AVTANDIL OKROTSVARIDZE

LALI OKROTSVARIDZE
MAGDA VADACHKORIA

FOREIGN ECONOMIK RELATIONS

THE AUXILIRATY TEXTBOOK

TBILSI 2009
- 2009

UDK(uak)339.923
o-87
sagareo

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( 9.4.06.2009), (
11.12.06.2009) da .

Sesavali
Tavi I. sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, arsi da
mniSvneloba ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebaSi

1.1. sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis roli ekonomikis

Eefqtianobis amaRlebaSi -----------------------------------------------1.2. sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis arsi da mniSvneloba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tavi II. warmoebis saerTaSoriso specializacia da
kooperireba
Tavi III. saqarTvelos sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebi da
sagareo vaWrobis balansi

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

msoflio vaWrobis dinamika --------------------------------------------saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis balansi -----------------------ZalTa Tanafardobis cvlileba msoflio bazarze -----samecniero-teqnikuri progresi da msoflio vaWrobis
struqtura ------------------------------------------------------------------------3.5. ganviTarebuli qveynebis vaWrobis sasaqonlo
struqtura
3.6. vaWrobis geografia ---------------------------------------------------------Tavi IV. saTbob- sanedleulo da sasoflo-sameurneo saqonlis
adgili saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi

. . .
. . .

4.1. nedleuliTa da saTbobiT vaWrobis zogadi tendenciebi

4.2. saTbob-energetikuli saqonlis ZiriTadi saxeobebiT
vaWroba -------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.3. sursaTiT vaWroba --------------------------------------------------------------4.4. sanedleulo saTbobiT da sxva saqonlebiT vaWroba ------

Tavi V. momsaxureobis msoflio bazris formirebis

Taviseburebani da pirobebi

ISBN 978-9941-0-1642-4

5.1. Tanamedrove msoflio bazris Taviseburebani -----------5.2. momsaxurebis msoflio bazris formirebis pirobebi --5.3. momsaxurebis
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis specifikuri

gamomcemeli: i/m merab abelaSvili. erosi manjgalaZis q.# 5,

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo.

maxasiaTeblebi -----------------------------------------------------------------5.4. momsaxurebis

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis dinamika,
struqtura da geografia -------------------------------------------------5.5. turizmi, rogorc momsaxureobis sferos erT-erTi
dargi
Tavi VI. samuSao Zalis
tendenciebi

saerTaSoriso migracia,

Tavi IX. sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis

momsaxureoba

9.1. sagareo gadazidvebi ---------------------------------------------------9.2. saqonlis mowodebis sabaziso pirobebi yidva-gayidvis

xelSekrulebebSi --------------------------------------------

Tanamedrove

Tavi X. teqnologiebis saerTaSoriso bazari

6.1. samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia --------------------6.2.SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi msoflio centrebi ----6.3 SromiTi migraciis saxelmwifo regulireba -------------6.4. emigraciis gavlena samuSao Zalis eqsportiori qveynebis
ekonomikaze -------------------------------------------------------Tavi VII. kapitalis saerTaSoriso
ekonomikur urTierTobaTa forma

satransporto

migracia,

rogorc

10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.5.
10.6.

sagareo

teqnologia, rogorc saqoneli ---------------------------------------------teqnologiis gadacemis formebi ------------------------------------------teqnologiaTa gadacemis praqtika ----------------------------------------teqnologiis Rirebuleba da fasi ---------------------------------------saerTaSoriso teqnologiur gacvlebSi inJineringi da
teqnikuri daxmareba---------------------------------------------------------

Tavi XI. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso sainvesticio

TanamSromloba sazRvargareTis qveynebTan

7.1. kapitalis saerTaSoriso migracia --------------------------------7.2. sasesxo kapitalis msoflio bazari ------------------------------7.3. saerTaSoriso krediti da misi roli msoflio
ekonomikaSi ----------------------------------------------------------------------7.4. kapitalebis msoflio bazarze sakredito
operaciaTa ZiriTadi saxeebi ------------------------------------------------

Tavi XII. sagareo ekonomikuri faqtorebis Sefasebis

maCveneblebi
Tavi XIII. sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis efeqtianobis
gansazRvra
amocanebi praqtikuli mecadineobisaTvis

Tavi VIII. warmoebis internacionaluri fasi da misi

formirebis Taviseburebani

testebi saganmanaTleblo samagistro programis

sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ---------------------------------pasuxebi
terminologiuri leqsikoni
gamoyenebuli literatura

8.1. warmoebis internacionaluri fasi --------------------------------8.2. msoflio fasebze moTxovnisa da miwodebis gavlena --8.3. faswarmoqmnaSi samomxmareblo Rirebulebis roli ----8.4. msoflio fasis internacionaluri Rirebulebidan
gadaxris faqtorebi---8.5. araeqvivalenturi gacvlis arsis Sesaxeb ---------------------8.6. samecniero - teqnikuri revoluciis gavlena msoflio
fasebze ------------------------------------------------------8.7. saqonelze fasebis mravaldonianobis pirobebSi
msoflio fasis gansazRvris problema ---------------------------8.8. gacxadebuli (gamoqveynebadi) fasebis ZiriTadi saxeebi
8.9. fasebis dinamika ZiriTad saqonelze ------------------------------

urTierTobebis
ganviTarebisaTvis
Cven
sxva
mxrivac
moumzadebeli aRmovCndiT ar gagvaCnia: gamocdileba am
urTierTobebis
dasamyareblad
saWiro
Sesabamisi
institutebis
organizaciebisaTvis
kadrebi,
romlebic
TavianTi
codniTa
da
gamocdilebiT
saerTaSoriso
standartebs pasuxoben.

Sesavali

erovnuli ekonomikis msoflio ekonomikasTan mierTeba,

sagareo
ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis
gafarToveba
da
sameurneo kavSirebis ganmtkiceba, kanonzomier movlenad iqca.
am procesebis gaRrmavebas da gafarTovebas xeli Seuwyo
msoflioSi ukanasknel periodSi momxdarma politikurma
Zvrebma, erovnuli sameurneo urTierTobebis liberalizaciam.
msoflios
qveynebi
sakuTari
erovnuli
ekonomikuri
problemebis
gadawyvetisas
ufro
metad
iTvaliswineben
sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToebisa da Sromis
saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi aqtiurad CarTvis aucileblobas,
amdenad, saqarTvelo, romelmac sul axlo warsulSi moipova
politikuri da ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, bunebrivia am
globaluri movlenebidan gamonaklisi da izolirebuli ar
unda
darCes,
magram
Sigaekonomikuri
procesebis
mouwesrigebloba da axal sameurneo sistemaze gadasvlisas
arsebulma siZneleebma ramdenadme Seaferxa misi msoflio
meurneobasTan mierTebisa da sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis
gafarToebis procesi. mTavari mainc is aris, rom sabazro
ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesi Seuqcevadia; met-naklebi
warmatebiT mimdinareobs sameurneo reformebis realizacia.
am fonze aqtualuria qveynebisa da sameurneo sistemebis
monawileobis gafarToebis problema Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebaSi. es saqme CvenTvis axalia, radgan saukunis sami
meoTxedis manZilze, Cveni ekonomika damoukidebeli sagareo
urTierTobebidan faqtiurad Camocilebuli aRmoCnda. axali
saqmis Tavidan dawyeba ki yovelTvis siZneleebTan aris
dakavSirebuli. amitom Cven gvWirdeba gamocdileba am saqmeSi,
Sesaferisi
materialur-teqnikuri
baza,
warmoebis
organizaciis Tanamedrove done da teqnologia imisaTvis, rom
ganvaviTaroT eqsporti - sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi
faqtori,
erovnuli
ekonomikis
aRmavlobis da simdidris erT-erTi mTavari wyaro. qveyana jer
kidev iZulebulia orientacia iqonios msoflios sxva
qveynebis daxmarebaze. saerTaSoriso safinanso-sakredito
institutebis
mier
SeRavaTian
kreditebze,
sagareo

am skiTxSi kidev ufro Sors wavida d. rikardo. misi

Teoriis arsi (iseve rogorc smitis) mdgomareobs imaSi rom
yvela qveyana naxavs sargebels saerTaSoriso vaWrobidan,
gamoiyenebs ra gansxvavebas warmoebis danaxarjebSi. magram,
smitisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic operirebs absoluturi
kategoriebiT, rikardos Semoaqvs danaxarjebSi fardobiTi
mcnebis upiratesoba.
mas mohyavs aseTi magaliTi. portugaliaSi Rvinis
garkveuli raodenobis warmoeba moiTxovs
80 adamianis
Sromas wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo maudis warmoeba drois
imave periodSi _ 90 adamianis Sromas. inglisSi Rvinis imave
raodenobis sawarmoeblad saWiroa 120 adamianis Sroma, xolo
maudis warmoebas dasWirdeba 100 adamianis Sroma.
portugaliisaTvis momgebiani iqneba gaitanos Rvino
inglisSi da gadacvalos maudSi, Tumca SeeZlo maudi
Tavadac ewarmoebina Sromis ufro naklebi danaxarjiT vidre
amas axerxebs inglisi. saqme imaSia rom gadaanacvlebs ra
kapitalsa
da
Sromas
maudis
warmoebis
biznesidan
meRvineobaSi, anu dargSi, romelSic inglisTan mimarTebaSi
met fardobiT upiratesobas flobs, portugalia Rvinis
maudSi gadacvlis gziT, SesZlebs miiRos maudi da igi mas
realurad daujdeba mxolod 80 adamianis Sroma, anu miaRwevs
10 adamianis Sromis ekonomias. gacvla inglisisaTvisac
momgebiani iqneba, radganac mas ukve SeuZlia moaxdinos ra
mTeli resursis koncentrireba maudis warmoebaze, masze
gadacvliT miiRos Rvinis garkveuli raodenoba romelSic is
daxarjavs ara 120, aramed mxolod 100 adamianis Sromas.
rikardos Teoria dRes cnobilia warmoebis fardobiTi
danaxarjebis Teoriis saxiT)
fardobiTi danaxarjebis Teoria amodis saxvadasxva
qveynebSi
garkveuli
saqonlis
warmoebis
danaxarjebSi
faqtiurad arsebuli gansxvavebebidan. magram, gverds uvlis am
gansxvavebaTa warmoqmnis mizezebs. bunebrivi pirobebi erTerTi mizezTagania am gansxvavebaTa arsebobisa (rikardo
mxolod am problemaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas), amsaTan maT
metnaklebi gavlena aqvT warmoebis mxolad zogierT sferoze
magaliTad soflis meurneoba, mompovebeli mrewveloba.
magram mTavari faqtori romelic gavlenas axdens danaxarjTa
doneze
aris
warmoebis
teqnikuri
done.
agreTve

Tavi I. sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis arsi da

mniSvneloba
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebaSi
1.1.
E

sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis roli ekonomikis

efeqtianobis amaRlebaSi

sagareo
ekonomikur
urTierTobabTa
efeqturoba
SesaZloa
ganisazRvros,
saeqsportod
gankuTvnil
produqciaze gaweuli Sromis danaxarjebis donis SedarebiT,
im produqtis warmoebaze gaweul analogiur danaxarjebTan,
romelic
SesaZloa
Canacvldes
importiT.
cxadia,
Tu
danaxarjebi, romelic aucilebelia sazRvargreT garkveuli
raodenobis
saqonlis
SesaZenad,
naklebia
vidre
imave
saqonlis qveyanaSi warmoebisaTvis saWiro xarjebi, miiRweva
garkveuli ekonomikuri efeqti.
magaliTad, aris SesaZlebloba sazRvargreT SeZenil
iqnas nedleulisa da sursaTis ara mxolod is saxeobebi,
romlebic bunebriv garemoebaTa gamo ver iqneba warmoebuli
mocemul qveyanaSi, armed iseTic romlebsac qveyana marTalia
awarmoebs, magram msoflio bazarze is ufro iafia. amgvari
saqonlis Sesyidva qveynebSi, sadac maTi warmoebisaTvis
ukeTesi pirobebia, SesaZlebels xdis uari iTqvas seriozuli
dabandebebis
ganxorcielebaze
iseTi
sabadoebis
dasamuSaveblad,
romlebSic
sasargeblo
wiaRiseuli
naklebefeqturadaa ganlagebuli, an uari vTqvaT im sasoflosameurneo
produqciis
warmoebaze,
romlisaTvisac
arasakmarisad xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebia.
a.smiti, cdilobda ra daesabuTebina, rom msoflio
vaWroba xelsayrelia yvela qveynisaTvis, aRniSnavda:
Tu
romelime sxva qveyanas
SeuZlia Cveni momarageba raRac
saqonliT ufro iaf fasebSi, vidre Tavad SevZlebdiT mis
warmoebas, bevrad umjobesia SevisyidoT igi misgan Cveni
sakuTari samrewvelo Sromis raRac nawiliT, romelic
ganxorcielebulia im sferoSi, romelSic Cven garkveul
upiratesobas vflobT.

mniSvnelovania saxalxo meurneobis struqtura. amitomac,

msoflio bazarze gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis produqciis
gasaRebis kuTxiT upiratesobas udaod floben qveynebi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ufro maRali doniT.
sawarmoo Zalebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ra sferoebSia koncentrirebuli
mocemuli
qveynis
warmoeba.
Tu
laparakia
soflis
meurneobaze, am dargis SesaZlebloba warmoebis teqnikuri
uzrunvelyofis zrdis pirobebSi, moizidos damatebiTi
samuSao
Zala,
ukiduresadD
SezRudulia.
fardobiTi
danaxarjebis Teoriis momxreebi, ekonomikurad naklebad
ganviTarebul qveynebs, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi urCevdnen
upiratesad soflis meurneobaze specializirebas, rasac
faqtiurad unda gamoewvia (da asec aris) faruli agraruli
Warbmosaxleobis zrda am qveynebSi. Tanamedrove mrewvelobis
dargebis ararseboba dRemde uSlis xels ganviTarebad
qveynebs
racionalurad
gamoiyenos
Sromisunariani
mosaxleoba.
cnobilia, rom dasavleTSi uari iTqva SromiTi
Rirebulebis Teoriaze, romelsac eyrdnoboda rikardo, da
iyeneben
warmoebis
faqtorTa
Teorias
(bekSer-olinis
Teorema). misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom warmoebuli
produqciis Rirebuleba yalibdeba Semosavlebidan warmoebis
sam
faqtorze
_
anazRaureba
SromisaTvis,
procenti
kapitalze, sarento Semosavlebi miwaze. sagareo ekonomikur
urTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi, am Teoriis momxreebi amtkiceben,
rom
qveynebi
araTanabrad
arian
am
faqtorebiT
uzrunvelyofilni. konkretuli saqonlis warmoebisas, amgvari
gansxvavebani gansazRvraven fasebs Aam faqtorebze. Tu qveyana
Warbad aris uzrunvelyofili warmoebis erT-erTi faqtoriT,
magaliTad SromiT, da Sesabamisad misi fasi SedarebiT
dabalia, maSin am qveyanaSi saqoneli, romlis sawarmoeblad
ufro metad gamoiyeneba faqtori, romelic Warbad moipoveba,
mocemul
SemTxvevaSi
Sromatevadi
saqoneli,
dajdeba
SedarebiT iafi. qveynebSi sadac iafia kapitali, naklebi
dajdeba kapitaltevadi saqonlebi da a.S.
ese igi, qveynebi Warbi samuSao ZaliT daiwyeben
Sromatevadi
saqonlebis
eqsports,
maSin
rodesac,
qveynebisaTvis, romlebic gankargaven Tavisufal kapitals,

magram ar floben Warb samuSao Zalas, momgebiania daspecialdnen kapitaltevadi saqonlis warmoebasa da ufro
gatanaze, da moaxdinon Sromatevadi produqciis importi.
amerikeli ekonomisti elsvorti miuTiTebs: yvela
qveyana avlens tendencias specializirdes im saqonlis
warmoebaze, romelic moiTxovs aq Warbad arsebul da
amitomac iaf sawarmoo faqtorebs. igi amgvari saqonlis
eqsportirebas axdens, xolo importi uzrunvelyofs im
saqonlis miRebas romlis warmoebasac ufro miesadageba sxva
qveynebis xelT arsebuli faqtorebi.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis miswrafeba Seqmnas erovnuli
ekonomika,
maTi
pereorientacia
industrializaciaze,
moiTxovs
garkveuli
koreqtivebis
Setanas
mocemul
postulatebSi.
Teoretikosebi
dRes
iZulebulni
arian
aRiaron yofili koloniebisa da damokidebuli qveynebis
industrializaciis
aucilebloba.
DdRes
aqtiurad
laparakoben axal politikur da ekonomikur wesrigze, Sromis
axal saerTaSoriso danawilebaze. magram mainc, gamodian ra
warmoebis
faqtorTa
Teoriidan,
sagareo
ekonomikur
urTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi isini rCebian am qveynebSi
ZiriTadad mrewvelobis im dargebis upiratesi ganviTarebis
momxreebad,
romlebic
dakavSirebulia
iafi
muSaxelis
gamoyenebasTan da orientirebulia msoflio bazarze. maTi
rekomendaciebi didadaa dakavSirebuli transnacionalur
korporaciaTa dainteresebasTan - ganviTarebad qveynebSi
Seqmnan garkveuli tipis warmoebebi.
rac Seexeba uaxles warmoebebs, romlebic asaxaven
samecniero-teqnikuri progresis Tanamedrove etaps, unda
darCes
koncentrirebuli
samrewvelod
ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, romlebic floben upiratesobas
kapitaliT
uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT, da rac mTavaria es qveynebi
inarCuneben aSkara fardobiT upiratesobas mecnierTa da
inJinerTa kvalifikaciaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom fardobiT danaxarjTa Teoria, misi
Tanamedrove modifikaciebis CaTvliT, romelic dafuZnebulia
faqtorTa Teoriaze, ver iZleva pasuxs qveynebs Soris
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis yvela aspeqtze.
kerZod, is ar xsnis Sromis danawilebisa da vaWrobis
ganviTarebis mizezebs iseT qveynebs Soris, romlebsac

daaxloebiT Tanabari warmoebis xarjebi

an
warmoebis
faqtorebze msgavsi fasebi gaaCniaT. aseTebs miekuTvneba
samrewvelod
ganviTarebuli
qveynebi.
ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi swored
am qveynebs Soris
izrdeba vaWroba da gansakuTrebiT Sigadargobrivi vaWroba
(leontievis paradoqsi). miaqcies ra yuradReba am fenomens,
mecnierebi wavidnen gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT.
rigi mecnierebi gamovidnen produqciis diversifikaciis
koncefciiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, rac maRalia produqtis
diversifikaciis xarisxi dargSi, miT maRalia Sigadargorivi
vaWrobis intensiuroba. magram sworad dainaxes ra Tavad
tendencia, am koncefciis avtorebi ar aZleven seriozul
axsnas.
sxva mecnierebi, rCebian ra fardobiTi upiratesobis
Teoriis CarCoebSi, Seecadnen mis gaRrmavebas Sidadrgobrivi
fardobiTi
upiratesobebis
problematikis
winwamoweviT.
ingliseli
mecnieri
p.tarakani
miiCnevs,
rom
dargeSi,
romlebsac axasiaTebT didi moTxovna sawarmoo faqtorebze
(e.i kapitaltevad an Sromatevad dargebSi) iqmneba warmoebis
xarjebis
didi
diversifikacia,
rac
xels
Seuwyobs
dargTaSoris
vaWrobas.
dargebi
romlebic
xasiaTdeba
warmoebis faqtorTa saSualo TanafardobiT, gansxvavebani
danaxarjebSi naklebia, xolo Sida dargobrivi vaWrobis wili
ki maRali. amasTan mniSvnelovania produqtis diversifikaciis
is forma romelic uSualod dakavSirebulia momxmareblis
mxridan
gamovlenil
midrekilebebs
Soris
arsebul
gansxvavebebTan. unda aRiniSnos rom, rodesac laparakoben
Sidadargobriv vaWrobaze, mecnierebi ganixilaven sxvadasxva
xarisxis,
nomenklaturisa
da
asortimentis
saboloo
produqtis gacvlas. magram maTi TvalTaxedvis gareT rCeba
gacvla, romelic ukavSirdeba teqnologiur specializacias.
kidev erT Tanamedrove koncefcias, romelic avsebs
fardobiTi
upiratesobis
Teorias,
warmoadgens
e.w
kompetenciis Teoria, romelSic xazgasmulia kvalificiuri
Sromis,
rogorc
saerTaSoriso
konkurentunarianobis
faqtoris roli. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, rogorc amtkicebs
amerikeli mecnieri magi, qveynebi moaxdenen im produqciis
eqsportirebas,
romlebic
Tavis
TavSi
moicaven
ufro
kavalificirebul Sromas.

saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
axal
TeoriaTa
Soris,
romlebic
ganekuTvnebian
neoteqnologiur
Teoriebs,
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis
Teorias. amerikeli mecnieri p. vernoni qveynebs Soris
dargobrivi
gansxvavebebis
analizisas
iTvaliswinebs
niokris sferoSi ganxorcielebul danaxarjTa dones. misi
azriT, dargi romelic xasiaTdeba niokr-ze fardobiTad
maRali danaxarjebiT, awarmoebs produqts romelic imyofeba
sasicocxlo ciklis adreul stadiaze. warmoebis teqnologia
damalulia Suamavlebisa da konkurentebisagan da dargis
produqti miewodeba msoflio bazars sagareo vaWrobis
Cveulebrivi arxebiT. produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis Semdgom
stadiebze, rodesac xorcieldeba gadasvla msxvilmasStabian
masiur
warmoebaze,
adgilobrivi
simZlavreebi
ukve
arasakmarisia. saqonlis gatana Seivseba kapitalis gataniT,
xorcieldeba sazRvargareT warmoebis organizacia. xolo
rodesac saqme gvaqvs kargad aTvisebul teqnologiebTan,
mowinave teqnologiis gaJonvis SiSi gadadis meore planze.
mTavari prioritetia mogebis zrda warmoebisa da gayidvebis
maqsimalurad gafarToebis xarjze. faqtiurad, produqtis
sasicocxlo ciklis Teoria avsebs fardobiTi danaxarjebis
Teorias, Semoaqvs ra axali sawarmoo faqtori _ danaxarjebi
niokr-ze.
dRes mecnierebi sul ufro ixrebian iqiTken rom,
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebis mizezebi arasworia
dayvanil iqnes erT romelime faqtorze, aramed aucilebelia
moZraoba
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
mravalfaqtoriani
modelebisaken, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba bunebrivi
faqtorebi, romlebic dominirebs rikardos TeoriaSi, agreTve
warmoebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi (xekSerisa da olinis Teoria)
da
is
faqtorebi,
romlebic
dakavSirebulia
Sromis
kvalifikaciasa da danaxarjebTan niokr-ze (produqtis
sasicocxlo ciklis Teoria).
dReisaTvis
mrewvelobis
dargebSi
warmoebis
optimaluri
maStabebis
uzrunvelsayofad,
saerTaSoriso
specializaciisa da kooperirebis aucilebloba, warmoadgens
Sromis danawilebis gaRrmavebis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
mizezs.
calkeul
qveynebSi
samrewvelo
kompleqsebis
koncentracia,
romlebic
iqmneba
calkeul
dargebSi,

rogorc wesi xels uwyobs ara mxolod

saeqsporto
produqciis, aramed Tavad misi warmoebis donis amaRlebas.
samecniero-teqnikuri
progresis
daCqarebis
faqtors
warmoadgens sazRvargareT axali teqnologiebis licenziebis
SeZena,
rac
saSualebas
iZleva
drois
faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebiT resursebis mniSvnelovani ekonamia miiRwes.
dReisaTvis licenziebis imports aqtiurad mimarTavs yvela
ganviTarebuli
qveyana.
magaliTad
iaponiis,
germaniis,
safrangeTis danaxarjebi licenziaTa SeZenaze 2-3 jer
aRemateba maTi gayidviT miRebul Semosavlebs. es gza
aucileblad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli Cvens qveyanaSi.

SesaZlebels
xdis
dabanddes
maTSi
didi
moculobis
resursebi da Seiqmnas optimaluri sididis sawarmoebi,
romlebic orientirebulia ara mxolod Sida, aramed sagareo
bazrebzec.
es
warmoebis
efeqturobis
amaRlebis
umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebaa.
saerTaSoriso
specializacia
da
kooperireba
SesaZlebels xdis moxdes samecniero Zalebis, kvalificiuri
kadrebis, materialuri resursebis koncentrireba warmoebis
im dargebSi, romelSic mocemuli qveyana specializirdeba
msoflio masStabiT. amgvari koncentrireba warmoadgens
warmoebis teqnikuri donis amaRlebis, Sromis nayofierebisa
da produqciis xarisxis zrdis aucilebel pirobas.
Tanamedrove geopolitikuri Tu ekonomikuri situacia
iZleva sakmaris winapirobebs imisaTvis rom, samecnieroteqnikuri progresis dasaCqareblad,
gamoyenebul iqnas
mowinave
sazRvargareTuli
gamocdileba,
rogorc
gamogonebebze, teqnologiur procesebze, axal produqciaze
licenziebisa da
nou-haus pirdapiri SeZenis, aseve
sazRvargareT SeZenili uaxlesi manqana-danadgarebisa da
mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis gziT.
sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebisas
aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes ara mxolod eqsportimportis
danaxarjebi,
aramed
SeZenili
produqciis
samomxmareblo Tvisebebi. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
Cveni
qveynisTvis,
romelic
teqnikuri
TvalsazrisiT
praqtikulad mowyvetili iyo samrewvelod ganviTarebuli
qveynebisagan. mniSvnelovania ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi
danaxarjebis ekonomia warmoqmnili gaazrebuli saimporto
politikis gatarebis Sedegad, aramed is efeqtic, romelic
miiRweva importirebuli teqnikis eqspluataciis pirobebSi,
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom is unda iyos ufro mwarmoebluri
da ekonomiuri. sazRvargareT SeZenili teqnika gavlenas
axdens ara mxolod im
dargebis saerTo teqnikur
mdgomareobaze, romelSic is gamoiyeneba, aramed sxvaganac ki,
anu garkveuli sademonstracio efeqtic axlavs.
produqciis saeqsportod warmoeba, rac TavisTavad
gulisxmobs
gare
bazrebisa
da
sazRvargareTeli
mwarmoeblebis Sesabamisi produqciis detalur Seswavlas,

1.2.

sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis arsi da

mniSvneloba

Tanamedrove msoflio XX saukunis dasasrulisa da XXI

saukunis
dasawyisis
mijnaze
imyofeba.
kacobriobis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi es periodi bevri TaviseburebebiT
gamoirCeva. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio civilizaciis
udidesi progresi ganxorcielda, kacobriobis winaSe mdgomi
bevri problema jer kidev gadauWrelia. es exeba globaluri
politikuri,
socialuri,
ekonomikuri
da
kulturuli
cxovrebis yvela sferos msoflio globaluri problemebis
centrSi kvlav ekonomika dgas. ZiriTadad igi ganapirobebs
danarCeni amocanebis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebs.
Cvens planetaze geografiul zonebSi, kontinentebsa da
regionebSi ganlagebulia 209 damoukidebeli saxelmwifo,
yovel maTgans sakuTari marTvis administraciul-politikuri
ekonomika aqvs, maTi ganviTarebis done friad gansxvavebulia,
rasac mravali faqtoris moqmedeba ganapirobebs.
erovnuli
ekonomikis
ganviTarebis
donis
mixedviT
Tanamedrove pirobebSi es saxelmwifoebi sam jgufad SeiZleba
davyoT: maRali, saSualo da SedarebiT dabali ganviTarebis
(ganviTarebadi)
donis
qveynebad.
sagareo
ekonomikur
urTierTobebSi es qveynebi sxvadasxva rols asruleben.
pirveli jgufi, e. i. maRali ganviTarebis qveynebi, maRali
poziciis mixedviT wamyvania da lideris funqcias asrulebs.

rgolis menejerebi, biznesmenebi, finansistebi, iuristebi,

diplomatebi da sxva.
amasTan, verc erTi qveyana damoukideblad, sakuTar
erovnul sazRvrebSi Caketili ver ganviTardeba. Tu gvinda,
rom ekonomikurad Zlieri qveyana gavxdeT, maSin Tanamedrove
msoflio meurneobaSi unda CaverToT. unda CaverToT ara
formalurad,
aramed
CvenTvis
misaRebi
ekonomikuri
urTierTobebiT. yoveli qveyana Tavisi politikuri wyobiT,
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT, kulturiTa da sxva mravali
faqtoriT,
mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan.
amitom
qveynebs Soris arsebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis
gaRrmaveba-gafarToeba unda iqces civilizebuli samyaros
ganviTraebis ganmsazRvrel pirobad.
ukanasknel wlebSi msoflio meurneobaSi kardinaluri
cvlilebebi gasaocari siswrafiT mimdinareobs. ris gamoc
Tvisebrivad axali urTierTobebis procesi mimdinareobs,
Tanacxovrebis sruliad axali wesi mkvidrdeba. amdenad, arc
saqarTvelo ar unda darCes gulgrili, radgan yoveli
dakarguli dro mZimed daawveba qveynis ekonomikas.
amitom,
gvsurs
Tu
ara,
rogorc
gardauvali
aucilebloba, unda SevicnoT da viswavloT Tanamedrove
samewarmeo da komerciuli saqmianoba.
sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sagani codnis
damoukidebeli dargia, romlis Seswavlis obieqti msoflio
meurneobaa,
konkretulad
ki
msoflio
qveynebs
Soris
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gansakuTrebuli sferoa, romelic
Seiswavlis saxelmwifo da komerciuli, safinanso-sakredito,
sainformacio,
sainvesticio,
migraciul
da
samecnieroteqnikur urTierTobebs.
mocemuli kursis umTavresi amocanaa
saerTaSoriso
ekono-mikuri urTierTobebis meqanizmebisa da instrumentebis
Seswavla da cxovrebaSi maTi gamoyeneba.
sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi kvlevis procesSi,
sxva mecnieruli disciplinebis msgavsad, mraval meTods
gamoiyenebs. kerZod:
dialeqtikuri meTodi, romelic ekonomikur movlenebs
ganixilavs
mudmiv
moZraobaSi,
urTierTkavSirSi
da
ganuwyvetel
ganviTarebaSi,
raodenobriv
cvlilebaTa
Tvisebrivi cvlilebebis ganpirobebulobaSi;

danarCeni sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobebSi met-naklebi

zomiT monawileoben, rasac ZiriTadad maTi ekonomikuri
potenciali ganapirobebs. sxvadasxva faqtorebTan erTad,
qveynis ganviTarebis tempebsa da dones ZiriTadad mainc maTi
bunebrivi resursebiT uzrunvelyofa da sawarmoo ZalTa
ganviTarebis
done
gansazRvravs.
amitom
obieqtur
aucileblobad Camoyalibda maT Soris kavSirebis ganviTareba,
aRniSnul obieqtur mizezebTan erTad politikur-administraciuli SezRudvebic uSlida xels, XX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis es ukanaskneli mniSvnelovnad Serbilda msoflio
komunisturi blokis da ZiriTadad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Sedegad. axla Znelad moiZebneba iseTi qveyana, romlic
garkveuli zomiT saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi
ar monawileobdes.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi sabazro urTierTobebma sruliad
axali, CvenTvis TiTqmis ucnobi moTxovnebi warmoSva. axal
moTxovnebs ki axleburi, drois Sesabamisi xedva da marTva
sWirdeba. TandaTanobiT ixveweba samarTlebrivi baza; tardeba
ekonomikuri reformebi; muSavdeba miznobrivi programebi,
modelebi, koncefciebi; qveyana erTiandeba saerTaSoriso
organizaciebSi;
Cndeba
imedis
momcemi
maCveneblebi,
tendenciebi da sxva.
marTalia, uWirs mSromel xalxs, mis inteligencias da
TviT saxelmwifosac. magram yvelaferi gamosworebadia da
daiZleva adamianTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, erovnuli Taviseburebebis da mowinave gamocdilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis
mza recepti ar arsebobs. qveynis winaSe dgas ZiriTadi
amocana ganviTarebuli qveynebis mowinaveTa gamocdilebis
danergva. maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi, upirvelesad Tavisi
interesebidan gamomdinare, misTvis sasurvel makro garemos
qmnian. amitom saWiroa erovnuli kadrebis kvalificiuri
momzadeba, mowinave gamocdilebebis gaazrebiTa da erovnuli
Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
ganviTarebis
sakuTari
gzebis SemuSaveba. momavalSi Cveni eris sakeTildReodE
araviTari
ekonomikuri
reforma
ar
ganxorcieldeba,
araviTari winsvla ar iqneba, Tu ar momzadda axleburi
Sexedulebebis gamtarebeli kadrebi, gansakuTrebiT, umaRlesi

induqcia da deduqcia. pirveliT calkeuli faqtebis

Seswavla-ganzogadebis safuZvelze zogadi debulebebi da
daskvnebi
Camoyalibdeba,
xolo
meoreTi,
zogadi
debulebebidan gamomdinare, kerZo daskvnebi miiReba. am
meTods hipoTezis meTodsac uwodeben.

