ce on sutra doc)
may I go n? (sm|em uc?)
may he |on us? (sm|e da nam se prdru?)
may he rest n peace! (neka pocva u mru!).

U prosom vremenu "may" ma svo| drug obk "mght":
He mght have arrved earer. (mogao |e ran|e da stgne)
He mght be present. (mogao b bt prsutan).
Mght zraava takoder pogodbu.
Odrcn obk gas "may not" "mayn't" "mght not" "mghtn't".
Nepotpun gago must (morat) ma samo ta| |edan obk. Izraava moran|e,
dunost, nunost.
I must take eave now. (sada se moram pozdravt, moram otc),
The soders knew that they must de. (vo|nc su zna da mora|u umr|et)

U vremenma ko|e gago must nema upotreb|ava se gago to have sa
nfntvom bo kog gagoa sa obaveznm "to":
I had to go at once. (morao sam sm|esta otc)
We sha have to work hard. (moracemo mnogo radt)

U odredenom obku "must not" ne prevodmo sa "ne morat" vec "ne sm|et":
You must not to do ths. (ne sm|ete to ucnt)

"Ne morat" kaemo pomocu gagoa "need not".
Skracen obk od "must not" |e "mustn't".

Nepotpun gago "ought" (trebat) |e |edn ko| se upotreb|ava u nfntvu sa
"to":
You ought to earn more serousy. (treba da ucs ozb|n|e),
You ought to know ths. (treba to da znas)

Gago "ought" zraava obavezu, dunost (prevod se sa "treba", "mora" s.).
Odrcn obk gas "ought not", skraceno "oughtn't".
Kako ova| gago nema prosog vremena, msao o onome sto |e trebao da se
dogod zraavamo sa "ought" nfntvom prosm (nfntv pros gas: "to
have sad", "to have eft" td.):
You ought to have gone. (trebao |e da odes)
2.3.4. Pr'!&(! ! (e2r'!&(! -&'-o&!
Pravilni glagoli tvore pretert partcp perfekta tako da se nfntvu doda
nastavak "-ed". Npr:
pay - payed, open - opened td.
Ako se gago u nfntvu zavrsava na "-e" doda|e se samo "-d". Npr:
sme - smed, hope - hoped td.

Nepravilni glagoli tvore pretert partcp perfekta na razne nacne.
Pretert partcp perfekta ma|u st obk:
stand - stood - stood
thnk - thought - thought
Sva tr obka su razcta:
17
sng - sang - sung
drve - drove - drven.
Sva tr obka |ednaka
put - put - put
ht - ht - ht.
Lsta na|cesch nepravnh gagoa
B'%e For# P'%* S!#2&e P'%* P'r*!+!2&e
18
awake
be
beat
become
begn
bend
bet
bd
bte
bow
break
brng
broadcast
bud
burn
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
dg
do
draw
dream
drve
drnk
eat
fa
fee
fght
fnd
fy
forget
forgve
freeze
get
gve
go
grow
hang
have
hear
hde
ht
hod
hurt
keep
know
ay
ead
earn
eave
end
awoke
was, were
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bd
bt
bew
broke
brought
broadcast
but
burned/burnt
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
dd
drew
dreamed/dreamt
drove
drunk
ate
fe
fet
fought
found
few
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hd
ht
hed
hurt
kept
knew
ad
ed
earned/earnt
eft
ent
awoken
been
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bd
btten
bown
broken
brought
broadcast
but
burned/burnt
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamed/dreamt
drven
drunk
eaten
faen
fet
fought
found
fown
forgotten
forgven
frozen
gotten
gven
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hdden
ht
hed
hurt
kept
known
ad
ed
earned/earnt
eft
ent
19
et
e
ose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
rde
rng
rse
run
say
see
se
send
show
shut
sng
st
seep
speak
spend
stand
swm
take
teach
tear
te
thnk
throw
understand
wake
wear
wn
wrte
et
ay
ost
made
meant
met
pad
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
sad
saw
sod
sent
showed
shut
sang
sat
sept
spoke
spent
stood
swam
took
taught
tore
tod
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote
et
an
ost
made
meant
met
pad
put
read
rdden
rung
rsen
run
sad
seen
sod
sent
showed/shown
shut
sung
sat
sept
spoken
spent
stood
swum
taken
taught
torn
tod
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
wrtten
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Irreguar Verbs Ouz 1
Engsh-Ouz.net - Irreguar Verbs Ouz 2
Engsh-Ouz.net - Irreguar Verbs Ouz 3
20
2.3./. Pre&'1(! ! (e2re&'1(! -&'-o&!
Preazn gago su on uz ko|e moe sta|at ob|ekt u akuzatvu t|. drektn ob|ekt
(sub|ect + er$ + o$je+*):
He %2e'G% E(-&!%). (on govor engesk)
We 're C'*+)!(- TV. (m gedamo TV)
I %'C '( e&e2)'(*. (vdo sam sona)
Nepreazn gago su on uz ko|e ne moe sta|at drektn ob|ekt (sub|ect + er$
|+!(0!re+* o$je+*|).
He has 'rr!e0. (on |e stgao)
She %2e'G% fast. (ona govor brzo)
|ohn -oe% *o %+)oo&. (|ohn de u skou)
2.3.,. Por'*(! -&'-o&!
Povratn gago su on kod ko|h se radn|a vraca na sub|ekt. Uz takve gagoe
sto|e povratne zam|ence. Povratnh gagoa u engeskom |ezku nema mnogo.
Na|cesc su:
to dress onesef (obuc se)
to hep onesef (pomoc se)
to hurt onesef (povr|edt se)
to mprove onesef (popravt se)
to tre onesef (umort se)
to excuse onesef (zvnt se)
to fatter onesef (hvat se)
to amuse onesef (zabavt se)
to warm onesef (utopt se)
to take care of onesef (obuc se)
Povratn gago se m|en|a|u ovako:
nfntv gas: "to dress onesef"
Present Smpe Tense gas:
I dress mysef (|a obacm sebe)
you dress yoursef (t obacs sebe)
he, she, t dresses hmsef, hersef, tsef
we dress ourseves
you dress yourseves
thes dress themseves
Uptn obk: Do I dress mysef?
Odrcn obk: I do not dress mysef
Uptno-odrcn obk: Do I not dress mysef?
2.3.3. V!;er!je>(! -&'-o&! - 8"&*!-Hor0 Ver$%
2.3.&.1. 'razalni glagoli
Frazan gago spada|u u grupu vser|ecnh gagoa, t|. gagoa ko| se prave od
gagoa |os neke r|ec vse n|h. Frazan gago se tvore od:
gago + prog
On mogu bt:
nepreazn (bez drektnog ob|ekta)
21
preazn (sa drektnm ob|ektom)

Prm|er nekh frazanh gagoa:

Frazan
gago
Znacen|e
Prm|er

Drektn
ob|ekat
nepreazn
frazan
gago
get up
ustat z
kreveta
I don't ke to get up.
break
down
prestat sa
radom
He was ate because hs
car broke down.

preazn
frazan
gago
put off odgodt We w have to put off
the
meetng.
turn down odbt They turned down my offer.

Kada su frazan gago preazn (t|. kada ma|u drektn ob|ekat), obcno h
moemo rastavt na dva d|ea. Npr:
They turned down my offer.
They turned my offer down. (ob|e recence su tacne)

Medutm, ako |e drektn ob|ekat zam|enca, nemamo zbora, moramo razdvo|t
frazan gago ubact zam|encu. U tabe |e dat prm|er sa frazanm gagoom
"swtch on":
Tacno: |ohn swtched on the rado.
Tacno: |ohn swtched the rado on
Tacno: |ohn swtched t on
Netacno: |ohn swtched on t.


2.3.&.2. Prijedlo(ni glagoli
se tvore na s|edec nacn:
gago + pr|edog

Iz razoga sto pr|edoz uv|ek ma|u drektn ob|ekat, sv pr|edon gago
ma|u drektne ob|ekte. Prm|er:
Pr|edon
gago
Znacen|e
Prm|er
Drektn ob|ekat
beeve n v|erovat u posto|an|e I beeve n God.
ook after brnut se o
He s ookng
after
the dog
tak about razgovarat o
Dd you tak
about
me?
wat for cekat
|ohn s watng
for
Mary.
22
2.4. I#e(!+e - No"(%
Imence su r|ec ko|ma nesto menu|emo. Npr:
man (cov|ek),
town (grad),
happness (sreca),
ove (|ubav) td.
Imence d|emo na nekoko vrsta. One mogu bt:
opce mence (common nouns), sue za menovan|e svh bca stvar
ste vrste.
boy (d|ecak), computer (racunar), eye (oko) td;
vastte mence (proper nouns), sue za menovan|e po|ednacnh bca,
m|esta td.
Mary, London, Ednburgh, Bosna, Dreamweaver td;
zbrne mence (coectve nouns), sue za oznacavan|e skupa mnostva
u |ednn.
team (momcad), sugar (secer), fock (|ato), army (vo|ska) td;
gradvne mence (matera nouns), sue oznacavan|e tvar mater|a.
ead (oovo), mk (m|eko), ar (zrak), ce (ed) td.
apstraktne mence (abstract nouns), oznacu|u nesto nestvarno, neko
svo|stvo stan|e. fear (strah), heath (zdrav|e), thrst (ed) td.
Takoder, mence d|emo na: bro|ve nebro|ve (Countabe and Uncountabe
nouns).
Mnonu tvore samo opce mence. One obcno oznacava|u nesto sto se moe
bro|at, te h zovemo bro|vm mencama: two grs (dv|e d|evo|ke), three
months (tr m|eseca) td.
Gradvne apstraktne mence, uzete u opcem smsu, se ne mogu bro|at. One
su nebro|ve ne mogu se upotreb|avat u mnon:
sver (srebro), thrst (ed), ar (zrak) td.
Rod menca - Gender of Nouns
Mnona menca - Pura of Nouns
Pade menca - Cases of Nouns
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Nouns
2.4.1. Ro0 !#e(!+' - Ge(0er oF No"(%
Opce pravo:
U engeskom |ezku rod menca n|e gramatck vec se odredu|e prema pou, t|.
prrodan |e. Imena muskh bca muskog su roda (mascune), mena enskh ca
enskog su roda
(femnne) mena vh bca gd|e rod n|e zrcto podvucen sredn|eg su roda
(neuter).
Kod vh bca rod razku|emo na vse nacna:
- posto|e razct zraz za musk ensk rod:
23
boy - gr d|ecak - d|evo|cca
father - mother otac - ma|ka
brother - sster brat - sestra
son - daughter sn - kc
unce - aunt u|ak - tetka
nephew - nece necak - necaka
kng - queen kra| - kra|ca
monk - nun kauder - kauderca
horse - mare kon| - koba
cock - hen p|etao - kokoska
drake - duck patak - patka
gander - goose gusak - guska
- doda|emo nastavke:
abbot - abbess opat - opatca
actor - actress gumac - gumca
count - countess grof - grofca
duke - duchess vo|voda - vo|votkn|a
emperor - empress car - carca
poet - poetess p|esnk - p|esnkn|a
prnce - prncess prnc - prnceza
negro - negress crnac - crnkn|a
her - heress nas|ednk - nas|ednca
sorcerer - sorceress carobn|ak - carobnca
on - oness av - avca
hero - herone hero| - herona
- obrazu|u se soence:
man-servant - mad-servant suga - suskn|a
cock-sparrow - hen-sparrow vrabac - vrabca
bu-caf - cow-caf |unac - |unca
mae-eephant
- femae-
eephant
son - sonca
andord - andady gazda - gazdarca
Mnoge mence ma|u st obk u enskom u muskom rodu:
pup (ucenk, ucenca)
frend (pr|ate|, pr|ate|ca)
teacher (ucte|, ucte|ca)
cousn (rodak, rodca)
Ponekad da bsmo oznac rod ovh menca doda|emo ove r|ec:
genteman, ady, mae, femae, man, woman:
ady-teacher (ucte|ca).
24
Od opceg prava posto|e s|edec zuzec:
"horse" "dog" nsu sredneg vec muskog roda;
"cat" |e enskog roda;
"chd" moe bt sva tr roda;
mence: boat, shp, streamer, man-of-war, vesse nsu sredn|eg vec
enskog roda oznacava|u se sa she;
enskog roda su:
mena drava zema|a;
nek apstraktn po|mov (msaone mence) kao: vctory, berty, mercy
grace, vrtue;
enskog roda su nature, earth moon;
mence ko|e zraava|u |aka os|ecan|a muskog su roda: ove, anger,
despar, fear;
muskog roda su takoder : sun, death, tme;
ptce, rbe, nsekt su obcno sredn|eg roda;
U basnama votn|e su personfcrane pa su uv|ek enskog muskog roda.
2.4.2. 8(o<!(' !#e(!+' - P&"r'& oF No"(%
Opca prava:
mnona menca obrazu|e se dodavan|em nastavka "-s". Ovo se "s"
zgovarakao nase "z" zuzev kada doaz pos|e tvrdh sugasnka.
Prm|er:
book - books (kn|ga - kn|ge)
face - faces (ce - ca)
Imence ko|e se zavsava|u na: -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch dob|a|u nastavak "-es",
ko| se zgovara z:
cass - casses razred - razred
bush - bushes grm - grm|e
bench - benches kupa - kupe
Imence na "-o" dob|a|u nastavak "-es" ako se "o" naaz pos|e sugasnka:
hero - heroes hero| - hero|
potato - potatoes krompr - krompr
negro - negroes crnac - crnc
Izuzec od ovog prava su:
pano - panos kavr - kavr
canto - cantos sp|ev - sp|evov
octavo - octavos oktava - oktave
Imence na "o" pos|e samogasnka dob|a|u u mnon samo nastavak "-e":
cuckoo - cuckoos kukavca - kukavce
25
Imence na "y" pos|e sugasnka m|en|a|u "y" u "" dob|a|u nastavak "-es":
country - countres zem|a - zem|e
ady - ades dama - dame
story - stores prca - prce
a:
day - days dan - dan
boy - boys d|ecak - d|ecac
toy - toys gracka - gracke
Imence na "f" "fe" m|en|a|u "f" u "v" dob|a|u u mnon nastavak "-es":
haf - haves poovna - poovne
caf - caves tee - tead
knfe - knves no - noev
wfe - wves supruga - supruge
Izuzec od ovog prava su:
strfe - strfes borba - borbe
ffe - ffes svraa - svrae
staff - staffs stab - stabov
guf - gufs stru|a - stru|e
Imence ko|e zavsava|u na "-oof", "-ef", "-ff" ne m|en|a|u u "f" dob|a|u
nastavak "-s":
roof - roofs krov - krovov
dwarf - dwarfs patu|ak - patu|c
chef - chefs pogavca - pogavce
cff - cffs greben - greben
Neke mence ma|u u mnon nastavak "-en":
ox - oxen vo - voov
chd - chdren d|ete - d|eca
Neke mence obrazu|u mnonu prom|enom osnovnog samogasnka:
man - men cov|ek - |ud
woman - women ena - ene
tooth - teeth zub - zub
Engshma
n
- Engshmen Engez - Engez
26
sportsman - sportsmen sportsta - sportst
a:
Roman - Romans Rm|ann - Rm|an
Norman - Normans Norman - Norman
German - Germans N|emac - N|emc
Neke mence ma|u dva obka u mnon sa razctm znacen|em:
brother
- brothers
- brethren
(braca po krv)
(braca u crkveno| organzac|,
drustvu)
coth
- coths
- cothes
(stof)
(od|eo)
Latnske mence na "-us" "-um" te grcke na "-on" "-s" ma|u u mnon
obcno svo|
atnsk odnosno grck nastavak:
radus - rad (pouprecnk, pouprecnc)
oass - oases (oaza, oaze)
Soence obrazu|u mnonu tako da se nastavak za mnonu doda gavno| r|ec
od ko|e
|e soenca sastav|ena, t|. od r|ec ko|a nos smsao. Ako |e soenca
sastav|ena bez
menca, onda nastavak za mnonu dob|a pos|edn|a r|ec:
ooker-on - ookers-on (gedaac, gedaoc)
pck-pocket - pck-pockets (deparos, deparos)
forget-me-not - forget-me-nots
(nezaboravak (cv|ece),
nezaboravc)
Neke soence dob|a|u ob|e|e mnone uz oba d|ea r|ec:
manservant - menservants (suga, suge)
Neke se mence upotreb|ava|u samo u |ednn:
advce (sav|et)
furnture (nam|esta|)
nformaton (obav|esten|e)
progress (napredak)
Ako |e potrebno zrazt mnonu, onda se upotr|eb neka r|ec u mnon:
27
two peces of
furnture
(dva komada nam|esta|a)
Neke su mence po svom obku u |ednn, a ma|u znacen|e mnone:
peope (|ud)
manknd (cov|ecanstvo)
catte (stoka)
Imenca "news" (v|est) "means" (sredstvo) ma|u obk mnon a su u |ednn:
what s the
news
(kakve su v|est)
by the means (na ova| nacn)
Mnoge mence se upotreb|ava|u samo u mnon:
cards (karte)
contents (sadrna)
potcs (potka)
mathematcs (matematka)
Neke mence ma|u u mnon drugac|e znacen|e nego u |ednn:
arm (ruka) arms (ruke, oru|e)
etter (sovo) etters (kn|evnost)
compass (kompas) compasses (sestar)
drawer (f|oka) drawers (don|e gace)
2.4.3. P'0e<! !#e(!+' - 7'%e% oF No"(%
U engeskom |ezku mogu se zrazt svh sedam padea kao u nasem |ezku:
Prm|er:
)ednina:
1. pad. A teacher had a book. (nek ucte| |e mao kn|gu)
2. pad. The book of the teacher was bg. (kn|ga tog ucte|a ba |e veka)
3. pad. We went to the teacher. (ots smo ucte|u)
4. pad. And we asked the teacher. ( zapta smo ucte|a)
5. pad. Teacher, s your book bg? (ucte|u, |e vasa kn|ga veka?)
6. pad. After our conversaton wth the teacher. (pos|e naseg razgovora sa
ucte|em)
7. pad. We know more about the teacher. (znamo vse o ucte|u)
*no(ina:
1. pad. Some teachers had books. (nek ucte| ma su kn|ge)
2. pad. The books of the techers were bg. (kn|ge th ucte|a su be veke)
The teacher's books are aways bg. (kn|ge ucte|a su uv|ek veke)
28
3. pad. We went to the teachers. (ots smo ucte|ma)
4. pad. And we asked the teachers. ( zapta smo ucte|e)
5. pad. Teachers, are your books bg. (ucte|, |esu vase kn|ge veke)
6. pad. After the conversaton wth the teachers. (pos|e razgovora sa
ucte|ma)
7. pad. We know more about the teachers. (znamo vse o ucte|ma)
Prema tome, pade se odredu|u prema m|estu u recenc (prv cetvrt),
pomocu pr|edoga (drug pade pomocu pr|edoga "of" nastavkom kad
mamo prsvo|n gentv, trec pade pomocu pr|edoga "to", sest pomocu
pr|edoga "wth", sedm pade pomoc pr|edoga "about"). Pet pade zraava
se mencom bez cana.
2.+.3.1. ,rugi pade( -enitive
U engeskom |ezku drug pade se moe zrazt na vse nacna:
Normanskm gentvom (Norman gentve) ko| se obrazu|e pomocu pr|edoga
"of":
the book of the teacher (ucte|eva kn|ga).
Saksonskm gentvom (Saxon gentve), ko| se |os zove "prsvo|n gentv"
(Possessve case). Ova| pade se obrazu|e tako da se menc doda nastavak -'s.
teacher's book (ucte|eva kn|ga).
Saksonsk gentv se obrazu|e nastavkom -'s na mencu ko| se zgovara "z" za
zvucnh sugasnka samogasnka, a "s" za bezvucnh sugasnka.
U |ednn se doda|e -'s
teacher's book (ucte|eva kn|ga)
Peter's toy (Peterova gracka)
boy's eyes (d|ecakove oc)
Ako se osobna menca zavrsava na -s, onda doda|emo samo apostrof, a
nastavak
se zgovara kao "z":
Burn's works (Burnsova d|ea)
Ako se menca zavrsava na -s -ce kao spred r|ec "sake", doda|e se samo
apostrof:
for goodness' sake (za Bo|u vo|u)
for conscence' sake (rad smren|a sav|est).
Osobne mence mogu se zavrsavat na -s, pa da pak dob|a|u nastavak -'s:
St. |ames's Square (trg Sv. De|msa)
for Dors's sake (rad Dors)
my boss's sster (sestra mog gazde).
Soence dob|a|u nastavak -'s na kra|u:
after my mother-n-aw's eavng (pos|e odaska mo|e punce).
U mnon ko|a se zavrsava na -s doda|e se samo apostrof:
my brothers' wves (ene mo|e brace).
Ako se menca ne zavrsava na -s u mnon, onda ona ma nastavak -'s:
the chdren's toys (d|ec|e gracke)
29
the mce's egs (ms|e noge)
woman's rght (enska prava).
2./. Pr!0je! - A0je+*!e%
Prd|ev |e u engeskom |ezku neprom|en|va r|ec, pa se prema tome prd|evom
ne moe zrazt n rod, n bro| n pade. Prd|ev obcno sto| spred mence.
Prd|ev se d|ee na:
cne (proper), ko| se psu vekm sovom: Bosnan, Croatan, Serban,
Engsh, German, Itaan;
opsne (descrptve): young, beautfu, green;
kocnske (quanttatve): some, few, much, a, enough;
pokazne (demonstratve): the ths, that, these, those, such, younder, the
same, the order;
neodredene (ndefnte): a, an, any, one, certan, another;
dobne (dstrbutve): each, every, ether, nether;
prsvo|ne (possessve): my, your, hs, her, ts, our, ther;
uptne (nterrogatve): what, whch.