Tavi II. warmoebis saerTaSoriso specializacia

da kooperireba

saerTaSoriso
kooperireba
da
specializacia
warmoadgens Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis ara ubralo
formebs, aramed mis elementebsac.
warmoebis saerTaSoriso specializacia viTardeba ori
mimarTulebiT _ sawarmoo da teritorialuri. Tavis mxriv
sawarmoo mimarTuleba iyofa dargTaSoris, Sidadargobrivi
specializaciisa da calkeuli sawarmoebis (kompleqsebis)
specializaciis mimarTulebebad. teritorialur aspeqtSi
warmoebis
saerTaSoriso
specializacia
gulisxmobs
calkeuli qveynebis, qveynebis jgufebis da regionebis
specializacias calkeuli produqtebis an maTi nawilis
msoflio bazrisaTvis warmoebaze specializirebas.
saerTaSoriso
specializaciis
ZiriTad
saxeobebs
warmoadgens sagnobrivi (produqtebis warmoeba), sadetalo
(produqtis
nawilebis,
komponentebis
warmoeba),
teqnologiuri, anu stadiuri specializacia (calkeuli
teqnologiuri procesebis, magaliTad awyoba, Rebva, SeduReba
da a.S ganxorcieleba)
saerTaSoriso specializacia dinamiuri procesia da
icvleba drosa da sivrceSi.
30-an wlebSi dominirebda warmoebis dargTaSorisi
specializacia da Sesabamisad erTi kompleqsuri dargis
(magaliTad
gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis)
produqciis
gacvla meore kompleqsuri dargis (magaliTad mompovebeli
mrewveloba, an soflis meurneoba) produqciaze. 50-60-an
wlebSi
wamyvan
poziciebs
inarCunebs
saerTaSoriso
specializacia, magram axla ukve pirveladi dargebis doneze
(saavtomobilo
da
aviamSenebloba,
plasmasebis,
radioaparaturis da a.S. warmoeba). 70-80-an wlebSi wina planze
iwevs da imyarebs poziciebs Sida dargobrivi specializacia
da
Sesabamisi
gacvla
saqonel
analogebiT
romlebic
samomxmareblo maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdebian (magaliTad
Tvliani traqtorebi muxluxaze, tyavis fexsacmeli
rezinisaze da a.S).

. .

.
2. T;
3. . ( );
4. . ;
5.

.
;
1.

10

saerTaSoriso
specializaciisa
da
kooperaciis
mniSvneloba
erovnuli
meurneobis
efeqtianobisa
da
intensificirebis
procesisaTvis
ganuxrelad
izrdeba.
magaliTad
ukve
gasuli
saukunis
70-80-an
wlebSi
manqanaTmSeneblobis produqciis msoflio vaWrobis zrdis
tempebis TiTqmis 40% uzrunvelyofili iqna makompleqtebeli
nawarmis vaWrobiT, maSin rodesac 60-ani wlebis analogiuri
maCvenebeli Seadgenda mxolod 4%-s. amJamad ki ekonomikurad
ganviTarebuli qveynebis manqanaTmSeneblobis produqciis
sagreo vaWrobaSi, calkeuli detalebiTa da kvanZebiT
vaWrobis xvedriTi wili 2-jer metad gaizarda da Seadgens
40%.
erT-erTi
centraluri
adgili
saerTaSoriso
specializaciis
problematikis
meTodologiaSi
ukavia
saerTaSorisod
specializirebuli
dargisa
da
saerTaSorisod specializirebuli produqciis mcnebis
ganmartebas.
dargobriv
WrilSi,
warmoebis
saerTaSoriso
specializaciis qveS unda vigulisxmoT nebismieri qveynis,
romelic
maqsimalurad
aqtiurad
monawileobs
Sromis
saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi, materialuri warmoebis dargebis
erToblioba. xolo dargebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qveynis
saerTaSoriso specializaciis xasiaTs, warmoadgenen swored
saerTaSorisod specializirebad dargebs. maTi niSandoblivi
maxasiaTeblebia:
sxva
dargebTan
SedarebiT,
eqsportis
mniSvnelovnad maRali wili, rogorc wesi amgvari dargebis
xvedriTi wili mocemuli qveynis warmoebaSi ufro maRalia,
vidre maTi wili msoflio warmoebaSi, agreTve Sidadargobrivi specializaciisa da kooperaciis ganviTarebis ufro
maRali done.
dargis
saerTaSoriso
specializaciis
donis
ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad maCvenebels warmoadgens fardobiTi
saeqsporto specializaciis koeficienti da dargis warmoebis
saeqsporto kvota.
fardobiTi saerTaSoriso specializaciis koeficienti
ganisazRvreba formuliT:

sadac:
0 -saqonlis (dargis sasaqonlo warmoebis erToblioba)
xvedriTi wili qveynis eqsportSi:
- saqonlis (an saqonel analogebis) xvedriTi wili
msoflio eqsportSi.
mocemuli
koeficientis
meSveobiT,
SesaZlebelia
pirveli miaxloebiT ganisazRvros is sasaqonlo wre da
Sesabamisad
dargebi,
romlebic
mocemuli
qveynisaTvis
warmoadgenen
saerTaSorisod
specializirebulebs.
gansazRvruli
sasaqonlo jgufebis mixedviT, eqsportis
nacionaluri struqturis sasargeblod, rac
maRalia (1-ze
meti) Tanafardoba, miT ufro metadaa gamokveTili Sesabamisi
dargis saerTaSoriso specializacia. da piriqiT, rac
dabalia amgvari Tanafardoba (1-ze naklebi), miT naklebia
safuZveli CaiTvalos Sesabamisi saqonlebi da dargebi
saerTaSorisod specializirebulad.
saeqsporto qvota mianiSnebs imaze, Tu ramdenad aris
erovnuli mrewveloba, misi calkeuli dargebi orientirebuli
saerTaSoriso bazrebze, amavdroulad miuTiTebs am ukanasknelTa mowyvetis dones Sida nacionaluri bazrebisagan. warmoebis saeqsporto qvota mianiSnebs mrewvelobis saerTaSoriso kavSirebis intensificirebaze erTi mimarTulebiT _
ucxoeli
momxmareblebisaken
da
saerTaSorisod
specializirebuli produqciis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaken.
saerTaSorisod specializirebuli dargis mcnebasTan
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saerTaSorisod specializirebadi
produqciis mcneba. am ukanasknels ganekuTvneba is, rac
warmoadgens saerTaSoriso specializaciisa da kooperirebis,
sawarmoo programebis ganawilebis ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi
SeTanxmebebis sagans.
saerTaSorisod specializirebuls miekuTvneba agreTve
saqonlebi, romlebic warmoebulia erT an ramodenime
qveyanaSi da faravs maTze msoflio bazris moTxovnebs. maT
ricxvs
ganekuTvneba
agreTve
saerTaSoriso
kompaniebis
produqcia, romlebic axdenen Sromis danawilebas sakuTar
sawarmoo qvedanayofebs Soris da romlebic ganTavsebulia
sxvadasxva qveynebSi.

11

saerTaSorisod specializirebad dargebis saeqsporto

produqciaSi rac ufro maRali xvedriTi wili ukavia
gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis mowinave dargebis produqcias,
miT ufro progresulia qveynis warmoebis saerTaSoriso
specializacia, miT maRalia misi realuri done. da piriqiT,
eqsportSi mompovebeli mrewvelobis an soflis meurneobis
produqciis aSkara dominireba, rogorc wesi miuTiTebs
qveynis pasiur rolze Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi, mis
fardobiTad
CamorCenilobaze
warmoebis
saerTaSoriso
specializaciis kuTxiT.
warmoebis saerTaSoriso specializaciis Tvisobrivi
mxaris Semdgomi aspeqti dakavSirebulia sagareo bazrebze
miwodebuli
saqonlebis
nomenklaturis
(asortimentis)
mraval-ferovnebasTan.
eqsportis
nomenklaturis
swrafi
gafarToeba mTlianobaSi warmoadgens qveynis saerTaSorisod
speciali-zaciis maCvenebels da piriqiT, nomenklaturis
Semcireba ufro gamokveTils xdis qveynis saeqsporto
profils. magram amgvari daskvna zedmetad zogadia da
moiTxovs
dazustebas.
Tu
eqsportis
nomenklaturis
gafarToeba
mTlianobaSi
xorciel-deba
saerTaSorisod
specializirebadi nawarmis xarjze da am ukanasknelTa
xvedriTi wili eqsportSi izrdeba, faqtiurad mimdinareobs
warmoebis saerTaSoriso specializaciis donis amaRleba.
nomenklaturis gafarToeba nawarmis araspeciali-zirebuli
saxeobebis xarjze ganapirobebs uku Sedegebs. maSasadame
nomenklaturis gafarToeba TavisTavad ar niSnavs qveynis
saerTaSoriso specializaciis donis gauaresebas.
Samecniero-teqnikuri
progresis
Sedegad,
Seiqmna
sawarmoo
kooperirebis
procesis
swrafi
ganviTarebis
materialuri safuZvlebi. Samecniero-teqnikurma progresma
Sescvala Tavad Sromis saerTaSoriso kooperirebis xasiaTi,
da CarTo masSi, rogorc am procesis umniSvnelovanesi
elementi, mecniereba. amgvarad, Sromis kooperirebis mTavari
funqcia Sromis maRali mwarmoeblurobis pirobebSi iyos
warmoebuli
materialuri
dovlaTis
zrdis
saSualeba,
Sevsebul iqna sxva mniSvnelovani funqciiT _ principialurad
axali amocanebis gadaWra, rac Zalze Zneli an SeuZlebelia
ramodenime qveynis mwarmoebelTa Zalisxmevis gaerTianebis
gareSe.

warmoebis saerTaSoriso kooperirebis ZiriTad niSnebs

miakuTvneben:
-mxareebis mier, winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze,
erToblivi saqmianobis wesis SeTanxmeba;
-saqmianobis urTierTSeTanxmebul sferoebSi, sxvadasxva
qveynebis
sawarmoo-partniorebis
mier,
TanamSromlobis
ZiriTadi meTodis saxiT, sameurneo saqmianobis koordinaciis
gamoyeneba;
-sawarmoo kooperirebis uSualo subieqtebis saxiT,
sxvadasxva
qveynis
samrewvelo
sawarmoebis
(firmebis),
arseboba;
-saxelSekrulebo wesiT,
mza nawarmis, produqciis
komponentebisa da Sesabamisi teqnologiebis, kooperirebis
ZiriTadi obieqtebis saxiT dafiqsireba;
-partniorebs
Soris,
SeTanxmebuli
programis
farglebSi, dasaxuli amocanebis gadanawileba, sakooperacio
SeTanxmebebis ZiriTadi miznebidan gamomdinare, maTTvis
sawarmoo specializaciis mimarTulebebis gansazRvra da
damagreba;
-partniorebis mier saqonlis erToblivi an calmxrivi
miwodebis programis uSualo kavSiri kooperirebis
programasTan, da ara yovelive es, rogorc rigiTi SeTanxmebebis
safuZvelze, yidva-gayidvis valdebulebebis ganxorcielebis
ubralo Sedegi.
ZiriTadi meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba kooperaciuli
kavSirebis formirebisas, warmoadgens; 1)erToblivi programebis ganxorcieleba, 2)SeTanxmebaTa farglebSi specializireba, 3) erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmna.
e.w. saijaro kooperireba, mrewvelobaSi sawarmoo
kavSirebis istoriulad yvelaze Zveli saxeobaa. saqmianobis
arsi ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom SeTanxmebaTa erT-erTi
monawile
(SemkveTi),
avalebs
meores
(Semsrulebeli),
Sesrulebis vadebTan, samuSaos moculobis, Sesrulebis
xarisxTan da a.S mimarTebaSi, winaswar SeTanxmebuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, garkveuli samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas.
saijaro sawarmoo kooperirebis ori ZiriTadi nairsaxeoba
arsebobs: klasikuri produqciis warmoeba, da meore,
inovaciuri produqciis sferoSi proeqtireba da warmoeba.

12

sawarmoo kooperirebis meore meTodi saSeTanxmebo

specializacia mdgmareobs, amgvar SeTanxmebaTa monawileebs
Soris, sawarmoo programebis gamijvnaSi. specializaciis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaTa Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis mxareebi,
miiswrafian uzrunvelyon sawarmoo procesebSi dublirebis
momentis Semcireba an saerTod gamoricxva, Sedegad ki Tavi
aaridon
erTmaneTSi
pirdapir
konkurencias
bazarze.
umniSvnelovanesi piroba, romelic specializaciis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebebs aniWebs kooperaciul xasiaTs, es aris maTSi
iseTi debulebebis arseboba, romlebic afiqsireben warmoebis
sferoSi monawileTa mWidro TanamSromlobis valdebulebebs.
erToblivi sawarmoo organizaciebis Seqmna kooperaciuli saqmianobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodia, romelic
farTod vrceldeba msoflioSi. es aris egreTwodebuli
integrirebuli kooperacia, rodesac calkeuli, urTierTSeTanxmebuli miznis misaRwevad, erTiani organizaciuli
formis qveS erTiandeba ramodenime monawilis kapitali.

Tavi III. saqarTvelos sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebi da

sagareo vaWrobis balansi
3.1. msoflio vaWrobis dinamika

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, msoflio

vaWroba viTardeboda fardobiTad maRali tempebiT, rac
faqtorTa ori jgufis zemoqmedebiTaa ganpirobebuli. pirvel
rigSi es aris faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen
msoflio vaWrobis saerTo mdgomareobaze. maTma moqmedebam
ganapiroba is rom, dasavleTis qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdis
saerTo tempebi aRmoCnda arsebiTad ufro maRali, vidre or
msoflio oms Soris periodSi, xolo cikliseburi krizisebi
ar iyo iseTi Rrma da xangrZlivi. faqtorTa pirvel jgufs
upirvelesad ganekuTvneba samecniero-teqnikuri progresi,
romlis
drosac
ZiriTadi
kapitalis
ganaxlebisa
da
gafarToebis procesebi, dakavSirebulia axali dargebis
Seqmnasa
da
Zveli
warmoebebis
safuZvlian
teqnikur
rekonstruqciasTan, aRmoCnda sakmarisad
grZelvadiani da
moiTxova umsxvilesi kapitaldabandebani. warmoebis zrdis
tempebze
gansazRvruli
zegavlena
iqonia
ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulirebis ganviTarebam, romelic mimarTuli
iyo kapitalis dagrovebis procesis intensifikaciisa da
krizisebis Tavidan acilebisaken, agreTve arsebiTi aRmoCnda
samrewvelo kompaniebis SesaZleblobebis mniSvnelovani zrda,
romlebmac, sakuTari sawarmoo kompleqsebis (romelic xSirad
nacionaluri, xandaxan saerTaSoriso warmoebis mTel dargebs
aerTanebs) farglebSi danerges dagegmvisa da prognozirebis
elementebi. msoflio ekonomikaSi ekonomikur situaciaze
arsebiTi zegavlena iqonia ori socialur ekonomikuri
sistemis Sejibrma, romlis pirobebSi dasavleTis mmarTveli
wreebi met yuradRebas uTmobden ekonomikis zrdis tempebs.
garkveul
rols
TamaSobda
sazogadoebis
aqtiurobac
sakuTari materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobebisaTvis, rac
kompaniebs
ar
aZlevda
saSualebas
mieRwiaT
mogebaTa
zrdisaTvis realuri xelfasebis SemcirebaTa xarjze, da
aiZulebda maT evloT teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebis gziT.
omis Semdgomi periodis saerTo, fardobiTad xelsayreli

1.

;
2.
;
3.
;
4.

13

ekonomikuri koniuqtura, msoflio vaWrobis gafarToebis

winapirobebs ayalibebda.
faqtorTa meore jgufs, romelic gaxda msoflio
vaWrobis zrdis uSuali mizezi, ganekuTvneba mniSvnelovani
Zvrebi, romelic samecniero-teqnikuri progresis zegavleniT
moxda warmoebaSi da moiTxova saerTaSoriso masStabiT
warmoebis specializaciisa da kooperirebis ganviTareba. es
procesebi, romelic Seexo Tanamedrove mrewvelobis ZiriTad
dargebs, iqca qveynebs Soris savaWro gacvlis swrafi zrdis
mTavar ganmapirobebel faqtorad.
saerTaSoriso
specializaciisa
da
kooperaciis
procesebi,
romlebic
ganapiroba
sawarmoo
Zalebis
ganviTarebis obieqtiurma aucileblobam, gaZlierebul iqna
kapitalis
gatanis
mzardi
moculobebiTa
da
transanicionaluri
korporaciebis
zrdiT.
tnk-bi
anviTarebenen ra sxvadasxva qveynebSi ganlagebul sakuTar
sawarmoebs
Soris
kooperirebisa
da
specializaciis
procesebs, xels uwyoben saerTaSoriso saqonelbrunvis
zrdas.
saerTaSoriso
kooperirebisa
da
specializaciis
gafarToeba iwvevs, ganviTarebuli qveynebis mxridan, sagareo
savaWro
politikis
ganxorcielebaSi
saimporto
proteqcionizmis RonisZiebebze uaris Tqmasa da sagareo
vaWrobis
liberalizacias,
importis
raodenobriv
SezRudvebze
uaris
Tqmasa
da
sabaJo
ganakveTebis
Semcirebisaken
tendencias
(Tumca
xSiria
sapirispiro
tendenciebic)..
es
ganpirobebulia
sawarmoo
Zalebis
ganviTarebis aucileblobiT, radganac Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebis procesis Seferxeba, maTi ganviTarebis muxruWad
iqceva.
es
agreTve
ukavSirdeba
tnk-s
interesebsac,
romelTaTvisac, sxvadasxva sagareo savaWro SezRudvebis
gauqmeba aris aucilebeli piroba raTa Seuferxeblad
ganaviTaron sawarmoo kavSirebi sakuTar sazRvargareTul
sawarmoebs Soris. Tavis mxriv, sagareo savaWro politikis
liberalizacia, ufro Ria tipis ekonomikaze gadasvla, Tavad
iqca saerTaSoriso saqonelbrunvis zrdis faqtorad.
amave
mimarTulebiT
moqmedebda
integraciac,
gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropaSi. evrokavSirisa da evropis
Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciis qveynebs Soris vaWrobis

SezRudvebis gauqmebam, xeli Seuwyo maT Soris urTierT

sasaqonlo
brunvas.
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
imasac,
rom
dasavleTevropuli
integraciis
da
gansakuTrebiT
evrokavSiris monawile qveynebze modis msoflio vaWrobis
mniSvnelovani (daaxloebiT naxevari) wili, cxadia maTi
vaWrobis zrda mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso
gacvlis zrdis saerTo tempebze.
mniSvnelovani
faqtori,
romelmac
xeli
Seuwyo
saerTaSoriso saqonelbrunvis zrdas, iyo yofili koloniebis
mier politikuri damoukideblobis mopoveba, ramac ganviTarebuli qveynebidan, industrializaciis aucileblobidan
gamomdinare,
manqanebisa
da
mowyobilobebis
miRebis
saWiroebis Sesabamisad, ganapiroba am qveynebis sagareo
vaWrobis zrda.
samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagareo vaWrobis
zrda, saerTaSoriso specializaciisa da kooperirebis,
warmoebis internacionalizaciis gaRrmavebis, yvelaze naTeli
dadasturebaa. samrewvelod ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris
sameurneo kavSirurTierTobebis intensiurobis zrdaze isic
miuTiTebs, rom omisSemdgomi periodis ganmavlobaSi, maTi
sagareo vaWrobis zrdis tempebi aWarbebda am qveynebis
samrewvelo warmoebis zrdis tempebs. gasuli saukunis 70-ani
wlebidan moyolebuli eqsportis fizikuri moculoba 2,6-jer
gaizarda (zrdis saSualo wliuri tempi Seadgens 9,2%), xolo
samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba gaizarda 3,6-jer (zrdis
wliuri tempi _ 4,3%)
cxadia, mocemuli maCveneblebi qveynebis mixedviT
gansxvavebulia.
gasuli saukunis 70-80-an wlebSi gansakuTrebulad
swrafi tempiT izrdeboda iaponiis vaWroba (4-jer), agreTve
evrokavSiris qveynebis vaWroba (3-jer). importis zrdam
ganapiroba savaWro da sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis
warmoqmna. amerikuli eqsportis arsebiTi zrda iwyeba mxolod
meoce saukunis bolo wlebidan. amJamad Zalze swrafi tempiT
izrdeba CineTis saxalxo respublikis eqsporti msoflio
bazarze. rogorc evropas, aseve aSS-s CineTTan uaryofiTi
savaWro balansi aqvT (gansakuTrebiT msubuqi mrewvelobis
produqciis bazrebze). situacia ukve axlosaa savaWro omis
situaciasTan.

14

3.2. saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis balansi

importis
struqturaSi
Warbobs
energoSemcvelebi;
Tambaqos
nawarmi,
msubuqi
avtomobilebi,
samkurnalo
saSualebebi, xorbali da fqvili. niSandoblivia, rom
importSi teqnologiur danadgarebTan erTad mniSvnelovani
zomiTaa warmodgenili ucxouri kreditebisa da grantebis
xarjze SeZenili saqoneli. A aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia
qveynis
meurneobisa
da
samomxmareblo
bazris
damokidebulebis maRali xarisxi. eqsportSi kvlav ZiriTadia
sanedleulo saqoneli.
damaxasiaTebelia, rom eqsportsa da imports Soris ar
arsebobs
sakmao
struqturuli
urTierTkavSiri,
amis
obieqturi mizezebia: ekonomikis memkvidreobiT miRebuli
araracionaluri dargobrivi struqtura, sawarmoo potencialis gamoyenebis dabali done, produqciis dabali konkurentunarianoba msoflio bazarze, savaluto-safinanso politikis
Sida problemebi, safinanso krizisi ruseTSi 1998 wlis II
naxevarSi da misi negatiuri gavlena Cveni ekonomikis dargTa
produqciis zrdis tempze da ukanasknel wlebSi ruseTis mier
qarTuli
saeqsporto
produqciaze
embargos
dawesebis
miuxedavad,
sagareo
vaWrobis
pirveladi
monacemebiT,
saqarTvelos eqsporti saanalizo periodSi wina wlis
Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT 23%-iT gaizarda. ruseTma ki
qveynebis eqsportis struqturaSi pirveli adgilidan meaTeze
gadainacvla,
bolo periodSi ganxorcielebulma politikurma da
makroekonomikurma reformebma agraruli seqtoris reabilitaciis xelSemwyobi mikro garemo Seqmna da
ganapiroba
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebTan
Tvisebrivad
axali
TanamSromlobis
formireba,
ris
Sedegadac
sasursaTo
humanitaruli
daxmarebis
gawevis
kursidan
aqcenti
adgilobrivi warmoebis zrdis xelSewyobis kursze iqna
gadatanili.
ukanasknel
periodSi
saqarTveloSi
warmatebiT
warmarTul politikur da ekonomikur reformebTan erTad
FAO-Si
teqnikuri
daxmarebis
proeqtebis
samoqmedo
prioritetad agrosasursaTo seqtoris gardaqmnisa da misi
sabazro ekonomikur garemoSi efeqtiani adaptirebis procesis
xelSewyoba iqca.

msoflio meurneobaSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis integrirebis procesi atarebs intensiur xasiaTs, rac sagareo
vaWrobis liberalizaciis strategiuli kursis Tanmimdevruli ganxorcielebiT aris ganpirobebuli. wliTiwlobiT
matulobs sagareo savaWro brunva, farTovdeba vaWrobis
geografia da izrdeba ucxouri investiciebis masStabebi.
qveyanam praqtikulad daibruna Tavisi istoriuli geopolitikuri
funqcia
da
gaxda
evraziis
saxelmwifoTa
strategiuli ekonomikuri partniori.
rogorc cxrili 1-dan Cans, saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro
brunva 1995-2008 wlebSi gaizarda 7.5 - jer da Seadgina 7555,8
mln dolari. amasTan, importis wingamswrebi tempebiT zrdis
pirobebSi
savaWro
balansis
uaryofiTi
saldoTi.
Sesabamisad, ecema
saimporto SemosulobaTa eqsportiT
dafarvis done, rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs sagareo
davalianebis zrdas.
saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis balansi 1995-2008 wlebSi
(mln aSS dolarebSi)1
cxrili #1
wlebi
sagareo
savaWro
brunva, sul
maT Soris:
- eqsporti
- importi
- saldo (+,_)
eqsportis
wili
brunvaSi, %
importis
eqsportiT
dafarvis done, %

1995

2000

2005

2008

1000.7

1032.0

3355.4

7555.8

289.5
711.2
- 421.7

322.8
709.4
- 3886.6

865,5
2490,0
- 1624.5

1497.7
6058.1
- 4560.4

28.9

31.2

25.8

19.8

40.7

45.5

34.7

24.7

--------------------------------------------------D1. statistikuri biuleteni: saq. socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba 1995-1998 wlebSi;

saq. ekon. da soc. ganviTarebis indikaturi gegma
2. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi kvartaluri mimoxilva; oqtomberi 2008

15

saqarTvelo afarToebs da ganamtkicebs axal savaWro

partniorul urTierTobebs sazRvargareTis qveynebTan. 1999
wels Cvenma qveyanam savaWro operaciebi ganaxorciela 105
saxelmwifosTan, maSin, rodesac 1995 wels es urTierTobebi
damyarebuli
iyo
54
qveyanasTan.
es
kavSirebi
mniSvnelovanwilad
atarebs
stabilur
xasiaTs.
ase,
magaliTad, savaWro brunvis moculoba 2007 wlisaTvis
partnior qveynebTan 6447254 aT, dolars Seadgenda, sadac
yvelaze didi xvedriTi wiliT warmodgenili iyo TurqeTi,
kerZod, igi aRemateboda -14-%-s. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom
gansakuTrebuli zrdiT xasiaTdebian ganviTarebuli qveynebi.
(ix.cxrili 2)
savaWro balansSi kvlav maRali xvedriTi wiliTaa
warmodgenili dsT-s qveynebi, romlebTanac saqarTvelos
gaaCnda
ormxrivi
savaWro
urTierTobebi.
maT
Soris
umsxvilesi partniori iyo ruseTi, romlis wilad modioda
dsT-Si gatanili produqciis naxevarze meti. dsT-s qveynebis
wilma 1997-1998 wlebSi saqarTvelodan eqsportis mTlian
moculobaSi Seadgina Sesabamisad 59,7 da 53,7%-s, xolo
importSi 36,4 da 35,2%-s. amitom dsT-s sivrce Cveni qveynis
sagareo ekonomikuri politikis mier strategiul bazrad iyo
miCneuli. Tumca dRevandeli gadasaxedidan es suraTi
sruliad Secvlilia.
partniori qveynebis ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi savsebiT
Seesabameba
ekonomikuri
integraciis
im
aucilebel
winamZRvrebs, romlebic SemuSavebulia msoflios ekonomikuri
mecnierebis mier. esenia: erovnul sameurneo kompleqsTa
geografiuli siaxlove, maTi urTierTSemavseblobis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli maRali xarisxi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erTiani done, warmoebiT urTierTobaTa erTtipiuri
xasiaTi.
rogorc aRvniSneT saqarTvelos mraval qveyanasTan
gaaCnia
Sesabamisi
saxelSekrulebo-samarTlebrivi
baza,
kerZod,
dadebulia
SeTanxmebebi
savaWro-ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, investiciaTa urTierTdacvis da
urTierTwaxalisebis Sesaxeb, sawarmoo kooperaciis Sesaxeb,
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb da sxva.

saqarTvelos umlxvilesi savaWro partniorebi

savaWro brunvis mixedviT 2007 wels

procentobiT
jamTan

brunva
aTasi aSS
dolari

procentobiT
jamTan

maT Soris:
TurqeTi
ukraina
ruseTi
azerbaijani
germania
aSS
bulgareTi
arabTa
gaerTi.
emirat.
CineTi
TurqmeneTi
danarCeni
partniori
qveynebi

importi
aTasi aSS
dolari

sul

procentobiT
jamTan

qveynebi

eqsporti
aTasi aSS
dolari

cxrili #2

1 232 371

100.0

5214883

100.0

6447254

100.0

171764
94169
45599
137455
56156
149036
59357

13,9
7,6
3,7
11,2
4,6
12,1
4,8

727906
574906
576604
382367
387327
203891
184050

14,0
11,0
11,1
7,3
7,4
3,9
3,5

899670
669075
622203
519822
443483
352927
243407

14,0
10,4
9,7
8,1
6,9
5,5
3,8

18638

1,5

214721

4,1

233360

3,6

8273
26339

0,7
2,1

206709
149902

4,0
2,9

214982
176240

3,3
2,7

465585

37,8

1606500

30,8

2072085

32,1

---------------------------------------------wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2008.

msoflio bazarze poziciebis SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis aucilebelia sawarmoebs gaewioT daxmareba, raTa

16

umTavresad
meurneobis
ori
ZiriTadi
Semosavaltevadi
dargis mrewvelobis da soflis meurneobis xvedriTi wilis
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT (mrewveloba 9,5%-dan gaizarda 12,7%,
xolo
soflis
meurneoba
41,7-dan
18,3%-mde
Semcirda).
mrewveloba da soflis meurneobis dargi ar unda miviCnioT
dabalkonkurentunarian dargebad da maT mimarT unda
gatardes saTanado sareabilitacio, mastimulirebeli zomebi.
upirveles yovlisa, ar unda gagvitacos zedmetad
liberalurma savaWro politikam. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
Tavisufali vaWrobis principi momgebiania Zlieri, lideri
qveynisaTvis. igi angrevs ganviTarebadi qveynebis sust,
mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis axlad fexadgmul
dargebs. es ukanasknelni aucileblad saWiroeben Tavdapirveli saTburis pirobebis Seqmnas, aqtiuri proteqcionistuli politikis gatarebas saxelmwifos mxridan.
Ria
ekonomikis
Camoyalibeba
ar
unda
gavaigivoT
saxelmwifos sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis ukontrolobasTan, sazRvrebis gamWvirvalobasTan. piriqiT, Ria ekonomika,
miT umetes msoflio sabazro meurneobaSi integrirebis
procesSi, moiTxovs saxelmwifos gonivrul Carevas sagareo
ekonomikuri
kavSirebis
ganxorcielebis
meqanizmSi.
stiqiuroba,
aq
araTu
xels
ar
uwyobs
ekonomikur
ganviTarebas, aramed, piriqiT, mniSvnelovnad uTxris Zirs
ekonomikur usafrTxoebas.
ekonomikis kompleqsurad ganviTarebisa da efeqtiani Sida
bazris
Camoyalibebis
saqmeSi
gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba
sagadasaxado-sabaJo regulirebas eniWeba.
sabaJo gadasaxadisadmi mxolod fiskaluri funqciebis
dakisrebam Cven ar unda dagvaviwyos misi ZiriTadi funqcia
saSinao
bazris
da
ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis
dacva.
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier ganxorcielebulma
teqnikuri
daxmarebis
proeqtebma
unda
mogvces
agroindustriis
ganviTarebisaTvis
sicocxlisunariani
garemos
Seqmnis
saSualeba,
rac
moiTxovs
Sesabamisi
iuridiuli da sakanonmdeblo bazis formirebas. proeqtebma
gamoavlina
soflis
meurneobis
sxvadsxva
dargebis
organizaciis aucilebloba, rac ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli
faqtorebis daZlevis erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa.

maT daamyaron pirdapiri sawarmoo da savaWro-ekonomikuri

kavSirebi
Tanamegobrobis
qveynebis
sawarmoebTan,
vgulisxmobT komerciul winadadebaTa informaciuli bankis
Seqmnas, xelSekrulebebis dadebas (maT Soris saministroebis
doneze)
msxvil regionebTan da uSualo momxmareblebTan da a.S.
tradiciuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis Tvisebrivad axal doneze
ganviTarebasTan erTad gagrZeldeba qveynis msoflio sabazro
meurneobaSi
integrirebis
kursi.
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebSi saqarTvelos aqtiur integraciaze metyvelebs
is faqtic, rom FAO-s evropis soflis meurneobis komisiis
31-e sxdoma 1999 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTveloSi Catarda.
sxdomas
eswrebodnen
FAO-s
evropis
regionaluri
da
centraluri da aRmosavleT da evropis qveregionuli
ofisebis, evrokavSirisa da FAO-s evropis regionis wevri da
meTvalyure qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, agreTve gaerosa da
sxva saerTaSoriso specializirebuli organizaciebi.
saerTaSoriso momsaxurebis sferoSi CarTva gulisxmobs
sabanko da safinanso momsaxurebis ganviTarebas, informaciisa
da
informaciuli
momsaxurebis
rolis
amaRlebas,
satelekomu-nikacio
da
kompiuteruli
qselebis,
kavSirgabmulobisa da fostis dargis ganviTarebasa da
srulyofas.
sagareo kavSirebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi prioritetuli
mimarTulebaa turistul-sakurorto momsaxurebis sfero.
uaxloes
periodSi
unda
ganxorcieldes
sagrZnobi
investiciebi am dargis savaluto-saSemosavlo potencialis
maqsimalurad amoqmedebisaTvis.
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi qveynis sasicocxlo
sanedleulo da sasursaTo moTxovnilebebis programebis
damuSavebasa
da
realizaciasTan
erTad
aucilebelia
gaZlierdes zrunva ekonomikis realurad ganviTarebasa da
misi saeqsporto potencialis amaRlebaze. krizisma gviCvena,
Tu ra Sedegamde SeiZleba miiyvanos mrewvelobis da
agraruli seqtoris, ukana planze gadawevam radgan igi
mTeli ekonomikis xerxemalia.
rogorc
cnobilia,
bolo
periodamde
qveynis
mSp-is
yovelwliur matebas Tan sdevs misi struqturis gauareseba,

17

evrokavSiris qveynebis mier saqarTveloSi

ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri investiciebi
(aTasi aSS dolari)
cxrili #3
qveynebi
sul
evrokavSiri
avstria
CexeTi
dania
didi britaneTi
germania
irlandia
italia
kviprosi
luqsemburgi
niderlandebi
poloneTi
saberZneTi
safrangeTi
SvedeTi
ungreTi
evrokavSiris
wili %
wyaro:
departamenti

2003 w.