2./.1. Pore=e(je 2r!0je' - 7o#2'r'%!o(
Prd|ev ma|u tr stupn|a poreden|a:
prv stupan| - |ednakost - postve
drug stupan| - ne|ednakost - comparatve
trec stupan| - nadmocnost - superatve.
|ednakost se zraava pomocu r|ec "as...as" poztva prd|eva.
He s as rch as hs frend. (on |e sto toko bogat kao n|egov pr|ate|).
He s as strong as a horse. (|ak |e kao kon|)
Komparatv, ko|m se zraava uman|enost, obrazu|e se pomocu r|ec
"ess...then":
He s ess rch than hs brother. (on |e man|e bogat od svog brata)
Komparatvom se zraava uvecanost, obrazu|e se:
- kod |ednosonh nekh dvosonh prd|eva dodavan|em nastavka "er":
He s rcher than hs frend. (on |e bogat| od svog brata);
- kod vsesonh prd|eva dodavan|em nastavka "more" spred prd|eva:
He s more ndependent than hs brother. (on |e samostan| od svog brata);
- "sve vse vse" se prevod svezom "and" ko|a prethod doaz pos|e
komparatva za
uvecan|e: stronger and stronger (sve |ac |ac).
Ako |e prd|ev vsesoan, ponav|a se samo prog "more":
more and more contemptbe (sve vse omrznut|).
Trec stupan| superatv moe bt:
reatvn, kada |e poreden|e zraeno prd|evom na na|vsem na|nem
stepenu.
On se prav kod:
-|ednosonh nekh dvosonh prd|eva ko|ma prethod can the doda|e
30
m se nastavak "-est": he s the rchest (on |e na|bogat|);
-vsesonh prd|eva ko|ma prethode r|ec "the most":
he s the most ntegent (on |e na|pametn|);
apsoutn superatv se prav kada se spred prd|eva stav prog most
very:
It s most true. (to |e veoma tacno, to |e pona|vse tacno).
Ako um|esto prd|eva sto| prog vremena sadasn|eg ko| ma uogu
prd|eva, um|esto very upotreb|ava se much very much:
I am much obged to you. (veoma sam vam zahvaan).

Pravopsna prava pr poreden|u
Ako se prd|ev zavrsava kratkm samogasnkom za ko|eg doaz sugasnk, ta|
se sugasnk udvostrucu|e:
fat- fatter- the fattest (debeo),
bg- bgger- the bggest (vek).
Ako se prd|ev zavrsava mukm "e", na komparatv superatv doda|u se
nastavc "-r", odnosno "-st": fne- fner- the fnest (|ep).
Ako se prd|ev zavrsava sa sovom "y" spred ko|eg se naaz sugasnk ono se
m|en|a u "":
pretty- pretter- the prettest (drag),
a gray- grayer- the grayest (|er "y" doaz pos|e samogasnka, a ne
sugasnka).
Poreden|e prd|eva pomocu nastavka "-er" za komparatv "-est" za superatv
nazva se germansko poreden|e. Na ova| nacn porede se sv |ednoson
pred|ev - sa zuzetkom s|edech:
|ust, more |ust, the more |ust
rght, more rght, the most rght.
Germanskm nacnom poreden|a porede se |os dvoson prd|ev ko| se
zavrsava|u na "-y", "-ow", "-er" na sabcno "", kao prd|ev ko| ma|u
nagasak na drugom sogu:
pretty, pretter, the prettest;
narrow, narrower, the narrowest;
cever, ceverer, the ceverest
smpe, smper, the smpest;
pote, poter, the potest.
Poreden|e ko|e se dobva dodavan|em r|ec "more" za komparatv "the most"
za superatv spred prd|eva nazva se romansko poreden|e. Ovm nacnom
porede se sv vseson prd|ev ko| ma|u nagasak na prvom sogu, kao
prd|ev ko| se zavsava|u na "-ed" "-ng":
famous, more famous, the most famous;
earned, more earned, the most earned;
beautfu, more beautfu, the most beautfu.
mnog dvoson prd|ev mogu se poredt na oba nacna. Takv su prd|ev:
common, crue, peasant, quet, cheerfu, handsome td.

31
2./.2. Ne2r'!&(' Go#2'r'+!j' 2r!0je' - Irre-"&'r +o#2'r'%!o(
Nepravno se porede s|edec prd|ev:
Postve Comparatve Superatve
good (dobar) better the best
bad (os)
ev (zao) worse the worst
(boestan)
much (mnogo)
many (mnogo) more the most
tte (maen) ess the east
ate (kasan) ater (kasn|) the atest (na|nov|)
atter (da| po redu) the ast (pos|edn|)
pnear (bzak) nearer the nearest (na|b)
the next (s|edec, do)
pod (star) oder the odest
eder the edest
far (daeko) farther (prostorno da|)the farthest
further (da| po redu) the furthest
Komparatv superatv soenh prd|eva:
kada soen prd|ev pocn|u |ednoson prd|evom onda nastavke za
komparatv superatv dob|a |ednoson prd|ev:
I never saw a faster sang shp. (nkad nsam vdo breg |edren|aka)
I never saw a worse ookng man. (nkad nsam vdo cov|eka ko| os|e zgeda)
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Ad|ectves
Engsh-Ouz.net - Comparatves Test
2.,. Pr!je0&o1! - Pre2o%!*!o(%
Pr|edoz u engeskom |ezku ma|u posebnu vanost |er pade nema|u svo|e
nastavke.
Pr|edoz se d|ee na:
a) pr|edoge za m|esto: at (u, na, kod, pr), to (u, ka, prema), n (u), nto (u), on
(na),
between (zmedu), n front of (spred), before (spred), above (znad), behnd
(za),
under (spod) dr;
b) pr|edoz za vr|eme: before (pr|e), after (pos|e), snce (od), on (u) dr;
c) pr|edoz za ocuvan|e por|eka, uzroka, c|a: from (od), by (od), through
(pomocu),
towards (prema);
32
d) pr|edoz za sredstva: by (od, pomocu), n (u), wth (s, sa), wthout (bez).
Pr|edoz mogu bt soen, t|. sastav|en su od vse r|ec: nto (u), upon (na),
wthn (u), outsde (napu|u), throughout (skroz).
Pos|e pr|edoga uv|ek s|ed "menca", a nkad gago. Pod "menca" msmo
na:
mence (dog, money, house, ove);
cne mence (Sara|evo, Zagreb, Beograd, Edn, Mary);
zam|ence (you, hm, us);
grupne mence (my frst |ob, your bue book);
gerund (swmmng).
Posto pos|e pr|edoga ne moe c gago, a ako to emo onda moramo
korstt "-ng" obk ko| |e ustvar gerund gagoska menca.
sub|ekat + gago pr|edog "menca"
The food s on the tabe.
She ves n |apan.
Mary s ookng for you.
The etter s under your bue book.
Pasca s used to Engsh peope.
She sn't used to workng.
I ate before comng.
Upotreba nekh gavnh pr|edoga:
oF - he s a frend of mne (on |e mo| pr|ate|)
what are you thnkng of? (o cemu mste?)
Fro# - where dd you come from? (odake ste?)
whom dd you get ths book from? (od koga ste dob ovu kn|gu)
I transated ths from Engsh nto Bosnan (preveo sam to sa engeskog na
bosansk)
*o - I get nto my offce every mornng (svako |utro dem u kancear|u)
we went to see hm (pos smo da ga pos|etmo)
I want to te you the truth (em da vam kaem stnu)
'* - the famy s at dnner (porodca ruca)
she s at the dressmaker's (ona |e kod kro|acce)
he s standng at the door (on sto| kod vrata)
!( - I ve n Vsoko (vm u Vsokom)
my money s n my pocket (mo| novac |e u depu)
I' be back n a mnute (vracam se za mnut)
!(*o - he came nto the room (usao |e u sobu)
I put the money nto my pocket (stavo sam novac u dep)
'$o"* - what are you takng about? (o cemu prcate)
33
she waked about the house (hodaa |e po kuc)
t's about seven o'cock (oko sedam |e sat)
I was about to go home when she came (upravo sam hto da odem kad |e ona
dosa)
%!(+e - I haven't seen you snce ast Frday (nsam vas vdo od prosog petka)
For - I haven't seen you for ages (nsam vas vd|eo od odavno)
I wated for an hour (cekao sam |edan sat)
I dd t for you (to sam za vas ucno)
eI+e2* - there was no one at the conference except the presdent (nko sem
preds|ednka n|e bo na konferenc|)
$e*Cee( - what s between you and her (sta |e zmedu tebe n|e)
there s great dfference between words and deeds (veka |e razka zmedu
r|ec d|ea)
'#o(- - you w fnd some nterestng grs among ths students (nac cete
nteresantne d|evo|ke medu ovm studentcama)
$eFore - she stood before the door watng (sta|aa |e pred vratma cekaa)
came before eght o'cock (dod pr|e osam)
$eJo(0 - ths s beyond my understandng (to ne mogu da shvatm)
hs house stands beyond that road (n|egova kuca se naaz znad ovog puta)
C!*)o"* - I sha be oney wthout you (bt cu usam|en bez vas)
she eft wthout sayng good-bye (otsa |e bez zbogom)
*oC'r0% - they came to the house (prs su kuc)
"(*!& - I sha wat unt day come (cekat cu dok on dodu)
*!&& - I have been watng for you t now (sve do sada sam vas cekao)
C!*) - w you take me wth you (hocete me povest sa sobom)
the proposa was approved wth great ma|orty (pr|edog |e prhvacen vekom
vecnom)
I cannot reman wth hm any onger (ne mogu vse ostat s n|m)
he cut hmsef wth a knfe (pos|ekao se noem)
re-'r0!(- - what have you done regardng ths report? (sta ste ucn u vez sa
ovm zv|esta|em)
Pored ovh pr|edoga u engeskom |ezku mamo tzv. pr|edone fraze
(prepostona frases):
n spte of (uprkos)
n front of (spred)
accordng to (prema)
because of (zbog)
on account of (rad)
by means of (pomocu)
34
There was a poo n front of hs house. (pred n|egovom kucom se naazo
bazen)
Ths s not truth n spte of what he has sad. (to n|e stna uprkos tome sto |e
on rekao)
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Prepostons of pace
Engsh-Ouz.net - Tme prepostons
2.3. Pr!&o1! - A0er$%
Proz su r|ec ko|e pobe oznacu|u gagoe, prd|eve druge proge:
uz gago:
|ohn speaks oudy. (|ohn prca gasno)
She never smokes. (ona nkad ne pus)
uz prd|ev:
He s reay handsome. (on |e stvarno zgodan)
She s ess beautfu than her sster. (ona |e man|e |epa nego n|ena
sestra)
uz prog:
She drves ncredby sowy. (ona voz nev|erovatno sporo)
There s truy quety. (tamo |e zasta tho)
Medutm, pred ovh funkc|a proz ma|u druge funkc|e, on mogu:
zm|ent smsao recence: Obvousy, I can't know everythng. (octo, ne
mogu sve znat)
zm|ent pr|edonu frazu: It's mmedatey nsde the door. (to |e odmah
za vrata)

Po svom sastavu proz se u engeskom |ezku d|ee na: proste, zvedene
soene.
Prost proz su: now (sada), then (tada), fast (brzo), oud (gasno), rght
(pravo) dr.
Izveden proz su on ko| se obrazu|u od prd|eva nastavkom "y":
beautfu - beautfuy (|ep - |epo)
bad - bady (os - ose) td.
Soen proz su: a great dea (mnogo), at east (bar), at present (sada),
at ast (na|zad) td.

Po svom znacen|u proz se d|ee na:
proge za vr|eme: aways (uv|ek), ever (kad), never (nkad), sedom
(r|etko), often (cesto), soon (uskoro), sometmes (ponekad), eary (rano),
ate (kasno) dr.
proge za m|esto: here (ovd|e), there (tamo), n (u), out (z), near (bzu),
far (daeko), down (doe), up (gore) dr.
proge za kocnu: more (vse), no more (ne vse), most (na|vse), tte
(mao), many (mnog), ess (man|e) dr.
proge za nacn: how (kako), as (kao), so (tako), qucky (brzo), why
(zasto), truy (zasta), quety (mrno), hardy (|edva), usefuy (korsno),
happy (sretno) dr. Proz za nacn se obcno tvore dodavan|em
nastavka "-y" na prd|ev.
proz stupn|a: very (vro), too (prevse), enough (dovo|no), qute
(sasvm) dr.

35
Poreden|e proga
Proz obrazu|u prv drug stupan| poreden|a na s|edece nacne:
dvoson vseson proz, kao proz sa nastavkom "y" porede se na
ta| nacn
sto se za komparatv spred proga doda|e r|ec "more", a za superatv
r|ec "most".
beautfuy - more beautfuy - most beautfuy (|epo - |epse...);
|ednoson proz (kao proz often eary) obrazu|u komparatv
nastavkom "er",
a superatv nastavkom "est":
ong - onger - ongest (dugo - due...);
Nepravno se porede s|edec proz:
we (dobro) - better - best
bady (ose) - worse - worst
much (mnogo) - more - most
tte (mao) - ess - east
near (bzu) - nearer - nearest, next
far (daeko) - farther, further - farthest, furthest
ate (kasno) - ater - atest, ast
Inace, u poreden|u proga vae sva ostaa prava ko|a se prm|en|u|u na
prd|eve.
U engeskom |ezku ma vse prd|eva ko| se upotreb|ava|u kao proz:
cheap (|eftn) - to se cheap (prodavat |eftno)
dear (drag, skup) - to buy dear (kupt skupo)
far (|ep, pravan) - to copy far (prepsat csto)
fase (aan) - to pay fase (varat u gr)
hard (teak) - to work hard (naporno radt)
hgh (vsok) - to charge hgh (propsat vsoke c|ene)
oud (gasan) - to speak oud (govort gasno)
ow (nzak) - to speak oud (govort tho)
near (bzak) - to draw near (prbt se)
rght (prav) - to sng rght (radt kako treba)
short (kratak) - to stop short (znenada stat)
wde (srok) - wde open (sroko otvoren)
Napomena: kada ov proz dob|u prosk nastavak "y", on cesto m|en|a|u
smsao:
hard (teak, naporan) - hardy (|edva),
near (bzak) - neary (skoro).

Prog moe mat tr pooa|a u recenc:
na pocetku (pr|e sub|ekta):
Now we w study adverbs. (sada cemo uct proge)
u sredn (zmedu sub|ekta gavnog gagoa):
We often study adverbs. (m cesto ucmo proge)
36
na kra|u (za gavnog gagoa ob|ekta):
We study adverbs carefuy. (m pa|vo ucmo proge)
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Ad|ectve or Adverb?
2.4. 51!+! - I(*erje+*!o(%
Uzvc mogu zraavat:
cuden|e: ah! eh! what! strange! mpossbe! heavens! ndeed! (zasta)
bo: ah! oh! o! aas! aack! ah me! woe to me! (|ao men) mercy to me!
(nek m se nebo smu|e)
radost: ah! o |oy! ha,ha! hurra! huzza!
odobravan|e: rght! bravo! cheer up! (hrabro) we done!
obracan|e pan|e: behod! o! see! hoa! hep! hark! (cu|) hod! I say!
attenton!
wat! come on! hear, hear! what's the matter!
pr|etn|u: go away! get away! (gubte se) beware! (pazte) off! off! (gubte
se)
pozdrav: good-mornng! (dobro |utro), good-afternoon! (dobar dan) good-
evenng! good-nght! wecome! farewe! (zbogom) ha! (zdravo)
2.6. Ve1(!+! - 7o(j"(+*!o(%
Prema funkc| u recenc veznc se d|ee na:
dopunske (coordnatve): and (), but (a), or (), yet (pak) dr.
zavsne (subordnatve): that (da), f (ako), when (kada), though (ako)
dr.
G&'(! e1(!+! ! (j!)o' "2o*re$'K
$eFore - We saw hm before he eft hs offce. (vd|e smo ga pr|e nego sto |e
napusto ured)
%!(+e - It was a ong tme snce we met. (odavno se nsmo vd|e)
"(*!&B *!&& - We a wated unt the ran stopped. (sv smo ceka dok ksa n|e
prestaa)
'% %oo( '% - As soon as he came we caed hs father. (cm |e dosao pozva
smo n|egovog oca)
'% Ce&& '% - He dd t as we as he coud. (on |e to ucno onako kako |e on
mogao)
'% &o(- '% - You may keep ths book as ong as you want. (moete zadrat ovu
kn|gu koko god ete)
e!*)er...or - Ether you or your brother must go. ( v vas brat morate c)
(e!*)er...(or - Nether he or hs sster knew ths esson. (n on n n|egova
sestra nsu zna ovu ekc|u)
$o*)...'(0 - Both you and I thnk so. (obo|e msmo tako)
"(&e%% - I am not gong to do ths uness t s necessary. (necu to da uradm ako
n|e potrebno)
!( or0er *o - He came n order to hear news. (dosao |e da b cuo v|est)
'% #"+) '% - I have read as much I had tme. (ctao sam onoko koko sam
mao vremena)
*)o"-) L'&*)o"-)A - He knows that I was rght, athough he woudn't admt t.
(on zna da sam bo u pravu ako on to ne b prznao)
C)e*)er - I don't know whether to go or not. (ne znam da da dem ne)
37
$e+'"%e - I don't ke t because t's too tresome. (ne vom to |er |e suvse
zamorno)
2.1.. Z'#je(!+e - Pro(o"(%
U engeskom |ezku zam|ence se d|ee na:
1. Lcne zam|ence - Persona pronouns
2. Prsvo|ne zam|ence - Possessve pronouns
3. Povratne zam|ence - Refexve pronouns
4. Pokazne zam|ence - Demonstratve pronouns
5. Uptne zam|ence - Interrogatve pronouns
6. Reatvne zam|ence - Reatve pronouns
7. Dobne zam|ence - Dstrbutve pronouns
8. Neodredene zam|ence - Indefnte pronouns

2.1..1. L!>(e 1'#je(!+e - Per%o('& Pro(o"(%
Lcne zam|ence ma|u dva obka:
a. u prvom pade(u: I (|a), you (t), he- she- t (on-ona-ono) u |ednn,
we (m), you (v) they (on-one-ona) u mnon;
b. u etvrtom pade(u: me (mene), you (tebe), hm- her- t (n|ega-n|u-n|ega)
u |ednn, us (nas), you (vas), them (n|h) u mnon.
Drug pade kod cnh menca prav se pomocu pr|edoga "of", trec pomocu
"to" sest pomocu wth s obkom cetvrtog padea: of me, to me, wth me, of
you, to you, wth you.
Pos|e gagoa: to te (kazat), to gve (dat), to brng (don|et), to throw
(bact), to send (posat), to se (prodat), to wrte (psat), to read (ctat) |os
nekh, pr|edog "to" se zostav|a ako doaz pr|e ob|ekta, a ako doaz pos|e
ob|ekta pr|edog "to" se ne zostav|a:
I gave hm the book (dao sam mu kn|gu)
I gave the book to hm ( dao sam mu kn|gu).
Kod gagoa "to say" (rec) pr|edog "to" se mora psat, bo da sto| spred
za ob|ekta:
I sad nothng to hm. (nsam mu nsta rekao)
I sad to hm nothng. (nsam mu nsta rekao)
Cetvrt pade cne zam|ence za prvo ce upotreb|ava se um|esto prvog
padea u obcnom svakodnevnom engeskom:
Who s there? -Me. (ko |e tamo? -|a)
Who s speakng? - Me (ko govor?)
Cetvrt pade cne zam|ence se takoder upotreb|ava um|esto prvog padea u
poreden|u za r|ec "than":
He s taer than me. (vs |e od mene)
Zam|enca "t" moe se upotr|ebt kao bezcna zam|enca, ko|a se ne odnos
n na ce n na stvar:
It s a cod day, sn't t? (hadan |e dan, zar ne)
It seems to me that we sha have ran. (zgeda m da cemo mat ksu)
Zam|enca "t" se takoder moe upotr|ebt da se uvede sub|ekat recence:
It was not dffcut to understand hm. (n|e bo tesko razum|et ga)
It s ony my brother who s here n tme. (samo |e mo| brat dosao na vr|eme)
38
Zam|ence "we" "they" se cesto upotreb|ava|u kao neodredene zam|ence
ma|u
znacen|e neodredene zam|ence "one". U tom suca|u prevode se sa |ud
(uopce). Kad upotr|ebmo zam|encu "we", uk|ucu|emo ce ko|e govor, a kad
upotr|ebmo zam|encu "they", onda ne uk|ucu|emo:
We are not gong to ask you to go. (necemo trat od vas da dete)
They say that the accdent was nevtabe. (kau da |e nesretan suca| bo
nezb|ean)
U obcnom govoru se u ovakvm suca|evma moe upotr|ebt zam|enca
"you":
You are not supposed to know everythng. (ne moe se pretpostavt da sve
znate)

2.1..2. Pr!%oj(e 1'#je(!+e - Po%%e%%!e Pro(o"(%
Prsvo|ne zam|ence su:
mne (mo|,a,e),
yours (tvo|,a,e),
hs (n|egov),
hers (n|en),
ts (n|egov) u |ednn;
ours (nas,a,e),
yours (vas,a,e),
thers (n|hov,a,e) u mnon.
Prsvo|ne zam|ence sue za odgovor na ptan|e c|, c|a, c|e:
Whose hat s ths? It s mne. (c| |e ovo sesr? mo| |e)
Prsvo|ne zam|ence upotreb|ava|u se takoder u naroctm zrazma ko| prave
dvostruk pade:
a frend of mne (mo| pr|ate|)
Kad se zam|enca e nagast, moe se um|esto prsvo|ne zam|ence "mne",
upotr|ebt "my own":
Ths book s my own. (ovo |e mo|a vastta kn|ga)
Dok se prsvo|n prd|ev upotreb|ava|u samo uz mence, prsvo|ne zam|ence
upotreb|ava|u se samostano:
ths book s my own (ovo |e mo|a kn|ga) - prs. prd|ev;
and where s yours (a gd|e |e vasa) - prsv. zam|enca.

2.1..3. Por'*(e 1'#je(!+e - ReF&eI!e Pro(o"(%
Povratne zam|ence su: mysef (|a sam, cno |a), yoursef (t sam, t cno),
hmsef (on sam), hersef (ona sama), tsef (ono samo) za |ednnu,
ourseves (m sam), yourseves (v sam), themseves (on sam) za mnonu.
"One's sef" "onesef" |e neodreden obk upotreb|ava se kad |e ob|ekat u
recenc "one"
kad |e gago u recenc bezcan:
to wash one's face (oprat nec|e ce), to dress one's sef (obuc se)
Povratna zam|enca moe se upotr|ebt u zrazma kao: "by mysef" (sam):
I dd t by mysef (sam sam to ucno, bez c|e pomoc), u zrazu:
as for mysef (sto se mene tce).
39
Zam|ence za stcan|e (emphaszng pronouns) ma|u st obk kao povratne
zam|ence
upotreb|ava|u se da se u recenc stakne predmet ob|ekt:
He hmsef dd ths heroc deed. (cno on |e ucno to hero|sko d|eo).

2.1..4. PoG'1(e 1'#je(!+e - De#o(%*r'*!e 2ro(o"(%
Pokazne zam|ence su:
ths (ova|, ova, ovo) za be predmete ca u |ednn;
these (ov, ove, ova) za be predmete ca u mnon;
that (ona|, ona, ono) za da|e predmete u mnon;
zatm
such (takav, a, o) the same (st);
the former (predasn|, ran|), the atter (zadn|, da| po redu);
one ones.
Pokazne zam|ence ths that mogu bt samostane samo u apstraktnom
znacen|u:
Ths s not true. (to n|e stna).
Such the same ma|u st obk u mnon:
Such s my opnon, such are hs words. (takvo |e mo|e ms|en|e, takve su
n|egove r|ec)
the same to you (takoder vama).
Zam|enca "the same" moe se po|acat sa "the very same" (bas ta| st).