2004 w.

2005 w

2006 w.

343070

499107

449785

428066

124,7

95823

195622

243710

133522

139,3

18108
250
0

23157
277
0

14732
1280
319

5614
13267
175

0,31
53,0
0,54

37670

87875

132952

61883

164,2

4145
37
15896
676

5141
41
32480
21333

5032
592
22838
47537

2221
421
18859
25339

0,53
11,36
118,6
37,4

250

277

553

189

0,75

492

797

161,9

294

285

0,96

1967

2178

2217

816

0,41

16709

22863

14383

3207

0,19

81
34

0
0

160
327

173
285

2,13
8,38

28

39

54

31

110,7

saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis

saministros

privatizeba. amisaTvis man moamzada reorganizaciis gegma da

Sesabamisi
kanonproeqtebi,
romlebic
gansaxilvelad
waredgina parlaments).
saqarTvelos sagareo ekonomikuri politikis mniSvnelovani
mimarTulebaa
urTierTobebis
gafarToeba
da
gaRrmaveba
ganviTarebul
qveynebTan.
am
mxriv
didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba saqarTvelosTvis moniWebul savaWro
preferenciebis efeqtianad gamoyenebas.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri urTierTobebi evrokavSirTan
viTardeba, maT Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb dadebuli xelSekrulebis bazaze, romlis savaWroekonomikuri bloki moqmedebaSi Sevida 1997 wlidan.
2006 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi savaWro urTierTobebi
evrokavSirTan, mTliani savaWro brunvis 31%-s Seadgenda da 15
qveyanas moicavda, aRsaniSnavia, rom eqsporti wina wlis
analogiur periodTan SedarebiT 60,4%-iT gaizarda, importis
mateba ki 50%
Seadgina. miuxedavad amisa, minimalur
gamosaxulebaSi importis zrda gacilebiT ufro maStaburi
iyo, vidre eqsportisa.
saanalizo
periodSi
evrokavSiris
qveynebidan
saqarTveloSi Semosuli pirdapiri investiciebi 2-jer da
metad aRemateboda gasuli wlis analogiuri periodis
maCvenebels. am sferoSi kvlav didi britaneTi liderobda,
rac samxreT kavkasiuri gazsadenis mSeneblobaSi briTiS
petroliumis investiciebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am qveynis
wilad modioda evrokavSiris investiciebis 46,3 procenti,
xolo mTliani investiciebis 14,5 procenti. amave proeqtSi
italiis monawileoba ki mis mier umsxviles investorTa
Soris meore adgilis dakavebas gamapirobebda. wamyvan
investorTa
siaSi
kvlav
moxvda
kviprosi,
saidanac
ganxorcielda 16,8 mln aSS dolaris kapitaldabandeba
yulevis terminalSi. amave siaSi CexeTis gamoCena am qveynis
rezidentebis mier energokompaniebis privatizaciis procesSi
monawileobas ukavSirdeba. aRniSnuli qveynebis oTxeuli
uqzrunvelyofda saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris investiciebis
79,4 procents.

statistikis

(magaliTad, FAO-s mier ganxorcielebuli `meTesleobis

erovnuli programis momzadebis~ proeqtma cxadyo, rom
aucilebelia am seqtoris reorganizeba da misi nawilobrivi

18

iaponuri da dasavleTevropuli kompaniebi lideroben

konkurentunarianobis ganmsazRvreli sxva faqtorebiTac.
kerZod produqciis xarisxsa da mis samecniero-teqnikur
doneSi, gansakuTrebiT uaxles dargebSi. konkurenciul
brZolaSi aqtiurad iWreba CineTic. miuxedavad Sromis dabali
nayofierebis donisa, qveynis udidesi potencialisa da
gansakuTrebiT iafi masiuri muSaxelis wyalobiT, Cinuri
eqsporti, msubuqi da eleqtronuli mrewvelobis zogierTi
poziciis mixedviT, adgilobriv warmoebas praqtikulad devnis
rogorc evropis, aseve amerikis bazrebidan.
1983 wels iaponia manqanebisa da mowyobilobebis
eqsportiT, pirvelad gavida msoflioSi pirvel adgilze.
is mniSvnelovnad uswrebs sxva qveynebs, m.S. aSS-sa da
germanias msubuqi, da gansakuTrebiT satvirTo avtomobilebis,
sayofacxovrebo eleqtronikis da sxva saqonlebis eqsportis
moculobiT.
iaponuri
eqsportis
1/3
aSS-ze
modis.
niSandoblivia, rom iaponiis aSs-sTan vaWrobis aqtiuri
saldos daaxloebiT 40% modis eleqtronikaze dafuZvnebul
saqonlebze. Tumca aSS msoflio lideria naxevargamterebis
sferoSi, am produuqciis msoflio bazarze iaponiis wili
ganuxrelad
izrdeba.
iaponia
warmatebiT
axerxebs
konkurenciul brZolas sxva qveynebTan samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziisa da evropis bazrebzec.
meore
msoflio
omis
Semdgom
pirvel
wlebTan
SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda germaniis, safrangeTis,
italiis, sxva dasavleT evropuli qveynebis eqsporti. dRes
dasavleT evropa, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mTavari centria.
evrokavSiris eqsporti aSS-s eqsports aRemateba 4-jer.
dasavleT evropis qveynebis rolis zrda iwvevs
uTanxmoebaTa
zrdas
aSS-Tan
savaWro
urTierTobeSi.
evrokavSiris qveynebi cdiloben Seqmnan savaWro barierebi,
raTa SezRudon evropul bazarze amerikuli saqonlis
SeRwevis SesaZleblobani. da unda iTqvas, rom amerikuli
saqonlisaTvis,
evrokavSiris
erTiani
sabaJo
tarifebi,
sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze sakompensacio mosakreblebi
da sxva SezRudvebi, seriozul barierad iqca.
sul
ufro
xSirad
modis
winaaRmdegobaSi
dasavleTevropisa
da
iaponiis
komerciuli
interesebi.
iaponuri
kompaniebi
sul
ufro
aqtiurad
iWrebian

3.3. ZalTa Tanafardobis cvlileba msoflio bazarze.

calkeuli
qveynebis
vaWrobis
dinamikis
araTanabarzomieri ganviTareba
iwvevs, maT Soris ZalTa
Tanafardobis mudmiv cvlilebas.
omis Semdgomi periodis umetes nawilze, saerTo
eqsportSi amerikuli eqsportis wili ecemoda. Tu pirvel
omisSemdgom wlebSi aSS-ze modioda saerTo eqsportis 1/3,
amJamad es wili Semcirebulia 1/8-mde. germaniis eqsporti
mWidrod miuaxlovda amerikis dones, amasTan, mTeli rigi
wlebis ganmavlobaSi aWarbebda kidec mas.
riT
aixsneba
amerikuli
poziciebis
Sesustebis
grZelvadiani
tendencia?
60-70-an
wlebSi,
amerikuli
saqonlebis konkurentunarianobis kleba dakavSirebuli iyo
imasTan, rom evropasa da iaponiaSi Sromis nayofierebis
zrdis tempebi gacilebiT maRali iyo vidre aSS-Si. Tu
magaliTad aSS-s donesTan mimarTebaSi Sromis nayofiereba
germaniaSi Seadgenda 38%, safrangeTSi-42%, xolo iaponiaSi
mxolod 15%, gasuli saukunis 80-ani wlebSi, Sromis
nayofiereis
done
germaniaSi
gauTanabrda
amerikuls,
safrangeTsa da iaponiaSi Sesabamisad gaizarda 88% da 66%mde (amerikulTan mimarTebaSi). 80-ani wlebidan amerikuli
kompaniebi,
sxva
qveynebis
kompaniebTan
konkurenciuli
brZolis intensivobis zrdis pirobebSi, Sromis nayofierebis
donis
amaRlebisaTvis,
anxorcieleben
ganskuTrebul
Zalisxmevas. unda aRiniSnos rom maT SesZles mieRwiaT
sakmarisad pozitiuri SedegebisaTvis. 1990-ani wlebidan
Sromisnayofierebis saSualo wliuri zrdis tempebi aSS-i
Seadgens 4,0%, iaponiaSi _ 3,6%, germaniaSi (gaerTianebuli) _
2,4%. magram, ramdenadac samuSao Zalis Rirebuleba iaponiaSi
amerikulze
mniSvnelovnad
naklebia,
iaponia
axerxebs
awarmoos gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis mravali produqti
aSS-ze iafad. fasebi iaponur saqonelze, gansakuTrebiT
xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonelze, amerikul bazarze 20-30%
naklebia.

19

dasavleTevropul bazarze, afarToveben sabazro segments

iseT
evropul
bazreze,
rogoricaa
sayofacxovrebo
eleqtronika, saofise mowyobilobani, videoteqnika, fotokinoaparatura. iaponias mniSvnelovani savaWro proficiti
aqvs evropul qveynebTan, m.S. evrokavSirTan (90-an wlebSi
proficiti Seadgenda 31,2 miliard dolars). iaponuri
sagareo-savaWro eqspansiis masStabebi mTel msoflioSi,
metnaklebi intensivobiT,
ganuxrelad izrdeba. am frontze
ukanasknel wlebSi Zalzed gaaqtiurda CineTic.
damoukideblobis
mopovebam
ganviTarebad
qveynebs
SesaZlebloba Seuqmna gamoeyenebinaT sagareoekonomikuri
kavSirurTierTobani erovnuli ekonomikis formirebisaTvis.
magram,
sagareo
ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba
maTTvis
araxelsayrelad
viTardeba,
rac
upirveles
yovlisa
dakavSirebulia maTi sagareo vaWrobis struqturasTan.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesoba rCeba msoflio
bazarze nedleulisa da sursaTis mimwodeblebad. samecniero
teqnikurma progresma ki ganapiroba msoflioSi mineralur da
mcenareul nedleulze moTxovnis fardobiTi Semcireba. amave
mimarTulebiT moqmedebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis mcdeloba,
Sida
resursebis
ukeT
gamoyenebis
xarjze,
miaRwios
sanedleulo da sasursaTo saqonliT TviTuzrunvelyofis
sul ufro met xarisxs.
msoflio bazarze nedleulsa da sursaTze moTxovnis
fardobiTi Semcireba, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis niSnavda,
eqsportis gafarToebis SesaZleblobaTa Semcirebas. Semdegi
faqtori, romelmac gavlena iqonia maTi eqsportis sidideze,
iyo samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis wilis zrda
sanedleulo (navTobis garda) da sasursaTo saqonlebis
msoflio
eqsportSi.
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
wili
am
saqonlebis eqsportSi (navTobis garda) 40,3%-dan Semcirda
28,1%-mde. rac Zalzed uaryofiTad aisaxa ganviTarebadi
qveynebis umetesobisaTvis maT sagareoekonomikur mdgomareobaze. axalgazrda qveynebis eqsportis moculobebis zrda
SesaZlebeli iyo ganxorcielebuliyo maTi axalgazrda
mrewvelobis xarjze, magram ganviTarebuli qveynebi, miuxedavad imisa rom, samrewvelo produqciis importi ganviTarebadi
qveynebidan maT Sida bazarze ar aRemateba 1,5-2%, mza
produqciaze saimporto kontingentebis, SedarebiT maRali

sabaJo mosakreblebisa da sxva meqanizmebis gamoyenebis

meSveobiT,
maqsimalurad
aferxeben
am
qveynebidan
am
produqciis eqsports.
Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebis eqsporti 60-70-an
wlebSi
izrdeboda
Zalzed
dabali
tempebiT.
misi
mniSvnelovani
zrda
aRiniSneboda
(navTobsa
da
navTobproduqtebze, nawilobriv nedleulis sxva saxeobebze
fasebis zrdis gavleniT) 1974-1975 wlwbSi e.w. energetikuli
krizisis pirveli etapze; Semdgom 1979-1980 wlebSi (meore
etapi),
da 2000 wlidan dRemde. 1980 wels ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
mTliani
eqsportis
55%
modioda
navTobis
eqsportiori qveynebis organizaciis (opek) wevr qveynebze.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis xvedriTi wili msoflio eqsportSi
1948 wlis 30%-dan, 1970 wlisaTvis Semcirda 18%-mde. 70-80-an
wlwbSi igi gaizarda 29%-mde. magram, navTobze moTxovnis
Semcirebam da Sedegad navTobze fasebis mniSvnelovani
vardnam ganapiroba opeki-s qveynebis eqsportis mniSvnelovani
Semcireba. navTobze fasebis stabilizaciis an maRal doneze
SenarCunebis
opekis
politikam,
gamoiwvia
ganviarebadi
qveynebis saerTo jgufSi eqsportis katastrofuli vardna.
miuxedavad imisa rom navTobze fasebi jer-jerobiT maRalia
da kvlav izrdeba, msoflio eqsportSi ganviTarebadi
qveynebis xvedriTi wili ar aRemateba 26%.
aRsaniSnavi movlenaa axali industriuli qveynebis,
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis e.w. didi drakonis qveynebis
eqsportis
swrafi
zrda.
samxreT
koreiis,
singapuris,
honkongis eqsporti 4,9 miliardi dolaridan (1970w), gaizarda
320 miliard dolaramde. samxreT koreis, singapurisa da
honkongis wilma msoflio eqsportSi 7,5%-s miaRwia.
rac
Seexeba
aRmosavleT
evropisa
da
yofili
sabWoTakavSiris qveynebs, maTi eqsportis vardnam 80-an, da
gansakuTrebiT
90-an
wlebSi,
ganapiroba
maTi
rolis
mniSvnelovani daknineba msoflio eqsportSi da samwuxarod es
maCvenebeli dResac umniSvneloa. Y

20

mowyobilobebis
miwodeba
mSenebare
obieqtebisaTvis,
gansakuTrebiT warmoebis uaxles dargebSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom samecniero-teqnikuri progresi,
uSualod da mecnierebatevad
dargebs Soris gacvlebis
meSveobiT, stimuls aZlevs qveynebs Soris momsaxurebis
(rogorc sawarmoo, aseve komerciuli da safinanso-sakredito
xasiaTis) gacvlis procesis gaZlierebas. Tavis mxriv
momsaxurebis eqsport-importi (gansakuTrebiT inJineringi,
lizingi, konsaltingi, sainformacio-gamoTvliTi momsaxureba)
astimulirebs
sawarmoo
daniSnulebis
saqonlebiT
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. ukve gasuli saukunis bolos,
kompleqsuri mowyobilobebis sagareo Sesyidvebis 80%-ze meti,
uSualod
iyo
dakavSirebuli
sainJinro-sakonsultacio
momsaxureobis gawevasTan, xolo lizinguri miwodebebis
wilad modioda samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebidan
eqsportirebuli msubuqi manqanebisa da kompiuteruli teqnikis
20-30%.
navTobze fasebis swrafma zrdam ganapiroba msoflio
vaWrobaSi mineraluri sawvavis xvedriTi wilis mkveTri zrda
da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis produqciis xvedriTi wonis
garkveulwilad Semcireba. magram navTobze fasebis Semcirebis
kvalobaze procesis dinamika kvlav ubrundeba sawyisi
wonasworobis mdgomareobas.
manqanebiTa da mowyobilobebiT vaWroba 90-ani wlebidan
Zalzed maRali tempebiT izrdeba. am produqciis eqsporti
samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebidan gazrdilia 2,5-jer.
maT Soris iaponiidan 2,9-jer, germaniidan 2,3-jer, aSS-dan 2,2jer da a.S. amasTan erTad am jgufis qveynebSi izrdeba
manqana-danadgarebis importic. mocemuli saqonlebiT iseTi
umsxvilesi manqanaTmSenebeli qveynebis, rogorebic arian aSS
da didi britaneTi, importi, am produqciis eqsportsac ki
aWarbebs. mxolod iaponiisa da germaniis manqanaTmSeneblobis
eqsporti aRemateba imports.
manqana mowyobilobebiT vaWrobis zrdis tendencia
asaxavs manqanaTmSeneblobis sferoSi Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebis
donis
zrdis
dinamiur
process,
agreTve
konkurenciuli brZolis gamZafrebis tendencias, kerZod ki
britanuli da amerikuli monopoliebis poziciaTa garkveul
Sesustebas.

3.4. samecniero -teqnikuri progresi da msoflio vaWrobis

struqtura

samecniero-teqnikuri progresis gavleniT mimdinare

Zvrebma msoflio ekonomikasa da Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebaSi, ganapiroba saerTaSoriso vaWrobis struqturis
arsebiTi cvlilebebi.
yvelaze dinamiur da intensiur seqtors warmoadgens
gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba.
SefasebebiT, mecniereba tevadi produqciis eqsporti
Seadgens 500 miliard dolarze mets. amasTan, bolo
aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi,
samrewvelod
ganviTarebuli
qveynebis saerTo eqsportSi, maRalteqnologiuri produqciis
xvedriTi wili 31,2%-dan 37,9%-mde gaizarda. mecniereba tevadi
dargebi yvelaze metadaa CarTuli Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebaSi.
ase
magaliTad,
Tu
mTlianobaSi
gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis produqciis saeqsporto qvota,
gasuli saukunis 80-an wlebSi germaniaSi, safrangeTs, did
britaneTsa da italiaSi Seadgenda 25-30%, analogiuri
maCvenebeli
maRalteqnologiuri
dargebisaTvis
30-50%-s
farglebSi meryeobda. iaponiasa da aSS-Si, gadamamuSavebel
mrewvelobis saeqsporto qvota Seadgens Sesabamisad 14% da
8%, maRalteqnologiuri produqciis mixedviT es maCvenebeli
TiTqmis 2-jer maRalia da Seadgens Sesabamisad 25% da 15%.
Sidadargobrivi specializaciis
donis, upirveles
yovlisa manqanaTmSeneblobaSi, zrdis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad
amaRlda manqana-danadgarebis roli msoflio vaWrobaSi,
gafarTovda samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebs Soris
manaqanaTmSeneblobis
produqciis
gacvla
(laparakia
aramxolod mza nawarmze, aramed detalebs da calkeul
kvanZebze).
gasuli
saukunis
80-an
wlwbTan
SedarebiT,
detalebis,
kavnZebis,
agregatebis
xvedriTi
wili
manqanaTmSeneblobis produqciis eqsportSi 22.5-dan 47%
gaizarda.
arsebiT
mniSvnelobas
iZens
makompleqtebeli

21

gansakuTrbulad maRali tempebiT izrdeba eleqtroteqnikuri da eleqtro mowyobilobebis eqsporti, romlebzec

ukve modis manqanaTmSeneblobis produqciis 80%-ze meti.
gasuli saukunis 80-ani wlebis krizisis pirobebSic ki
eloqtronuli mowyobilobebis eqsporti swrafad izrdeboda,
romlis moculobac 2-jer aWarbebda sxva eleqtroteqnikuri
mowyobilobebis eqsports.
saerTaSoriso specializaciis gaRrmavebis procesi
mniSvnelovnad aisaxa qimiur mrewvelobazec. am sferoSi
umsxvilesi
eqsportiorebi,
amavdroulad
umsxviles
importiorebadac
gvevlinebian.
magaliTad
germania
axorcielebs 44 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis qimiuri
produqciis eqsports, paralelurad ki importis xaziT
Rebulobs 24 miliardis Rirebulebis marto qimikatebs. aSS
Sesabamisad 33,1 da 20,0 miliardi dolaris da aS.
msoflio meurneobaSi samrewvelo warmoebis zrda
ganapirobebs nedleulis moxmarebis zrdas, da Sesabamisad am
saqonliT vaWrobis absolutur ganzomilebaSi zrdas. magram
am saxis saqonliT vaWrobis tempebi mniSvnelovnad naklebi
aRmoCnda msoflio vaWrobis zrdis tempebTan SedarebiT, rac
samecniero-teqnikuri
revoluciis
pirobebSi
momqmedi
faqtorebis gavlenis Sedegia (magaliTad resurs damzogavi
teqnologiebi,
naturaluri
nedleulis
sinTetikuriT
Canacvleba da a.S). gavlena iqonia garkveulma Zvrebma
msoflio
warmoebis
gaadgilebaSi.
kerZod
nedleulis
mimwodebel zogierT qveynebSi gaCnda nedleulis pirveladi
gadamuSavebis mrewveloba da mis bazaze mza produqciis
warmoeba ( safeiqro mrewvelobis gaCena bambis nedleulis
mwarmoebel qveynebSi, magaliTad CineTi).
ganviTarebul
samrewvelo
qveynebis
soflis
meurneobaSi, samecniero-teqnikurma progresma, ganapiroba am
qveynebSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebisa da
sasursaTo
produqciiT
TviTuzrunvelyofis
donis
mniSvnelovani zrda. aman ki ganapiroba msoflio bazarze
sursaTze moTxovnilebis fardobiTi Semcireba. meores mxriv,
izrdeba
masze
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
moTxovnileba,
ramdenadac bevr maTganSi igrZnoba sursaTis mniSvnelovani
ukmarisoba. magram safinanso SesaZleblobebis SezRuduloba
xels uSlis maT, mniSvnelovnad gazardon msoflio bazarze

sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis Sesydvebi. am faqtorebis

zegavleniT, sursaTiT msoflio vaWroba dabali tempebiT
izrdeba, xolo misi wili msoflio vaWrobis mTlian brunvaSi
ki ecema.
samecniero-teqnikuri
progresi
energetikuli
resursebis ufro ekonomikur da efeqtur xarjvas uwyobs
xels.
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
adgili
samrewvelod
ganviTarebuli
qveynebis
saTbob-energetikul
balansSi,
navTobs ukavia. ramdenadac maT umravlesobas (aSS-s garda)
sakuTari
navTobi
ar
gaaCniaT,
isini
ZiriTadad
mis
navTobmompovebeli qveynebidan imports axdenen, romlebmac
sakuTari miwodebis moculoba 50-ani wlebidan 70-ani wlebis
Sua periodamde, 12-jer gazardes. 70-ani wlebis bolos da 80an wlebSi navTobze msoflio fasebis mkveTrma zrdam
ganapiroba
am
sasaqonlo
jgufis
xvedriTi
wlis
mniSvnelovani zrda msoflio vaWrobaSi, Tumca navTobis
eqsporti am periodSi mniSvnelovnad ar gazrdila (zogierT
wlebSi Semcirda kidec). bolo periodSi navTobze fasebi
kvlav izrdeba, da Sedegad mocemuli saqonlis xvedriTi
wili msoflio vaWrobaSi kvlav maRalia.
Tu ki SevadarebT omis wina periodis msoflio
vaWrobis struqturas dRevandelTan, gansxvavebani TvalSi
sacemia. omamde saqonelbrunvis 2/3 modioda sursaTze,
nedleulsa
da
sawvavze.
gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis
xvedriTi wili 1/3-dan 3/4-mde gaizarda. Tanamedrove vaWrobis
1/3-ze
meti
modis
manqana-mowyobilobebiT
vaWrobaze.
bunebrivia, rom msoflio vaWrobis amgvar Zireul cvlilebebs
SeuZlebelia ar gamoewvia sagareo vaWrobis organizaciuli
cvlilebebi da ar asaxuliyo konkurenciuli brZolis
formebze.

22

3.5.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis vaWrobis sasaqonlo struqtura

eqsportis
90%
modis
ucxouri
transnacionaluri
korporaciebis filialTa produqciaze, samxreT koreaSi ki
27%.
gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis produqciis msxvili eqsportiori qveynebidan, mxolod indoeTSi TamaSoben nacionaluri mwarmoeblebi gadamwyvet rols. laTinur amerikaSi
msxvil eqsportiorebs warmoadgenen ZiriTadad ucxouri tnk
filialebi. maTi wili eqsportSi argentinasa da kolumbiaSi
Seadgens 30%, meqsikaSi 34%, braziliaSi 43%-ze mets.
cdiloben ra miusadagon axal pirobebs, romelic samecniero
teqnikuri progresis zegavleniT gamoiwvia cvlilebebi
msoflio warmoebaSi, agreTve mTeli rigi ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
mcdelobam
moaxdinon
sakuTari
ekonomikis
industrializacia,
tnk-ma
gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis
dargebis, xSirad ki uaxlesi dargebis SeqmnaSi monawileobis
miRebis kursi aiRes. cxadia isini efeqturad iyeneben am
qveynebSi samuSao Zalis dabali Rirebulebis faqtors.
gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi, rogorc wesi iqmneba
viwrod specializirebuli sawarmoebi, romlebic awarmoeben
calkeul detalebs. produqciis saboloo damuSaveba xdaba
samrewvelod
ganviTarebul
qveynebSi.
ase
magaliTad,
eleqtronul mrewvelobaSi momqmedma amerikulma tnk-bma,
meqsikaSi,
taivanSi,
singapurSi
Seqmnes
calkeuli
naxevargamtaruli mowyobilobebisa da integraluri sqemebis
mwarmoebeli sawarmoebi, romlebic sakuTar produqcias
ZiriTadSi awvdian aSS-s. zogi tnk anawevrebs sawarmoo
proces
calkeul
Semadgenlebad,
amartivebs
rTul
teqnologias saSualo teqnologiis donemde, da qmnian
Sesabamis
sawarmoebs
ganviTarebad
qveynebSi.
Sedegad,
ganviTarebadi
mravali
qveynebis,
gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis produqciis eqsportSi, mniSvnelovani wiliT
aris warmodgenili tnk-s Sida safirmo vaWroba.

60-an
wlebSi
gamoikveTa
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
eqsportSi manqanaTmSenebeli dargebis produqciis xvedriTi
wilis zrdis tendencia. 70-an wlebSi, navTobze msoflio
fasebis mkveTrma zrdam gamoiwvia is rom, am qveynebis jgufis
mTlian eqsportSi 1/2ze meti daikava sawvavma, ZiriTadad
navTobma. magram navTobis eqsportioria opeki-s wevri
qveynebis mcire jgufi, sadac 70-an wlebSi mTeli eqsportis
95% modis mxolod navTobze.
sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebis eqsportSi izrdeboda
gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis produqciis xvedriTi wili,
rac
industrialzaciisa
da
eqsportis
diversifikaciis
procesis garkveul warmatebebze miuTiTebs am qveynebSi.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis eqsportSi, garkveuli rolis
TamaSs iwyeben manqana-mowyobilobani, qimikatebi, Savi da
feradi metalurgiis produqcia. magram gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis produqciis eqsportSi arsebiT rols TamaSobs
msubuqi mrewvelobis dargebi, romelTa wiladac modis
ganviTarebadi qveynebis (opekis qveynebis gareSe), mTliani
eqsportis 16%.
vaxasiaTebT ra pozitiur Zvrebs ganviTarebadi qveynebis
sagareo vaWrobaSi, romelic mowmobs samrewvelo produqciis
wilis zrdas mTlian eqsportSi, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos
am
qveynebis
diferenciaciis
procesi,
anu
qveynebis
gansazRvruli jgufis gamoyofa, sadac swrafad izrdeba
eqsportze orientirebuli mrewveloba.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis
mTliani eqsportis 70%-ze meti modis qveynebis am didi
jgufis mxolod 17 qveyanaze, m.S. xuT umsxviles eqsportiorze
_
40%.
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania
gadamamuSavebeli
dargebis
eqsporti
samxreT
koreidan,
honkongidan,
singapuridan. gansakuTrebiT swrafi tempiT viTardeba CineTi.
romelic ekonomikis zrdis tempebiTa da samrewvelo zrdis
absoluturi
maCveneblebiT,
pirvel
adgilze
gavida
msoflioSi. es qveynebi Sedian e.w. axali industriuli
qveynebis jgufSi.
aq mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi
aqtiur
rols TamaSobs ucxouri kapitali. magaliTad singapuris

23

3.6. vaWrobis geografia

ganviTarebadi qveynebis moTxovna am saxis produqciaze jerjerobiT umniSvneloa.

kolonialuri reJimis pirobebSi, aziis, afrikisa da
laTinuri amerikis umetesi qveynebis sagareo vaWroba mxolod
calmxriv
xasiaTs
atarebda
da
metropoliaze
iyo
orientirebuli. politikuri damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg,
axalgazrda
qveynebma
miiRes
SesaZlebloba,
msoflio
bazrebze dasamkvidreblad, kompaniebs Soris gaCaRebuli
konkurenciuli brZolis faqtoris efeqturad gamoyenebiT,
Tavad SeerCiaT maTTvis momgebiani partniorebi da mieRwiaT
sakuTari produqciis gasaRebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis
SeZenis ukeTesi pirobebisaTvis.
amJamad,
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
sagareo
savaWro
brunvis udidesi nawili ganviTarebul qveynebTan vaWrobaze
modis, Tumca am ukanasknelTa eqsportSi ganviTarebad
qveynebTan vaWrobis wili mciredeba. yofil koloniebSi,
meurneobisa
da
vaWrobis
istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli
struqtura iseTia, rom samrewvelod ganvTarebuli qveynebi
warmoadgenen
maTi
tradiciuli
saqonlebis
ZiriTad
momxmareblebs, da amavdroulad awvdian maT aucilebel
produqtebs, maT Soris manqana-danadgarebs.
Zlierdeba ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobis
tendencia.
kerZod,
yalibdeba
erToblivi
bazrebi
da
regionaluri organizaciebi, rac saboloo jamSi iwvevs maTSi
urTierTvaWrobis tempebis zrdas. amgvari TanamSromlobis
gansaviTareblad ukve arsebobs mTeli rigi xelSemwyobi
pirobebi. Tumc arsebobs garkveuli siZneleebic, romelic
uadaoa
rom,
garkveuli
periodis
ganmavlobaSi
kvlav
iarsebebs. ganviTarebadi qveynebis sagareo savaWro brunvaSi
urTierTvaWrobis moculobis xvedriTi wili 70-ani wlebis
20,9% -dan, amJamad 40%-mde gaizarda.

Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis donis gaRrmavebam,

ganapiroba ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagareo vaWrobaSi, am
ukanasknelTa urTierTvaWrobis moculobis xvedriTi wilis
zrda, da ganviTarebad qveynebTan vaWrobis xvedriTi wilis
fardobiTi Semcireba. miuxedavaT navTobze maRali fasebisa,
ganviTarebad qveynebTan vaWrobis wili mainc mcirdeba.
am
TvalsazrisiT
Zalzed
niSandoblivia
dasavleTevropuli qveynebis urTierT vaWrobis moculobaTa
swrafi zrda, rac am qveynebs Soris specializaciisa da
kooperirebis maRali doniT aris ganpirobebuli. es procesi
Zlierdeba integraciuli jgufebis, upirveles yovlisa
evrokavSiris,
agreTve
evropis
Tavisufali
vaWrobis
asociaciis
funqcionirebis
Sedegad.
dasavleT
evropis
qveynebis urTierT vaWrobis zrda mowmobs, dasavleTevropuli
ekonomikuri meqanizmis intensiuri formirebis procesis
gaaqtiurebaze.
sainteresoa is faqtic rom, samrewvelod ganviTarebul
qveynebTan vaWrobas, gadamwyveti roli akisria iaponiis
eqsportSi. iaponuri saqonlis gasaRebis ZiriTadi bazaria
aSS. izrdeba eqsporti dasavleTevropis qveynebSic. iaponuri
saqonlis maRalkonkurentunarianoba maT saSualebas aZlevs,
miuxedavad imisa rom, evrokavSiri da Tavisufali vaWrobis
evropuli asociacia, eqsports am gaerTianebebSi aramonawile
qveynebidan sakmaod diskriminaciul reJimSi aqcevs, SeaRwion
evropul bazrebze.
aSS-s eqsportSi samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis,
maT Soris dasavleTevropuli wili Semcirda. evrokavSiris
savaWro reJimi mTlad xelsayreli ver gamodga aSS-saTvis.
kerZod, aSS awydeba did siZnellebs am bazrebze sasoflo
sameurneo produqciis miwodebisas. gaizarda amerikuli
eqsporti iaponiasa da laTinoamerikul qveynebSi, agreTve
aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi.
mTlianobaSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, rogorc gasaRebis
bazrebi, ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, romelTa eqsportSic
rTuli, Tanamedrove teqnikis xvedriTi wili ganuxrelad
izrdeba, naklebad sainteresoa. cxadia im faqtis gamo, rom

1. ;
2. ;

24

boWkoebi,
plastmasebi
da
a.S.)
Tanamedrove
pirobebSi
moxmarebuli nedleulis saerTo balansis struqturaSi
mineraluri warmoSobis saTbob-sanedleulo resursebis wili
Sefasebulia 80%-T.
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
formebidan
gamomdinare,
sanedleulo saqonlebi iyofa sabirJo (marcvleuli, Saqari,
naturaluri kauCuki, bamba, feradi liTonebis calkeuli
saxeobebi) da arasabirJo (navTobi, bunebrivi gazi, qvanaxSiri,
feradi da araferadi metalebis madani, Savi metali, satyeo,
celuloza-qaRaldis da sxva saqonlebi) nedleulad. garigebebi pirveli jgufis saqonlebze ideba Sesabamis sasaqonlo
birJebze, xolo meore jgufis saqonlebis realizacia ki
xorcieldeba mokle da grZelvadiani kontraqtebis Sesabamisad.
aRdgenad
resursebs
rogorc
wesi
miakuTvneben
sasursaTo da sasoflo-sameurnro sanedleulo resursebs,
haers, wyals, energiis Semdeg saxeobebs: mzis, qaris, okeanis,
geoTermuls. sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan ki torfi, marili da
yvelafer imas rac ileqeba tbebis da okeaneebis lagunebSi da
a.S.
Tu ki mineraluri resursebis didi nawili moxmarebis
procesSi mTlianad nadgurdeba, mere nawili garkveuli
gadamuSavebis Semdeg
kvlav vargisia rogorc warmoebis
nedleuli. es egreTwodebuli meoradi nedleulia.
mompovebeli
dargebi
erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi
qvedanayofia mrewvelobis samyaros umetes qveynebSi. msoflio
samrewvelo warmoebaSi, mompovebeli mrewvelobis xvedriTi
wili Sefasebulia 10-12%. xolo energo da wyalmomaragebis
CaTvliT igi daaxloebiT 20%-s farglebSia. msoflio
masStabSi erTobliv Sida produqtSi soflis meurneobis
wili 8%-s utoldeba.
mineraluri
nedleulis
calkeuli
saxeobebis
warmoebisa
da
moxmarebis
dinamika
miuTiTebs,
rom
gansakuTrebuli tempebiT izrdeba egreT wodebuli axali
saxeobis nedleulis-a da saTbobis warmoeba da moxmareba.
ase
magaliTad,
ukanaskneli
40
wlis
ganmavlobaSi,
plastmasebis warmoeba gaizarda TiTqmis 60-jer, aluminis 10jer, gazis mopoveba 6-jer, navTobis TiTqmis 5-jer. da es
maSin, rodesac foladis warmoeba gaizarda mxolod 3-jer,

3.

ar ;
4.
;
5. ;
6. -

;
7. .

Tavi IV. saTbob-sanedleulo da sasoflo-sameurneo

saqonlis
adgili saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
4.1. nedleuliTa da saTbobiT vaWrobis zogadi tendenciebi

sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa bunebrivi simdidris sul ufro
farTo da mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba.
yvelaze xSirad nedleulis qveS gulisxmoben mxolod
mompovebeli mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis produqtebs,
xolo
ZiriTadi
masalebis
qveS
ki
gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis produqcias.
nedleulis
mravalferovani
saxeobebi,
romelsac
moixmars Tanamedrove mrewveloba, rogorc wesi or jgufad
hyofen:
samrewvelo
nedleuli
da
sasoflo-sameurnro
nedleuli.
saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi
sasoflo-sameurneo
nedleuls
xSirad
ganakuTvneben
sasursaTo
resursebs,
sasursaTo
kulturebs,
mecxoveleobis
produqtebs,
meTevzeobis produqtebs, kvebis mrewvelobis nedleuls da a.S.
samrewvelo nedleuli iyofa mineraluri warmoSobis
(madani, qvanaxSiri, navTobi da a.S) nedleulad da xelovnuri
gziT miRebul nedleulad (sinTetkiuri kauCuki, xelovnuri

25

qvanaxSiris mopoveba mxolod 1,5-jer, TuTiis warmoeba

TiTqmis ar gazrdila. amave periodSi sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis warmoeba gaizarda daaxloebiT 2-jer (msoflio
mosaxleobis zrdis analogiuri proporciis pirobebSi).
nedleulisa
da
saTbobis
warmoeba-moxmarebis
absolutur zrdas, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis zrdis
kvalobaze upirispirdeba, mza produqciis nedleul da
saTbobtevadobis
maCvenebelTa
Semcirebis
tendencia
mrewvelobis umniSvnelovanes dargebSi, agreTve erovnuli
Semosavlisa da samrewvelo warmoebis erTeulze nedleulisa
da saTbobis xarjis fardobiTi Semcireba.
sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi materialuri danaxarjebis
wilis
Semcirebis
istoriuli
tendencia
TvalnaTliv
ilustrirdeba nebismieri ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynis
erovuli produqtis dinamikiT. magaliTad, ucvlel fasebSi,
erToblivi saerTo produqti aSS-i 1900-1970 w.w. periodSi
gaizarda TiTqmis 9-jer, xolo mcenareuli da mineraluri
warmoSobis sanedleulo produqtebis moxmareba ki mxolod 4jer. es ki niSnavs rom aSS-s erToblivi erovnuli produqtis
erTeulis warmoebaze aSS-s 1970 wels 2-jer naklebi
sanedleulo produqti ixarjeboda, vidre 70 wlis win.
70-90 wlebSi, samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis
umravlesobaSi
miRebul
iqns
specialuri
programebi,
romlebic mimarTuli iyo energiisa da masalebis moxmarebis
miznobrivi Semcirebisaken. es programebi efuZvneba imas, rom
2-4
jer
ufro
momgebiania
ganxorcieldes
kapitalis
investicia resursebis ekonomiaSi, vidre axali sabadoebisa an
arsebulze mopovebis zrdis organizaciaSi.
80-an
wlebSi
mTelma
rigma
qveynebma
miaRwies
warmatebebs resursdazogvis sferoSi. erToblivi erovnuli
produqtis energo-tevadoba aSS1900 welTan SedarebiT
Semcirda
40%.
analogiuri
maCvenebeli
iaponiasa
da
safrangeTSi Semcirda 30%-T. sazogadoebrivi warmoebis
masala da energo-tevadobis Semcireba arcTu umniSvnelo
rols TamaSobs saTbob-sanedleulo saqonlebis fasebis
cvlilebaSi
da
piriqiT.
ase
magaliTad,
1970-2000
ww
erovnuli Semosavlis energo-tevadobis Semcirebis 70 %modis
1975-1990 w.w. periodze, rodesac navTobsa da sxva energo
matareblebze fasebma maqsimalur dones miaRwia.

umniSvnelovanes
faqtors,
romelmac
ganapiroba
nedleulis
ekonomia,
ganekuTvneba
meoradi
nedleulis
gamoyenebis zrda.
tradiciuli
nedleulis
calkeuli
saxeobebis
mopovebisa da moxmarebis Semcirebas ukanaskneli 50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi,
sul
ufro
ganapirobebs
Semcvlelebis
warmoebis zrda.
masala da energo tevadobis Semcireba sruliadac ar
niSnavs nedleulsa da saTbobze moTxovnis absolutur
Semcirebas.
qveynebisda mixedviT bunebrivi simdidris araTanabarzomieri ganawileba, mraval ekonomikurad ganviTarebul
qveyanaSi sakuTari sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sabadoTa gamofitva da saTbob-sanedleulo saqonelze moTxovnilebis
swrafma zrdam, sasicocxlo aucileblobad aqcia saTbobsanedleulo da sasursaTo saqonlis farTomasStabiani
gacvla. am garemoebis gamo, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi saTbobsanedleulo da sasursaTo saqonlebis xvedriTi wili maRal
doneze rCeba. am saqonlis eqsporti ukanasknel wlebSi
miaRwevs mTeli msoflio eqsportis 1\3, xolo naxevarfabrikatebis vaWrobis (Savi da feradi metalurgiis, qimiuri
mrewvelobis produqciis) CaTvliT ki daaxloebiT 1/2-s.
maRalia calkeuli mineraluri resursis xvedriTi
wili, romelic eqceva saerTaSoriso vaWrobis arxebSi. 90-an
wlebSi eqsportis meSveobiT realizirdeboda (ruseTisa da
dsT-s qveynebis gareSe) TuTiis 97%, rkinis madnis daaxloebiT
70%, marganecis madnis 60%,, navTobis 50%, aluminis 50%, da
aS.
ukanaskneli periodis ganmavlobaSi saTbob-sanedleulo
da
sasursaTo
saqonlebiT
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
ganviTarebaSi aSkarad ikveTeba mTeli rigi tendenciebisa,
romlebmac ganapirobes msoflio eqsportis struqturis
arsebiTi cvlilebebi. upirveles yovlisa ikveTeba mineralur
da
mcenareul
bazaze
warmoebuli
naxevarfabrikatebiT
vaWrobis upiratesi zrda, rac
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze
samecniero-teqnikuri progresis gavlenis pirdapiri Sedegia.
magaliTad, 1963-2000 wlebSi msoflio eqsportis 23-jer
gazrdis
pirobebSi,
mza
produqciis,
manqanebis,
mowyobilobebis eqsporti gaizarda 32 jer, naxevarfabri-

26

katebis _ 27jer, sawvavis, nedleulisa da sursaTis ki 13jer.

mza produqciisa da naxevarfabrikatebis eqsportis upiratesi
ganviTareba, msoflio eqsportSi sanedleulo saqonlebis
xvedriTi wilis mkveTri Semcirebis mizezi gaxda. aRniSnul
periodSi maTi wili 42%-dan 24%-mde Semcirda.
vamaxvilebT ra yuradRebas msoflio vaWrobaSi sanedleulo
saqonlis
xvedriTi
wilis
Semcirebaze,
unda
AaRiniSnos rom, laparakia am saqonlebis eqsportis ara
absolutur, aramed fardobiT klebaze. mocemul periodSi,
msoflio eqsportSi nedleulis, saTbobisa da sursaTis
xvedriTi wili Semcirda TiTqmis 1/2-T, maSin rodesac
faqtiuri eqsporti gazrdilia mravaljer: navTobi, bunebrivi
gazi da qvanaxSiri 20-jer da metad, sursaTi 10-jer.
nedleuliTa
da
saTbobiT
vaWrobaSi
ganuxrelad
izrdeba
Rrma
gadamuSavebis
nedleulisa
da
naxevarfabrikatebis roli. am sasaqonlo jgufis mTlian
eqsportSi gakeTilSobilebuli eqsportis wili 30%-dan 50%mde gaizarda.
nedleulis damuSavebis xarisxis amaRleba saSualebas
iZleva mniSvnelovnad gaizardos erTi da imave saxeobis
nedleuliT vaWrobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi. magaliTad xetyis gadamuSavebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebis naklebganviTarebulobis gamo ruseTi 1 kub.m. eqsportirebul saqonelSi 2
jer da metad naklebs iRebs, vidre Svecia an fineTi.
saqarTveloze
laparakic
ki
zedmetia.
ufro
maRali
damuSavebis nedleulze mzardi moTxovnis formirebas xels
uwyobs importiorTa mxridan ekologiur usafrTxoebaze
maRali standartebis daweseba. am mizeziT savaWro brunvaSi
sul
ufro
farTod
erTveba
navTobgogirdis
dabali
SemcvelobiT, benzini tetroeTiltyviis Semcvelobis gareSe,
plastmasebis TviTxrwnadi saxeobebi, keramikuli masalebi,
romlebic azbestocements cvlian da a.S.
msoflio
eqsportis
ganviTarebis
Taviseburebas
miekuTvneba
saTbobTan
da
mineraluri
warmoSobis
nedleulTan SedarebiT sursaTiTa da sasoflo-sameurneo
nedleuliT vaWrobis zrdis naklebi tempebi.
sursaTis eqsportis Semcireba aixsneba marcvleulisa
da
mecxoveleobis
sakvebis
importior
qveynebSi,
am
produqtebiT TviTuzrunvelyofis donis zrda, rac Tavis

mxriv am qveynebSi soflis meurneobis maRalteqnologiur

dargad qcevis Sedegia.
saerTaSoriso
sanedleulo
vaWrobas
udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis, radganac
swored es sasaqonlo jgufi uzrunvelyofs am qveynebisaTvis
saeqsporto
Semosavlebis
50-100%.
ukanasknel
wlebSi
SeiniSneba sursaTisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis
eqsportSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis wilis Semcireba, Tumca es
qveynebi inarCuneben saTbob-energetikuli saqonlis jgufSi
tradiciulad maRal wils. mTlianobaSi, ganviTarebadi
qveynebi anxorcieleben sursaTis, nedleulisa da saTbobis
msoflio eqsportis 45%, da naxevarfabrikatebis 13-15%.
arsebiTi
mniSvneloba
aqvs sanedleulo
vaWrobas
qveynebis sxva jgufebisaTvisac. magaliTad 2000-ani wlebis
dasawyisSi aSS importis meSveobiT faravda sakuTari
moTxovnis 1/5-s sawvavsa da nedleulze, evrokavSiris qveynebi
_ 1/3 da iapinia ki daaxloebiT naxevars.
sanedleulo saqonlebis warmoeba, moxmareba da vaWroba
eqvemdebareba cikliseburi faqtorebis zegavlenas, rac
saTbob-sanedleulo saqonlebis warmoebisa da moxmarebis
procesebis specifikidan gamomdinare,
mompovebel mrewvelobis ganviTarebasa da mis produqciaze gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis
mxridan
moTxovnas
Soris
iwvevs
mkveTr
asinqronizacias. es ki asaxvas hpovebs nedleulze fasebis
xangrZlivvadian da mkveTr meryeobaze, agreTve nedleulisa
da sawvavis ararealizirebuli maragebis moculobis dinamiur
cvlaze. ekonomikuri zrdis periodebSi, nedleulisa da
saTbobis daCqarebuli mopoveba iwyeba garkveuli dagvianebiT,
vidre gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi warmoebis zrda. vardnis
periodSi, gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi
inerciiT
agrZelebs
muSaobas
sruli
simZlavriT, Semdeg modis bazris gadajereba, maragebis zrda,
fasebis vardna da mopovebis Semcireba.
nedleulisa
da
saTbobis
msoflio
bazris
koniuqturaze gavlena aqvs energetikul da sanedleulo
krizisebs,
romlebic
warmoadgenen
struqturul,
ara
ciklisebur krizisebs. am krizisebis warmoqmnis formas
warmoadgens periodulad warmoqmnili siZneleebi magaliTad,
energoresursebiTa da nedleuliT uzrunvelyofaSi, maTze

27

warmoebis organizaciis sferoSi aSkarad gamoikveTa

warmoebis
gamsxvilebis,
msxvilmasStabiani
kompleqsebis
Seqmnis, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis industriul
safuZvlebze gadayvanis, warmoebis specializaciis zrdisa da
masiuri
resursebisa
da
universaluri
mowyobilobebis
gamoyenebidan, Tvisobrivad axal, specialurad momzadebul
nedleulsa da misi specializirebul, avtomatizirebul
reJimSi
momuSave
mowyobilobebiT
gadamuSavebaze
pereorientaciis tendenciaze gadava.
moxmarebis sferoSi FfarTo gamoyeneba hpova sxvadasxva
tipis energo da masaladamzogavma mowyobilobebma da
teqnologiurma sqemebma, romlebic orientirebulia energiisa
da masalis xarjvis ekonomiaze.
samecniero-teqnikurma progresma mTel rig SemTxvevebSi
ganapiroba
teqnikuri
problemebis
gadaWrisadmi
axali
midgomebis warmoSoba. magaliTad, xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebis
gamoCenam arasaWirod aqcia transnacionaluri kabelebis
warmoebisaTvis milionobiT tona tyviis gamoyeneba. da a.S.
samecniero-teqnikuri
progresis
ganviTarebam,
SesaZlebeli
gaxada
sameurneo
brunvaSi
CarTulliyo
nedleulis mopovebis axali regionebi, romlebic planetis
resursul potencials zrdian.

fasebis zrda, politi-kuiri winaaRmdegobebis ganviTareba,

navTob
da
sanedleulo
monopoliebis
spekulaciuri
qmedebebis masStabebis zrda, rac kidev ufro amZafrebs
krizisul movlenebs.
energetikuli da sanedleulo krizisebis warmoSoba
aseve
dakavSirebulia
ganviTarebad

nedleulisa
da
energoresursebis mimwodebel qveynebsa da samrewvelod
ganviTarebul qveynebsa da tnk-bs Soris winaaRmdegobebis
gamwvavebiT.
unda iTqvas, rom ganviTarebadma qveynebma bolomde
mainc ver moaxerxes navTobisa da nedleulis sferoSi bazris
regulirebis xaziT sakuTari miRwevebis SenarCuneba da
ganmtkiceba. 70-ani wlebidan samrewvelod ganviTarebulma
qveynebma gaaZlieres erToblivi Zalisxmeva, rac seriozulad
aisaxa ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikaze. masiur masStabebSi
daiwyo iafi Semcvlelebisa da resursdamzogavi teqnologiebis danergva, sayovelTaod gavrcelda sawvavisa da
saTbobis maragebis Seqmna.
nedleulisa da saTbobis bazris koniuqturaze gavlena
aqvs aracikluri xasiaTis sxva faqtorebsac, romlebic iyofa
or ZiriTad kategoriad: mudmivad momqmedi (samecnieroteqnikuri progresi, bazrebis monopoliuri regulireba,
saxelmwifo-monopolisturi RonisZiebani, inflacia, saqonlis
moxmarebis
sezonuroba)
da
droebiTi
(socialuri
konfliqtebi, stiqiuri ubedureba, politikuri mizezebi,
spekulaciuri gaaqtiureba)
samecniero-teqnikuri
progresi
ganapirobebs
nedleulisa da sawvavis warmoebis, moxmarebisa da savaWro
gacvlis siRrmiseul cvlilebebs. ekonomikis sxvadasxva
sferoSi
misi
materialuri
mimarTulebas
warmoadgens
energiis axali saxeobebisa da wyaroebis gamoyeneba, Sromis
energoSeiaraRebis zrda, nedleulis dazvervis, mopovebis,
gadamuSavebis uaxlesi teqnologiebi, ekonomikur brunvaSi
sanedleulo masalebis axali saxeobebis moqceva, maT Soris
winaswar daprogramebuli niSanTvisebebis mqone masalebis
danergva, bioteqnologiebis intensiuri danergva, meurneobis
farTo
qimizacia,
did
manZilebze
masiuri
tvirTebis
transportirebis gaiafeba.

4.2. saTbob-energetikuli

saqonlis
vaWroba

ZiriTadi

saxeobebiT

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi brunvadi sanedleulo da

saTbobi resursebis mravalferovan saxeobebs Soris, wamyvani
adgili uWiravs saTbob-energetikul saqonlebs _ navTobs,
navTobproduqtebs, bunebriv gazsa da qvanaxSirs. 2000 wels
saTbob-energetikul saqonlebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi meore
adgili
ekavaT
da
msoflio
eqsportis
10,5
%-s
uzrunvelyofden. es sasaqonlo jgufi mocemul poziciaze
uswrebs iseT msxvil sasaqonlo jgufebs, rogoricaa sursaTi,
qimikatebi, madani, da sxva. CamorCeba mxolod manqanebisa da
mowyobilobebis sasaqonlo jgufi.
lideris
pozicia
saTbob-sanedleulo
saqonlebis
jgufSi navTobs ukavia. es saqoneli Tanamedrove pirobebSi
warmoadgens energetikuli resursis unikalur saxes, romlis

28

Canacvleba
masiuri
masStabiT
uaxloes
momavalSi
SeuZlebelia. gadamuSavebuli navTobis 1/2-ze meti gamoiyeneba
samatoro sawvavisa da Siga wvis Zravebis sapoxi masalebis
saxiT. sakmarisia aRiniSnos rom swored navTobi uzrunvelyofs 400 milioni avtomobilisa da 70 aTasi sazRvao
xomaldis muSaobas. Tanamedrove soflis meurneobis pirobebSi,
sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis
movla-moyvana
uzarmazari energiis xarjze xdeba, romelic Txevadi sawvavis
gamoyenebiT miiReba, 1 tona marcvleulis warmoebaze navTobis
xarji Sefasebulia 0,15 toniT.
navTobis 1/10-mde, gamoyenebas poulobs navTobqimiur
warmoebaSi. swored aq iwarmoeba saqonlis farTo speqtri
sinTetikuri naWridan da plastmasebidan dawyebuli damTavrebuli sinTetikuri kauCukiTa da sasuqebiT. saqvabe saTbobis
saxiT gamoyenebuli navTobis mxolod 40%-a SesaZlebeli
Canacvldes
energoresursebis
sxva
saxeobebiT,
kerZod,
qvanaxSiriT. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom saqvabe sawvavi
warmoadgens Tanmdev narCen produqts, romelic gardauvlad
Cndeba msubuqi fraqciis navTobis mopovebisas, romelic
gamoiyeneba benzinis, navTisa da dizelis sawvavis warmoebisas.
omis Semdgomi periodidan moTxovna navTobze swrafi
tempiT izrdeba. marto 1950-1980 wlebis periodSi am saqonlis
msoflio moxmareba 450 milioni tonidan 2600 milion tonamde
gaizarda weliwadSi. navTobis moxmarebis swrafi ganviTarebis
ZiriTad stimuls warmoadgenda ara mxolod am produqtis
unikaluri samomxmareblo Rirebuleba, aramed isic, rom masze
fasebi monopoliaTa ZalisxmeviT, monopoliurad dabal
doneze iyo SenarCunebuli gasuli saukunis 70-an wlebamde.
msoflio bazars iafi navTobis 95 % ganviTarebadi qveynebidan miewodeboda. ramac samrewvelod ganviTarebul qveynebs
saSualeba misca 50-60-an wlebSi gardaeqmnaT sakuTari saTbobenergetikuli balansebi, da aqcenti aeRoT upiratesad Txevad
sawvavze.
1970 wlis energetikulma krizisma navTobis bazarze
situacia
Sescvala.
monopoliuri
kontroli
Sesustda,
navTobis eqsportiorma qveynebma Tavad daiwyes navTobis
mopovebisa da fasebis regulireba. amgvari politikis Sedegi
iyo is rom, fasebi navTobsa da sxva energo matareblebze
gaizarda. 70-ani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, fasebi navTobze

gaizarda 17-jer, bunebriv gazze 6 jer, qvanaxSirze 3,4 jer.

fasebi navTobze da sxva energo matareblebze SenarCunda 80ani wlebis Sua periodamde, Semdeg ki mkveTrad daeca.
Cven ukve avRniSneT mizezebi, ramac energomatareblebze
fasebis kleba ganapiroba: energodamzogavi teqnologiebis
farTod gavrceleba, ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnebi,
navTobze fasebis maRal doneze SenarCuneba xangrZlivi
periodis ganmavlobaSi. yovelive amis zegavleniT, 70-ani
wlebis bolodan iwyeba navTobis gamodevnis procesi saTbobenergetikuli balansebidan, misi Canacvleba ufro iafi
bunebrivi gaziTa da eleqtroenergiiT. 1975-2000 wlebis
periodSi, yvela tipis energo matareblebis msoflio moxmarebaSi navTobis xvedriTi wili 45%-dan 38,5%-mde Semcir-da.
amave periodSi qvanaxSiris wili ucvleli darCa (32%), bunebrivi gazis wili gaizarda 20%-dan 24%-mde, xolo eleqtroenergiis, romelic warmoebulia hidro da atomur eleqtro
sadgurebze, gaizarda 35-dan 45%-mde. daiwyo
transportze
sawvavis iafi Camnacvleblebis aqtiuri Zieba, upirveles
yovlisa iafi gazis, eTilisa da meTilis spirtebis gamoyeneba.
navTobis moxmarebis Semcireba mimdinareobda misi
mopovebisa da fasebis, opekis rogorc msoflio bazarze
miwodebisa da fasebis maregulirebeli rolis Semcirebis
fonze. ase magaliTad opekis wevri qveynebis wili navTobis
msoflio mopovebaSi 1975 wlis 59%-dan 2000 wels 39%-mde
Semcirda. Sesabamisad, am qveynebis wili msoflio eqsportSi
85%-dan 70%-mde Semcirda. opekis qveynebi floben msoflioSi
dazverili navTobis 78%.
opeki navTobis fasebis regulirebas axdens monawile
qveynebisaTvis navTobmopovebis qvotebis dadgeniT. magram
navTobis mopovebis qvotireba yovelTvis ar iZleva fasebis
sasurvel doneze SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas.. amis mizezia
an arasakmarisi qvotebis daweseba, an organizaciis wevrebis
mier miRweuli SeTanxmebebis darRveva.
bazarze izrdeba navTobis axali eqsportiori qveynebis
- meqsikis, didi britaneTis, norvegiis, egviptis _ romlebic
ar arian opekis wevrebi, roli. amJamad ganviTarebadi qveynebi
uzrunvelyofen samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis navTobze, gazze da qvanaxSirze moTxovnilebis daaxloebiT 70%-s.

29

samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis damokidebulebis

xarisxi navTobis importze, maT Soris opekis qveynebidan
kvalavac maRalia: iaponia-100%, safrangeTi da germania 95%,
aSS-40%.
ukanasknel wlebSi swrafad izrdeba bunebrivi gaziT
vaWroba. gazis gamoyenebis zrda upirveles yovlisa aixsneba
imiT, rom gazi ekologiurad ufro sufTa sawvavia da
amavdroulad mazuTTan da qvanaxSirTan SedarebiT ufro
konkurentunariania.
navTobisa da sxva energomatareblebis bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis momavlis prognozebi efuZvneba im varauds,
rom erToblivi Sida produqtis mosalodneli saSualo
wliuri 2,7% zrdis pirobebSi, pirveladi energiis msoflio
moxmareba 2000-2001 wlebSi gaizrda weliwadSi 1,3%-T, amasTan
energoresursebis moxmarebis zrda ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ufro maRali iyo. mosalodnelia rom am periodSi saTbobenergetikuli balansebis formirebis ukve
gamokveTili
tendencia SenarCundeba. navTobis wili msoflio moxmarebaSi
Semcirdeba 33%-mde, naxSiris 27%-mde, bunebrivi gazis
moxmareba gaizrdeba 24%-mde, hidro energiis, atomuri
energiisa da biomasis gamoyenebuli energiis moxmareba
gaizrdeba 16%-mde.
aRniSnul periodSi, ganviTarebuli qveynebis wili
navTobis moxmarebaSi 50%-dan 43%-mde Semcirdeba. amave
periodSi mosalodnelia, rom am qveynebis, upirveles yovlisa
ki aSS-s damokidebulebis xarisxi navTobis importze,
upirveles yovlisa opekis qveynebidan, gaizrdeba.
qvanaxSiris gamoyeneba SeizRudeba upirveles yovlisa
ekologiuri mizezebiT. navTobsa da gazze fasebs zrdis
tendencia eqnebaT.

eqsporti. zomieri tempebiT izrdeboda rZis produqtebiT,

zeTovani kulturebis TesliT, cximebiTa da xorciT vaWroba.
marcvleulis, Saqris, yavis,, kakaos, Cais vaWrobas axasiaTebda
mniSvnelovani ryevebi, magram mTlianobaSi ar gazrdila.
Tumca
marcvlovanebi
rCebian
sursaTis
saerTaSoriso
gacvlis umsxviles poziciad, maTi wili 90-ani wlebis bolos,
90-ani wlebis dasawyisTan SedarebiT daeca14%-dan 10%-mde.
xilisa da bostneulis wili piriqiT gaizarda12%-dan 14%-mde,
xolo Tevzisa da zRvis produqtebis wili ki 7-dan 8,5%-mde.
sxva sasaqonlo jgufebis xvedriTi wili ki mniSvnelovnad ar
Secvlila: zeTovani kulturebis Teslze,cximebze, mcenareul
zeTsa da Srotebze modis 12%, xolo rZis produqtebze
eqsportis 6,5%. SeiniSneba masiur sasursaTo nedleulTan
SedarebiT im saxis sursaTiT vaWrobis swrafi zrda, romelic
mzadaa saboloo moxmarebisaTvis da gamoirCeva damuSavebis
ufro maRali xarisxiT.
sursaTis ZiriTadi eqsportiori da importiorebi arian
samrewvelod
ganviTarebuli
qveynebi,
Tumca
calkeuli
saqonlebis
bazarze
wamyvani
adgili
ukaviaT
yofil
socialistur da ganviTarebad qveynebs. sursaTis yvela
saxeobis msoflio vaWrobaSi, Tevzisa da zRvis produqtebis
gamoklebiT, samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis wils
zrdis tendencia aqvs. rZis produqtebSi igi aRemateba 95%-s,
marcvleulis, xorcisa da sasmelebis mixedviT Seadgens 8090%-s, xilis, bostneulis, Tevzis mixedviT ki Seadgens 60%-s.
yvelaze Zlieri pozicia ganviTarebad qveynebs ukaviaT:
tropikuli produqtebis eqsportSi _ msoflio eqsportis 90%,
Saqris _50%-ze meti, Tevzis, zeTovani kulturebis, xilisa da
bostneulis 30-35%, marcvleulisa da xorcis 10%.
sursaTis umetesi saxeobebis importSi, ukanasknel
wlebSi, ganviTarebuli qveynebis wili Semcirda, xolo
ganviTarebadi qveynebisa ki gaizarda. Tevzis, yavis, kakaos,
Cais, sasmelebis importSi, ganviTarebuli qveynebis wili
Seadgens 80-90%-s, xilis, bostneulis, xorcis importSi 7580%-s, zeTovani kulturebisa da rZis produqtebis importSi
60-65%-s, marcvleulis importSi-43%-s, Saqris importSi-25%-s.
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
importSi
ZiriTadi
poziciebi
ekuTvniT: marcvleuli- msoflio importis 40%-ze meti,

4.3.sursaTiT vaWroba.

manqana-teqnikis saqonlebisa da saTbob energetikuli

saqonlebis Semdeg, msoflio eqsportis umsxviles sasaqonlo
jgufs warmoadgens sasursaTo saqonlis jgufi.
2000-ani wlebis dasawyisidan yvelaze dinamiurad viTardeboda xilis, bostneulis, Tevzisa da zRvis produqtebis

30

Saqari, zeTovani kulturebi, rZis produqtebi, xorcimsoflio importis 20-30%.