2.1../. 52!*(e 1'#je(!+e - I(*erro-'*!e Pro(o"(%
Uptne zam|ence su: who, what whch.
Prom|ena zam|ence "who":
1. pad. who (ko)
2. pad. whose (c|, ko|ega)
3. pad. to whom (kome)
4. pad. whom (koga)
5. pad. wth whom (s km)
Prom|ena zam|ence "what":
1. pad. what (sta)
2. pad. of what (cega)
3. pad. to what (cemu)
4. pad. what (sta)
5. pad. wth what (cme)
Prom|ena zam|ence "whch":
1. pad. whch (ko|)
2. pad. of whch (ko|ega)
3. pad. to whch (ko|emu)
4. pad. whch (ko|ega)
5. pad. wth whch (s ko|m)
"What" se upotreb|ava samo za stvar :
what do you want (sta hocete), what s ths made of (od cega |e ovo
naprav|eno).
"Who" se upotreb|ava samo za ca:
40
who ves n your house (ko v u vaso| kuc),
whom do you see (koga vdte).
"Whch" se upotreb|ava za ca stvar kada |e u ptan|u zbor:
whch of these two books s yours (ko|a od ove dv|e kn|ge |e vasa),
whch of these grs s your sster (ko|a od ovh d|evo|aka |e vasa sestra).
Ako se za "whch" "what" naaz menca, onda su to prd|ev (whch - ko|;
what - kakav):
whch man s your brother (ko| od ovh |ud |e vas brat),
what coour s your bag (ko|e |e bo|e vasa torba).
Uptne se zam|ence mogu kombnovat sa "ever" "soever" rad stcan|a:
whoever, whatever, whchever;
whosoever, whatsoever, whchsoever.
Ako su "who" "what" predmet u recenc, onda gago n|e u uptnom obku:
who speaks here (ko ovd|e govor)
what comes after sprng (sta doaz pos|e pro|eca).

2.1..,. Re&'*!(e 1'#je(!+e - Re&'*!e 2ro(o"(%
Reatvne zam|ence su: who, what, whch, that, as, but.
"Who" se upotreb|ava za ca:
she ves wth her daughter who s a teacher (ona v sa svo|om kcerkom ko|a
|e ucte|ca),
I saw the man to whom you were takng (vd|eo sam cov|eka sa ko|m ste
razgovara);
"Whom" se moe zostavt:
the |ournast I met at the conference eft for Itay (novnar koga sam sreo na
konferenc| otputovao |e za Ita|u).
"Whose" se odnos na ca, votn|e stvar:
ths s the woman n whose house we ve (to |e ena u c|o| kuc m vmo),
I saw the dog whose eg was broken (vd|eo sam psa c|a noga |e ba
som|ena).
"Of whom" "of whch" doaze pos|e r|ec na ko|e se odnose:
a wrter the fame of whom s great has ded (|edan psac, c|a |e sava veka,
umro |e).
"Whch" se odnos na stvar na votn|e:
the house n whch I ve s n sma street (kuca u ko|o| vm naaz se u mao|
uc).
"Whch" se moe odnost na c|eu recencu:
we came home by car whch was great fun (vrat smo se koma sto |e bo vro
zabavno).
"Whch" se moe zostavt kad |e ob|ekt u cetvrtom padeu:
Peter ost the watch hs wfe had gven hm (Peter |e zgubo sat ko| mu |e
pokona supruga).
"That" se odnos na ca, votn|e stvar:
the boy that showed you the way s my brother (d|ecak ko| vam |e pokazao put
|e mo| brat),
the book that you are readng s nterestng (kn|ga ko|u ctate |e zanm|va).
Kad |e "that" predmet odnosne recence moe se zostavt:
the man you met s my father (cov|ek koga ste sre |e mo| otac).
"That" se upotreb|ava um|esto "who" "whch" to:
pos|e superatva prd|eva: ths s most beautfu pcture that I have ever
seen (to |e na||epsa ska ko|u sam kad vd|eo);
pos|e rednh bro|eva: ths s the frst book that I have read wth rea
nterest (to |e prva kn|ga ko|u sam proctao sa stvarnm zanman|em);
41
- pos|e r|ec: a, everythng, anythng, nothng, somethng, some, any,
none, much,
tte, ony, very:
there s much that must be done (ma mnogo toga sto se mora uradt).
"What" kao odnosna zam|enca znac "ono sto":
te me what you want to know (kate m sta ete znat),
I know what you mean (znam sta mste).
Reatvna zam|enca "as" upotreb|ava se za ca, votn|e stvar, doaz
pos|e "same" "such":
bread was gven to such as were most hungry (h|eb |e dat onma ko| su b
na|gadn|).
"But" kao reatvna zam|enca odnos se na mena ca, votn|a stvar, a
upotreb|ava se
samo za negac|e:
there s no man here but oves hs country (nema ovd|e cov|eka ko| ne vo
svo|u zem|u).
Reatvne zam|ence se mogu po|acat r|ecma "ever" "soever":
whatever they do, they are not rght (sta bo da cne, nsu u pravu).

2.1..3. D!o$(e 1'#je(!+e - D!%*r!$"*!e Pro(o"(%
Dobne zam|ence su: each, each other, ether, nether.
Each se odnos na ca, votn|e stvar. Znac svak od dvo|ce vse n|h uzet
posebno.
Gago |e uv|ek u |ednn: each shows hs own card (svak pokazu|e svo|u
kartu).
Each other ma uza|amno znacen|e (|edan drugoga, |edan drugome td.):
good frends aways hep each other (dobr pr|ate| uv|ek pomau |edan
drugoga).
Um|esto "each other" moe se upotr|ebt "one another":
they hep one another (on pomau |edan drugoga).

"Ether" "nether" upotreb|ava|u se za ca, votn|e stvar, a znace |edan
drug
(n |edan n drug) od dvo|ce:
ether of these two pups w read the story propery ( |edan drug ucenk
proctat ce prcu kako treba).
"Ether" "nether" su takoder veznc, u tom suca|u upotreb|ava|u se sa "or"
"nor":
ether you or your father shoud pay ths money ( v vas otac morat ce
patt ta| novac).

2.1..4. Neo0re=e(e 1'#je(!+e - I(0eF!(!*e Pro(o"(%
Samostano prd|evsk upotreb|ava|u se s|edece neodredene zam|ence:
a co, sv
few mao
a few nesto, nekoko
tte mao
a tte nesto mao
many, much mnogo
some, any nek, nesto, nekoko
42
other drug
another (|edan) drug
one nek
severa nekoko
both oba

Samo prd|evsk upotreb|ava|u se:
every
svak (ako znac
c|enu)
no nko
many a mnog
Samo samostano se upotreb|ava|u:
others drug
somethng,
anythng
nesto
somebody neko
someone neko
anybody neko, bo ko
anyone neko, bo ko
everybody svako
everyone svako
everythng sve
nobody nko
no one nko
none nko
nothng nsta
Neodredena zam|enca "a" upotreb|ava se:
a) samostano: a w come (sve ce doc), a s ost (sve |e zgub|eno);
b) prd|evsk: a hope was ost (sva |e nada ba zgub|ena).
"A" znac c|enu. Gago sto| u |ednn mnon:
a s correct (sve |e tacno),
the house s empty, a have gone (kuca |e prazna, sv su ots).
"Some" "any" upotreb|ava|u se za ca, votn|e stvar. Mogu se upotr|ebt u
|ednn
mnon. "Some" oznacava do ko| |e uzet z c|ene, zv|estan bro|, kocnu
stepen.
"Any" ma neodredeno znacen|e, dok |e "some" pak ograncen:
I am short of money but I thnk I can spare some (nemam novaca a msm da
mogu nesto odvo|t);
there are many nterestng books here, I am gong to take some (ovd|e ma
mnogo zanm|vh kn|ga, uzet cu neke);
many peope are sad to have arrved but I st cannot see any (kau da |e
mnogo sv|eta stgo, a |a |os uv|ek nkog ne vdm).
"Both" se upotreb|ava za ca, votn|e stvar. Gago |e uv|ek u mnon:
both came to see me (obo|e su dos da me vde);
two artsts have exhbted ther pantngs; works of both are of great vaue (dva
skara su zaga svo|e ske, radov obo|ce su od veke vr|ednost).
"Much" se upotreb|ava kada |e u ptan|u veka kocna. Upotreb|ava se samo
u |ednn (koektvno):
much has been sad, but n van (mnogo |e bo receno, a uzaud).
"Many" se upotreb|ava za neodreden bro| ca, votn|a stvar. Gago |e samo
u mnon:
43
many w come, and st more w eave (mnog ce doc, a |os vse n|h ce
otc).
Sve sto |e receno za "much" "many" va za n|hove komparatve superatve
(more most).
"Nobody" "no one" znace sto upotreb|ava|u se samo u |ednn u smsu:
nko, n|edna osoba, n|edno ce:
nobody has come at a (nko n|e doazo uopce),
n ths work I had nobody's assstance (u ovom posu nko m n|e pomogao).
"Nothng" se upotreb|ava samo u |ednn u smsu "no thng" (nsta):
nothng has been sad about ths (nsta n|e receno o tome).
"One" se upotreb|ava za ca u |ednn. Znac neko neodredeno ce:
one never knows what w happen to one (nkad se ne zna, sta ce se cov|eku
dogodt).
"Others" |e zam|enca ko|a se upotreb|ava za ca, votn|e stvar |av|a se
samo u mnon:
I suggested to go, others sad I shoud stay (predoo sam da odem, drug su
rek da ostanem).
"Another" se upotreb|ava za ca, votn|e stvar |av|a se samo u |ednn:
one came at once, another after some mnutes (|edan |e stgao odmah, drug
pos|e nekoko mnuta).
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Pronouns Test
3. SLAGANJE VRE8ENA - SE95EN7E :F TENSES
Tabee spod pokazu|u spravno sagan|e vremena u recencama kod ko|h |e
vr|eme od vtanog znaca|a.
Vr|eme u
gavno| recenc
Vr|eme u zavsno| recenc Prm|er
Sadasn|e prosto
(Smpe
Present)
Da se zraz stovremena
radn|a, korstte sadasn|e
prosto vr|eme.
I am eager to go to the
concert because I ove
the Wafowers.
Da se zraz prosa radn|a,
korstte prosto proso
vr|eme.
I know that I made the
rght choce.
Da se zraz radn|a ko|a |e
pocea u trenu u prosost
tra|e do danas, korstte
present perfect.
They beeve that they
have eected the rght
canddate.
Da zrazte radn|u ko|a ce
se dest, korstte prosto
buduce vr|eme.
The Presdent says that
he w veto the b.

44
Prosto proso
vr|eme
(Smpe Past)
Da zrazte drugu zavrsenu
radn|u, korstte prosto
proso vr|eme.
I wanted to go home
because I mssed my
parents.
Da zrazte radn|u ko|a se
desa pr|e druge radn|e
korstte past perfect.
She knew she had made
the rght choce.
Da zrazte opce poznatu
cn|encu korstte sadasn|e
vr|eme.
The Dests beeved that
the unverse s ke a
gant cock.

Prezent perfekt
past perfekt
(Present Perfect
or Past Perfect)
U svakom suca|u korstte
proso vr|eme.
She has grown a foot
snce she turned nne.
The crowd had turned
nasty before the sherff
returned.

Buduce vr|eme
(Futur)
Da zrazte stovremenu
radn|u korstte sadasn|e
vr|eme.
I w be so happy f they
fx my car today.
Da zrazte radn|u ko|a se
desa ran|e, korstte
proso vr|eme.
You w surey pass ths
exam f you studed
hard.
Da se zraz radn|a u
buducnost ko|a ce se dest
pr|e radn|e u nezavsno|
recenc, korstte prezent
perfekt.
The coege w probaby
cose ts doors next
summer f enroments
have not ncreased.

Predbuduce
vr|eme, svrsen
futur
(Future Perfect
Tense)
U svakom suca|u korstte
sadasn|e vr|eme prezent
perfekt.
Most students w have
taken sxty credts by
the tme they graduate.
Most students w have
taken sxty credts by
the tme they have
graduated.
Sagan|e vremena sa nfntvma partcpma

Infntv
45
Vr|eme
nfntva
Uoga nfntva Prm|er
Infntv
sadasn|
(Present
Infntve, to
see)
Da se zraz
stovremena radn|a
radn|a pos|e gagoa.
Coach Espnoza s eager to try
out her new drs. |"eagerness"
|e sada; "to try out" ce se dest
pos|e.|
She woud have ked to see
more veterans returnng.
|Infntv prezenta "to see" |e u
stom trenutku kao proso
vr|eme "woud have ked".|
Infntv
perfekta
(Perfect
Infntve, to
have seen)
Da se zraz radn|a
ko|a se desa pr|e
gagoa.
The fans woud ke to have seen
some mprovement ths year.
|"Woud ke" opsu|e stan|e u
sadasn|ost; "to have seen"
opsu|e nesto pr|e tog vremena.|

They consder the team to have
been coached very we.
|Infntv perfekta to have been
coached ukazu|e na radn|u pr|e
gagoa consder.|
Partcp
Vr|eme
partcpa
Uoga partcpa Prm|er
Prezent
partcpa
(Present of
Partcpe,
seeng)
Da se zraz radn|a
ko|a se desava u sto
vr|eme kada gago.
Workng on the fundamentas,
the team sowy began to
mprove. |Unapr|edu|uc osnove,
tm |e poceo poahko
napredovat, radn|a se desava u
paraeno, u sto vr|eme|

Partcp
pros
partcp
prezent
perfekta
(Past
Partcpe or
Present
Perfect
Partcpe
Da se zraz radn|a
ko|a se desava pr|e
gagoa.
Havng expermented wth
severa game pans, the coachng
staff devsed a master strategy.
|Partcp prezent perfekta
"havng expermented", ukazu|e
na vr|eme pr|e gagoa u
prosom vremenu "devsed".|
Prepared by ast year's
46
experence, the coach knows not
to expect too much.
|Radn|a zraena pomocu gagoa
u prezentu "knows", |e pos|edca
gagoa u prosom vremenu
"prepared".|