Tu
80-ani
wlebis
dasawyisisaTvis
ganviTarebuli
qveynebi sursaTis neto-eqsportiorebi iyvnen, 1985 wlidan maTi
importi ukve aRemateba eqsports. ganviTarebadi qveynebi
tradiciulad
warmoadgenen
sursaTis
msxvil
netoeqsportiorebs.
sursaTis umsxviles eqsportiorebs warmoadgenen aSS,
evrokavSiris qveynebi, kanada, avstralia, brazilia, CineTi,.
importiorebs ki iaponia, aSS da evrokavSiri.
gasuli saukunis bolos aSS-ze modioda sursaTis
msoflio eqsportis 13%, safrangeTze -10%, niderlandebze _
8%, germaniaze _6%. msoflio importSi liderobdnen: germania,
iaponia, aSS, ruseTi, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia.
sursaTis yvela wamyvani importiori, ruseTisa da
iaponiis gamoklebiT, paralelurad sursaTis umsxvilesi
eqsportioricaa.
afaseben ra sasursaTo kulturebis bazris perspeqtivas,
rogorc wesi miuTiTeben, rom ukansknel wlebSi mraval
qveyanaSi,
romlebic
sasursaTo
produqciis
msxvili
mwarmoeblebi arian, mkveTrad gauaresda meurneobriobis
ekologiuri pirobebi, rac iwvevs niadagebis eroziis farTod
gavrcelebas, niadagis nayofieri fenis gamofitvas, romelic
veRar aRdgeba sasuqebis damatebiTi SetaniT, adre nayofieri
niadagebis damarileba da Aa.S. problemas amZafrebs sasoflo
sameufneo brunvidan niadagebis amoReba da maTi gadasvla
qalaqebisa da samrewvelo warmoebis qveS.

saqonlebis wamyvan eqsportiorebs warmoadgenen: germania, aSS,

safrangeTi,
didi
britaneTi.
umsxviles
importiorebs
ganekuTvnebian: germania, safrangeTi, aSS, italia, didi
britaneTi, iaponia.
ukanasknel wlebSi savaraudod gagrZeldeba msoflio
qimiuri mrewvelobis umsxvilesi sawarmoebis samrewvelod
ganviTarebuli qveynebidan, im qveynebSi gatanis tendencia,
sadac ekologiuri moTxovnis standartebi dabalia da
naklebad mkacri. ganviTarebul qveynebSi moxdeba mecnierebad
tevadi
qimuri
dargebisa
da
medikamentebis
warmoebis
koncentrireba.
viTvaliswinebT ra im faqts, rom qimiuri mrewvelobis
ganviTarebis mdgomareobaze ama Tu im doniT damokidebuli
iqneba msoflio mrewvelobis umetesi dargebis ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi, qimikatebis warmoebisa da maTiT vaWrobis
zrdis tempebi, mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarbebs mTlianobaSi
samrewvelo warmoebis zrdis tempebs. Sefasebebis Tanaxmad,
plastmasebis tradiciuli saxeobebis warmoeba gaizrdeba 60%T, konstruqciuli plasmasebisa praqtikulad gaormagdeba.
Sesabamisad gaizrdeba sxvadasxva saxeobis plastmsebisa da
sxva qimikatebiT vaWrobac.
nedleuliT msoflio vaWrobaSi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs
feradi
metalebis
eqsporti..
am
saqonlis
saerTaSoriso vaWroba sakmarisad dinamiurad viTardeba.
gansakuTrebiT swrafad izrdeba aluminis, cinkis, nikelis
eqsporti. feradi metalebis, madneulisa da mineralebis
umsxvilesi eqsportiorebi arian kanada, avstralia, aSS,
germania,
didi
britaneTi,
safrangeTi,
ruseTi,
xolo
importiorebi ki iaponia, koreis respublika, belgia, da
luqsemburgi, italia.
Savi metalebis umsxvilesi eqsportiorebi arian iaponia,
germania, safrangeTi, belgia, luqsemburgi. importiorebi ki
CineTi, korea, italia, germania.
Sav metalurgiaSi moelian rom ufro swrafi tempebiT
gaizrdeba maRalxarisxovani foladis warmoeba, rac rogorc
Cans
legirebul
metalebze
moTxovnas
gazrdis.
Savi
metalebis warmoeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semcirdeba, xolo
ganviTarebadi qveynebis xvedriTi wili Sav metalurgiaSi
gaizrdeba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi Savi metalebis moxmarebas

4.4. sanedleulo saTbobiT da sxva saqonlebiT vaWroba

qimiuri
saqonlebi
warmoadgens
mesame
umsxviles
pozicias
msoflio
eqsportSi.
maTze
modis
msoflio
eqsportis 9,5%.
qimiuri saqonlebidan msoflio eqsportSi
liderobs navTobqimiis produqtebi (eTileni, propileni,
plastmasebi da sxva) da medikamentebi. naklebi mnSvnelobisaa
araorganuli qimiis produqtebi, eTerzeTebi da saRebavebi.
qimiuri produqtebiT vaWrobis 60%-ze meti modis
ganviTarebuli qveynebis am saqonlebiT urTierT vaWrobaze. am

31

romelic calkeul qveynebSi iwarmoeba SesaZloa saerTodac

ar moeqces msoflio sasaqonlo brunvaSi.
msoflio bazris kidev erT niSandobliv maxasiaTebels
warmoadgens fasebis gansakuTrebuli sistemis, msoflio
fasebis arseboba.
msoflio meurneobaSi yalibdeba ara mxolod mza
produqtebis saxiT materializirebuli
sasaqonlo bazari,
aramed momsaxureobis msoflio bazaric. kerZod Sromis
danawilebis ganviTarebam samecniero kvlevebis sferoSi
ganapiroba licenziebiT vaWrobis zrda.
msoflio bazari viTardeba qveynebs Soris konkurenciis
pirobebSi. calkeuli qveynebis vaWrobis struqtura da
mimarTulebebi yalibdeba msoflio bazrebze maTi saqonlebis
konkurentunarianobis
cvlilebis
gavleniT.
msoflio
vaWrobisaTvis niSandoblivia rogorc calkeuli qveynebis
vaWrobis, aseve mTlianad msoflio sasaqonlo brunvis
uwyveti zrda.
ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis epoqaSi, msoflio bazari
sul ufro iqceva msxvili kompaniebis moqmedebis arealad.
ukve me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan fiqsirdeba mcdeloba am
kompaniebisa, urTierTgarigebebis meSveobiT, gadainawilon
garkveuli saqonlis bazrebi da daamyaron fasebze diqtati.
SemdgomSi,
qveynebis
umetesobaSi
miRebul
iqna
e.w.
antimonopoliuri
kanonmdebloba,
romlebic
krZalavda
kartelebis Seqmnas. amitomac, amJamad mxolod ramodenime
saerTaSoriso karteli arsebobs, Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris
sxvadasxva qveynis kompaniebs Soris faruli garigebebis
arseboba
msoflio
bazrebis
gadanawilebis
Taobaze.
Tanamedrove
samyaroSi
Zlierdeba
transnacionaluri
korporaciebis (tnk) poziciebi. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba aSS-s,
didi britaneTis, iaponiis da sxva qveynebis tnk-bi.
unda aRiniSnos rom, msoflio bazris monopolizirebis
SesaZleblobebi naklebia, vidre erovnuli bazrebisa. amis
mizezi
mdgomareobs
imaSi,
rom
msoflio
bazarze
konkurenciul brZolaSi monawileobs bevrad meti kompania,
maT Soris msxvili erovnuli kompania, romlebic sakuTari
qveynebis mxardaWeriT sargebloben. Tumca isic simarTlea
rom, msoflio masStabiT, metwilad monopolizirebuli

Semcirebis tendencia eqneba. es ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva

Semcvlelebis gamoyenebis zrdis tendenciiT (plastmasebi,
keramika, alumini, minaplastikebi, kompozituri masalebi da
a.S.)

:
1. - o
;
2. - .

Tavi V.

momsaxureobis msoflio bazris formirebis

Taviseburebani da pirobebiA

5.1. Tanamedrove msoflio bazris Taviseburebani

saerTaSoriso vaWroba Zvel samyaroSic arsebobda,

magram
msoflio
bazari,
romelmac
moicva
samyaros
mniSvnelovani nawili, yalibdeba mxolod fulad-sasaqonlo
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis procesSi. msoflio bazris
Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia laparaki ukve me-16 saukunidan.
aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT calkeuli qveynebis nacionaluri bazrebi da msoflio bazari. am ukanasknels mTeli rigi
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi axasiaTebs.
erovnul bazrebze saqonelmoZraoba ganpirobebulia
mxolod ekonomikuri faqtorebiT (sawarmoo kavSirebi qveynis
sawarmoebsa da regionebs Soris), msoflio sasaqonlo
bazarebze
arsebiTi
gavlena
aqvs
saxelmwifoTaSorisi
sazRvrebis
arsebobas,
calkeul
qveynebSi
saxelmwifo
sagareo-ekonomikur politikas. saqonelmoZraoba erovnul
meurneobebs Soris SezRudulia, da zogierTi saqoneli,

32

5.2. momsaxurebis msoflio bazris formirebis pirobebi

aRmoCndes
msoflio
warmoebis
maRalspecializirebuli
dargebi.
mTlianobaSi, amJamad SesaZloa vilaparakoT msoflio
bazris oligopoliur struqturaze, rodesac calkeuli
saqonlis warmoeba sxvadasxva qveynis kompaniaTa arcTu didi
jgufis xelSia. oligopoliuri struqtura, gansakuTrebiT
samecniero teqnikur sferos sabazro strategiis zogierTi
mimarTulebiT,
warmoSobs
TanamSromlobis
ganviTarebis
mZlavr stimulebs. msxvil kompaniaTa Soris TanamSromlobis
Tanamedrove formad iqca e.w. strategiuli aliansebis
formireba.
isini
gansakuTrebiT
aqtiurad
yalibdeba
sainformacio-teqnologiur kompleqsSi. kompaniebi, rogorc
wesi
aerTianeben
Zalisxmevas,
msoflio
bazarze
sxva
kompaniebTan konkurenciul brZolaSi gaimyaron poziciebi.
magaliTad cnobilma amerikulma kompania IBM
msoflio
masStabiT Camoayaliba aliansebi, romlebSic 40-ze meti
partniori
monawileobs.
mis
sapirwoned
iaponurma
kompiuterulma kompania fuZisu-m Seqmna aliansi, iseT
kompaniebTan rogorebic arian teqsas instruments, simens,
hitaCi. am aliansebis mizania produqciis axali Taobis
Seqmna da dargobrivi standartebis Camoyalibeba.
msoflio bazarze konkurenciul brZolaSi aqtiur
rols TamaSoben qveynebi, romlebic atareben ara mxolod
nacionaluri bazrebis dacvis aqtiur RonisZiebebs, aramed
anxorcieleben sakuTari saqonlis eqsportis stimulirebis
forsirebul politikas.
Tanamedrove
situaciis
Taviseburebas
warmoadgens
msoflio
bazris
saerTaSoriso
saxelmwifoTaSorisi
regulirebis formebis ganviTareaba. magaliTad
,
(amJamad
gardaiqmna
WTO-d),
evropis
ekonomikuri
TanamSromloba (amJamad evrokavSiri), Tavisufali vaWrobis
evropuli
asociacia,
integraciis
laTinoamerikuli
asociacia, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis asociacia da
a.S. am organizaciaTa saqmianoba mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdenda da axdens msoflio vaWrobaze.

saqonlis,
kapitalis,
samuSao
bazris
msoflio
bazrebTan erTad arsebobs da maTTan urTierTqmedebs
momsaxurebis msoflio bazaric. am bazarze mimoqcevaSi myofi
momsaxureobis saxeobebi mravalferovani da mravalsaxovania
da Tavis mxriv iSleba calkeul ufro viwro bazrebad.
kerZod: licenziebisa da nou-hau-s bazari, sainJinrosakonsultacio momsaxurebis bazari, kapitaluri mSeneblobis
obieqtTa momsaxurebis bazari, satransporto momsaxurebis
bazari da ase Semdeg.
momsaxurebis
msoflio
bazris
safuZvelSi
Zevs
msoflio meurneobis giganturi da swrafad mzardi nawili _
momsaxurebis sfero. jer kidev gasuli saukunis 50-ani wlebis
bolos momsaxurebis yvela saxeobis wili dasavleTis
qveynebis erTobliv Sida produqtSi 55%-s Seadgenda. saukunis
bolasaTvis ki am maCvenebelma 70%-s miaRwia. ganviTarebad
qveynebSi imave periodSi analogiuri maCvenebeli 45%-dan 55%an donemde gaizarda. amavdroulad izrdeba mosaxurebis
sferoSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wilic. magaliTad aSS
dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobis 80% momsaxurebis sferoze
modis.
ra aerTianebs SromiTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxeobebs
momsaxurebis sferoSi?. upirveles yovlisa is rom, Sromis es
saxeoba awarmoebs samomxamareblo Rirebulebas, romelic
rogorc wesi ganivTebul formas ar iRebs ( Tumca mTeli
rigi momsaxureobebi iRebs nivTobriv formas magaliTad
kompiuteruli
programebis,
kinolentebis,
sxvadasxva
dokumentaciis saxiT).
momsaxureobis sferos swrafi zrda meoce saukunis
meore naxevridan xorcieldeba upirveles yovlisa imitom,
rom mraval qveyanaSi miRweulia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
simwifisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis maRali done. xolo,
rogorc industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtika
mowmobs, sawarmoo procesis garTulebisa da srulyofis,
bazrebis sasaqonlo masiT gajerebis pirobebSi, moTxovna
upirveles yovlisa momsaxureobaze izrdeba. ara naklebmniSvnelovan
faqtors
warmoadgens,
samecniero-teqnikuri
progresis
pirobebSi
Sromis
danawilebis
procesis

33

Suamavlobasa
da
saqonlis
Senaxvis
SesaZleblobaze.
momsaxurebiT saerTaSoriso vaWroba moiTxovs uSualod
momsaxureobis mwarmoebelTa
met yofnas sazRvargareT an
momsaxurebis ucxoel myidvelTa met yofnas momsaxurebis
warmoebis qveyanaSi. Tumca Tanamedrove informatika sul
ufro
SesaZlebels
xdis
ganxorcieldes
momsaxurebiT
vaWrobis operaciebi manZilze.
meore, momsaxureobiT saerTaSoriso vaWroba mWidrodaa
urTierTdakavSirebuli saqonlebiT vaWrobasaTan da masze
sul ufro mzard zegavlenas axdens. saqonlis sazRvargareT
miwodebisaTvis moizideba momsaxurebis sul ufro mzardi
moculoba, dawyebuli bazrebis analizidan damTavrebuli
saqonlis
transportirebiT.
gansakuTebiT
arsebiTia
momsaxureobis
zegavlena
mecnierebatevad
saqonlebiT
vaWrobaze,
romelic
iTxovs
teqnikuri
momsaxureobis,
sainformacio da sxvadaxva sakonsultacio momsaxurebis did
moulobas. sagareo bazarze saqonlis warmateba didadaa
damokidebuli
momsaxurebis
moculobasa
da
xarisxze,
romelsac saWiroebs saqonlis warmoeba da gayidvebi (bevr
SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi roli ekisreba gayidvaTa Semdgomi
momsaxurebis xarisxsa da moculobas).
amavdroulad, momsaxureobiTi saerTaSoriso vaWroba,
mWidrod
urTierTqmedebs
kapitalebis
saerTaSoriso
moZraobasa da samuSao Zalis gadaadgilebasTan, rac saerTod
SeuZlebelia sabanko, informaciuli, satransporto da sxva
momsaxureobis gareSe. amsTan, saqonlis, kapitalis, samuSao
Zalis
msoflio
bazrebis
zrda
axdens
momsaxureobis
msoflio bazris stimulirebas.
mesame, momsaxurebis sfero, saxelmwifos mier rogorc
wesi metadaa daculi ucxouri konkurenciisagan, vidre
materialuri warmoebis sfero. ufro metic, transporti da
kavSirgabmuloba, safinanso da sadazRvevo momsaxureba,
mecniereba, ganaTleba, jandacva bevr qveyanaSi imyofeba
saxelmwifos srul an nawilobriv sakuTrebaSi an mkacrad
kontroldeba am ukanasknelis mier. momsaxurebis importi
mniSvnelovani maStabebiT, rogorc bevr qveyanaSi miiCnevs
sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo, SesaZloa Seicavdes maTi
suverenitetis, usafrTxoebis an keTldReobisaTvis safrTxes.
Sedegad,
momsaxureobiT
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
winaSe

intensificireba, rac iwvevs saqmianobis axali saxeobebis

warmoqmnas, upirveles yovlisa momsaxureobis sferoSi.
materialuri warmoebis sferodan momsaxureobis sul
ufro
axali
saxeobebis
gamoyofa
da
momsaxurebis
tradiciuli saxeobebis zrda xels uwyobs am dargSi
specializirebuli kompaniebisa da organizaciebis ricxvis
zrdas. amas xels uwyobs informatika, romelic momsaxurebis
mwarmoeblebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, daeyrdnon ra kavSiris
Tanamedrove saSualebebi gamoTvliT teqnikas, gaafarTovon
sakuTari
saqmianobis
geografia.
momsaxurebiT
(maTi
realizaciis mizniT) sul ufro farTod arian dakavebulni
agreTve materialuri warmoebis kompaniebic. magaliTis saxiT
SeiZleba moviyvanoT egm-s mwarmoebeli kompaniebi, romlebic
yidian ara mxolod sakuTari warmoebis kompiuterul teqnikas,
aramed
programul
uzrunvelyofasac
da
gamoTvliT
momsaxureobasac. Sedegad momsaxureoba sul ufro mzardi
intensiurobiT xvdeba bazarze, maT Soris sagareo bazrebzec.
Tumca momsaxureobiT saerTaSoriso vaWroba saqonliT
vaWrobaze bevrad axalgazrdaa, masac sakmarisad soliduri
staJi aqvs. momsaxureobis pirveli msxvili eqsportiorebi
iyvnen Zveli finikielebi: jer kidev 3500 wlis winaT isini
regularulad axorcielebden saqonlis fraxts sxva qveynebis
vaWrebisaTvis. saerTaSoriso turizmis damfuZvneblebi iyvnen
Zveli berZnebi: 2500 wlis win filosofosi piTagora da
istorikosi heradote SemecnebiTi miznebisaTvis mogzaurobdnen sxva qveynebSi.
5.3. momsaxurebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis specifikuri
maxasiaTeblebi.

momsaxureobiT
vaWrobas
tradiciuli
sasaqonlo
vaWrobisagan gansxvavebiT axasiaTebs rigi Taviseburebebisa.
pirvel rigSi, momsaxureba saqonlisagan gansxvavebiT
ZiriTadSi iwarmoeba da moixmareba erTdroulad da ar
eqvemdebareba
Senaxvas.
amitomac
momsaxureobis
umetesi
saxeobebi efuZvneba maT mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs
Soris pirdapir kontaqtebs. es gamohyofs momsaxureobiT
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas saqonliT Cveulebrivi vaWrobisagan,
rodesac
mravali
operacia
dafuZvnebulia
savaWro

34

momsaxureobiT vaWrobis statistikaSi asaxulia an ara

srulad, an uSualodaa CaTvlili saqonlis eqsportisa da
importis moculobaSi. eqspertTa azriT, es Seexeba upirveles
yovlisa sainformacio momsaxureobas an eqsportirebuli
mecnierebatevadi
saqonlebis
gayidvebis
Semdgom
momsaxureobas. arasakmarisadaa gaTvaliswinebuli turistebis,
biznesmenTa, studentebisa da diplomatebis xarjebi maTi sxva
qveynebSi yofnis periodSi. yovelTvis ar aris gamoyofili
manqana-danadgarebis
miwodebis
xarjebidan
sainJinrosakonsultacio momsaxureoba. Sedegad ki momsaxureobis
eqsportis faqtiuri moculoba, magaliTad aSS-dan, zogierTi
SefasebiT
TiTqmis
orjer
metia
vidre
oficialuri
maCvenebeli.
momsaxureobis klasifikacia da maTi warmoebisa da
vaWrobis Sesaxeb srulyofili informaciis Camoyalibeba
Seadgens mniSvnelovan problemas. saerTaSoriso statistika
iZleva momsaxurebiT msoflio vaWrobis struqturis Sesaxeb
sakmaod SezRudul informacias. msoflio savaluto fondi
vaWrobis am saxeobas mxolod oTx saxeobad hyofs: fraxti,
sxva satransporto momsaxureba, turizmi, sxva momsaxureobani.
statistikuri monacemebi mowmoben, rom momsaxureobaTa
eqsportSi Semcirda transportis xvedriTi wili (fraxts
plius sxva satransporto momsaxureba), ZiriTadad fraxtis
xarjze. samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis gadasvlam
ganviTarebis
energo
da
masaladamzogvel
modelebze
ganapiroba is rom, vaWroba da Sesabamisad navTobisa da sxva
sanedleulo saqonlebis gadazidvebi amJamad izrdeba ufro
naklebi tempiT, vidre adre. amasTan Semcirda gadasazidi
tvirTebis RirebulebaSi satransporto xarjebis wilic.
maRalia da ukanasknel periodSi izrdeba turizmis
wili. aseve matulobs sxva momsaxureobaTa wilic. am jgufSi
tradiciul momsaxureobebTan erTad (sabanko, sadazRvevo,
sabirJo, saSuamavlo da sxva), Sedis TanamedroveobisaTvis
niSandoblivi mravali momsaxureobis saxeoba, romlebic
upirveles yovlisa dakavSirebulia teqnologiebis, codnisa
da gamocdilebis eqsportTan. momsaxureobis es saxeobebi
warmoadgenen yvelaze dinamiurad ganviTarebad saxeobebs ara
mxolod sxva momsaxureobis statistikur jgufSi, aramed
momsaxureobis mTlian eqsportSic. magaliTad momsaxureobis

udavod meti barieria, vidre adgili aqvs saqonlebiT

vaWrobisas.
meoTxe, momsaxureobis ara yvela saxeoba, tradiciuli
saqonlisagan
gansxvavebiT,
gamosadegia
saerTaSoriso
sameurneo brunvaSi farTo masStabiT CasarTavad. upirveles
yovlisa es Seexeba momsaxureobis zogierT saxeobebs,
romelic upiratesad pirad moxmarebaSi eqceva. saeWvoa
movelodeT
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
SesamCnev
zrdas
momsxureobis iseT saxeobebSi, rogoricaa komunaluri da
sayofacxovrebo
momsaxureba,
Tumca
samomxmareblo
momsaxurebis sxva saxeobebs am kuTxiT ukeTesi perspeqtivebi
aqvT. ase magaliTad, zogierTi qveynis jandacvisa da
ganaTlebis
sitemis
warmatebebi
sul
ufro
izidavs
ucxoelebs samkurnalod da ganaTlebis misaRebad, qveynis
kulturisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebis maRali done zrdis am
qveynis
Semosavlebs
sazRvargareT
gastrolebidan
da
kinogaqiravebidan, xolo turizmis swrafi ganviTareba sul
ufro farTod iTrevs ucxoelTa momsaxureobaSi sacalo
vaWrobas, sazogadoebriv kvebas, sastumroebis meurneobas,
muzeumebsa da qveynis sxva kulturul dawesebulebebs.
magram,
amJamad
da
perspeqtivaSic,
momsaxurebiT
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi dominanturi mdgomareoba ukavia da
eqneba
momavalSi
momsaxurebas,
romelic
ZiriTadSi
dakavSirebulia SromiT saqmianobasTan.

5.4. momsaxurebis
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
struqtura da geografia

dinamika,

momsaxurbis gatanis zrdis procesi iyo

uwyveti:
gasuli saukunis 70-an wlebi swrafi, 80-an wlebSi
ki SedarebiT Senelebuli. msoflio ekonomikis zrdis tempebi 80an wlebSi daeca, rac gardauvlad aisaxa da gavlena iqonia
momsaxureobis saerTaSoriso gacvlis dinamikaze.
Tanafardoba momsaxurebis eqsportsa da saqonlebis
eqsports Soris, romelic ganxilul periodSi daaxloebiT
Seadgenda 1:4, unda CaiTvalos dadablebulad. momsaxureobis
mravali saxeoba, romelic eqceva saerTaSoriso brunvaSi,

35

Tanamedrove
saxeobebis
xvedriTi
wili
safrangeTidan
momsaxurebis mTlian eqsportSi, ukanaskneli 20 wlis
ganmavlobaSi gaizarda 1/12-dan 1/5-mde, didi britaneTSi 1/7-dan
1/4-mde.
Tumca
sabazro
ekonomikis
mqone
ganviTarebuli
qveynebis wili momsaxureobiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi ecema,
eseni mainc rCebian momsaxureobis yvela saxeobis ZiriTad
eqsportior-importior
qveynebad.
dasavleTis
6
wamyvan
qveyanaze
modis
momsaxureobis
msoflio
brunvis,
anu
daaxloebiT imdeni ramdenic saqonlebiT msoflio vaWrobaSi.
sul
ufro
met
mniSvnelobas
iZens
tnk-aTa
ucxour
filialebSi momsaxureobis sakiTxebi. am momsaxureobaTa
moculoba ramodenimejer aRemateba momsaxureobis eqsports
wamyvani qveynebidan, romelic Tavismxriv mniSvnelovan wilad
uzrunvelyofilia imave tnk-bidan eqsportiT. magaliTad
maTze modis aSS-dan momsaxurebis eqsportis 40-50%.
momsaxureobis
umetesi
saxeobebis
xasiaTi
(ar
eqvemdebareba Senaxvas, warmoeba da moxmareba droSi emTxveva),
astimulirebs dasavluri kompaniebis mzard dainteresebas
awarmoon
momsaxureba
sazRvargareT,
rogorc
maTi
sazRvargareT miwodebis ZiriTadi saSualeba. amisaken maT
ubiZgebs
sul
ufro
mWidro
kavSiri
saqonlebsa
da
momsaxureobas Soris, ris Sedegadac saqonlis eqsporti
moiTxovs sul ufro srulyofili saqonelgamtari qselis
ganviTarebas, romelic Tavis mxriv ZiriTadSi Sesdgeba
momsaxureobisagan.
Sedegad
msoflioSi
ganTavsebuli
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 40%-ze meti dabandebulia
momsaxurebis sferoSi, ZiriTadSi sacalo da sabiTumo
vaWrobaSi, sabanko momsaxurebasa da dazRvevaSi. xSir
SemTxvevaSi
momsaxurebis
eqsporti
da
maTi
warmoeba
sazRvargareTul filialebSi imdenadaa urTierT gadaxlarTuli, rom maTi gamijvna Zalzed garTulebulia. es
Seexeba upirveles yovlisa bankebis, sadazRvevo kompaniebisa
da a.S. sazRvargareTul warmomadgenlobebs.
momsaxureobis msoflo bazarze aqtiurad moqmedeben
rogorc kompaniebi, romlebic specializirebulni arian
momsaxureobis warmoebaze, aseve samrewvelo firmebic. isini
bazars sTavazoben momsaxurebis sul ufro farTo pakets. ris
Sedegadac
gansxvavebani
materialuri
warmoebisa
da

momsaxureobis mwarmoebel kompaniebs Soris gansxvavebani

TandaTanobiT iSleba.
ra
aris
momsaxureobis
mzardi
diversificirebis
ZiriTadi mizezi?. kavSirgabmulobis gamoTvliTi texnikis
Tanamedrove saSualebani (xSirad iseni gaerTianebulia
globalur sainformacio qselebSi da ekuTvnis msxvil
korporaciebs) SesaZlebels xdian erTdroulad aRmoCnde
momsaxureobis mravali saxeobebis bazrebze. sTavazoben ra
momsaxurebis sul ufro tevad da mravalferovan paketebs,
kompaniebs SesaZ-lebloba eZlevaT gaaZlieron sakuTari
konkurentunarianoba,
momsaxureobis
diversificirebis
Sedegad
Seasuston
ganxor-cielebuli
operaciebis
komerciuli riskebi. magaliTad sabanko, sadazRvevo, sabirJo
da
saSuamavlo
operaciebi
sinTeziredeba
safinanso
momsaxurebis erTian kompleqsSi. SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis
diversificireba
aseve
damaxasiaTebelia
samrewvelo
kompaniebisaTvisac, romlebic sakuTari sazRvargareTuli
filialebis moTxovnas akmayofileben sakuTari ZalebiT an
momsaxureobis sferos kompaniebis meSveobiT. es kompampaniebi
axdenen momsaxurebis nawilis eqsportirebas.
momsaxurebis msoflio bazarze arsebobs mravalricxovani SezRudvebi ucxoeli investorebisa momsaxurebis
eqsportiorTaTvis. tnk, romlebic dominireben am bazrebze,
ibrZvian momsaxurebis sferos liberalizaciisaTvis, maT
Soris
maT
sazRvargareTul
filialebTan
mimarTebaSi
politikis liberalizaciisaTvis. ramdenadac filialebis
konkurentunarianoba
didwilad
damokidebulia
maT
SesaZleblobaze miiRon damuSavebuli informacia qveynebidan,
sadac
ganTavsebulia
kompaniis
Stab-bina..
informaciis
transasazRvro nakadis liberalizaciis sakiTxi iqca tnk-Ta
principul moTxovnad.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis wili momsaxureobis saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi TandaTanobiT izrdeba. zogierTi maTgani
iqca ara mxolod momsaxurebis msxvil importiorad, aramed
eqsportioradac. magaliTad samxreT koreis respublika
sainJinro-sakonsultacio
da
saamSeneblo
momsaxurebis
sferoSi, meqsika-turistul, singapuri - safinanso momsaxurebis sferoSi da a.S. zogirTi ganviTarebadi qveynisaTvis

36

(magaliTad mcire kunZulovani qveynebi) momsaxureoba Seadgens

saeqsporto Semosavlebis ZiriTad nawils.
mTlianobaSi
ki
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
pozicia
momsaxureobiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi stabiluria. msoflio
ekonomikaSi am qveynebis mcire wili sustad ganviTarebul
momsaxureobis sferosTan erTad, xels uSlis momsaxurebis,
gansakuTrebiT
am
ukanasknelis
Tanamedrove
saxeobebis
eqsportis
zrdas.
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
umetesobas
momsaxureobiT vaWrobis uaryofiTi saldo aqvT.
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis,
gansakuTrebiT
e.w.
axali
industriuli qveynebis miswrafeba sakuTari upiratesobebis
bazaze (iafi samuSao Zala, unikaluri bunebrivi da
kulturuli
simdidreebi,
xelsayreli
geografiuli
gaadgileba)
gazardon
momsaxurebis
sferos
eqsporti,
tradiciulad waawydeba seriozul problemebs, maT Soris
konkurencias
tnk-bis
mxridan,
romlebmac
Sehqmnes
momsaxurebis realizaciis ganviTarebuli qseli ara mxolod
ganviTarebul, aramed ganviTarebad qveynebSic. zogierTma
ganviTarebadma qveyanam Tavad daiwyo kapitalis dabandeba
momsaxureobis sferoSi sazRvargareT, ZiriTadad sacalo da
sabiTumo vaWrobaSi, safinanso momsaxurebis sferoSi. Tumca
maT TavSekavebuli pozicia uWiravT vaWrobis, sainvesticio da
sainformacio
momsaxurebis
sferoSi
globaluri
liberalizaciis iniciativebTan mimarTebaSi.
momsaxureobiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis zrda, gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove saxeobebis, aZlierebs am vaWrobis
saerTaSoriso regulaciebis saWiroebas.
am saqmeSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ormxrivi
SeTanxmebani,
rogorc
dargobrivi
(
umeteswilad
transportisa da kavSirgabmulobis sferoebSi) aseve savaWroekonomiuri, romlebSic asaxulia momsaxurebiT vaWrobisa da
am sferoSi kapitaldabandebaTa calkeuli aspeqtebi.
regulaciis meore formaa regulireba integraciul
gaerTianebebs SigniT. magaliTad evrogaerTianebaSi moxsnilia
SezRudvebi saqonliTa da momsaxureobiT urTierT vaWrobaSi.
momsaxureobiT vaWrobis regulirebis mniSvnelovani
formaa regulireba saerTaSoriso organizaciis CarCoebSi. am
sakiTxebSi SeTanxmebaTa mosamzadebel samuSaoebs asruleben
samTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciebi (magaliTad saerTaSoriso

samoqalaqo aviaciis organizacia, saerTaSoriso sazRvao

organizacia, msoflio turistuli organizacia da sxva),
agreTve farTo profilis saerTaSoriso savaWro-ekonomikuri
organizaciebi (msoflio savaWro organizacia da sxva)
ama Tu im formiT momsaxurebiT saerTaSoriso vaWobis
problematikiT
dakavebulia
40-ze
meti
saerTaSoriso
organizacia. mraval maTganSi ukve gasuli saukunis 80-ani
wlebidan mimdinareobs aqtiuri muSaoba momsaxureobiT
vaWrobis fundamenturi, sabaziso principebis SesamuSaveblad.
upirveles yovlisa es Seexeba msoflio savaWro organizacias,
romelSic tradiciulad wamyvani poziciebi ganviTarebul
qveynebs upyriaT. msoflio savaWro organizaciis farglebSi
1986 wlidan mimdinare molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
liberalizaciis Taobaze (e.w. urugvais raundi) moicavs sxva
danarCenTan erTad momsaxureobis sferos problematikasac,
upirveles yovlisa momsaxureobis iseT sferoebs, romelsac
ganekuTvneba sabanko saqmianoba, sadazRvevo, satransporto
kavSirgabmulobis momsaxureoba. aris mcdeloba miRebul iqnas
momsaxurebis erovnuli da ucxouri momwodeblebis identuri
regulirebis principi, agreTve gatardes ganviTarebadi
qveynebisaTvis ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazarze SeRwevis
gamartivebis da xelmisawvdomobis principi.
5.5.

turizmi, rogorc momsaxureobis sferos erT-erTi dargi

rogorc msoflio gamocdilebidan Cans turistul

qveynebSi
turizmis
meSveobiT
mniSvnelovnad
viTardeba
vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis sfero, rac iwvevs savaluto
Semosavlebisa da dasaqmebis zrdas, erovnuli tradiciebisa
da kulturuli memkvidreobis msoflio asparezze gatanas da
maTi SenarCunebis finansur uzrunvelyofas. swored amitomac
turizmi aRmoCnda qveynis erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis
prioritetebs Soris.
rogorc cnobilia specialistebi turizms miakuTvneben
aramwarmoeblur sferos. e.i. momsaxureobis sferos. unda
aRiniSnos, rom momsaxureobis bazari msoflio bazris did
adgils ikavebs. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis monacemebis
mixedviT saerTo moxmarebis moculoba Seadgens daaxloebiT
msoflio eqsportis 25%-s.