47
4. GLAG:LSKA VRE8ENA
4.1. S'0';(j' re#e('
Sadasn|e prosto vr|eme / Smpe present tense
Sadasn|e tra|no vr|eme / Present contnuous tense
Sadasn|e soeno vr|eme / Present perfect smpe tense
Sadasn|e tra|no soeno vr|eme / Present perfect contnuous tense
Prosa vremena
Prosto proso vr|eme / Smpe past tense
Proso tra|no vr|eme / Past contnuous tense
Soeno proso vr|eme / Past perfect smpe tense
Soeno tra|no proso vr|eme / Past perfect contnuous tense
Buduca vremena
Prosto buduce vr|eme / Smpe future tense
Tra|no buduce vr|eme / Future contnuous tense
Soeno buduce vr|eme / Future perfect smpe tense
Soeno tra|no buduce vr|eme / Future perfect contnuous tense
S'0';(j' re#e('
S'0';(je 2ro%*o r!je#e - S!#2&e Pre%e(* Te(%e
Sadasn|e vr|eme svh gagoa obrazu|e se tako da se uz gagoska vremena
uv|ek
stav|a|u cne zam|ence. |edno se trece ce |ednne prezenta razku|e od
ostah ca, |er dob|a nastavak "-s" "-es", osm gagoa:
to be - bt, to have - mat, can, may - moc, must - morat, ought - trebat.
Nastavak "-s" za sadasn|e vr|eme zgovara se kao "s" ako doaz za bezvucnog
sugasnka, "z" ako doaz za zvucnog sugasnka samogasnka:
he speaks (h sp:ks), he reads (h r:dz).
Gago ko| se zavrsava|u na s, x, z, sh ch obrazu|u trece ce nastavkom
|ednne
nastavkom "-es":
he dresses, he teaches.
Gago ko| se u nfntvu zavrsava|u na "-y", kad pred tm "y" sto| sugasnk,
m|en|a|u "y" u "", u trecem cu |ednne:
to cry (he cres), to try (to tres).
Odrcn obk sadasn|eg vremena prav se tako sto se uzme sadasn|e vr|eme
pomocnog gagoa "to do", pa se zatm doda negac|a "not" nfntv gagoa
ko| se m|en|a, bez pr|edoga "to":
I wrte (|a psem) - I do not wrte, I don't wrte
Uptn obk sadasn|eg vremena prav se tako prav se tako sto se uzme
sadasn|e vr|eme pomocnog gagoa "to do" u nverz| nfntv gagoa ko| se
m|en|a, bez pr|edoga "to".
You wrte (t pses) - Do you wrte? (pses ?)
Sadasn|e prosto vr|eme se upotreb|ava:
da oznac radn|u c|e tra|an|e n|e odredeno: I wrte (|a psem), I work (|a
radm);
da potvrd |ednu poznatu stnu: fsh ve n water (rbe ve u vod);
da oznac radn|u ko|a se vrs po navc: I aways rse eary (uv|ek usta|em
rano);
da oznac radn|u ko|a se ponav|a: I have an Engsh esson three tmes a
week (mam cas engeskog tr puta sedmcno).
48
The sun rses.
past present future
Sunce zaz svak dan, pr|e, sada pos|e.
|enny s not here.
past present future
|enny trenutno n|e prsutna.
to ca - zvat
I ca |a zovem I do not ca do I ca?
you ca t zoves you do not ca do you ca?
he, she, t
cas
on, ona , ono zove
he, she, t does not
ca
does, he ,she, t
ca?
we ca m zovemo we do not ca do we ca?
you ca v zovete you do not ca do you ca?
they ca on, one, ona zovu they do not ca do they ca?
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Present Smpe Tense 1
Engsh-Ouz.net - Present Smpe Tense 2
Engsh-Ouz.net - Am, Is or Are?
Sadasn|e tra|no vr|eme - Present Contnuous Tense
prezent gagoa "to be" + prezent partcp gavnog gagoa
I am speakng (|a govorm)
you are speakng
he, she, t s speakng
we are speakng
you are speakng
they are speakng
Present partcpe se prav dodavan|em gagou nastavka "-ng". Medutm,
ponekad moramo mao prom|ent r|ec, v|erovatno udvostruct zostavt
|edno sovo.
49
Izuzetak 1

Ako se gago zavrsava na: sugasnk -
nagasen voka-sugasnk zadn|e
sovo se udvostrucava:
s t o p
sugasnk
nagasen
voka
sugasnk
run > runnng

stop
>

stoppng

begn
>

begnnng
Ovo pravo ne va kada nagasak n|e
na zadn|em sogu gagoa:
open > openng
Izuzetak 2
Ako gago zavrsava na e, m|en|amo
e u y:
e > yng
de > dyng
Izuzetak 3
Ako gago zavrsava na voka +
sugasnk + e, zostav|amo e:
come > comng
mstake > mstakng
Present Contnuous Tense (sadasn|e tra|no vr|eme) se upotreb|ava:
da oznac radn|u ko|a se vrs u vremenu kada o n|o| govormo:
I am earnng Engsh now. (sada ucm engesk)
You are readng ths now. (sada ovo ctate)
past present future
Radn|a se dogada sada.
...the pages are
turnng.
...the cande s burnng. ...the gr s dancng.
Medutm, radn|a se ne mora odv|at tacno sada, a se desavaa nesto ran|e
moda ce se desavat pos|e trenutka kada o n|o| govormo:
50
She s readng a book.
past present future

Ona moda ne cta kn|gu tacno sada.

da oznac radn|u c|e |e tra|an|e neprekdno, tada se obcno
upotreb|ava|u proz aways, constanty, forever td:
The Sun s rsng constanty. (Sunce zaz svak dan)
You are aways companng about your mother-n-aw. (uv|ek se
ate na svo|u puncu)
da se zraz radn|a ko|a |e vec spanrana dest ce se u buducnost:
I'm meetng my grfrend tonght. (veceras cu se nac sa d|evo|kom)

Gago ko| oznacava|u neko stan|e, a ne radn|u, obcno se ne korste u tra|nom
obku.
Lsta gagoa ko| se vecnom korste u "smpe" form:
os|eta (percepc|e)
fee*, hear, see*, sme, taste
ms|en|e
assume, fee, consder, doubt, fee (mst), fnd
(mst), suppose, thnk*
mentana stan|a
forget, magne, know, mean, notce, recognse,
remember, understand
emoc|e/e|e
envy, fear, dske, hate, hope, ke, ove, mnd, prefer,
regret, want, wsh
m|eren|a
contan, cost, hod, measure, wegh
osta
ook (bt scan), seem, be (u vecn suca|eva), have
(kada znac pos|edovat)
- gago os|eta (fee, see, hear, taste,sme) se cesto korste sa gagoom 'can':
I can see... (mogu vd|et) td.
- * Ov gago mogu se korstt u tra|no| form a sa drugm znacen|em, npr:
Ths coat fees nce and warm. (ova| brod |e |ep udoban, to |e nasa
percepc|a, os|eca| kvateta broda)
|ohn's feeng much better now. (Don se os|eca mnogo bo|e sada,
n|egovo zdrav|e se pobo|sava);
She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ma tr psa macku, pos|edovan|e)
She's havng supper. (ona vecera, ona |ede);
I can see Anthony n the garden. (vdm Anthony-a u bast, percepc|a)
I'm seeng Anthony ater. (susrest' cu Anthony-a kasn|e, panramo se
susrest)
51


to ca - zvat
I'm cang I'm not cang am I cang?
you're cang you aren't cang are you cang?
he, she, t's cang he, she, t sn't cang s he, she, t cang?
we're cang we aren't cang are we cang?
you're cang you aren't cang are you cang?
they're cang you aren't cang are they cang?
Soeno sadasn|e vr|eme - Present Perfect Smpe Tense
pomocn gago "to have" + past partcp gavnog gagoa
Soenm sadasn|m vremenom se zraava povezanost zmedu prosost
sadasn|ost, tacno vr|eme desavan|a radn|e n|e naznaceno, sto znac da smo
vse zanteresran za rezutat radn|e nego za samu radn|u.
Kada b smo rek kada se radn|a odv|a mora bsmo upotr|ebt proso vr|eme
(past smpe tense).
Soeno sadasn|e vr|eme se korst:
da se opse radn|a stan|e ko|e |e poceo u prosost nastav|a se u
sadasn|ost:
Ths webste has been n exstence for 9 years, 6 months, and
12 days. (ova stranca posto| vec...);
I have ved n Sara|evo snce 1970. (vm u Sara|evu od 1970-te,
|os uv|ek vm);
da se zraz radn|a ko|a |e zavrsena u vremenskom perodu ko| |os
tra|e:
I have been to Zagreb ths week. (ove ned|e|e sam putovao u
Zagreb, sedmca |os n|e zavrsena);
da se oznac radn|a ko|a |e zavrsena nekad u prosost, a |e rezutat
radn|e vaan:
I have buoght a car. (kupo sam auto, vano |e da |e auto kup|en, n|e
btno kada);
uz proge ko| oznacava|u neprekdan razmak vremena: ever, never,
yet, aready, snce, for:
Have you ever been to Bosna? (|este kada b u Bosn?);
da se zraz radn|a ko|a se upravo dogoda (uz proge "|ust'' ''|ust
now''):
The guests have |ust entered the ha. (gost su upravo us u
dvoranu).

Amerkanc ne korste soeno sadasn|e vr|eme toko kao Brtanc. Amerkanc
cesce
upotreb|ava|u proso vr|eme um|esto soenog sadasn|eg vremena.
Amerkanac b rekao:
"Dd you have unch?", dok b Brtanac rekao: "Have you had unch?".
to ca - zvat
I have caed (|a sam zvao) I haven't caed have I caed?
you have caed you haven't caed have you caed?
he, she, t has caed he, she, t hasn't caed has he, she, t caed?
52
we have caed we haven't caed have we caed?
you have caed you haven't caed have you caed?
they have caed they haven't caed have they caed?
Nesvrsen perfekt - Present Perfect Contnuous Tense
prezent perfekt gagoa "to be" (have/has been) + prezent partcp gavnog
gagoa

I have been payng
You have been workng
Uptn obk se prav konverz|om: Have I been payng?
Odrcn obk se prav dodavan|em r|ec "not": I have not been payng.
Kada psemo present contnous, cesto se upotreb|ava|u skracence:
I have been - I've been td.
Present Perfect Contnous Tense korstmo:
da zrazmo radn|u ko|a |e nedavno upravo zavrsa. I obcno mamo
sada mamo neku pos|edcu:
I'm tred because I've been runnng.
past present future
!!!!!
radn|a ko|a se
desa nedavno
sada mamo
pos|edcu
-
I'm tred because I've been runnng. (umoran sam (sada) |er sam trcao)
Why s the grass wet? Has t been ranng? (zasto |e trava vana (sada)? |e
padaa ksa?)
You don't understand because you haven't been stenng. (ne razum|ete
(sada), |er nste susa).
da zrazmo radn|u radn|u ko|a |e pocea u prosost nastav|a se u
sadasn|ost, u ovom suca|u cesto se korste for snce:
I've been readng for two hours.
past present future

radn|a pocea u
prosost
nastav|a se u
sadasn|ost

I've been readng for two hours. (ctam vec dva sata, i jo uvijek itam)
How ong have you been earnng Engsh? (koko dugo ucs engesk? a jo ga
53
ui)
We have not been smokng. (nsmo pus, a ni sada ne puimo).

Kako |e ran|e napomenuto uz present perfect contnuous cesto korstmo "for"
"snce".
For korstmo kada prcamo o razdob|u vremena: 5 mnuta, 7 sedmca, 20
godna.
Ako to razdob|e see do sadasn|eg trenutka upotreb|avamo uz for perfekt, a
ako |e to razdob|e zavrseno moramo upotr|ebt past smpe (pretert).
Tara hasn't been feeng we for two weeks. (Tara se ne os|eca dobro vec dv|e
sedmce)
a
Tara ddn't fee we for two weeks, and now she fees we. (Tara se n|e dobro
os|ecaa vec dv|e sedmce, a sada se os|eca dobro).
Snce korstmo kada znamo od ko|e vremenske tacke se odv|a radn|a: u 9 sat,
7. |anuara, u petak.
for snce
perod vremena od vremenske tacke

20 mnutes 6.15 am
three days Monday
sx months |anuary
a ong tme I eft schoo
ever the begnnng of tme
td. td.
I've been studyng for three hours. (ucm vec tr sata)
I've been watchng TV snce 7pm. (gedam TV od 7 sat pos|e podne)
Tara hasn't been vstng us snce March. (Tara nas n|e pos|eta od Marta)
For se moe korstt u svm vremenma, snce se obcno korst samo sa perfect
vremenma.
to ca - zvat
I have been cang I have not been cang have I been cang?
you have been cang
you have not been
cang
have you been cang?
he, she, t has been
cang
he, she, t has not been
cang
has he, she, t been
cang?
we have been cang
we have not been
cang
have we been cang?
54

you have been cang
you have not been
cang
have you been cang?
they have been cang
they have not been
cang
have they been cang?
Pro;&' re#e('
Proso svrseno vr|eme - Past Smpe Tense
Da b naprav proso svrseno vr|eme korstmo nfntv pros obk (pretert)
gagoa.
- nfntv pretert past partcp
pravn
gago
work
expode
ke
worked
expoded
ked
worked
expoded
ked
Pros obk svh
gagoa zavrsava
na -ed.
nepravn
gago
go
see
sng
went
saw
sang
gone
seen
sung
Pros obk
nepravnh
gagoa se ne
tvor po nekom
pravu uc se
napamet.

Past partcp
nam
n|e potreban
pr
tvorb prosog
vremena.

Tvorba prosog svrsenog vremena:
a) potvrdna recenca:
sub|ekat + gavn gago u prosom obku (pretertu)
I ved n that house when I was young. (vo sam u to| kuc kada sam bo mad)
She payed basketba ast week. (ona |e graa kosarku prose sedmce)
b) odrcna recenca:
sub|ekat + pretert od "do" + not + nfntv gavnog gagoa
He ddn't ke the move. (n|e mu se dopao fm)
Mary dd not go to work ast Monday. (Mary n|e otsa na posao prosog
poned|e|ka)
c) uptna recenca:
pretert od "do"+ sub|ekat + nfntv gavnog gagoa
Dd you pay tenns ast week. (|e s grao tens prose sedmce)
Dd he watch TV ast nght. (|e gedao TV prose sedmce)
Gago dd (pretert od "do") u svm cma ma st obk.
I dd not go to London. (nsam bo u Londonu)
You dd not go to London.
He dd not go to London. td.
55
Gago be nema u svm cma st obk, uptnu recencu pravmo zam|enom
sub|ekta
gagoa.
I, he, she, t was here. - Was I, he, she, t here?
You were here. - were you here?
Ako gago zavrsava na sugasnk spred ko|eg sto| kratak nagasen voka,
kra|n| samogasnk se udvostrucava:
pan - panned
skp - skpped
Kra|n|e "" se uv|ek udvostrucava:
eve - eveed
ca - caed
Ako gago zavrsava na "-y" spred ko|eg se naaz sugasnk, ta| se "y" m|en|a u
"":
worry - worred
cry - cred

Prosto proso vr|eme korstmo:
a) da se zraz radn|a ko|a se desa u prosost potpuno zavrsa pa nema
nkakve veze sa sadasn|oscu:
I was n Lverpoo ast year. (bo sam u Lverpuu prose godne);
b) da se zraz radn|a ko|a |e tra|aa neko vr|eme u prosost bez kakve veze sa
sadasn|oscu:
We went to schoo when we were chdren. (s smo u skou kada smo b
d|eca);
c) kada govormo o stvarma ko|e emo da se dogode b trebao da se
dogode:
It's tme they were back. (vr|eme |e da se vrate)
I wsh I had a new computer. (voo b da mam nov komp|uter)
d) u zavsno| recenc ako |e u gavno| prosto proso vr|eme (sagan|e
vremena):
The poceman tod me I drove to much. (poca|ac m |e rekao da sam prevse
vozo)
Kada kaemo kada gd|e se radn|a dogoda, moramo korstt prosto proso
vr|eme,
a ne soeno sadasn|e vr|eme (present perfect tense).
to ca - zvat
I caed (|a sam zvao) I ddn't ca dd I ca?
you caed you ddn't ca dd you ca?
he, she, t caed he, she, t ddn't ca dd he, she, t ca?
we caed we ddn't ca dd we ca?
you caed you ddn't ca dd you ca?
they caed they ddn't ca dd they ca?

Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Past Tense Ouz
Engsh-Ouz.net - Past Tense: Whch sentence s correct?
Proso tra|no vr|eme - The Past Contnuous Tense
proso vr|eme gagoa "to be" + partcp prezenta gavnog gagoa
She was readng. (ona |e ctaa)
We were payng. (m smo gra)
56
Odrcn obk se prav dodavan|em r|ecce not:
She was not readng - She wasn't readng.
Uptn obk se prav nverz|om:
Was she payng?
Were we payng?
Nesvrsen pretert se upotreb|ava:
da se opse pozadna, odnosno da se pred ctaoce postav scena prce
psana u
prosom vremenu. Obcno prca pocn|e nesvrsenm pretertom, a zatm
se nastav|a prosm vremenom, npr:
"|ames Bond was drvng through town. It was ranng. The wnd was
bowng hard. Nobody was wakng n the streets. Suddeny, Bond saw the
ker n a
teephone box...";
da se opse radn|a ko|a |e tra|aa do trenutka kada |u |e preknua neka
druga
prosa radn|a:
I was havng a beautfu dream when the aarm cock rang. (dvno sam
san|ao
kada se aarm ogaso);
I was watchng TV when you teephoned. (gedao sam TV kada s nazvao)
da se zraz prom|ena ms|en|a:
I was gong to spend the day at the beach but I've decded to go on an
excurson nstead. (mso sam provest dan na pa a sam oduco otc
na ekskurz|u)
za dv|e radn|e ko|e se desava|u stovremeno:
The chdren were payng whe ther mothers were chattng. (d|eca su se
graa
dok n|hove ma|ke cavr|ae)
u zavsno| recenc um|esto nescrsenog prezenta ako |e u gavno| recenc
pretert:
I knew that he was takng to her about her daughter. (znao sam da se sa
n|om razgovara o n|eno| kcer).
Kod gagoa ko| se ne korste u tra|nom obku upotreb|ava se obcn
pretert
to ca - zvat
I was cang. I was not cang was I cang?
you were cang. you were not cang were you cang?
he, she, t was cang he, she, t wasn't cang was he, she, t cang?
we were cang we weren't cang were we cang?
you were cang you weren't cang were you cangg?
they were cang they weren't cang were they cang?
57
Puskvamperfekat (davno proso vr|eme) - The Past Perfect Tense
sub|ekat + smpe past od "to have" + past partcp gavnog gagoa
U odrcnm recencama ubacu|emo r|eccu not zmedu pomocnog gavnog
gagoa, a uptnu recencu pravmo zam|enom sub|ekta pomocnog gagoa.
Past Perfect Tense (puperfekt) se upotreb|ava:
a) da b se zraza radn|a u prosost ko|a se desa pr|e neke druge radn|e u
prosost, takoder zraava radn|u za ko|e se pretpostav|ao da |e trebao da se
dogod u prosost - pr|e neke druge radn|e:
We had eft home before he came. (b smo ots pr|e nego sto |e on
dosao)
The tran eft at 9am. We arrved at 9.15am. The tran had eft when
we arrved.
(voz |e krenuo u 9 sat. M smo stg u 9 15. Voz |e bo otsao kada
smo m stg.)
The tran had eft when we arrved.
past present future
Voz odaz u 9 sat.
9 9.15
M stemo u 9 15.
I was not hungry. I had |ust eaten. (nsam bo gadan, upravo sam bo
|eo)
I ddn't know who he was. I had never seen hm before. (nsam znao
ko |e on, nsam ga nkad bo vdo)
He sad that he had seen hm at the theatre. (rekao |e da ga |e bo
vdo kod pozorsta).
U ovom prm|eru past perfect |e upotreb|en u ndrektnom govoru
um|esto past smpe u drektnom.
b) u zavsnm recencama uz after:
He got a headache after he had washed hs har. (dobo |e gavobo|u nakon sto
|e oprao kosu);
c) za zraza: as f (kao da), f ony (kad b barem), I wsh (kamo srece da), past
perfectom se zraava nesto sto n|e ostvareno u prosost:
I wsh I had met you before. (kamo srece da sam te ran|e sreo)
If ony you had sent me the SMS. (da s m barem posaa SMS)
He payed the basketba as f he had payed n NBA. (grao |e kosarku kao da |e
grao u NBA)

to ca - zvat
I had caed I had not caed had I caed?
you had caed you had not caed had you caed?
he, she, t had caedhe, she, t had caed had he, she, t caed?
we had caed we had caed had we caed?
you had caed you had caed had you caed?
they had caed they had caed had they caed?
Nesvrsen puskvamperfekt - The Past Perfect Contnuous Tense
58
sub|ekat + smpe past od "to have" + past partcp od "to be" + present
partcp g. gagoa
Odrcn obk se prav ubacvan|em r|ecce not, a uptn obk nverz|om sub|ekta
gagoa "to have".
Past Perfect Contnuous upotreb|ava se da b se oznaca radn|a ko|a |e tra|aa
u prosost pr|e neke druge prose radn|e:
Ram started watng at 9am. I arrved at 11am.
When I arrved, Ram had been watng for two hours.
Ram had been watng for two hours when I arrved.
past present future
Ram |e poceo sa
cekan|em u 9 sat.



9 11
|a sam stgao u 11 sat.
|ohn was very tred. he had been runnng. (|ohn |e bo veoma umoran, trcao |e
c|ee vecer)
I coud sme cgarettes. somebody had been smokng. (os|eto sam cgarete,
neko |e puso).
Past Perfect Contnous se takoder upotreb|ava u ndrektnom govoru um|esto
tra|nog obka prosog vremena (past contnous tense) u drektnom govoru.
D: Peter sad: "Some of my frends have payng cards a nght."
(Peter rece: "Nek mo| pr|ate| su gra karte c|ee vecer".)
I: Peter sad that some of hs frends had been payng cards a nght.
to ca - zvat
I had been cang I had not been cang had I been cang?
you had been cang you had not been cang had you been cang?
he, she, t had been
cang
he, she, t had not been
cang
had he, she, t had
been cang?
we had been cang we had not been cang had we been cang?
you had been cang you had not been cang had you been cang?
they had been cang they had not been cang
had they been
cang?
Buduca vremena
Prosto buduce vr|eme - Futur Smpe Tense
sub|ekat + pomocn gago w + nfntv gavnog gagoa
Odrcne recence se prave umetan|em r|ecce not zmedu pomocnog gavnog
gagoa,
a uptne recence nverz|om sub|ekta pomocnog gagoa.
U prvom cu |ednne mnone um|esto gagoa w, moe se korstt gago
sha,
medutm u modernom engeskom w se vse korst od sha:
I sha ca - we sha ca (|a cu zvat - m cemo zvat).
Prosto buduce vr|eme se upotreb|ava da b oznaca radn|a ko|a ce se dest u
buducnost.
Prostobuduce vr|eme se narocto cesto upotreb|ava pos|e gagoa ko|
oznacava|u ocekvan|e, nadu td.Takoder se korst da b se zraza nam|era,
oduka, pr|etn|a obecan|e.
59
I hope we w have better uck next day. (nadam se da cemo mat vse srece
drug put)
I expect that he w come tomorrow. (oceku|em da ce on doc sutra)
I w hep her because she s beautfu. (pomoc cu |o| |er |e |epa)
to ca - zvat
I w ca (|a cu zvat) I w not ca w I ca?
you w ca you w not ca w you ca?
he, she, t w ca he, she, t w not ca w he, she, t ca?
we w ca we w not ca w we ca?
you w ca you w not ca w you ca?
they w ca they w not ca w they ca?
Buduce tra|no vr|eme - Futur Contnuous Tense
sub|ekat + pomocn g. w + pomocn g. be + present partcpe gavnog
gagoa
Odrcn obk se prav ubacvan|em r|ecce not zmedu gagoa w be, a uptn
obk nverz|om sub|ekta gagoa w.
Tra|no buduce vr|eme oznacava radn|u ko|a ce tra|at zv|esno vr|eme u
buducnost.
At 4pm tomorrow, I w be workng.
past present future
4pm

U 4 sata bcu usred
posa.
Kada korstmo buduce tra|no vr|eme, nas susaac obcno zna razum|e u
ko|e vr|eme se radn|a odv|a.
I w be payng tenns at 10am tomorrow. (grat cu tens sutra u 10 sat)
We' be havng dnner when fm starts. (vecerat cemo kada fm pocne)
Take your umbrea, t w be ranng when you return. (uzm ksobran, padat ce
ksa kada se budes vracao)
to ca - zvat
I w be cang (|a cu
zvat)
I won't be cang w I be cang?
you w be cang you won't be cang w you be cang?
he, she, t w be cang
he, she, t won't be
cang
w he, she, t be
cang?
we w be cang we won't be cang w we be cang?
you w be cang you won't be cang w you be cang?
they w be cang they won't be cang w they be cang?
Soeno buduce vr|eme - Futur Perfect Tense
sub|ekat + pomocn g. w + pomocn g. have + past partcp gavnog gagoa
Predbuduce vr|eme zraava radn|u ko|a ce se dest pr|e
neke druge radn|e u buducnost:
The tran w eave the staton at 9am. You w arrve at the staton at 9.15am.
When you arrve the ran w have eft.
60
(Voz doaz u stancu u 9 sat. V stete u stancu u 9 15. Voz ce otc
kada v stgnete.)
The tran w have eft when you arrve.
past present future
Voz odaz u 9 sat.
9
9.1
5
V stete u 9 15.
Ovo vr|eme takoder zraava radn|u ko|a ce se dest zavrst do odredenog
vremena u buducnost:
They w have eft the Parament by 12 o'cock. (On ce napustt parament do
12 sat.)
to ca - zvat
I w have caed (budem
bo zvao)
I w not have caed w I have caed?
you w have caed you w not have caed
w you have
caed?
he, she, t w have caed
he, she, t w not have
caed
w he, she, t have
caed?
we w have caed we w not have caed w we have caed?
you w have caed you w not have caed
w you have
caed?
they w have caed they w not have caed
w they have
caed?
Futur Perfect Contnuous
sub|ekat + pomocn g. w + pomocn g. "have" + past partcp od "be" +
present partcp gavnog gagoa
Odrcne recence se prave umetan|em r|ecce not zmedu w have, a uptne
recence
nverz|om sub|ekta pomocnog gagoa w.
Kada korstmo predbuduce tra|no vr|eme obcno samamo (contract) sub|ekat
pomocn gago w:
I w - I'
you w - you' td.
Kod odrcnh recenca samamo gago w r|eccu not:
I w not - I won't
you w not - you won't td.
Predbuduce tra|no vr|eme zraava radn|u ko|a tra|e odreden perod vremena
do |edne
druge buduce radn|e oznake buduceg vremena kada ova prva radn|a |os
tra|e.
Drugm r|ecma zraava radn|u ko|a ce tra|at do odredenog buduceg vremena
trenutka u buducnost, a ne u nekom odredenom trenutku u buducnost:
At 20 o'cock n the evenng, I w have been workng ten hours. (do 20 sat
uvecer |a cu mat za sobom vec 10 sat rada).
Znac radn|a pocn|e u 10 sat pr|e podne, tra|e deset sat, sve do 20 sat
61
uvecer kada |os tra|e.
He w be tred when he arrves. He w have been traveng for 24 hours.
(Bt ce umoran kada stgne. Putovat ce vec 24 sata.)
to ca - zvat
I w have been cang
I w not have been
cang
w I have been cang?
you w have been
cang
you w not have
been cang
w you have been
cang?
he, she, t w have
been cang
he, she, t w not
have been cang
w he, she, t have been
cang?
we w have been
cang
we w not have been
cang
w we have been
cang?
you w have been
cang
you w not have
been cang
w you have been
cang?
they w have been
cang
they w not have
been cang
w they have been
cang?
Drektn ndrektn govor - Drect and Indrect Speech
Ako ponav|amo nec|e r|ec tacno onako kako h |e neko rekao to |e drektn
govor (upravn govor, Drect speech), npr:
on m |e rekao: "posa| m kn|gu".
Ako zv|estavamo ono sto |e neko rekao onda korstmo ndrektn govor
(neupravn govor, Indrect Speech or Reported Speech), npr:
on m |e rekao da mu donesem kn|gu.
Indrektan govor se uvod r|ecma kao sto su:
he sad (on rece)
he asked (un upta)
we enqured (zapta smo)
she ordered (ona zapov|ed)
we beeved (v|erovasmo)
I reped (odgovorh)
I answered (odgovorh) s.

Pr pretvaran|u drektnog u ndrektan govor treba postvat prava o sagan|u
vremena:
sva vremena u ndrektnom obku se mora|u zam|ent odgovara|ucm
prosm obcma - prema pravma o sagan|u vremena:
Drektn govor Indrektn govor
Prosto sadasn|e Prosto proso
Prosto proso
Prezent perfekt
Davno proso
Davno proso
Prosto buduce Soeno buduce
Imperatv Infntv

sve r|ec ko|e oznacava|u bznu mora|u se zam|ent r|ecma ko|e
oznacava|u uda|enost;
62

Prema ovm pravma:
am posta|e was
do " dd
sha " shoud
w " woud
have, has " had
can " coud
may " mght
must " had to
ths " that
these " those
here " there
now " then
today " that day
tomorrow " the next day
yesterday " the day before
ast nght " the nght before
D: He sad: "I do not understand ths etter." (On rece: "|a ne razum|em ovo
psmo")
I: He sad that he ddn't understand ths etter. (on rece da ne razum|e to
psmo)
D: She sad: "I am gong to come soon agan." (Ona rece: "Doc cu uskoro
ponovo".)
I: She sad that she was gong to come soon agan. (ona rece da ce uskoro
ponovo doc)
ako se u ndrektnom govoru saopcava tude ptan|e, onda |e potrebno
pored pomenuth prava obratt pan|u |os na s|edece:
-um|esto gagoa "say" upotr|ebcemo gago "ask";
-ako ptan|e ne sadr nkakvu uptnu r|ec (kao sto su what, how, when td.),
onda ptan|e u ndrektnom govoru mora pocet sa "f" "whether".

Prm|er:
D: She sad to her brother: "What are you dong?" (ona rece svom bratu: "Sta
rads?")
I: She asked her brother what he was dong. (ona upta svog brata sta rad)
D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spansh." (zapta su me: "Da govorte
spansk?")
I: They asked me whether I speak Spansh. (zapta su me da govorm
spansk)

da b se u ndrektnom govoru zraza zapov|ed, upotreb|ava se nfntv
uvod gago "te":
D: Father sad to hs son: "Be carefu of yoursef." (otac rece snu: "Paz se").
I: Father tod hs son to be carefu of hmsef. (otac rece svom snu da se paz).
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
engesk-|ezk.com: Indrektn govor
Engsh-Ouz.net - Indrect Speech
"-ng" obc - The "-ng" forms
"-ng" obc se tvore od nfntva nastavka -ng, mogu bt:
63
gerund: Huntng ons s dangerous. (ov na avove |e opasan)
partcp prezenta: I am surfng. (|a surfam)
menca: Ths budng s our schoo. (ova zgrada |e nasa skoa)

Gerund - The Gerund
Gerund |e gagosk obk ko| ma osobne gagoa mence.
Gagoske osobne gerunda su:
za n|ega moe sta|at prog:
He s fond of wakng qucky. (on vo brzo hodat);
za n|ega moe sta|at ob|ekt:
I don't ke readng books. (ne vom ctat kn|ge);
moe sta|at u raznm vremenma, mamo:
gerund sadasn| (surfng), gerund pros (havng read), a kod pr|eaznh
gagoa posto|e pasvn obc gerunda: sadasn| (beng taught) pros
(havng been taught).