37

raindebi, momlocvelebi, misionerebi, msaxiobebi, vaWrebi da

moxetiale xelosnebi aRaras vambobT mwerlebze.
gavixsenoT
didi
mwerali
al.
diuma,
romelic
saqarTveloSi imyofeboda 1852-54 wlebSi da mas ekuTvnis
memuarebi da mogzaurobis Canawerebi, romelTa Sorisaa
kavkasiaSi
da
kerZod
saqarTveloSi
mogzaurobis
STabeWdilebebi.
frangi mogzauri, iuveliri da Zvirfasi qvebiT movaWre.
J. Sardeni, romelmac 1672-73 wlebSi moiara aRmosavleT da
dasavleT saqarTvelo da romelmac Tavisi STabeWdilebebi
saqarTveloze da qarTul Rvinoze aseve aRwera Tavis
nawerebSi. erTgan ase ixsenebs: `Tbilisi aRmosavleTis erTerTi ulamazesi, mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqia. TbilisSi
ufro met ucxoels SexvdebiT, vidre sxvagan sadme~......
cnebam - `turizmi~ ganviTarebis grZeli gza gaiara,
Seivso axali elementebiT, ris Sedegadac gavrceleba hpova
turizmis arsis mravalma ganmartebam. tradiciulad turizmi
gaigivebulia
mogzaurobasTan
dasvenebisa
da
axali
STabeWdilebebis mizniT, e.i. upiratesoba eniWeba turizmis
rekreaciul mniSvnelobas.
saqarTvelo kurortebis qveyanaa. aq dReisaTvis 102
kurorti da 182 sakurorto adgilia. qveynis sakurorto
resursebi
mravalferovania.
aRricxulia
Semdegi
saxis
samedicino
profilis
kurortebi:
kardiologiuri,
pulmonologiuri,
ftiziatriuli,
alergologiuri,
nevrologiuri,
gastroenterologiuri,
arTrologiuri,
ginekologiuri,
nefrologiuri,
urologiuri,
dermatologiuri.
zRvis donidan 700 metr simaRleze ganlagebulia
balneologiuri kurortebi wyaltubo, nabeRlavi, zvare,
nunsia da sxva. zRvis donidan 700-1000 metr simaRleze aseve
balneologiuri kurortebi borjomi, sairme, uwera, surami,
1000-1500 metr simaRleze ki samTo klimaturi abasTumani,
waRveri, cemi, fafa, manglisi, maRalmTiani zonis kurortebi
1500 metrs zeviT bakuriani, gudauri, Sovi, baxmaro, lebarde
da
sxva,
sadac
warmatebiT
mkurnaloben
filtvis
tuberkuliozs,
bronqialur
asTmas,
sisxlnaklebobas,
gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebsa da nevrozs.

msoflio
turistuli
organizaciis
(mto)
mier
Seswavlili iqna msoflio turizmi me-20 saukunis meore
naxevarSi. maT xarisxobriv sayrdenad aRebuli hqondaT sami
periodi:
- 1950 weli, romelic moicavda omis Semdgom periods;
1970 weli, periodi moZvelebuli tendenciebisa, msoflio
stabilurobisa
da Zieba axali ekonomikur - politikuri
urTierTobisa gansxvavebul msoflioSi;
1990 weli, periodi turizmis industriis umaRlesi
teqnologiebis
da
stumarTmoyvareobisa,
aseve
periodi
msxvilmasStabiani gacvlebisa, socialuri imedgacruebisa da
cvlilebebi msoflio rukaze.
turizmi msoflio ekonomikis erT-erT wamyvan da
dinamiur dargs warmoadgens. ganviTarebis swrafi tempis da
farTo masStabis gamo igi XX saukunis fenomenadaa
aRiarebuli.
turizms
msoflio
ekonomikasa
da
zogadsakacobrio faseulobebis sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs. igi xels uwyobs ekonomikis ganviTarebas da
adamianTa socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi urTierTobis
yvelaze masobriv da civilizebul formas warmoadgens.
turizmi did rols asrulebs sxvadasxva aRmsareblobisa da
da kulturebis adamianebis urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebaSi. misi
saqmianoba mimarTulia msoflio xalxTa urTierTgagebisa da
mSvidobis damyarebisaken.
adamianebs yovelTvis hqondaT miswrafeba dasvenebisa da
mogzaurobisaken.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
moTxovnileba
dasvenebaze da mogzaurobaze gaCnda maSin, rodesac adamianma
daiwyo Sroma.
dasvenebis formebi iyo doRi, nadiroba, Tevzaoba,
Widaoba, krivi, mSvildosnoba, musikalur instrumentebze
dakvra, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro organizebuli
xdeboda. am saqmianobisaTvis Sendeboda specialuri obieqtebi.
maT
Soris,
msoflios
Svidi
saocrebidan
erT-erTi
semiramidas dakiduli baRebi. igive iTqmis mogzaurobazec.
mogzauroba dasvenebisa da garTobis mizniT pirvelad
popularuli gaxda romaelebisaTvis, romlebic ZiriTadad
piramidis
dasaTvaliereblad
midiodnen.
mogzaurobdenen
Tavgadasavlebisa
da
bedis
maZiebelebi,
Suasaukuneebis

38

turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTarebisaTvis,

saqarTvelos aqvs saintereso: kulturuli, arqeologiuri,
arqiteqturuli
potenciali,
xeluxlebeli
landSaftebi,
mravalferovani buneba da evropaSi umaRlesi mTebi. qveynis
teritoriis
85%-ze meti mTebSia gabneuli. regionebi
mdidaria mJave da mineraluri wylebiT. kavkasiaSi 6000-ze meti
saxeobis foTlovani mcenare, 8300 saxeobis gvimra, 1200
saxeobis liqeni da xavsi iqna dafiqsirebuli. mTlianad
kavkasiisaTvis 1000-ze meti saxeobis mcenare unikaluria,
xolo 380 saxeoba TviT saqarTvelosTvisac ki endemuria.
qarTuli
turistuli
da
samogzauro
kompaniebi
turistebs sTavazoben iseT SemecnebiT turebs, rogoricaa
istoriuli Zeglebis da arqeologiuri mxareebis monaxuleba,
5000 m. simaRlis pikebze asvla, Tevzaoba mTis mdinareebSi,
karstruli mRvimeebis da uZvelesi sacxovrebeli adgilebis
daTvaliereba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Rvinis sadegustacio
eqskursiebis organizeba kaxeTis da TuSeTis soflebSi
tradiciul samTo dResaswaulebze daswreba da a. S..
mTian regionebSi turistTa umravlesobis ganTavseba
xdeba mcire da saSualo zomis saojaxo sastumro saxlebSisabazro
momsaxurebiT.
es
stumars
aZlevs
unikalur
SesaZleblobas axlos gaecnos adgilobriv macxovreblebs,
maT kulturasa da taradiciebs. es teritoriebi saWiroeben
dacvas. daculi teritoriebis marTva, samTo turizmis
ganviTarebis upirvelesi amocanaa. SesaZlebelia turistulma
organiza-ciebma gamohyon gansazRvruli Tanxebi dacul
teritoriebze turistuli obieqtebis asaSeneblad. daculi
teritoriis
direqciam
Tavis
mxriv
unda
ganumartos
turistul organizaciebs Tu ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia am
teritoriebs turistebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT, rom am
problemis
gauTvaliswineblobisa
da
ukontrolobis
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia ganadgurdes swored is resursebi,
romlebzedac
damokidebulia
am
regionebSi
turizmis
ganviTareba.
turizmi
udides
gavlenas
axdens
iseT
dargebze,
rogoricaa: transporti da kavSirgabmuloba, mSenebloba,
soflis meurneoba, farTo moxmarebis saqonlis warmoeba da
sxva; Tavis mxriv mis ganviTarebaze moqmedebs Semdegi
faqtorebi: demografiuli, bunebriv-geografiuli, socialur-

ekonomikuri, istoriuli, kulturuli,

religiuri da
politikur-sakanonmdeblo da sxva.
turizmis pirdapiri gavlena qveynis ekonomikaze SeiZleba
Sefasebuli iqnes Tu ganvsazRvravT mis wils mTlianad Sida
produqtSi.
statistika gviCvenebs, rom marto zogierT kunZulovan
qveyanaSi misi wili aRemateba 30%-s (antigua -58%, bahamis
kunZulebi 52%, bermundis kunZulebi -35%). yvela isini aSSs `rekreaciuli zonebia~, romelTa mTeli
ekonomika
orientirebulia mdidari
turistebis miRebaze, magram im
patara kunZulovan qveynebSi, rogoricaa iamaika, kviprosi,
malta, fiji turizmidan Semosavlis wili mTlian Sida
produqtSi 20%-s ar aRemateba. es imas niSnavs, rom
turizmTan
erTad
maTSi
viTardeba
sxva
ekonomikuri
kompleqsebic, Tumca turizmi rCeba mTavar Semosavlis wyarod
(cx.4).
turizmi
mniSvnelovani
katalizatoria
mravali
swrafad ganviTarebadi qveynis ekonomikis zrdis, ramdenadac
igi gamodis erovnuli erToblivi produqtis ganawilebiT im
qveynebs Soris romelTa produqti, momsaxureba ar gaitaneba
(importi) qveynis gareT. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT Tu
iaponelebi midian dasasveneblad filipinebze, an rusebi
TurqeTSi maT ara marto gaaqvT sxva warmoebebSi gamomuSavebuli saSualebebis nawili, aramed qmnian iq axal samuSao
adgilebs.
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
msoflioSi
turizmi
maRal
Semosavliani
dargia,
romelsac
mesame
adgili
ukavia
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaSi, navTobiTa da iaraRiT
vaWrobis Semdeg, ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mieqces TurqeTis
fenomens, romelmac CamorCenili agraruli qveynidan 30 wlis
ganmavlobaSi gadaiqca maRalganviTarebul turistul qveynad.
nebismieri qveynis gardamavali periodis ekonomika: kerZod,
saqarTvelosi
xasiaTdeba
finansuri
resursebis
mwvave
deficitiT. am krizisis daZlevis erTaderTi gzaa ekonomikaSi
xdebodes efeqtiani, maRalmomgebiani dargebis danergva. am
SemTxvevaSi ganxilul unda iqnas agroturizmi, rogorc
agrosamrewvelo struqturis Taviseburi sakvanZo elementi.

39

kunZulebze ganlagebul ganviTarebad

agroturizmis ganviTareba uSualo kavSirSia sasoflosameurneo da gadamamuSavebeli dargebis ganviTarebasa da

aRdgenaze.
amis
garda
soflad
turizmis
ganviTareba
gulisxmobs ekologiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas an e. w.
xelsayreli rekreaciuli garemos gaumjobesebas, romelic
Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs ekologiurad sufTa produqciis
warmoebas.
Tanamedrove turizmi rogorc, ekonomikuri movlena: gamodis, rogorc turistuli produqtis, momsaxurebis saxiT,
romelic ar grovdeba da arc transportirdeba; igi qmnis
axal samuSao adgilebs da gamodis axali raionebis aTvisebis
pionerad;
specialistebi
turizms
miakuTvneben
aramwarmoeblur
sferos,
e.i.
momsaxureobis
sferos.
mas aqvs industriuli forma; marTlac turizmis ekonomikuri
analizisaTvis did mniSvnelobas iZens qveynis ekonomikaSi
misi rolis gamokveTa da misi efeqtianobis gansazRvra.
amasTan erTad analizis obieqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
turizmi ara viwro gagebiT, aramed turizmiT gansazRvruli
ekonomikuri aqtiurobis mTeli kompleqsi e. i. turistuli
industria.
dRes turistuli industria damkvidrda ara marto
tradiciul
turistul
centrSi,
evropaSi,
aramed
avstraliaSi, afrikaSi, amerikisa da aziis kontinentebis bevr
qveyanaSi.
turindustriis seqtorebis struqturuli Semadgenloba
gviCvenebs,
rom
turizmis
ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba
damokidebulia mis mravalmxriv ganviTarebaze da qveynis
socialur-ekonomikuri kompleqsis sxva dargebTan mWidro
kavSirze.
turistuli
industriis
ZiriTadi
produqti
turistuli momsaxurebaa, romelTaganac umniSvnelovanesia:
ganTavseba, kveba, transporti da miznobrivi momsaxureba.
turistuli industriis struqturebis efeqturoba SeiZleba
ganisazRvros
dasaqmebulTa
xvedriTi
wiliT,
saerTo
maCvenebelTan mimarTebaSi. dasaqmebulebis didi wili modis
ganTavsebis
saSualebebsa
da
restornebze,
turistTa
momsaxurebaze. did britaneTSi mTlianad turindustriis
yvela seqtorSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis 60%, germaniaSi55%.
msoflios
sxva
ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis
es
maCveneblebi maRalia.

saxelmwifoebSi

turistuli momsaxureobis ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi

turistTa
simWidrove
(turistebi,
adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba)

turizmis
mniSvneloba
(Semosavali,
mTliani erovnuli
produqti 100%)

Srilanka
iamaika
dominikis
respub.
kviprosi
bermudis
kunZul.
seiSelis
kunZul.
malta
mavrikia
antigua
honkongi
filipinebi
bahami
fiji
dasavleT
samoa

mTliani erovnuli
produqti
mln aSS dolari

qveynebi

Semosavali
(valiutis
moculoba) mln aSS
dolari

cxrili #4

75
407

6448
2090

0,02
0,35

1,2
19,5

9
497

90
2821

0,56
2,22

10,0
17,6

357

1030

7,11

34,7

40
149
89
114
2211
647
870
169

146
1190
1188
195
36664
30800
1670
1190

1,55
2,46
0,27
2,59
7,02
0,02
6,17
0,37

27,4
12,5
7,5
58,5
6,0
2,1
52,1
14,2

110

0,29

6,4

agrarul turizms, gansxvavebiT turistuli sferos sxva

mimarTulebebisagan
aqvs
Tavisi
specifika,
romelic
gamoixateba danaxarjebis minimizaciaSi, pirvel yovlisa
kvebisa da cxovrebisaTvis, bunebrivia, rom kveba soflad 22,5-jer iafia ( Suamavlebis gareSe) vidre qalaqSi. cxovreba
aqac iafia, gansakuTrebiT zafxulSi, rac minimum orjer
amcirebs sagzurebis Rirebulebas.

40

mizerulia. ZiriTadi mizezi unda veZeboT qveynis politikur

arastabilurobaSi.
marTalia saqarTvelo Tavis mdebareobiT miekuTvneba
bunebrivi landSaftebiTa da
rekreaciul samkurnalo
Tvisebebis
mqone qveyanas, magram sanam ar moxdeba
politikuri stabiluroba, manamdis yovelTvis Seikavebs Tavs
ucxoeli turisti CvenTan Cemosvlaze.
saqarTveloSi
regionebis
mixedviT
restornebis
momsaxureobis moculoba 2007 wlisaTvis, 2003 welTan
SedarebiT TiTqmis yvela regionSi met-naklebad izrdeba,
kerZod: samegrelo-zemo svaneTis, aWaris ar-is, imereTis, qvemo
qarTlis, Sida qarTlis, mcxeTa-mTianeTis, samcxe-javaxeTis
maCveneblebi, Sesabamisad izrdeba: 11-jer; 2,7-jer; 2,6-jer; 2,4jer; 1,4-jer da a.S. swored am regionebSi restornebis
momsaxu-reobis zrdas xeli Seuwyo turizmis ganviTarebam (ix.
cxrili 6).

turistul sferoSi funqcionireben sxvadasxva turistuli

sawarmoebi. maTi erTi nawili klientebs awvdis mxolod
turistul
momsaxurebas,
sxvebisaTvis
turizmi
maTi
komerciuli saqmianobis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa. arsebobs
pirveladi da meoradi momsaxurebis sferos turistuli
sawarmoebi.
pirveladia
magaliTad

sastumroebi
da
turbiuroebi, xolo restornebi an kafeebi sanatoriumebSi
an
dasasvenebel
saxlebSi

pirveladi
momsaxurebis
sawarmoebia. magram aseTi restornebi da kafeebi
qalaqSi
ukve ar arian uSualod turistuli sawarmoebi, ramdenadac
asruleben meorad turistul funqciebs.
dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom mogzaurobis dros turistebis
71%-amjobinebs sastumroebSi ganTavsebas, 12 % - saSvebulebo
saxlebSi, 9% - kempingebSi, 8% - kerZo binebSi. amasTan maRali
klasis sastumroebiT sargeblobs daaxloebiT 34%, saSualo
klasiT - 45% da 21% upiratesobas aZlevs ekonomklasis
sastumroebSi gaCerebas. cxrili #5 Sedgenilia: saqarTvelos
statistikuri weliwdeulis 2006 wlis mixedviT.

sastumros
saqmianobis
efeqtianobis
mniSvnelovan
maCvenebels
warmoadgens
sastumros
datvirTva.
igi
gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:

100
365

sadac - sastumros wliuri datvirTulobis donea %-Si;

- stumarTa raodenobaa wlis ganmavlobaSi;
- sawol-adgilTa an nomerTa raodenobaa
sastumroSi.
sastumroebis 100% - iT datvirTva niSnavs, rom mTeli
wlis ganmav-lobaSi sastumros yvela adgili (yovel dRe)
mTlianad datvirTulia, rac praqtikulad ar xorcieldeba,
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi sastumros wliuri datvirTva 65-70% - s
Seadgens.
rogorc cxrili #5-dan Cans saqarTveloSi stumarTa ricxvma
sastumroebSi 2003 wels Seadgina 82,6 aTasi, xolo adgilebis
saerTo raodenobam ki - 19152. e.i.
sastumroebis datvirTva
wlis ganmavlobaSi Seadgenda 4,3%-s,
rac
dabal
maCveneblad unda
CaiTvalos,
xolo
2007 wlisaTvis
marTalia igi gaizarda 16,9%-mde, magram es zrda jer kidev

41

sastumroebis saqmianobis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri

maxasiaTeblebi
cxrili #5.

339

1,5

cxrili # 6

m.S. sakuTrebis mixedviT:

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

42

43

36

35

29

0,69

b) kerZo

184

192

214

339

310

168,4

451,3

512,5

480,3

626,5

494,9

109,6

b) erT
adgiliani
g) or
adgiliani
d) sami da
meti adgili
adgilebis
saerTo
raodenoba
stumarTa
ricxvi wlis
gan-Si, aT.
kaci
sastumroebSi
momuSaveTa
ricxovneba

9606

9680

9146

10022

8311

0,86

783

825

732

776

691

0,88

1450

1371

1691

1442

1436

0,99

6657

6591

5743

5934

4629

0,69

716

893

980

1870

7555

19152

saqarTvelo sul

33256

35766

63453

97441

100686

m.S. q. Tbilisi

23177

23250

40718

72754

70268

afxazeTis ar

aWaris ar

2134

1913

4854

6467

5838

guria

363

316

588

936

396

imereTi

2268

2979

4630

5115

4645

kaxeTi

340

416

957

975

649

mcxeTa-mTianeTi

1777

2189

2915

3789

2537

raWa-leCxumi

74

112

196

138

82

887

1384

2226

2312

9781

a) saxelmwifo

maTi saerTo
farTobi (aT.
m2 )
nomrebis
saerTo
ricxvi m. S.
a) luqsi

2007w.

374

2006 w.

250

2005 w.

335

2004 w.

2007w.

226

2003 w.

2006 w.

%-20072003w.w
.

2005 w.

sastumroebis
ricxvi sul

2004 w.

1.

maCveneblebi

2003 w.

restornebis (kvebis sawarmoebis) momsaxureobis

moculoba regionebis mixedviT. (aT. lari)

19316

18162

20448

16704

105,5

regionebi

qvemo svaneTi

0,87

samegrelo-zemo
svaneTi

82,6

2647

116,5

3044

152,3

3434

217,1

4732

282,4

3955

3,4

149,4

da

10

samcxe-javaxeTi

170

356

970

841

1126

11

Sida qarTli

917

1374

1980

1840

2212

12

qvemo qarTli

1149

1478

3419

2275

3102

cxrili Sedgenilia: saqarTvelos statistikuri

cxrili Sedgenilia: saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeulis 2008

weliwdeulis 2008 wlis mixedviT.

wlis mixedviT.

42

sastumroebisa da restornebis momsaxureobis moculoba

saangariSo 2007 wels, sabaziso 2003 welTan SedarebiT
rogorc
me-7
cxrilidan
Cans.
sastumroebSi
nomrebis
sargeblobidan Semosavali 2003 welTan SedarebiT 2007
wlisaTvis gaizarda 2,7% - iT, xolo ZiriTadi saqmianobis
mixedviT restornebidan Semosavali ki 3%-iT. kerZod, 2003
wels sastumroebidan Semosavlebi Tu iyo 24,9 mln. lari, 2007
wlisaTvis 68,6 mln-mde gaizarda, xolo restornebidan
Sesabamisad Seadgina 33,3 mln-lari da 100,6 mln. lari.

saqarTvelos
konkurenti
qveynebis
turistuli
kompaniebis
turpaketebis
saSualo
dRiuri
Rirebuleba
gviCvenebs
Cveni
turproduqtis
arasakmaris
konkurentunarianobas. Turquli da ruminuli turproduqtis
konkurentunarianoba
aSkaraa.
amasTan,
yuradReba
unda
mivaqcioT
im
garemoebas,
rom
mniSvnelovanwilad
es,
aviabileTebis SedarebiT dabali fasebiTaa miRweuli, rac
zrdis am qveynebis turproduqtebis konkurentunarianobas
qarTulTan SedarebiT.
kavkasiis regionSi, saqarTvelos, Tavisi geopolitikuri
mdebareobiT,
saqmiani
Sexvedrebisa
da
sakonferencio
turizmis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebi
aqvs. arsebuli didi sastumro centrebi (`Seratoni~ da
`marioti~) aseTi tipis serviszea orientirebuli, rac
momavalSi Tbilisis saerTaSoriso sakonferencio centrad
Camoyalibebas uzrunvelyofs (upirveles yovlisa kavkasiis
regionis farglebSi). aseve mniSvnelovani movlenaa Rvinis
saxli, romelic ager ukve 5 welia arsebobs qalaqis centrSi
da Seqmnilia evropuli struqturis mixedviT. aq Tavmoyrilia
maRazia-saloni,
restorani
da
warmoeba.
kompaniisaTvis
prioritets warmoadgens klasikuri franguli meTodiT
Sampanuris warmoeba, rac iqve aswlovan sardafSi xdeba.
yvelaferi es sakmaod rTulia, magram amave dros Zalze
saintersoc. warmoeba xSirad daTvalierebis obieqticaa,
stumrebi garkveuli teqnologiuri procesis monawileebic
xdebian. aqve aris sadegustacio kuTxec, sadac profesionali
meRvineebi nebismier msurvels ufaso degustacias utareben
e.i. turizmis sferoSi reklamireba xdeba.

sastumroebisa da restornebis momsaxureobis moculoba.

(mln. lari faqtobrivad moqmed fasebSi).

3.

%-2007-2003
w.w. Sed-T.

2.

2007w.-

Semosavlebi
nomrebiT
sargeblobidan
sastumroSi (2 mln.
lar.)
ZiriTadi saqmianobis
mixedviT. restornebi
(mln. lari)
mTeli moculobidan
arasaxelmwifo
seqtori:
m.S. a) sastumroebi
b) restornebi

2006 w.

1.

2005 w.

maCveneblebi

2004 w.

2003 w.

cxrili #7

24,9

30,3

41,1

57,7

68,6

2,7

33,3

35,8

63,4

97,4

100,6

3,0

16,2
29,7

21,6
35,4

30,9
63,0

46,3
97,4

68,2
100,6

4,2
3,4

1.
;
2.

,
;
3. , ;

cxrili Sedgenilia: saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeulis

2008 wlis mixedviT.

43

fonze. arsebiTi zegavlena am processze iqonia rotaciis

mkacrma sistemam axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, azia-wynari
okeanis regionSi saimigracio politikis gamkacrebam.
migracia aris adamianebis gadaadgileba qveynis SigniT
an mis sazRvrebs gareT.
migracia arsebobs ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli donis
qveynebSi: saberZneTSi, portugaliaSi, fineTSi, iugoslaviis
qveynebSi,
iordaniaSi,
iemenSi,
alJirSi,
filipinebze,
indoneziaSi, meqsikasa da aS. samuSao ZaliT gacvla
SezRuduli moculobiT, magram mainc arsebobs ganviTarebul
qveynebs Sorisac, rogorc evropaSi, aseve aSS-Si (magram ar
ganixileba am qveynebis mier rogorc valutis Semodinebis
wyaro).
industriuli
qveynebis
umetesobisaTvis
aqtiuri
emigracia damaxasiaTebeli iyo maTi ganviTarebis rTuli
periodebisaTvis. magram problemaTa mogvarebis Sesabamisad es
procesi dastabilurda. magaliTis saxiT SesaZloa italiis
ganxilva, romelic evropis ekonomikur kavSirSi Sesvlis
ZiriTad winapirobad Tavis droze samuSao Zalis Tavisufali
gadadgilebis aRiarebas iyenebda. amJamad, iqca ra erT-erT
yvelaze dinamiurad ganviTarebad qveyanad, italiam Seamcira
emigracia da dRes samuSao Zalis importior-eqsportioria.
amave gziT midis xmelTaSua zRvis sxva qveynebic.
ucxouri
samuSao
Zalis
gamoyeneba
DdRes
kvlavwarmoebis normaluri procesis aucilebeli pirobaa.
qveynebSi, romlebic aqtiurad iyenebs ucxour samuSao Zalas,
ekonomikis mTeli rigi dargebi damokidebulia samuSao Zalis
importze. gamokvlevebi, romelic Catarda duseldorfSi
ucxoelebis SesaZlo ukan dabrunebis Taobaze, mowmobs rom
am SemTxvevaSi germaniaSi Semcirdeba saamSeneblo samuSaoTa
moculobebi, daixureba mravali skola da baga-baRi, Sewydeba
nagvis gatanis satransporto momsaxureba. ufro naTlad am
faqts adasturebs Semdegi cifrebi: safrangeTSi emigrantebi
Seadgenen mSeneblobaze dasaqmebulTa 1/4, saavtomobilo
mSeneblobaSi _ 1\3-s, meSaxteTa 1/2-s belgiaSi, Sveicariis
saamSeneblo industriis 2/5-s da a.S.
amsTan erTad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis es niSnavda
umuSevrobis isedac maRali donis ukiduresad gazrdas,
ucxouri
valiutis
Semodinebis
mniSvnelovani
wyaros

4.
.

Tavi VI.

samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia.

Tanamedrove tendenciebi.

6.1. samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia

Tanamedrove
msoflioSi
warmoebis
internacionalizaciis aqtiurad mimdinare process, mudmivad
Tan sdevs samuSao Zalis internacionalizaciis aqtiuri
procesi.
SromiTi
migracia
iqca
sagareo
ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa nawilad. saimigracio nakadebi miemarTeba erTi
qveynidan, regionidan sxva qveynebisa da regionebisaken.
warmoSobs ra garkveul problemebs, SromiTi migracia
uzrunvelyofs
im
qveynebisaTvis
udavo
upiratesobebs,
romlebic Rebulobs an awvdis samuSao Zalas.
ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi,
migraciis
intensiurobis
zrdis
procesi
aisaxeba
rogorc
raodenobriv,
aseve
Tvisobriv maCveneblebSi; icvleba SromiTi nakadis moZraobis
rogorc formebi, aseve mimarTulebebi.
XIX saukunis bolosa da pirveli msoflio omis
periodSi, dominirebda e.w daubrunebadi migracia. aSS-s,
avstraliasa da kanadaSi, samudamo sacxovreblad gdasaxlda
emigrantTa didi raodenoba evropis qveynebidan. XX saukunis
dasawyisidan pirvel msoflio omamde periodSi, evropidan
okeanis gaRma gadasaxlda 19 milion adamianze meti. am
periodSi
upiratesad
viTardebda
sakontinetTaSorisi,
calmxrivi mimarTulebis migraciuli procesebi. reemigraciis
procesi praqtikulad ar arsebobda. magram, swored am
periodSi vlindeba raRac axali saemigracio procesis
moZraobaSi _ Sigakontinentaluri migracia erTi evropuli
qveynidan meoreSi. magram amgvari gadaadgileba arsebiTi
gaxda sakmaod gvian. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1959-60 ww-Si,
farTod gavrcelda Sigakontinentaluri SromiTi migracia,
romelsac droebiTi xasiaTi hqonda. amasTan es tendencia
ufro gaZlierdeba evropis gaerTianebis mimdinare procesis

44

dakargvas. magaliTad, egviptes suecis arxis eqspluotacia

Semosavlis saxiT aZlevs 970 milion dolars, turizmi _ 600
milion
dolars,
xolo
SromiTi
migrantebis
fuladi
gzavnilebi ki 3,1 miliard dolars. iseT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa
iemeni, fuladi gzavnilebiT miRebuli Semosavali qveynis
saeqsporto Semosavlebs aRemateba 100 jer.
samuSao Zalis migracia rTuli, aracalsaxa movlenaa,
romelic
msoflio
ekonomikis
ganviTarebis
procesSi
detalur Seswavlas moiTxovs.
samuSao Zalis importi mravalmxriv zegavlenas axdens
migrantTa mimRebi qveynis ekonomikaze. maTze danaxarjebis
ufro dabali done zrdis konkurentunarianobis saerTo
dones. qmnian ra Rirebulebas mimReb qveyanaSi, migrantebi
Tavad
moixmaren
saqonelsa
da
momsaxurebas,
riTac
ganapirobeben multipikaciur efeqts, Sesabamisad warmohqmnian
dasaqmebis damatebiT wyaros. maRali xarisxis samuSao Zalis
importi qveyanaSi amcirebs ganaTlebis xarjebs. magaliTad
ukve 1976 wels kanadam, didma britaneTma ganaTlebis xarjebSi
mocemuli gziT 46 milioni dolaris ekonomia miiRo. Zalzed
mniSvnelovani momentia ucxouri samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis
Sedegad, Sromis bazris elastiurobis mateba. umetes qveynebSi
ucxoelebi ganixileba rogorc erTgvari amortizatori
krizisisa da umuSevrobis problemis gaaqtiurebisa. da
bolos, industriul qveynebSi Sobadobis donis klebisa da
dasaqmebulTa ricxovnebis Semcirebis kvalobaze, emigrantTa
meSveobiT imedovneben pensiebisa da socialuri programebis
Rirseul doneze SenarCunebis amocanis gadaWras.
amavdroulad calsaxaa is sargebeli, romelsac iRebs
samuSao Zalis momwodebeli qveynebi:
pirveli: Camoyalibda tradiciul partniorebze msxvili
kreditebis
gacemisa
da
maT
ekonomikaSi
seriozuli
investirebis praqtika. garda amisa, samuSao Zalis ZiriTad
eqsportiorebs
uCndebaT
valiutis
miRebis
seriozuli
damatebiTi wyaro. iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa TurqeTi, yofili
iugoslavia, pakistani, fuladi gzavnilebi miliardobiT
dolars aRwevs, rac saSualebas iZleva gadaiWras am qveynebis
winaSe mdagari mravali problema.
meore,
araxelsayreli
ekonomikuri
koniuqturis,
umuSevrobis zrdis pirobebSi, SromiTi migracia warmoadgens

im sarqvels, romelic saSualebas iZleva gamoSvebul iqnes

zedmeti wneva, da Sesustdes sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari
problemebi.
mesame, migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis kvlevis
Tanaxmad, romelic Catarda samuSao Zalis eqsportior mraval
qveyanaSi,
samSobloSi
dabrunebuli
emigrantebi
ufro
momzadebulia saqmianobis axali sferoebisaTvis da rogorc
wesi aqtiurad monawileoben ekonomikis axali formebis
ganviTarebaSi.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi samuSao Zalis eqsports Cven
ganvixilavdiT rogorc negatiur movlenas. marTlac, realoba
iseTia, rom emigracias axlavs gonis gadinebis procesi. es
iyo samuSao Zalis yvela eqsportior qveyanaSi. es moxda
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSic, romlebmac Cvenze adre
daiwyes emigraciisa da moqalaqeTa gadaadgilebis procesis
liberalizacia. xSirad aRniSnavdnen im faqts, rom am
qveynebSi,
procesis
liberalizaciam
aria
socialuri
kartebi. qveynidan gamsvlelTa umetsoba warmoadgens axali
Taoba, romlebzec dafuZvnebuli iyo Tavad maTi samSoblos
imedebi. swored es socialuri jgufia SemZle aqtiurad
miiRos monawileoba sabazro struqturebis formirebaSi,
gamoirCevian maRali socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri
aqtiurobiT, praqtikulad warmoadgenen axali azrovnebis
matareblebs. ar aris dasamali rom emigracia mimzidvelia
yvelaze ganaTlebuli da kvalificirebuli kadrebisaTvis,
romlebic esoden saWiroa sakuTari qveynisaTvis. magaliTad
marto 1983-1987ww-Si, poloneTi datova 400 aTasma adamianma.
aqedan 15 %-s hqonda dasrulebuli umaRlesi ganaTleba, rac
am qveynis umaRlesi saswavleblebis saSualo wliuri
gamoSvebis tolfasia.
magram
mainc,
zemoT
CamoTvlili
upiratesobani,
romelsac Rebulobs samuSao Zalis eqsportiori qveyana,
astimulirebs qveynis gasvlas samuSao Zalis msoflio
bazrebze.
SromiTi
migraciis
mimarT
negatiurma
damokidebulebam, romelic arsebobda sabWoTa kavSirSi, da
romelic ayvanili iyo saxelmwifo politikis rangSi swored
im periodSi, rodesac yalibdeboda samuSao Zalis msoflio
bazari, gamoiwvia is rom, sabWoTa yofili respublikebi
TviTganerida am process da ar daikava is Tavisufali