Imencke osobne gerunda su:
pred n|m moe sta|at pr|edog:
She's good at pantng. (ona dobro ska);
pred n|m moe sta|at atrbut:
Hs beng nervous s due to hs ness. (n|egova nervoza |e pos|edca
n|egove boest);
pred n|m moe sta|at gentv:
|ohn's beng azy makes me nervous. (|ohnova |enost me cn
nervoznm).

Iako zgeda kao gago, gerund ma stu funkc|u kao menca, korst se:
kao sub|ekat recence:
Eatng peope s wrong. (|eden|e |ud |e pogresno);
Fyng s dangerous. (eten|e |e opasno);
kao atrbut gagoa "to be":
One of hs dutes s attendng meetngs. (|edna od n|egovh dunost |e
prsustvovan|e sastancma);
One of fe's peasures s havng breakfast n bed. (|edna od votnh
ugodnost |e doruckovan|e u krevetu);
pos|e pr|edoga. Ako pos|e pr|edoga treba doc gago moramo
korstt gerund:
She s good at pantng. (ona dobro ska);
Can you sneeze wthout openng your mouth? (moes khnut a da ne
otvors usta);
za frazanh gagoa ko| su stvoren po prncpu "gago +
pr|edog/prog":
(to ook forward, to gve up, to be for/aganst, to take to, to put off, to
keep on):
She aways puts off gong to dentst. (ona uv|ek odae odazak zubaru);
When you are gong to gve up smokng? (kada ces prestat pust);
u soenm mencama: a drvng esson, a swmmng poo, brd-watchng,
tran-spottng;
pos|e zraza: can't hep, can't stand, t's no use/good, do you mnd,
woud you mnd prd|eva "worth" "busy".
It's no use tryng to escape. (nema korst pokusavat pob|ec)
I can't stand beng stuck n traffc |ams. (ne mogu podn|et kad se
64
zagavm u saobraca|u)
Ths ste s worth vstng. (ovu strancu vr|ed pos|ett)

Partcp prezenta - The Present Partcpe
Prezent partcp vecne gagoa ma obk osnova+ng, korst se u s|edecm
suca|evma:
kao do tra|nog obka gagoa:
I am workng (|a radm)
he was sngng (on |e p|evao)
they have been wakng (on su seta);
nakon gagoa pokreta/pozc|e po prncpu: gago+partcp prezenta:
She was shoppng. (ona |e ba u kupovn)
He came runnng towards me. (dosao |e trcec prema men)
She ay ookng up at the couds. (eaa |e geda|uc u obake)
Ova tvorba |e narocto korsna sa gagoom "to go", kao u s|edecm
prm|erma:
to go shoppng to go wakng
to go sk-ng to go swmmng
to go fshng to go runnng
to go surfng to go dancng
nakon gagoa percepc|e (cua) po prncpu gago + ob|ekat + partcp
prezenta:
I heard someone sngng. (cuo sam nekoga kako p|eva)
I can sme somethng burnng! (os|etm da nesto gor);
Kauze - Causes
Kauza |e grupa r|ec ko|a sadr vezu sub|ekat-gago (za razku od fraza ko|e
ne sadre vezu sub|ekat-gago). Kauze se d|ee na:
nezavsne (ndependent causes)
zavsne (dependent or subordnate causes).
Takoder, d|ee se na:
neophodne (restrctve or essenta causes)
nebtne (nonrestrctve or nonessenta causes).

Neophodne kauze su k|ucne za znacen|e recence ne mogu se zbact, |er b
u tom suca|u znacen|e recence bo prom|en|eno.
A students who do ther work shoud pass easy.
Nebtne kauze nsu neophodne za znacen|e recence mogu se zbact z n|e.
Obcno se odva|a|u zarezma (ako se naaze u sredn):
Professor Va, who used to be a secretary for the Presdent, can type 132
words a mnute.
Guseppe sad that the pantar wart, which had been bothering him for years,
had to be removed. (neophodna nebitna klauza)

Nezavsne zavsne kauze
Nezavsne kauze mogu sta|at samostano, kao recenca, dok zavsne mora|u
bt udruene sa nezavsnom kauzom.
Dv|e nezavsne kauze mogu bt povezane sa:
dopunskm veznkom (coordnatng con|uncton):
Today s Tuesday and our papers are due Wednesday.
65
veznm progom (con|unctve adverb):
I need to study for my test; n fact I am gong to the brary now.
(u ovom suca|u, korstena |e oznaka tacka-zarez (;) da se razdvo|e dv|e
kauze)
odnosnm veznkom (correatve con|uncton):
George not ony fnshed hs paper on tme, but he aso got an A+.
oznakom tacka-zarez (;):
Ths s one of Engsh cassesM Shakespeare s my other.
dvotackom (ponekad):
She receved the assgnmentK t s to be turned n next Frday.

Zavsne kauze mogu bt:
prd|evske (ad|ectve causes)
proske (adverb causes)
mencke (noun causes)

-Prd|evske kauze opsu|u mence zam|ence, skoro uv|ek doaze pos|e
menca zam|enca. Vecna prd|evskh kauza pocn|e sa: who, whom, whch
that. Ponekad se ove r|ec ne mora|u naazt u recenc a se
podrazum|eva|u.
The book that s on the foor shoud be returned to the brary. (kn|ga ko|a |e na
podu b se trebaa vratt u bboteku)
The brdge that coapsed n the wnter storm w cost mons to repace. (most
ko| se sruso u zmsko| ou| ce kostat mone za popravak)
My brother, who s an engneer, fgured t out for me. (mo| brat, ko| |e nn|er,
|e shvato to za mene)

-Proske kauze obcno dopun|u|u gagoe mogu se po|avt bo gd|e u recenc.
On kau zasto, gd|e pod ko|m usovma se radn|a odv|aa. Za razku od
prd|evskh kauza, proske kauze se cesto mogu pom|erat u recenc. Npr:
When the tmer rngs, we know the cake s done.
We know the cake s done when the tmer rngs.

Proske kauze uv|ek pocn|u sa zavsnm veznkom, ko| uvod kauzu zraava
n|enu vezu sa ostatkom recence.
When the move s over, we' go downtown.
|ohn wanted to wrte a book because he had so much to say about the sub|ect.

-Imencke kauze nsu r|ec ko|e dopun|u|u druge r|ec za razku od prd|eva
proga. U recenc funkconra|u kao sub|ekat, drektn ob|ekat pr|edosk
ob|ekat.
Imencka kauza obcno pocn|e sa: that, whch, who, whoever, whomever,
whose, what whatsoever. Takoder, mogu pocn|at sa zavsnm vezncma:
how, when, where, whether, why.
What he knows |sub|ekat| s no concern of mne.
Do you know what he knows |ob|ekat|?
In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years |ob|ekat
pr|edoga|.
Whoever wns the game w pay n the tournament.
Kondcona - The condtonas
Kondcona se tvor od pomocnog gagoa "shoud" "woud", nfntva bez
"to" gagoa ko|eg m|en|amo.
66
Sadasn| kondcona se tvor sa shoud woud nfntvom prezenta, a pros
kondcona se tvor sa shoud woud nfntvom perfekta gagoa ko|eg
m|en|amo.
Sadasn| kondcona D
I shoud take - uzeo bh
you shoud take - t b uzeo td.
Pros kondcona D
I shoud have taken - bo bh uzeo
you shoud have taken - t bo uzeo td.
Odrcn obk se tvor tako sto se za shoud woud stav "not":
I shoud not take. (ne bh uzeo)
I shoud not have taken. (ne bh bo uzeo).
Uptn obk se tvor nverz|om:
shoud I take? (da bh uzeo?)
shoud I have taken? (da bh bo uzeo?)
Sadasn| pros kondcona se korste pr tvorb pogodbenh recenca.
Struktura vecne pogodbenh recenca |e veoma |ednostavna, zgeda ovako:
f uv|et pos|edca
If y=10 2y=20

pos|edca f uv|et
2y=20 f y=10
To znac ako (f) |e odreden usov zadovo|en, onda (then) ce doc do neke
pos|edce.
Pogodbene recence se takoder zovu kondconama, a ponekad h nazvamo
"f recencama", |er cesto (a ne uv|ek) u n|ma se upotreb|ava r|ec "f".
Ovd|e ce bt obradene tr osnovna tpa kondconaa tzv. nut-kondcona.
Prv kondcona (Frst Condtona)
Drug kondcona (Second Condtona)
Trec kondcona (Thrd Condtona)
Nut-kondcona (Zero Condtona)
Prv kondcona - reana mogucnost (Frst condtona: rea possbty)
Govormo o buducnost. Razms|amo o nekom uv|etu stuac| u buducnost,
n|eno| pos|edc. Posto| stvarna mogucnost da ce se uv|et spunt. Na prm|er,
67
|utro |e, kod kuce ste panrate grat tens popodne. Medutm na nebu se
|av|a|u obac, zamste da pocne padat ksa. Sta cete uradt?
If t rans, I w stay at home. (ako bude padaa ksa, ostacu kod kuce)
If uv|et pos|edca
If t rans I w stay at home.
- prosto sadasn|e vr|eme buduce vr|eme
Treba prm|ett da ksa |os n|e paa, medutm nebo |e obacno posto| reana
mogucnost (rea possbty) da ce ksa past. Kao sto vdte da b zraz moguc
uv|et korst smo sadasn|e prosto vr|eme (Present Smpe Tense). Za
zraavan|e moguce pos|edce korst smo prosto proso vr|eme.
Vano |e zapamtt da kod prvog kondconaa posto| reana mogucnost da ce
se uv|et spunt.
pos|edca f uv|et
buduce vr|eme f prosto sadasn|e vr|eme
I w te Mary f I see her.
What w you do f t rans tomorrow.
Ther teacher w be sad f they do not pass the exam.
Ponekad moemo korstt: sha, can may um|esto w, na prm|er:
If you are good today, you can watch TV tonght. (ako budes danas dobar,
moes gedat TV veceras)

Drug kondcona - nev|erovatna mogucnost (Second condtona - unrea
possbty or dream)
Kod drugog kondconaa, kao kod prvog, razms|amo o nekom uv|etu u
buducnost, rezutatu tog uv|eta, medutm, za razku od prvog kondconaa,
ovd|e ne posto| reana mogucnost da ce se uv|et spunt.
Na prm|er: veceras |e zvacen|e bro|eva ota, nste kup oto stc, ne posto|
nkakva
sansa da cete dobt novac. A moda cete kupt stc do veceras, onda
posto| sansa, a |e to nev|erovatna mogucnost, |er su zged opet |ako ma da
zvuku vas stc.
If uv|et pos|edca
If prosto proso vr|eme kondcona sadasn|
If I marred Mary I woud be happy.
If t snowed next |uy woud you be suprsed?
If Ram became rch she woud marry hm.
If I won the ottery I woud by a car.
Prm|ette, da kod drugog kondconaa korstmo prosto proso vr|eme za
zraavan|e uv|eta, a sadasn| kondcona za zraavan|e eventuane pos|edce.
Btna stvar kod drugog kondconaa |e da ne posto| reana mogucnost da ce se
uv|et spunt, t|. sanse su |ako mae da ce se uv|et spunt.
68
Ponekad, um|esto gagoa woud korstmo shoud, coud or mght:
If I won a mon doars, I coud stop workng. (da dob|em mon doara,
mogao bh prestat radt)

Trec kondcona - bez mogucnost (Thrd condtona - no possbty)
Kod prvog drugog kondconaa govormo o buducnost, medutm kod treceg
govormo o prosost, govormo o uv|etu u prosost ko| se n|e dogodo. Zbog
toga ne posto| mogucnost da se uv|et spun. Prose sedmce ste kup oto
stc a nste dob :-(.
If uv|et pos|edca
If
soeno proso vr|eme (past
perfect)
kondcona pros
If I had won the ottery I woud have bought a car.
If I had seen Mary I woud have tod her.
If t had raned yesterday what woud you have done?
If Tara had been free yesterday I woud have nvted her.
If they had not passed ther exam, ther teacher woud have been sad. (da nsu
poo spt, n|hov ucte| b bo tuan)
Da b smo zraz uv|et u prosost ko| se n|e ostvaro korst smo soeno
proso vr|eme (past perfect), dok za zraavan|e pos|edce ko|a se nece
dogodt smo korst kondcona pros.
Btna stvar kod treceg kondconaa |e da ne posto| sada nkakva sansa da se
uv|et pos|edca dogode.
Ponekad um|esto woud have korstmo shoud have, coud have, mght have:
If you had bought a ottery tcket, you mght have won. (da s kupo stc ota,
mogao s dobt)

Nut kondcona - sgurno spun|en|e usova (Zero condtona - certanty)
Tzv. nut kondcona korstmo kada |e uv|et uv|ek tacan, poput neke
opcepoznate cn|ence. Na prm|er, ako zagr|avamo ed znad 0 stepen on ce
se pocet otapat.
If uv|et pos|edca
If prosto sadasn|e vr|eme prosto sadasn|e vr|eme
If you heat ce t mets.
Vano |e napomenut da kod nutog kondconaa ne govormo n o prosost, n
o sadasn|ost n o buducnost, vec |ednostavno prcamo o neko| opcepoznato|
cn|enc.
Da b zraz uv|et pos|edcu korstmo prosto sadasn|e vr|eme. Na|van|e kod
nutog kondconaa |e zapamtt da uv|et ma uv|ek stu pos|edcu.
If uv|et pos|edca
prosto sadasen|e vr|eme prosto sadasn|e vr|eme
If I mss the 8 o'cock bus I am ate for work.
69
If I am ate for work my boss gets angry.
If peope don't eat they get hungry.
Takoder, um|esto f moemo korstt when:
When I get up ate I mss by bus. (kada ustanem kasno, zakasnm na autobus)

Kondcona - ukratko
Tp kondconaa gavna recenca "f" recenca
Prv kondcona buduce vr|eme sadasn|e vr|eme
Drug kondcona kondcona sadasn| prosto proso vr|eme
Trec kondcona kondcona pros soeno proso vr|eme
Nut kondcona prosto sadasn|e vr|eme
prosto sadasn|e
vr|eme
S|edeca tabea da|e prkaz kondconaa po v|erovatnost spun|en|a usova.
Naravno, procent za prv drug kondcona su dat samo or|entacono za
poreden|e.
v|erovatnost
kondcon
a
prm|er vr|eme
100% nut If you heat ce, t mets. -
50% prv
If t rans, I w stay at
home.
buducno
st
5% drug
If I won the ottery, I
woud buy a car.
buducno
st
0%


trec
If I had won a ottery, I
woud have bought a car.
prosost
Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
engesk-|ezk.com: Kondcona
Engsh-Ouz.net - Condtonas Exercse
Engsh-Ouz.net - Condtonas Exercse
Engsh-Ouz.net - A Types Exercse
Trpno stan|e (pasv) - Passve Voce
sub|ekat + pomocn gago "to be" + partcp pros gavnog gagoa

Trpno stan|e (pasv) mogu mat samo preazn gago, t|. takv ko| uza se
mogu mat ob|ekat.
Pasv pokazu|e da sub|ekat ne vrs radn|u, vec da se radn|a vrs na sub|ektu:
The road has been repared. (put |e poprav|en)
Pasvn obc se tvore tako sto se uzme ono vr|eme gagoa "to be" ko|e nam |e
potrebno doda se partcp pros gagoa ko|eg m|en|amo. To znac, da se
pasvn prezent tvor od prezenta gagoa "to be" partcpa prosog gagoa ko|
m|en|amo.
Aktvnu recencu moemo pretvort u pasvnu ako se gago stav u trpno
stan|e, sub|ekat aktvne recence posta|e ob|ekat pasvne, spred n|ega se
stav|a pr|edog "by":
A: Everybody drnks water. (sv p|u vodu)
P: Water s drunk by everybody. (voda se p|e od sv|u)
- sub|ekat gago ob|ekat
aktv Everybody drnks water
70
pasv Water s drunk by everybody.
A: I wrote ths etter. (|a sam napsao ovo psmo)
P: Ths etter was wrtten by me. (psmo |e napsano od mene)
Nepreazn gago mogu postat preazn ako m se doda pr|edog.