45

sabazro niSebi, romelSi SeRweva dRes Zalzed problematuri

gaxda.
50-60-an wlebSi SromiTi migrantebis ricxvi ganuxrelad
izrdeboda. swored am periodSi Camoyalibda samuSao Zalis
ZiriTadi mimwodeblebi, romelTa sazRvargreTuli gzavnilebi
milardobiT dolarebSi aRiricxeba. magram ukve 70-ani
wlebidan procesma ukusvla iwyo. ekonomikuri koniuqturis
gauaresebam
mimReb
qveynebSi
Seamcira
moTxovna
sazRvargreTul samuSao Zalaze.
garda amisa, ganvixilavT ra migracias msoflio
ekonomikis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, unda gvaxsovdes, rom
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi mravali qveynis mier
ganixileba
rogorc
SromiTi
migraciis
alternativa.
upiratesoba pirdapir ucxour investiciebs eniWeba ramodenime
mosazrebis gamo. kerZod, gzavnilebi romelsac emigrantebi
samSobloSi agzavnian, ZiriTadSi ixarjeba samomxmareblo
saqonelSi, amasTan umeteswilad ucxouri warmoebis saqonelSi, es ki aZlierebs qveynis damokidebulebas samomxmareblo
saqonlis importze. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi ki,
sawyis etapebze gamiznulia infrastruqturis obieqtebsa da
mSeneblobaSi dabandebebisaTvis, xels uwyobs axali samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnas produqciis gamoSvebamde bevrad adre.
Semdgom fazaze, anu saqonlis uSualo warmoebis fazaze,
romelic upiratesad eqsportzea orientirebuli, erTis mxriv
uSualod iqmneba samuSao adgilebi, xolo meores mxriv
mosaxleobis dasaqmebis iribi stimulireba xdeba rogorc
sxva warmoebisa da momsaxurebis dargebis ganviTarebis, aseve
im
dargebis
ganviTarebis
xarjze,
romlebic
qmnian
samomxmarebli produqcias ucxour sawarmoSi dasaqmebuli
personalisaTvis.
magram qveynebma, romlebic arCevans akeTeben samuSao
Zalis importsa da kapitalis eqsports Soris, unda
gaiTvaliswinon obieqtiuri momentebi. erT-erTi momentia bevr
dargSi,
romlebSic
SeiniSneba
samuSao
Zalis
mwvave
ukmarisoba,
kapitalis naklebad mobiluroba. magaliTad
mSenebloba.
gasagebia
rom
saxlebis,
xidebis,
gzebis,
infrastruqturis sxva obieqtebis mSenebloba ver ganxorcieldeba sazRvargareT. ufro metic, saamSeneblo masala
ufro iafia adgilze iqnas warmoebuli (didi satransporto

xarjebis gamo). momsaxurebis seqtoris gamarTuli muSaoba

udides
wilad
emigrantTa
didi
masis
gamoyenebiTaa
uzrunvelyofili. am sferoSi dasaqmebulTa Sromis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia mxolod moTxovnis adgilze.
arsebiTi
momentia
isic,
rom
industriulad
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, samrewvelo produqciis mniSvnelovani
nawili iwarmoeba mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi, romlebic
ara mxolod ver gankargaven kapitals im moculobiT, rom
uazrunvelyon
misi
eqsporti
mesame
qveynebSi,
aramed
iZulebulnic arian daiqiraon iafi ucxoeli muSebi. erovnuli
samuSao Zala, siZviris gamo xSirad maTTvis miuwvdomelia.
amavdroulad es sawarmoebi xSirad awarmoeben Sualedur
produqcias
samrewvelo
gigantebisaTvis,
romelTaTvisac
ufro momgebiania am produqciis SeZena, vidre misi warmoebis
aTviseba.
amgvarad,
emigrantTa
Sromaze
uaris
Tqma
gamousworebel dartymas miayenebda mcire da saSualo
sawarmoebs, aramed SesaZloa asaxuliyo msxvil sawarmoebzec.
amave konteqstSi unda aRiniSnos negatiuri socialuri
Sedegebic, romlebic ama Tu im qveyanaSi arsebobs.

6.2. SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi msoflio centrebi

ganvixiloT ucxoeli muSakebis dasaqmebis mdgomareoba

da Zvrebi ZiriTad saerTaSoriso centrebSi. moviyvanoT
monacemebi, romlebic axasiaTeben xalxebis gadasaxlebis
Tanamedrove tendenciebs.
arsebobis wyaros ZebnaSi sul emigrirebulia evropidan
(gasul saukuneSi) _ 60-70 milioni adamiani, samuSaos
saZebnelad yovelwliurad migrirebs (gasuli saukunis 90-ani
wlebSi) daaxloebiT 19,7-21,7 milioni adamiani. ucxoel
muSakTa ricxvi dasavleT evropaSi Seadgens 4,1 _ 6,5 milion
adamians, aSS-Si _ 5-6,5 milion adamians, laTinur amerikaSi
_3,5-4 milions, axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi _
1,8 milions.
davaxasiaToT
samuSao
Zalis
Camoyalibebuli
msoflio bazrebi (centrebi).

46

krizisTan dakavSirebiT unda velodoT ucxoel muSakTa

dasaqmebis Semcirebas.
qveynbs,
romlebic
Rebuloben
SromoT
migrantTa
ZiriTad masas warmoadgens germania, safrangeTi, didi
britaneTi. agreTve Sveicaria, niderlandebi, belgia da
Svecia. germaniaSi migrantTa saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT
6-7 milionia (ZiriTadad Turqebi, yofili iugoslaviis
xalxebi, italielebi). safrangeTSi daaxloebiT 4 milioni (
ZiriTadad liberielebi da CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebidan),
did
britaneTSi
1
milion
730
aTasi
(ZiriTadad
Tanamegobrobis
qveynebidan),
SveicariaSi
daaxloebiT
1
milioni
(ZiriTadad
italielebi,
espanelebi,
Turqebi),
belgiaSi daaxloebiT 1 milioni (italielebi, espanelebi),
Svecia 1 milioni (ZiriTadad finelebi).
es tendencia SenarCunebulia bolo dromde. germaniis
dasaqmebis federaluri
fondis prognoziT, evrokavSiris
qveynebSi daCqarebuli ekonomikuri zrda Seqmnis damatebiT
samuSao adgilebs, magram ar gamoiwvevs 60-ani wlebis msgavs
saimigracio
tendenciebs.
evrokavSiris
qveynebi
nakleb
xalisiT miiwveven ucxoel samuSao Zalas. rogorc varaudoben
ZiriTad upiratesobas moipoveben germania, safrangeTi, didi
britaneTi da beneluqsis qveynebi. axali samuSao adgilebis
40% Seiqmneba germaniasa da did britaneTSi, aqedan 25 %
Seiqmneba mrewvelobaSi, 50% ki- sacalo da sabiTumo
vaWrobaSi,
transportsa
da
mSeneblobaSi.
evropeli
eqspertebis erTiani azriT, es qveynebi qveynis mosaxleobis
bunebrivi matebis ar arsebobis pirobebSi albaT amjobineben
Srmis
damzogavi
teqnologiebis
intensiuri
danergvis
politikasa da qalis Sromis aqtiur gamoyenebas, vidre
wavlen sazRvargareTidan samuSao Zalis importze, radganac
politikuri mosazrebiT SeuZlebelia ucxoelebis mowveva im
pirobebSi, rodesac evropis qveynebSi umuSevrobis done 7-10%a. arafers vambobT sxva problemebze, romelic mudmivad Tan
axlavs qveynebSi migrantTa didi raodenobiT koncentrirebis
process.
evropel eqspertTa azriT, umaRlesi kvalifikaciis
muSakebi iqcevian samuSao Zalis yvelaze mobilur Semadgenel
nawilad. komerciuli kanonmdeblobis liberalizacia da
gazrdili sasicocxlo sivrce, moaxdens mcire da saSualo

pirveli
centri
Camoyalibda
dasavleT
evropis
qveynebSi, sadc mxolod evrokavSirSi aRricxulia 13 milioni
migranti da maTi ojaxis wevri (m.S. 8 milioni, anu 61% aris
ara evrokavSiris wevri qveynebidan migrantebi). bolo
periodSi, germaniaSi dasaqmebulTa 8%-s ucxoelebi Seadgenen,
safrangeTSi _ 7%, Sveicariasa da luqsemburgSi _ 30%.
magram gansakuTrebuli roli ucxoelebisa, rogorc
damatebiTi
samuSao
Zalisa,
mdgomareobs
imaSi,
rom
saxelmwifoTa
Soris
gadaadgilebaSi
ZiriTadad
monawileobda axalgazrdoba, rogorc wesi 25 wlamde asakis,
romelic vargisia yvelaze mZime fizikuri SromisaTvis,
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis monacemebiT. magram
axalgazrdo-bis xvedriTi wili ucxoel samuSao ZalaSi
aRwevda Zalze did xvedriT wils. ase magaliTad igi
Seadgenda germaniaSi 37,9%, SveicariaSi _ 38,9%, safrangeTSi
40,2%, niderlandebSi 40,5%, luqsemburgSi 43,5 %, SveciaSi
45%, belgiaSi 49,8%.
ukanasknel
dromde
ucxoeli
samuSao
Zala
gamoiyeneboda im sferoebSi, sadac maRalia xeliT Sromis
xvedriTi wili (mSenebloba, momsaxurebis sfero), da im
sferoSi sadac muSaoba saxifaToa, WuWyiania an iTvleba ara
prestiJulad adgilobriv muSaxels Soris. aq ucxoelTa
xvedriTi wili maRalia da 70%-sac ki aRwevs. rac imis
mauwyebelia
rom,
am
sferos
sawarmoebi
ukve
orientSeucvlelni arian Camosul samuSao Zalaze.
ukanasknel
dros,
dasavleT
evropaSi,
SeiniSneba
garkveuli Zvrebi ucxoel muSakTa dasaqmebis tradiciul
struqturaSi.
magaliTad
migrantTa
xvedriTi
wili
mrewvelobaSi Semcirda 45%-dan 36%-mde., mSeneblobaSi 35%-dan
26%-mde.
arsebiTad
daeca
ucxoelTa
dasaqmebis
done
foladsamsxmelo mrewvelobaSi, saavtomobilo mSeneblobaSi.
paralelurad
gaizarda
ucxoelTa
wili
momsaxurebis
sferoSi (20-dan 37,5%-mde), agreTve im dargebSi, romlebSic es
movlena ukiduresad iSviaTi iyo. magaliTad safinanso
dawesebulebebSi 62%-T, uZravi qonebis vaWrobaSi 15,8%-T.
ukanasknel 10 weliwadSi, imigrantTa ricxvi, romlebic
muSaoben vaWrobaSi, gaizarda 50%-T, sawarmoo momsaxurebis
sferoSi
ki
70%-T.
Tanamedrove
msoflio
ekonomikur

47

kompaniebis
mobilurobis
donis
zrdis
stimulirebas
sazogadoebis SigniT. am pirobebSi moTxovna umaRlesi
kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalaze iqneba imdenad maRali, rom
aqeTken
gadmoinacvlebs
mesame
qveynebidan
saimigracio
nakadic.
uaxloesi 5-7 wlis ganmavlobaSi, albaT raime Zireuli
cvlileba migraciis Camoyalibebul struqturaSi ar moxdeba.
magram
saWiroa
danaxul
iqnes
perspeqtiva,
Tu
ra
mimarTulebiT
ganviTardeba
procesi.
masiuri,
cudad
organizebuli migracia dabali kvalifikaciis muSaxelisa,
adgils dauTmobs koleqtiur xelSekrulebebs miznobrivi
daniSnulebis
mixedviT
(samuSao
Zalis
Sida
bazris
mdgradobis daurRvevlad). Tumca dominant jgufad rCeba
dabali da naxevrad kvalificiuri Sroma, prioritetul
uflebas moipovebs maRalkvalificirebuli profesionalebi.
maTi raodenoba perspeqtivaSi gaizrdeba. gadanawilebis
procesi sawarmoo da momsaxureobis sferoebSi ganviTardeba
am ukanasknelis sasargeblod.
es cvlilebebi gamoiwvevs garkveul demografiul
cvlilebebs, kerZod garkveul feminizciasa da migrantis
saSualo asakis zrdas. evrokavSiris politikis Sedegad
mosalodnelia vivaraudoT aralegalTa ricxovnebis zrdac.
meore centri. Tu pirvel sawyisad SromiTi migraciis
centrebs
warmoadgenden
ZiriTadad
industriulad
ganviTarebuli dasavleT evropuli qveynebi, 70-an wlebSi
Zalzed swrafi formireba iwyo msoflio samuSao Zalis
bazris formirebam axlo aRmosavleTis navTobmompovebeli
qveynebis regionSi. ukve 1970 wlisaTvis aq Tavi moiyara 4,5
milionma ucxoelma momuSavem. maSin rodesac adgilobrivi
samuSao Zalis ricxovneba ar aRemateba 2 milions.
magaliTad gaerTianebul arabTa emiratebSi, ucxoeli
muSakebis xvedriTi wili Seadgens 97%, kuveitSi _ 86,5%. anu
praqtikulad mTel industriul samuSao Zalas. didia
ucxouri samuSao Zalis xvedriTi wili saudis arabeTasa da
baxreinSi (daaxloebiT 40%), omanSi _ 34%. regionSi samuSao
Zalis mTavari eqsportioria egvipte. axlo aRmosavleTSi
Sromoben
erayuli,
livanuri,
siriuli,
iordaniuli,
pakistanuri, bangladeSuri, induri, filipinuri warmoSobis
muSebi.
ukanasknel
periodSi
mimdinareobs
orientaciis

Secvla
aziis,
upirveles
yovlisa
samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziidan SromiTi migrantebisaken. es aixsneba imiT rom, mimRebi
qveynisaTvis ufro advilia maTi qveyanaSi yofnisa da
rotaciis procesis kontroli. marto 1977-1981 wlebSi
migrantTa nakadi aziis am qveynebidan gaizarda 7-jer. Sedegad
regionSi arabi migrantebis xvedriTi wili daeca 77%-dan 50%mde.
warmoadgenen ra im ZiriTad Zalas, romlebic aviTareben
mimReb qveyanas, isini amavdroulad gvevlinebian sakuTar
qveynebSi ekonomikis stimulirebis umniSvnelovanes faqtorad.
rogorc aRiniSna, kerZo gzavnilebi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa
egvipte, iordania, iemeni, xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro metia, vidre
amqveynebis saeqsporto Semosavlebi. didia im savaluto
saxsrebis gadagzavnis mniSvnelobac, romelic araoficialuri
arxebis gverdis avliT xorcieldeba, ramdenadac es udides
gavlenas axdens paralelurad ekonomikaze.
magram
regionaluri
daqveiTeba,
romelic
daiwyo
navTobze fasebis klebiT (1980 wlidan), ar SeiZleba ar
asaxuliyo
samuSao
Zalis
moTxovnaze.
dasavleTeli
eqspertebis SefasebiT, 1990-an wlebSi, sparseTis yuris
qveynebSi, 74 aTasi adgilobrivi mosaxle umuSevari iyo.
kidev erTi momenti, romelic negatiurad imoqmedebs
ucxoeli muSaxelis bazris ganviTarebaze am regionSi, iqneba
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis zrdis Zalze maRali
tempi. im dros, rodesac industriuli ganviTarebis tempebi
ekonomikur koniuqturul momentzea damokidebuli,
Sromis
saerTaSoriso
organizaciis
prognozebis
Tanaxmad,
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis yovelwliuri matebis
tempma, 21-e saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi SesaZloa 2,94%-s
miaRwios. ueWvelia rom, yovelive es aisaxeba am regionSi
samuSao Zalis mimwodebel qveynebzec. mZime Sedegebi bevr
maTganSi ukve igrZnoba. es TvalnaTeli gaxda kuveitSi omis
Semdeg. niSandoblivia, rom am qveynis mTavrobam Tavidanve
ganacxada,
rom
amjobinebda
qveynis
aRdgeniTi
samuSaoebisaTvis samuSao Zala Semoeyvana aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebidan, ZiriTadad CexeTidan, slovakeTidan, poloneTidan,
da ara musulmanuri qveynebidan.
arabuli samyaros zogierTi qveyana samuSao Zalis
eqsportior
da
imavdroulad
importior
qveyanasac

48

warmoadgens.
magaliTad
iordania,
romelic
dabalkvalificiuri
Sromis
erT-erTi
umsxvilesi
eqsportioria,
Tavad
anxorcielebs
kvalificiuri
da
maRalkvalificiuri Sromis imports. iemeni, romelic Sedis
sagadamxdelo
balansSi
kerZo
fuladi
gzavnilebidan
Semosuli Tanxebis mixedviT miliarderi qveynebis ricxvSi,
amavdroulad saWiroebs SromiTi migrantebis did raodenobas.
igive situacia iyo eraySic. Tumca omma kardinalurad
Secvala situacia ara marto am qveyanaSi, aramed mis mimarT
loialurad ganwyobil iemensa da libiaSic.
amgvarad, samuSao Zalis am saerTaSoriso centrSi,
migrantTa nakadebis moZraobaSi gardauvalia Tvisobrivi
cvlilebebisa da samuSao Zalis axali bazrebis formireba.
mesame centri tradiciulad ekuTvnis aSS-s, romlis
SromiTi
resursebi
istoriulad
emigrantebisagan
Camoyalibda. amJamad Camosuli samuSao Zala stabilurad
Seadgens daaxloebiT 5%-s, Tumca sanapiro zonaSi es
maCvenebeli ufro maRalia. emigrantTa miRebis yovelwliuri
qvota bolo 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seadgenda 100-500 aTas
adamians. 2000 wlidan es maCvenebeli 775 aTas kacamde
gaizarda.
omisSemdgomi
migracia
aSS-Si
Sesdgeboda
ori
etapisagan: pirveli: mZlavri migracia evropidan. am wlebSi
dasavleT evropidan aSS-Si gadavida 6,6 milionze meti
adamiani.
da
meore
etapi:
1965
wlidan,
saimigracio
kanonmdeblobis Secvlam xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna aziuri
da
laTinoamerikuli
warmoSobis
adamianTa
aSS-Si
emigraciisaTvis. aSkaraa rom iwyeba mesame etapi, romelic
upiratesobas
mianiWebs
migrantebs
evropis
qveynebidan,
gansakuTrebiT emigracias irlandiidan, didi britaneTidan
(Crdilo
irlandiis
CaTvliT),
agreTve
italiidan,
poloneTidan da argentinidan. amgvari orientaciis Secvla
aixsneba imiT rom, Semdgomi aTwleulisaTvis aSS SeiZleba
iqces qveynad, romelSic feradkaniani mosaxleobis maRali
Sobadobis wyalobiT, TeTrkaniani mosaxleoba umciresobaSi
aRmoCndes. xadsonis institutis monacemebiT, 1985-2000 wlebSi,
dasaqmebulTa saerTo masaSi TeTrkanianTa wili 83%-dan 57%
mde Semcirda, feradkanianisa ki piriqiT 10%-dan 20%-mde
gaizarda. moelian rom migrantebis xvedriTi wili unda

gaizardos 22%-mde. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, aSS

emigrantTa asimilaciis politikas eweva.
50-an
wlebSi
dawyebuli
umaRlesi
kvalifikaciis
kadrebis mozidvis politika DdRemde grZeldeba. kongresis
gadawyvetilebaTa
Sesabamisad,
emigraciisas
upiratesoba
mieniWeba maRalkvalificiur muSebs, inJinrebs, menejerebs,
medicinis muSakebs, fundmenturi mecnierebis kadrebs.
ukanasknel dromde aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis
qveynebSi
maRalkvalificiuri
kadrebis
ZiriTadi
mimwodeblebi iyvnen indoeTi da egvipte. 80-an wlebSi
indoeTidan samuSaod gavida 20-aTasi maRalkvalificiuri
muSaki. egvipteze modis arabuli aRmosavleTidan wasuli
specialistebis 2/3. maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis miwodebis
Zalzed avtoritetul qveynad iTvleba pakistanic: am qveynidan
emigrantTa 84% koncentrirdeba dasvleTis qveynebSi (aqedan
47% maRali kvalifikaciis kadria).
tendencia
SesaZloa
arsebiTad
Seicvalos
axali
kanonmdeblobis
miRebis
gamo,
romelic
saimigracio
politikis evropuli qveynebisaken orientacias gulisxmobs.
zemoT
Tqmuli
aseve
exeba
gansakuTrebuli
profesiis
adamianebsac (sportsmenebi, musikosebi, msaxiobebi da a.S.).
mravali amerikuli da evropuli prognozi uaxloes
aTwleulSi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis saqmeSi,
upiratesobas aniWebs momsaxurebis sferos wvril sawarmoebs.
moviyvanoT magaliTebi: 1978 wlidan samuSao adgilebis
naxevarze
meti
Seqmnes
wvrilma
sawarmoebma
(100-mde
dasaqmebul personaliT). yvelaze wvrili firmebi (20 kacze
naklebi personali), romelic saerTo raodenobis 1/5-s
Seadgens, qmnida samuSao adgilebis 2/5-ze mets. am seqtorSi
koncentrirebulia dabali kvalifikaciis samuSao Zala.
ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi aq iqmneboda
yvelaze dabalproduqtiuli da dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao
adgilebi. swored aqeTken moizideba dabali da naxevrad
kvalificirebuli
muSakebi,
romlebic
axlac
amerikaSi
emegrirebulTa ZiriTad jgufs qmnis. magram, imasac Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom emigracias am qveyanaSi asimilaciuri
xasiaTi aqvs, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom es centri naklebad
mimzidvelia SromiTi migraciisaTvis.

49

meoTxe centri avstraliaa. qveyana iyenebs 200 aTasze

met ucxoel samuSao Zalas. iseve rogorc aSS avstraliac
emigrantTa asimilaciazea orientirebuli.
50-60-ani wlebis saimigracio politika mowodebuli iyo
emigrantTa mozidvaze aRmosavleT da centraluri evropidan,
gansakuTrebiT italia, saberZneTi da iugoslaviidan. 70-ani
wlebidan avstraliam orientacia emigraciaze
mimarTa
aziisken da mas daukavSira sakuTari ekonomikuri ganviTareba.
ukve 70-ani wlebis Sua periodidan, migrantTa raodenoba
aRmosavleT da samxreT aRmosavleT aziidan gaizarda 30% -ze
metad, xolo aRmosavleT evropidan CanomosulTa ricxvi amave
periodSi piriqiT, Semcirda
25 %-ze metad. 1982 wlidan
avstraliam axali saimigracio politikis gatareba daiwyo,
romelsac
unda
mohyoloda
biznesis
stimulireba.
am
politikis
Sesabamisad
qveyana
upiratesad
Rebulobda
migrantebs, romlebic anxorcielebden investirebas qveynis
ekonomikaSi. magaliTad marto 1988/89 wlebSi
am gziT
avstraliam damatebiT miiRo 1,2 miliardis investicia., 9
aTasma investorma da maTi ojaxis wevrebma miiRes vizebi.
emigraciis
saqmeTa
saministrom
warmoadgina
Semdegi
monacemebi:
am
tipis
migrantTagan
47%
erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi dakavda biznesiT, maT Soris 51%-ma awarmoa
absoluturad axali produqcia, xolo 19% eweoda mis
eqsports.
Semdgom centrs SromiTi imigraciisa warmoadgens aziawynari okeanis qveynebi. samuSao Zalis ZiriTadi importiorebi
iyvnen:
brunei,
iaponia,
honkongi,
malaizia,
pakistani,
singapuri, samxreT korea, taivani.
am regionisaTvis niSandoblivia SromiTi migraciis
sxvadasxva
formebi.
pirveli,
regulirebadi
migracia
damaxasiaTebelia
malaiziis,
singapuris,
bruneisa
da
honkongisaTvis. meore, faruli anu aralegaluri migracia
tipiuria dasavleT da aRmosavleT malaiziisaTvis, honkongis,
iaponiis, pakistanisa da taivanisaTvis. da mesame maRali
kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis migracia, romelic Tan axlavs
pirdapir
sazRvargereTul
investiciebs,
romlebsac
axorcielebs iaponia, taivani, honkongi, singapuri, avstaralia.
migraciis
am
tipma
miiRo
tranzituli
profesiuli
migraciis saxelwodeba.

laTinur
amerikaSi,
sadac
mezobeli
qveynebidan
muSaxels ZiriTadad Rebulobs argentina da venesuela,
migrantTa saerTo raodenobam miaRwia 3 milion adamians,
ZiriTadad
(laTino
amerikelebi).
migraciis
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli formaa sasoflo sezonuri migracia, rasac
Zveli tradicia aqvs. Tumca droSi ufro xangrZlivi
migraciac arsebobs. igi damaxasiaTebelia mrewvelobisa da
momsaxurebis sferos muSakebisaTvis.
qveynebs
Soris
migracias
adgili
aqvs
agreTve
afrikaSic. miaxloebiTi SefasebebiT, Sida migracia Seadgens 2
milions. ZiriTadad ufro SeZlebulebi samuSaod iyvanen
dabalkvalificiur muSaxels mezobeli qveynebidan, xolo
kvalificiuri muSebi, specialistebi romlebic regionSi
Semodian sxva qveynebidan (ara afrika), Seadgens daaxloebiT
500 aTass.
6.3 SromiTi migraciis saxelmwifo regulireba

qveynebSi,
romlebic
samuSao
Zalis
importirebas
ewevian, Camoyalibda migraciis regulirebis saxelmwifo
sistema. igi moicavs kanonmdeblobas iuridiuli, politikuri
da profesiuli statusis Sesaxeb, emigraciis erovnul
samsaxurebs,
agreTve
saxelmwifoTaSoris
SeTanxmebebs
mocemul
sakiTxze.
imigraciuli
politika
erovnuli
saimigracio samsaxurebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, romlebic
rogorc
wesi
Sromis,
iusticiis
an
Sinagan
saqmeTa
saministroebTan iqmneba.
qveynis
saimigracio
samsaxurebi
anxorcieleben
imigrantTa
qveyanaSi
Sesvlis
kontrolis
funqcias,
damqiravebelTa ganacxadebis safuZvelze gascemen qveyanaSi
Sesvlis, muSaobis yofnis vadebis Sesaxeb uflebas. xazs
vusvamT imas rom, qveyanaSi yofnis vadebis regulireba
qveynebis
da
mixedviT
gansxvavebulad
xorcieldeba.
magaliTad,
germaniisaTvis
niSandoblivia
rotacia
3-5
weliwadSi, safrangeTis, belgiisa da didi britaneTisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia saojaxo migracia, romelic qveynis Sida
bazris tevadobis gafarToebis faqtoricaa.

50

da
bolos
aSS,
kanada,
avstraliisa
da
axali
zelandiisaTvis yvelaze misaRebia asimilirebuli migracia,
romelic qveyanaSi yofnis garkveuli uwyveti vadis Semdgom,
moqalaqeT cnobas iTvaliswinebs.
migraciuli procesebis regulireba ucxoeli muSakebis
SerCevis
proceduriT
iwyeba,
romelic
xorcieldeba
samTavrobaTaSorisi SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze. SeTanxmeba
gansazRvravs
mraval
parametrs,
magaliTad
potenciuri
kandidatebis raodenoba, asaki, sqesi, profesia, jamrTelobis
mdgomareoba da a.S. rac Seexeba daqiravebis sistemis
organizacias, magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba moyvanili iqnes
yofili gfr-s magaliTi, sadac sistemaSi Sedioda SerCevis
centraluri punqti, 10 samxareo, 210 adgilobrivi Sromis
birJa da maTi 500 filiali.
unda iTqvas, rom rogorc nebismieri saxelmwifo
aparati, daverbovkebis aparati didi da naklebad moqnilia,
amitomac importiori qveynebis mewarmeebs am procesis
damoukideblad ganxorcielebis saSualeba misces. aman ki
kerZo Suamavlebis institutis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.
aRsanisnavia,
rom
sakmaod
mZlavri
saSuamavlo
instituti Camoyalibda arabul aRmosavleTSi. erT-erTi
yvelaze gamocdili am sferoSi aris maltineSnl rekrutment
grup~, romlis centric jidaSi mdebareobs (saudis arabeTi).
saagentos zogierTi filiali msoflios 14 qveyanaSi ukve 20
welia arsebobs da weliwadSi 20 aTas adamians atarebs.
amgvari institutebi arsebobs eqsportior qveynebSic.
magaliTad indoeTis mTavrobam mocemul saqmianobaze 50-ze
meti licenzia gasca.
magram efeqturi kontrolis meqanizmis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, kerZo mobilizcia xels uwyobs aralegalur
imigraciasa
da
trefikings.
aRniSnulTan
dakavSirebiT
kuveiti wavida amgvari organizaciebis saqmianobis mkacri
kontrolis gziT. am qveynebSi SemoRebulia mocemul sferoSi
saqmianobis
mkacri
licenzireba,
romelic
periodul
saxelmwifo Semowmebas iTvaliswinebs. taivanuri kanonebiT,
Suamavali romelic aralegalebis Segrovebas eweva, SesaZloa
daisajos 5 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiTa da
55 aTasi
dolaris jarimiT., RonisZiebani, romelsac iRebs importiori
qveyana aralegalebTan brZolis sawinaaRmdegod periodulad

gadasinjvadia da rogorc wesi sul ufro mkacrdeba.

magaliTad iaponiaSi mocemul saqmianobaSi mxilebuli piri
isjeba Tavisuflebis 3 wlamde vadiT aRkveTiTa da 300 aTasi
ienis odenobis jarimiT.
bevr qveyanaSi, saimigracio nakadebis regulireba xdeba
samTavrobaTaSorisi SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze. magaliTad
xelmowerilia SeTanxmebebi argentinasa da Ciles Soris,
germaniasa da iugoslaviis yofil qveynebs, germaniasa da
TurqeTs Soris da a.S.
magram yvela qveyanaSi procesebis regulireba ar
xorcieldeba saxemwifoTaSorisi SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze.
magaliTad,
didi
britaneTi
ormxriv
SeTanxmebebis
aucileblobas ver xedavs. migrantebis masiuri nakadi
gamoricxulia. ministrTa kabinets SeuZlia gasces Tanxmoba
ucxouri samuSao Zalis mozidvaze mxolod parlamentis
TanxmobiT.
qveyanaSi
am
kuTxiT
Sesvla
xorcieldeba
individualur safuZvelze dasaqmebis sakiTxTa saministros
meSveobiT. muSaobis ufleba gaicema mxolod realuri
vakansiebis
arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi,
im
pirobiT
rom
damqiravebelma yvela Rone ixmara am vakansiaze didi
britaneTis
an
evrokavSiris
moqalaqis
dasasaqmeblad
(wardgnil unda iqnes damadasturebeli dokumentacia).
germaniam,
safrangeTma
da
beneluqsis
qveynebma
moaxdines Sengenis SeTanxmebaTa ratificireba 1985 wels.
mogvianebiT am SeTanxmebas ramodenime evropuli qveyanac
SeuerTda.
CrdiloeT evropis regionSi, jerac moqmedebs 1954 wlis
SeTanxmeba Sromis CrdiloeT
evropuli bazris Seqmnis
Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebebs xeli moawera daniam, islandiam,
norvegiam, fineTma, Sveciam. 1982 wlis 6 maisidan ZalaSia am
SeTanxmebaTa damatebebi da gaeros konvencia ltolvilebis
Sesaxeb. CrdiloeTis sabWos qveynebisaTvis nebadarTulia
uvizo gadaadgileba yvela socialur-ekonomikuri uflebiT,
xolo mesame qveynebidan migrantTaTvis moqmedebs Sida
kanonmdebloba
fineTma, Sveciam, da norvegiam daiwyes krizisuli
gegmis momzadeba. fineTi amagrebs sazRvrebs, SveciaSi
Sendeba
specialuri
banakebi
imigrantTaTvis,
norvegia
amzadebs sursaTis damatebiT maragebs qveynis CrdiloeTiT.