Trpno stan|e se upotreb|ava mnogo cesce u engeskom |ezku nego u nasem,
korst se:
kada sub|ekat ko| vrs radn|u n|e poznat:
My car has been stoen. (ukradeno m |e auto)
She was gven a nce brthday present. (doba |e |ep pokon za
rodendan)
ako se ne e pomenut vrsac radn|e:
I have been tod that you are engaged. (receno m |e da ste se v|er)
She was sad to have eft her husband. (prca se da |e ostava svog
mua)
ako n|e potrebno pomenut vrsoca radn|e |er to prozaz z konteksta
(smsa) recence n|e btno za smsao da mora bt pomenut:
Mstakes are aways made. (greske se uv|ek prave)
ako |e sub|ekat pasvne recence van| od vrsoca radn|e:
The "Tower" was wrtten by Mesa Semovc. (Roman "Tvrdava" |e
napsana od strane Mese Semovca) (autor nas man|e nteresu|e)
The boy was punshed by hs father. (decko |e kan|en od svog oca)
Ahmed was attended by hs sster durng hs ness. (Ahmeda |e n|egova
sestra n|egovaa za vr|eme boest)
Bezcn obc u nasem |ezku kao sto su "kae se", "razum|e se",
"podrazum|eva se" u engeskom |ezku se skazu|u u trecem cu |ednne
sredn|eg roda:
t s understood (razum|e se, podrazum|eva se)
that s known (to se zna)
t s sad (prca se)

Kon|ugac|a pasva u vecn moguch vremena:
nfntv to be caed
smpe
present t s caed
past t was caed
future t w be caed
condtona t woud be caed
contnous
present t s beng caed
past t was beng caed
future t w be beng caed
condtona t woud be beng caed
perfect smpe
present t has been caed
past t has been caed
future t w have been caed
condtona t woud have been caed
perfect contnous present t has been beng caed
past t had been beng caed
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future t w have been beng caed
condtona t woud have been beng caed

Kvzov vezan za ovu temu
Engsh-Ouz.net - Actve or Passve?
TEKSTOVI
Red r|ec - Word order
Imence u engeskom |ezku nema|u nastavaka za padee (osm za gentv),
zato se n|hovo znacen|e cesto odredu|e m|estom na ko|em sto|e u recenc.
Engesk |ezk |e veoma preczan u redu, odnosno rasporedu r|ec u recenc, |er
od toga zavs |asnoca tacnost zraavan|a ms.
Na prvom m|estu |e sub|ekt (S), pa predkat (P), zatm ob|ekt (O) na kra|u
doaze proske odredbe za nacn (PN), m|esto (PM) vr|eme (PV).
My daughter (S) reads (P) newspaper (O) very carefuy (PN) n her room (PM)
every day (PV). (mo|a kcerka cta novne veoma pa|vo u svo|o| sob svak
dan)
U bosanskom |ezku b mog prom|ent red r|ec u gorn|o| recenc a da smsao
ostane |asan, medutm u engeskom to n|e moguce |er nema razke zmedu
sub|ekta ob|ekta.
Prefks Sufks - Prefxes & Sufxes
Prefks
Prefks ko| se na|cesce upotreb|ava|u:
un - unwse, unwe
ds
- dsagree,
dsbeve
- terate
n - ndrect
r - rratona
non - non-stop
Osta prefks:
a - ashore
be - beoved
de - defend
ds - dsarm
en - enarge
ex - expan
fore - foreground
out - outne
nter - nternatona
ms - msundrerstood
post - post-ware
pre - prepare
pro - protect
re - reform
over - overoad
sub - submarne

Sufks
Sufks za obrazovan|e menca:

72
sufks ko| oznacava|u naconanost, prpadnost odredeno| grup |ud
predmeta, ko| vrse radn|u ko| su predmet radn|e:
-an (Bosnan)
-can, -aran, -oran (optcan, braran, hstoran)
-er, -or, -st (reader, conductor, dentst)
-ant, -ent (assstant, student)

sufks ko| oznacava|u apstraktnost, kvatet, usov, stan|e, procese,
nauke,
predmete, demnutve, m|esto:
-ance, -ence (dstance, sentence)
-hood (neghborhood)
-a (Bosna, Croata, Serba)
-c, -cs (statstcs)
-age (vage)
-on (unon)
-ng (fghtng)
-ton (constructon)
-sson (sesson)
-son (dvson)
-sm (racsm)
-ment (document)
-ness (happness)
-shp (frendshp)
-sure (measure)
-ture (furnture)
-ty (rapdty)
-y (muddy)


Sufks za obrazovan|e prd|eva:
-abe, -be (consderabe, fexbe)
-a (equa, fna)
-ca (soca)
-c, -ca (economc, physca)
-ant, -ent (dstant, ndependent)
-ate (mmedate)
-an (Bosnan)
-ve (effectve)
-fu (hopefu)
-ess (hepess)
-y (frendy)
-ous, -ous (famous, varous)
-y (ready, goomy)
-some (tresome)
-ke (chdke)
-th, -d (sxth, thrd)
-sh (grsh)
-en (goden)
-ern (southern)
73
-ward (northward)

Sufks za obrazovan|e gagoa:
-ate (dctate)
-ed (traned)
-en (darken)
-fy, -fy (magnfy)
-y (occupy)
-py (suppy)
-ze (mechanze)
-ng (vng)
-er (gtter)
-sh (furnsh)
-e (snve)
-e (cracke)
Sufks za obrazovan|e proga:

-y (sowy)
-sde (nsde)
-wards (nwards)
-wse (kewse)
-ward (forward)
Psan|e vekh sova - Wrtng of capta etters
U engeskom |ezku korstmo veka sova da b staknu vane r|ec. Veka
sova su do gramatke ko| uv|ek s|ed svo|a prava, ne posto| sta zuzetaka
ko|u treba zapamtt, sto oaksava ucen|e ovog |ezka. Sve sto trebate |e:

- nauct prava
- s|edt prava
Medutm, kod nternet korsnka, na raznm rekama, graftma td. vd|et cete
odstupan|a od ovh prava, sto svakako ne znac m|en|an|e sth. Veoma |e
btno spravno psat ako ete da ctaac ma vsoko ms|en|e o vama.
Prvo sovo recenca se pse vekm sovom.
He saw the accdent from the dstance.
The quck brown fox |umped over the azy dog.
Lcna zam|enca I (|a) se uv|ek pse vekom sovom, na bo ko|em m|estu u
recenc.
I ke horror fms.
Mary and I went to the beach together.
Pored ovh suca|eva, vekm sovom psemo:
- mena |ud m|esta:
Peter
Susan
Bosna
Jupter
- ttue:
8r Fnnegan
8rs Edgeware
8s |ohnson
Dr |acobs
8a|or Fngeton
74
the Drector Genera
- dan, m|esec, praznc:
8onday
Frday
Juy
December
Ramadan
7hrstmas
- nac|e regon, |ezc, reg|e etncke skupne:
a German car
the Scandnavan countres
She speaks Russan and 7hnese
a 8usm cerc
the Aborgna peope
- nazv kn|ga, magazna, fmova, p|esama td.
Har and Peace
Rong Stone
the New Statesman
7tzen Kane
Starway to Heaven
the 8ouse Trap
- prvo sovo ndrektnog (neupravnog) govora mora pocet vekm sovom:
The presdent sad: "Ask not what your country can do for you."
"Hho's been seepng n my bed?" Pappa Bear cred.

Na nternetu, u maovma, psan|e c|eog teksta vekm sovma se smatra kao
vkan|e. Medutm, zb|egava|te psan|e vekm sovma, |er |e takav tekst |ako
tesko ctat. Zasto?
Nase oc su pragodene da cta|u raspoznava|u r|ec prema n|hovom obku.
Ta| obk odredu|e bro| sova (duna r|ec) vsna sova u r|ecma. Kada
ctamo, ne pogedamo ustvar svako sovo, vec prepoznamo obk r|ec. A, ako
|e ctav tekst psan vekm sovma tesko |e naporno ga ctat |er sve r|ec
ma|u st obk, obk pravougaonka.
Znac nterpunkc|e - Punctuaton
Tacka - The fu stop or perod
Zarez - The comma
Dvotacka - The coon
Tacka-zarez - The semcoon
Uptnk - The queston mark

Tacka - The fu stop or perod
- Tacku stav|amo na kra| recence:
She s seepng. (ona spava)
I was n Engand. (bo sam u Engesko|)
- Tacku korstmo u skracencama, ako zadn|e sovo skracence n|e sto kao
kod skracene r|ec:
Co. (company - kompan|a)
etc. (et cetera - tako da|e)
- Tacku ne korstmo kod skracenca kod ko|h |e zadn|e sovo sto kao kod
skracene r|ec:
Lt0 (Lmte0)
Manchester Ut0 (Unte0)
75
S* (San*)
Ova prava o skracencama ne s|ede sv, ponekad predstav|a ptan|e sta.
Medutm, preporucu|e se da budete dos|edn, ako oducte psat tacku pos|e
Ltd. scnh prm|era, pste |e u c|eom tekstu.

Zarez - The comma
Zarez se korst da pr zdva|an|u po|ednh r|ec, fraza kauza u recenc.
- Korstmo ga da razdvo|mo tr vse r|ec pr nabra|an|u. Zarez pr|e zadn|e
r|ec se ne mora psat.
|ohn payed handbaB hockeyB and footba n hgh schoo. (|ohn |e grao u
rukomet, hoke|, nogomet u sko)
- Zarez razdva|a dva vse prd|eva, ko| doaze |edan za drugm, ako on mogu
zam|ent m|esta a da se ne prom|en znacen|e recence:
The sunnyB coo day was perfect for yng n the dark green grass.
(suncano, topo vr|eme |e bo odcno za zeavan|e na tamno-zeeno|
trav)
Prm|ette, da zmedu "dark" "green" nema zareza, |er ov prd|ev ne mogu
zam|ent m|esta. Trava n|e "zeena" "tamna", ona |e "tamno zeena".
- Zarez razdva|a uvodn pozdrav (greetng or sautaton) od poruke, te se korst
u potpsu pos|e r|ec: Yours truy, Yours sncery, Best wshes td.
Dear |aneB
message
message
message
Best wshesB
|ack Brown
- Zarez razdva|a ptan|e (queston tag) od ostatka recence:
You ocked the carB ddn't you? (zak|ucao s auto, zar ne?)
- Zarez za ko|eg doaz dopunsk veznk (coordnatve con|uncton: and, but, or,
for, nor, yet, so) razdva|a dv|e nezavsne kauze:
Ron wore cowboy bootsB and |eff wore tenns shoes. (Ron |e noso
kaubo|ske czme, a |eff |e noso tensce)
- Kada zavsna doaz spred nezavsne kauze odva|amo |e zarezom:
When the meetng was overB the refreshment commttee served coffee
and cake before everyone went home. (kada |e sastanak bo zavrsen,
osob|e |e posuo kafu koac pr|e nego su sv ots doma)
Prm|ette da nema zareza zmedu "coffee" "cake", zato sto zavsna kauza
doaz pos|e nezavsne kauze.
- Zarezom se odva|a uvodna fraza, te zraz ubacen u recencu ko| ne donos
neku presudnu nformac|u:
On my way to schoo, I met three of my cassmates comng out of the
subway. (na putu prema sko, zazec z podzemne sreo sam tro|e
skoskh koega)
Texans, as you know, are often the sub|ect of |okes. (teksasan, kao sto
znate, su cesto predmetom sae)
Edde w, n spte of my wshes, trave to Russa. (Edde ce, uprkos mo|m
e|ama, putovat u Rus|u)

Dvotacka - The coon
Dvotacka se korst:
- pr|e uvoden|a ste pr nabra|an|u:
76
They must have: books, papers and pens. (On mora|u mat: kn|ge,
papre oovke)
- pr|e formanog ptan|a u recenc:
The queston s: what are we dong? (ptan|e |e: sta radmo?)
He opened the meetng wth the words: "War s upon us!" (poceo |e
sastanak r|ecma: "rat |e pred nama!")
- pr|e kauze ko|a doaz pos|e recence da|e n|eno ob|asn|en|e:
Hs motves are cear: he ntends to become a dctator. (n|egov motv su
|asn, on nasto| postat dktator)
- da se posebno naznac vana r|ec u recenc:
Kng Mdas cared for ony one thng: god. (kra| Mdas |e brnuo samo za
|ednu stvar: zato)
- pos|e uvodnog pozdrava u posovnom psmu:
Dear Ms. WenerK
- pr psan|u podataka:
TteK Prncpes of Mathematcs: An Introducton
ReferenceK Luke 3:4-13
NumerasK 8:15 P.M.

Tacka-zarez - The semcoon
Tacku-zarez korstmo:
- zmedu dv|e nezavsne kauze (recence) ko|e nsu povezane dopunskm
veznkom (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet):
Peope are usuay wng to gve advce; they are much ess ncned to
take t. (|ud obcno rado da|u sav|ete; mnogo su man|e zanteresran da
h prme)
- zmedu dv|e nezavsne kauze (recence) ko|e su povezane sa veznm
progom (however, nevertheess, furthermore, then, therefore, moreover, thus,
etc.):
Today peope can buy what they want from supermarkets, department
stores, and dscount stores; but n Coona days, when such
convenences dd not exst, peope depended on genera stores and
pedders.
- zmedu r|ec ko|e nabra|amo, ako one sadre zarez:
The newy eected offcers of the group are Thomas Mann, presdent;
Emy Dcknson, vce-presdent; |ames |oyce, secretary; and Leo Tostoy,
treasurer.

Uptnk - The queston mark
Uptnk stav|amo na kra|u drektnog ptan|a.
Where are you? (gd|e s?)
Who wrote that book? (ko |e napsao tu kn|gu?)
He shoudn't have qut hs det, shoud he? (n|e trebao preknut svo|u
d|etu, zar ne?)
Pazte da ne stavte uptnk na kra|u ndrektnog ptan|a.
The nstructor asked the students what they were dong. (ucte| |e ptao
ucenke sta ce radt)
I asked my sster f she had a date. (uptao sam sestru ma sastanak)

Man source (gavn zvor): The Readng/Wrtng Center EngshCub.com
Imence sa nepravnm obkom u mnon - Irreguar Pura Nouns
77
Iako obcno doda|emo -s na kra|u menca da napravmo mnonu neke mence
u engeskom |ezku ma|u nepravne zavrsetke.
Tako mnona mence party |e partes, mence quz |e quzzes s.
Lsta na|cesch menca ko|e ma|u nepravne obke u mnon. (PDF)
78