51

evrokavSiris
qveynebis
mier
1991
wlis
bolos
SemuSavebuli iqna, moklevadiani, saSualo da grZelvadiani
moqmedebis strategiebi da instruqciebi, romelmac unda
Seakavos
aralegalur
migrantTa
nakadi.
amave
mizniT
Zlierdeba brZola damnaSaveobis im formebTan, romelic
ukavSirdeba emigrantTa ukanono Seyvanas qveyanaSi.
samigracio nakadebis regulirebis damaxasiaTebeli
niSania is rom, am sferoSi prioriteti eniWeba erovnul
saxelmwifoebs.
evrokavSirSic
ki
qveynebis
politikis
koordinireba mocemul sferoSi gaTvaliswinebulia Soreuli
momavlisaTvis (didi britaneTis winaaRmdegobis gamo). am
problemis gamo, saerTaSoriso doneze Seqmnilia ramodenime
organizacia (gaeros egidiT).
mraval saerTaSoriso organizacias aqvs specialuri
qvedanayofebi an samsaxurebi, romlebic am saqmiT arian
dakavebulebi. magaliTad evrokavSirSi _ evroparlamentis
samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa da Sinagan saqmeTa komiteti.
saerTaSoriso migraciis sferoSi mandati aqvT Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciasa da gaeros ltolvilTa umaRles
komisariats.
amasTan,
TiToeuli
am
organizaciaTagan
moqmedebs
sakuTari
kompetenciis
farglebSi:
Sromis
saerTaSoriso
organizacia
_
socialuri
ganviTarebis,
dasaqmebis xelSewyobis, dasaqmebuli migrantebis uflebaTa
dacvis sferoebSi, xolo ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati,
devnilTa
dacvis,
grZelvadiani
gdawyvetilebebis
realizaciis, pirvel rigSi repatriaciis sferoebSi. am or
organizacias Soris tradiciulad mWidro TanamSromlobaa.
calkeuli qveynebisa da regionebis Sromis bazrebi
kidev ufro urTierT damokidebuli gaxda. faqtiurad
yalibdeba erTiani Sromis bazari. am bazarze, sul ramodenime
wlis ganmavalobaSi, struqturuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad,
samuSao Zalis mimwodeblebi, maTi mimRebebi xdebian.

6.4. emigraciis gavlena samuSao Zalis

qveynebis ekonomikaze.

eqsportiori

samuSao Zalis eqsporti

xasiaTdeba emigrantTa
fuladi
gzavnilebiT,
romelic
qveynisaTvis,
mocemuli
saqonlis eqsportis Taviseburi anazRaurebis formas iRebs.
saerTaSoriso
savaluto
fondis
monacemebiT,
kerZo
gadaricxvebi moicavs: garda emigrantTa mier pirdapiri
gadaricxvisa, agreTve dabrunebul gadasaxadebs, romelic
gadaxdili iyo mocemuli qveynis moqalaqeebis mier, sxva
gadasaxadebsa
da
mosakreblebs,
romelic
ar
iyo
SeTanxmebuli
xelSekrulebebiT,
sxvadasxva
politikuri
dajgufebebis subsidirebas, pensiebs, saojaxo daxmarebebs da
a.S. samuSao Zalis msoflio eqsportiorTaTvis kerZo
gadaricxvebi SesaZloa Zalzed seriozul Tanxebs aRwevdnen
da miliardobiT dolarebSi gamoisaxeba. amasTan, samuSao
Zalis
eqsportidan
miRebul
savaluto
Semosavlebs
paralelurad ar axlavs sawarmoo xarjebi warmomavlobis
qveynisaTvis, ise rogorc es sasaqonlo vaWrobisaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. cxadia, savaluto efeqti am SemTxvevaSi
ufro
maRalia,
vidre
sasaqonlo
warmoebisas.
im
saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic daspecializirdnen ZiriTadSi
samuSao Zalis eqsportze, es wili SenarCunebulia maRal
doneze da gaizarda kidec.
samuSao Zalis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebis
oTxi pirdapiri wyaro arsebobs:
1) Suamavali firmebidan mogebis gadasaxadis saxiT Semosuli
Semosavlebi;
2) migrantTa samSobloSi (ojaxis mxardasaWerad) gadmoricxuli Tanxebidan gadasaxadi;
3) samSobloSi
migrantis
pirdapiri
investicia
(samSobloSi warmoebis saSualebebisa da xangrZlivi
moxmarebis saqonlis Camotana, miwebis, uZravi qonebis
SeZena, fasiani qaRaldebis SeZena);

52

samuSao
Zalis
eqsports
ewevian
ara
mxolod
ganviTarebadi qveynebi, aramed iseTi qveynebic, rogoricaa
kanada, avstralia, italia, portugalia, saberZneTi. aq,
procesis
mamoZravebeli
Zalaa
gansxvavebani
Sromis
anazRaurebis an teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis doneebSi.
ramdenadac emigranti muSakebi samSobloSi agzavnian
sakuTari piradi Semosavlebis mxolod nawils, ZiriTadi
nawili maT samSobloSi CamoaqvT savaluto saxsrebis an
fasiani qaRaldebis saxiT. ukanasknel wlebSi reimigrantebma
samSobloSi daiwyes sawarmoo daniSnulebis saqonlebis
(manqana-danadgarebis CaTvliT) sul ufro meti odenobiT
Catana. mizani erTia, ganaviTaron sakuTari biznesi ukve
samSobloSi. qveynebis umetesobaSi, saxelmwifo politika
mimarTulia
amgvari
tendenciis
maqsimalurad
stimulirebisaken: amcireben an saerTod auqmeben sabaJo
gadasaxadebs amgvar saqonelze. ramdenadac msoflioSi fasebi
manqana-mowyobilobebze sakmaod swrafad izrdeba, xSirad
emigrantebi, romlebic jer kidev sazRvargareT muSaoben, ukve
iwyeben kooperativebis formirebas, raTa safuZveli Cauyaron
momavalSi sakuTar bizness.
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom amgvari kooperativebi
sargebloben
bankebis
mxardaWeriT,
romlebic
didi
problemebis gareSe gascemen kreditebs im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu
saxsrebi manqana-mowyobilobebis SesaZenad bolomde sakmarisi
ar aris. amgvrad, SesaZlebelia ara mxold emigraciis, aramed
reemigraciis procesebis marTvac, ese igi emigrantTa dabrunebisa da maTi erovnul ekonomikaSi, ukve axal Tvisobriv
doneze CarTva. da aq saqme ara mxolod imaSia, rom im qveynebs
saidanac midian gaaCniaT muSaxelis siWarbe, aramed imaSic,
rom adamiani, romelic ucxoeTidan brundeba, sakuTar Sromas,
Semosavlebs, profesiul SesaZleblobebs,
ukve sxvagvarad
uyurebs. es upirveles yovlisa gamowveulia imiT, rom mas
vinc SesZlo samuSaos povna da Sromis wyalobiT dagrovebis
sazRvargreT gamomuSaveba (rogorc wesi intensiuri SromiT),
samSobloSi
dabrunebisas
ufro
pretenziulad
afasebs
sakuTar
profesiul
SesaZleblobebs
rogorc
muSaki,
gamoTqvams
mzadyofnas
iqces
SromiTi
procesis
organizatorad,
SeuZlia
SeZenili
profesiuli
Cvevebi
gadasces sxvebs. umetes wilad samSobloSi dabrunebis

4) samuSao Zalis importiori qveynebidan kapitali, (xSirad

modis samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebisa da socialuri
miznebisaTvis).
garda amisa SesaZlebelia moxdes samuSao Zalis
importiori qveynebidan repatrianti qveynebisaTvis kadrebis
gadinebis gamo mimRebi qveynis mxridan garkveuli kompensaciis
gadaxdac (es sakiTxi ixileboda Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizaciaSi).
gamokvlevebi gvaCvenebs, rom migrantebs samSobloSi
CamoaqvT faseulobani, romelic RirebulebiTi TvalsazrisiT
daaxloebiT
maT
mier
ganxorcielebuli
gadaricxvebis
tolfasia. amgvarad, migrantTa pirdapiri kerZo fuladi
gzavnilebis moculoba SeiZleba gamravldes 2-jer, raTa
miviRoT qveynis erovnul SemosavalSi mocemuli wyarodan
miRebuli Semosavlis realuri odenoba.
magaliTad, yofili iugoslavia, romelic samuSao Zalis
erT-erTi umsxvilesi eqsportioria msofliaSi, sakuTari
warmoebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsportidan Semosavlis
saxiT iRebda daaxloebiT 10 miliardi dolaris Semosavals,
magram
praqtikuli
mogeba
am
Semosavlidan
Seadgenda
daaxloebiT 3 miliards. samuSao Zalis eqsportidan, mxolod
pirdapiri fuladi gzavnilebis saxiT, qveyanaSi Semodioda 3,5
miliardi, xolo migrantis sabolood dabrunebis Semdeg
damatebiT erTi imdeni. amdenad, mocemuli xaziT, faqtiuri
Semosavlebi Seadgenda 7 miliard dolars.
amgvarad, gaTvlebi adastureben, rom savaluto efeqti
samuSao Zalis eqsportidan, minimum xuTjer aRemateba
sasaqonlo eqsportis savaluto efeqts.
Rebuloben ra yovelwliurad miliardobiT dolars,
samuSao Zalis mravalma eqsportiorma qveyanam Seiqmna
SromiTi momsaxurebis saeqsporto specializacia, romelic
xSir SemTxvevaSi erTad-erTi saimedo savaluto Semosavlis
wyaroa
qveynisaTvis.
garda
amisa
es
wyaro
mkveTrad
aumjobesebs erovnuli valutis mdgomareobas. xolo TurqeTma
da yofilma iugoslaviam sakuTari valutis konvertirebad
valutad qceva SeZles imis wyalobiT, rom maTi sagadamxdelo
balansi mudmivad iyo orientirebuli SromiT fulad
gzavnilebze. am mxriv arc saqarTveloa gamonaklisi.

53

procesi qveynebs ubrunebs gamdidrebul SromiT resursebs,

rogorc iribi, aseve pirdapiri gagebiT. saWiroa qveyanam
SesZlos Wkvianurad gamoiyenos es fasdaudebeli kapitali,
Seuqmnas maT xelsayreli ekonomikuri, socialuri, moraluri
da Tundac politikuri garemo.
gansakuTrebulad
unda
aRiniSnos
is
sargebeli,
romelsac iRebs mTlianobaSi ara mxolod ekonomika, aramed
saxelmwifo biujetic samuSao Zalis eqsportidan.
mraval
qveyanaSi
emigrantebi
ixdian
pirdapir
gadasaxadebs biujetSi, Tu amgvari ram miTiTebulia kanonSi
an saxelmwifoTa Soris SeTanxmebebSi. magaliTad TurqeTSi
axalgazrda
emigrantebi
(emigracia
ki
rogorc
wesi
axalgazrdaa) saxelmwifo biujets uxdian specialur
gadasaxads
savaldebulo
samxedro
samsaxuris
gadavadebisaTvis.
rig qveynebSi emigracia saSualebas iZleva gaswordes
samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis procesis xarvezebi. samuSao
Zalis gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebis kuTxiT es saSualebas
iZleva
gaizardos
maTi
rogorc
raodenobrivi
aseve
Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi.
gasagebia,
rom
saerTaSoriso
migracia,
bunebrivi
ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo, yovelTvis mimarTulia Sromis
dabali
anazRaurebis
mqone
qveynebidan
ufro
maRali
anazRaurebis mqone qveynebisaken.

Tavi VII. kapitalis saerTaSoriso migracia, rogorc

sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa forma.
7.1. kapitalis saerTaSoriso migracia

sameurneo cxovrebis internacionalizacia

aZlierebs
qveynebs Soris ara mxolod saqonlisa da samuSao Zalis
gadaadgilebas, aramed astimulirebs kapitalis migraciasac.
kapitalisa da saqonlis moZraoba saxelmwifo erovnul
sazRvrebze
mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan.
sazRvargareT
saqonlis
realizaciisas
xdeba
mxolod
Rirebulebis formis cvla. sagareo vaWroba Tavisi bunebiT
daiyvaneba saqonlis rogorc samomxmareblo Rirebulebebis
gacvlaze. rac Seexeba kapitalis gatanas, igi warmoadgens
Rirebulebis fulad an sasaqonlo formaSi sazRvargareT
calmxriv gadaadgilebas erTaderTi mizniT: miRebul iqnas
samewarmeo mogeba an procentebi. Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben
samewarmeo da sasesxo kapitalebis eqsportis cnebebs.
samewarmeo
kapitalis
gatana
warmoadgens
grZelvadian
sazRvargareTul investiciebs, romelic iwvevs sazRvargareT
filialebis, Svilobili an erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmnas.
kapital dabandeba, ganxorcielebuli sazRvargareT, romelic
uzrunvelyofs masze investoris kontrols, iwodeba pirdapir
sazRvargreTul investiciad. saerTaSoriso statistikaSi maT
rogorc wesi miakuTvneben iseT investiciebs, rodesac ucxoel
investors ekuTvnis saaqcio kapitalis ara naklebi 25 %.
sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis sferoSi, sasesxo
kapitalis
moZraoba,
saerTaSoriso
kreditis
saxiT
gvevlineba. anu warmoadgens sasaqonlo an fuladi formis
sesxs, romelsac gadascems kreditori erTi qveynidan
msesxebelze meore saxelmwifoSi vadianobis, dabrunebadobis
da procentis gadaxdis pirobiT. farTo gagebiT es mcneba
aseve moicavs sazRvargareTul saportfelo investiciebs, anu

.
1.
;
2.
;
3.
.

54

kapitalis dabandebas ucxour obligaciebsa da sxva fasian

qaRaldebSi Semosavlis miRebis mizniT, da ara msesxeblis
sameurneo saqmianobaze kontrolis mizniT.
sagareo vaWrobisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac farTo
gavrceleba hpova jer kidev kapitalizmamde, kapitalis gatana
sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis umniSvnelovanesi forma gaxda
mxolod ganviTarebis im stadiaze, roca samrewvelod
ganviTarebul qveynebSi kapitalis dagrovebam gigantur
masStabebs miaRwia da warmoSva misi fardobiTi siWarbe.
pirvelsawyisad kapitalis eqsporti xorcieldeboda
metropoliidan
msoflio
meurneobis
periferiebisaken
upiratesad sasesxo formiT, saxelmwifos mxridan raime
arsebiTi mxardaWeris gareSe.
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis zrdam, kolonializmis
sistemis
msxvrevam,
samecniero-teqnikurma
progresma
da
msoflio ekonomikis Rrma struqturulma cvlilebebma,
ganapiroba kapitalis saerTaSoriso migraciis xasiaTis,
formebisa
da
mimarTulebebis
seriozuli
cvlilebebi.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi mas Semdegi ganmasxvaveebeli niSnebi
aqvs:
saxelmwifos
rolis
zrda
kapitalis
gatanaSi.
samrewvelod ganviTarebul qveynebSi saxelmwifo ara Tu
xels uwyobs kapitalis gatanis process aramed Tavad aris
finansuri
resursebis
eqsportiori.
magaliTad
aSS-Si
saxelmwifos wili kapitalis eqsportis saerTo moculobaSi,
1%-ze naklebi iyo meore msoflio omis dawyebamde, amJamad ki
misi wili 26%-s aRemateba. saxelmwifo kapitalis gatana
ZiriTadSi
ganviTarebad
qveynebSi
xorcieldeba
da
SeRavaTiani kreditis an grantis saxe aqvs da rac
ganviTarebaSi oficialuri daxmarebis saxeliT iwodeba.
misi ZiriTadi mizani mdgomareobs ar maqsimaluri mogebis
miRebaSi, aramed ganviTarebad samyaroSi industrialurad
ganviTarebuli
qveynebis
grZelvadiani
ekonomikuri
da
politikuri
interesebis
uzrunvelyofaSi.
saxelmwifo
saxsrebi
am
qveyanebSi
ara
mxolod
ormxriv,
aramed
mravalmxriv safuZvelzec (saerTaSoriso da regionaluri
finansuri institutebis meSveobiT) gadadis.
kerZo
kapitalis
migraciis
procesis
gaZliereba
ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris. amJamad am qveynebze modis kerZo

kapitalis mTliani eqsportis 3/4. ganviTarebadi qveynebis

wili
saerTaSoriso
investiciebsa
da
kreditebSi
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. es aixsneba ara mxolod bevri
maTganis mZime ekomomikuri da finansuri mdgomareobiT. kerZo
kapitalis gatanis mimarTulebebis cvlileba upirveles
yovlisa ukavSirdeba im Rrma struqturul Zvrebs, romelic
ganapiroba samecniero-teqnikurma progresma (samecniero da
kapitaltevadi teqnologiebis danergva, nedleulis rolis
fardobiTi daknineba, samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis mimarT
moTxovnebis zrda). garda amisa
aSS da zogierTi sxva
samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveyana saWiroebda mniSvnelovan
kreditebs saxelmwifo biujetisa da sagadamxdelo balansis
deficitis finansirebisaTvis.
pirdapiri sazRvargareTuli investiciebis wilis zrda.
Tu
pirveli
msoflio
omis
dasawyisisaTvis
pirdapir
sazRvargareTul
investiciebs
miekuTvneboda
ucxouri
kapitaldabandebebis
mxolod
1/10,
21-e
saukunis
dasawyisisaTvis
aSS-Si
maTze
modioda
kerZo
sazRvargareTuli investiciebis 1/3. pirdapiri investiciebis
nakadis
gafarToeba
dakavSirebulia
warmoebis
internacionalizaciis
mzard
donesTan,
integraciuli
procesebisa da tnk-bis ganviTarebasTan.
amgvari kapitaldabandebebis ganxorcielebis motivaciis
safuZvels
warmoadgens
uaxlesi
teqnologiebis
xelmisawvdomad
qcevisaken
miswrafeba,
gasaRebis
bazrebTan
warmoebis miaxloeba, proteqcionistuli barierebis gverdis
avlis survili, ekonomia gadasaxadebSi, garemos dacvaze
xarjebis Semcirebisaken ltolva da a.S.

7.2. sasesxo kapitalis msoflio bazari

qveynebs Soris fuladi kapitalis migracia umetes

wilad
xorcieldeba
sasesxo
kapitalis
bazris
gadamanawilebeli meqanizmebis meSveobiT.
sasesxo
kapitalis
bazris
formireba
msoflio
meurneobis Camoyalibebis palarelurad mimdinareobda. es
procesi Tavs amJRavnebda yvela qveynis saerTaSoriso

55

sakredito
urTierTobebSi
CarTvasa
da
fardobiTad
damoukidebeli
nacionaluri
sakredito
bazrebis
mravalricxovani
arxebiT
urTierT
dakavSirebaSi.
maTi
urTierT

CaxlarTva
gamoxatavs
swored
sasesxo
kapitalebis msoflio bazris mcnebas.
sasesxo
kapitalebis
msoflio
bazari,
uSualod
gvevlineba, rogorc sxvadasxva qveynis yvela msesxeblisa da
gamsesxeblis moTxovna-miwodebis erToblioba. funqcionaluri
daniSnulebiT, is warmoadgens, msoflio masStabiT finansuri
resursebis
akumulirebisa
da
gadanawilebis
meqanizms.
fuladi saxsrebis giganturi masis gardaqmna sasesxo
kapitalad da maTi gadanawileba qveynebs Soris sabazro
meqanizmebiT, aCqarebs msoflio ekonomikis struqturul
Zvrebs, aZlierebs warmoebis internacionalizaciis process.
sasesxo
kapitalebis
msoflio
bazarze
mimdinare
operaciebis ekonomikuri arsidan gamomdinare, igi SeiZleba
gavmijnoT or ZiriTad seqtorad: msoflio fuladi bazari da
kapitalebis msoflio bazari.
pirveli maTgani gansazRvravs sasesxo kapitalis,
romelic funqcionirebs rogorc yidvisa da gadaxdis
saerTaSoriso saSualeba, (upiratesad depozitebis saxiT)
moTxovna miwodebas ( miwodebuli sesxebi moklevadian saxes
atarebs). isini gaTvaliswinebulia momsaxurebis sferos
momsaxurebaze, umetes wilad saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.
meore seqtorSi sasesxo kapitali gvevlineba ara
rogorc fuli, aramed rogorc TviTmzardi Rirebuleba.
sesxeba aq xorcieldeba xangrZlivi vadiT da gamoiyeneba
kapitaldabandebaTa finansirebisaTvis. kapitalebis msoflio
bazari
amgvari
saxiT
emsaxureba
gafarToebuli
kvvlavwarmoebis
process
msoflio
masStabiT.
sesxebis
formebis da mixedviT kapitalTa msoflio bazari, Tavis
mxriv iyofa sakredito bazrad da fasiani qaRaldebis
bazrebad.
sasesxo kapitalebis msoflio bazris zemoT moyvanili
dayofa, garkveulwilad pirobiTia. praqtikaSi, nasesxebi
saSualebebis daniSnulebis da saboloo gamoyenebis zusti
dadgena, yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli. msoflio fuladi
bazari da kapitalebis msoflio bazari organuladaa
urTierT dakavSirebuli. maTi urTierTqmedeba gansakuTrebiT

TvalsaCinoa moklevadiani resursebis saSualovadian an

grZelvadian da saportfelo investiciebSi transformaciisas.
sasesxo kapitalebis msoflio bazars gansakuTrebuli
institucionaluri struqtura aqvs. mis xerxemals bazris
profesionali
monawileni
qmnian,
romlebic
asruleben
Suamavlis rols saboloo msesxeblebsa da msoflios yvela
kreditors
Soris.
maT
miekuTvnebian
umsxvilesi
transnacionaluri bankebi, safinanso kompaniebi, safondo
birjebi da sxva safinanso-sakredito dawesebulebani.
sakredito-finansuri
dawesebulebebis
ZiriTad
klientebs, romlebic msesxeblebad gvevlinebian warmoadgenen
transnacionaluri
kompaniebi,
saxelmwifo
organoebi,
saerTaSoriso da regionaluri organizaciebi.
kapitalebis
msoflio
bazars
gansazRvruli
geografiuli lokalizaciac axasiaTebs. is Tavis TavSi
moicavs mraval saerTaSoriso finansuri centrs, romlebic
sasesxo
kapitalebis
udidesi
masis
akumilirebasa
da
ganawilebas axdenen mTeli msoflios masStabiT. swored aq
xorcieldeba msoflioSi mimdinare yvela saerTaSoriso
savaluto, sadepozito, sakredito, saemisio da sadazRvevo
operaciebis lomis wili.
saerTaSoriso
finansuri
centris
normaluri
funqcionerebisaTvis aucilebelia garkveuli winapirobebis
arseboba: mocemuli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali
done;
misi
aqtiuri
monawileoba
msoflio
vaWrobaSi:
kapitalis
qmediTunariani
erovnuli
bazrisa
da
ganviTarebuli
sabanko
sistemis
arseboba;
liberaluri
savaluto da SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado sistema; xelsayreli
geografiuli
mdebareoba;
fardobiTi
politikuri
stabiluroba da a.S.
dasavluri
samyaros
wamyvan
finansur
centrad
samarTlianad iTvleba niu-iorki, romelic efuZvneba aSS-s
mZlavr ekonomikas da kapitalis Zalzed tevad bazars.
gansakuTrebiT didia misi roli aqciebisa da obligaciebis
emisiaSi, agreTve fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobaSi. niu-iorkis
safondo birJas badali ara hyavs msoflioSi.
mTavar
evropul
safinanso
centrs
warmoadgens
londoni.
mas
msoflioSi
pirveli
adgili
uWiravs
saerTaSoriso
savaluto,
sadepozito
da
sakredito

56

operaciebis moculobiT. tradiciuli grZelvadiani sesxebis

sferoSi dasavleT evropaSi gamoirCeva ciurixi da mainisfranqfurti.
luqsemburgi
specializirdeba
mokle
da
saSualo vadian sakredito operaciebze.
ukanasknel periodSi ganuxrelad matulobs tokios,
rogorc
saerTaSoriso
finansuri
centris
roli
da
mniSvneloba. amas xels uwyobs iaponiis gadaqceva dasavleTis
samyaros udides kreditorad da iaponiis kapitalis bazris
liberalizacia.
SedarebiT axlaxans Seiqmna axali finansuri centrebi
msoflio meurneobis periferiebSi. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba
singapuri,
honkongi,
baxreini,
panama,
agreTve
bahamis,
seiSelisa da niderlandebis antiliis kunZulebi. maT miiRes
ofSoris saxelwodeba. es niSnavs, rom aq finansuri
operaciebi ar eqceva nacionaluri regulirebis qveS. umetes
maTgans agreTve SeRavaTiani savaluto reJimi axasiaTebs, rac
transnacionalur bankebsa da korporaciebs izidavs. amgvar
sagadasaxado TavSesafrebSi xSirad mxolod registrirdeba
garigeba, romelic realurad samyaros sruliad sxva nawilSi
xorcieldeba.
kapitalebis msoflio bazris ganviTareba xasiTdeboda
Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiTa da ara TanabarzomierebiT. erTis
mxriv, warmoebis mzardi internacionalizacia erovnuli
kapitalebis urTierT gadaxlarTvas uwyobs xels, xolo
meores mxriv, garkveul etapebze saxelmwifos Careva sagareo
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sferoSi, asustebda qveynebs
Soris finansuri resursebis gadanawilebis sabazro meqanizms,
zRudavda da aCerebda kidec kerZo sasesxo kapitalis sxva
qveynebSi gatanas. amas adgili hqonda msoflio omebis dros,
politikuri kataklizmebisa da seriozuli ekonomikuri
krizisebis periodebSi (magaliTad didi depresia aSS-Si
1929-1933 wlebSi)
ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, aSkarad
dominirebda pirveli tendencia. am periodSi samecnieroteqnikuri
progresis,
warmoebis
internacionalizaciis
procesi gaaqtiurebis, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis elviseburi
ganviTarebis
da
sxva
faqtorTa
gavleniT,
SeiniSneba
kapitalebis msoflio bazris grigalisebri ganviTareba. bevri
samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveyana kapitalebis moZraobisa

da finansuri bazrebis TandaTanobiTi liberalizaciis

politikas atarebda. magram maTi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi
sul ufro winaaRmdegobrivi xdeboda msoflio meurneobis
obieqtiur
moTxovnebTan
mimarTebaSi.
es
winaaRmdegoba
stiqiurad gadaiWra XX saukunis 50-60 wlebSi saerTaSoriso
sasesxo
kapitalebis
realuri
bazris,
egreTwodebuli
evrobazris warmoqmniT.
evrobazari
warmoadgens
fuladi
saxsrebis
erTobliobas aSS dolarsa da sxva valutaSi, romelic
funqcionirebs sasesxo kapitalis saxiT erovnul sazRvrebs
gareT da ar eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo organoebis kontrols.
evrobazari iqca kapitalebis msoflio bazris birTvad.
warmoqmnis
momentidan
evrobazari
viTardeba
gansakuTrebulad maRal tempebSi. 1979 wels misi saerTo
moculoba udrida 1 trilion dolars. ukve 1988 wlisaTvis
gadalaxuli iqna 5 trilioniani zRvari. bankebs Soris
ganmeorebadi depozituri operaciebis gamoklebiT, evrobazris
sufTa
moculobam
Seadgina
2,5
trilioni
dolari.
kapitalebis
msoflio
bazris
erToblivma
moculobam,
kapitalis erovnul bazarze mimdinare saerTaSoriso sasesxo
operaciebis CaTvliT, ukve 1988 wlisaTvis Seadgina 3,2
trilioni dolari (ganmeorebadi aRricxvis gareSe).
evrobazris ganviTarebis kvalobaze, erovnuli bazrebis
mniSvneloba sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso migraciis
procesSi, Sesustda. magaliTad ukve 1988 wlisaTvis, axali
saobligacio sesxebis moculoba evrobazarze 3,7 jer
aRemateboda
axali
ucxouri
emisiuri
obligaciebis
moculobas
kapitalebis
erovnul
bazarze.
sabanko
dakreditebis sferoSi, evrobazris upiratesoba kidev ufro
aSkaraa (daaxloebiT 12,4 jer).
80-ani
wlebidan,
kapitalebis
msoflio
bazarze
gamoikveTa
sasesxo
operaciebis
gafarToebis
aSkara
tendencia, romelic ganxorcielebulia fasiani qaRaldebis
gamoSvebiT (e.w. sekiuritizacia). Tu 1979 wels evrobazareze
gacemuli kreditebis moculoba 4,4 jer aRemateboda
amave
bazarze
evroobligaciebis
emisias,
ukve
1983
wlidan
saerTaSoriso obligaciuri sesxebis gamoSveba mudmivad
aRemateba sakredito operaciebis moculobas.

57

kapitalebis erovnul bazrebze, ucxouri sesxebis emisia

kidev
ufro
aRemateba
ucxour
msesxeblebze
gacemul
kreditebs (saSualod 5 jer).
arsebiTi cvlilebebia sesxebis procesis geografiul
struqturaSic.
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
sagareo
davalianebebis krizisis pirobebSi, gauaresda maT mier
kapitalebis
msoflio
bazridan
resursebis
mozidvis
SesaZleblobani. maTi wili ganxorcielebuli axali sesxebis
saerTo moculobaSi 80 wlebis Sua periodis 23%-dan, saukunis
bolos 5%-mde daeca. Sesabamisad gaizarda samrewvelod
ganviTarebuli qveynebis xvedriTi wili (71%-dan 91%-mde).
aRmosavleT
evropis
qveynebis
wili
praqtikulad
ar
Secvlila da darCa 1%-s doneze, xolo saerTaSoriso
finansuri organizaciebisa da sxva msesxeblebis
wili ki
umniSvnelod Semcirda (5%-dan 3%-mde). gansakuTrebulad
garTulda
ara
pirveli
klasis
msesxeblebisaTvis
saerTaSoriso saobligacio bazrebze SeRwevis SesaZlebloba.
magaliTad 2000 wels, axali obligaciuri sesxebis saerTo
moculobis 3,6 % modioda ganviTarebad qveynebze, maSin
rodesac samrewvelod ganviTarebul qveynebma miiRes 89,5%,
aRmosavleT
evropis
qveynebma
mxolod
0,8%,
xolo
saerTaSoriso da regionalurma organizaciebma ki 6,1%.
sasesxo operaciebis savaluto struqturaSi, bolo
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba aSS-s dolaris, msoflios
wamyvani valiutis wili. Tu 70-an wlbSi am valutaze modioda
ucxour valutaSi gamosaxuli
sazRvargareTuli sabanko
aqtivebis 3/4, saukunis bolosaTvis es maCvenebeli 59%-mde
daeca. Sesabamisad amaRlda sxva valutebis wili: 1990
wlisaTvis germanuli marka 13%, iaponuri iena 7%, Sveicaruli
franki 5%-iT da a.S. amerikul valutis roli kidev ufro
dakninda evrovalutis mimoqcevaSi Semosvlis mere. unda
aRiniSnos, rom
gansakuTrebiT Sesustda saerTaSoriso
saobligacio bazarze amerikuli valutis poziciebi.

7.3. saerTaSoriso krediti da misi roli msoflio

ekonomikaSi

saerTaSoriso krediti jer kidev feodaluri epoqis

xrwnis periodSi Caisaxa. pirvel sawyisad igi warmoadgenda
savaxSo kreditis gansakuTrebul nairsaxeobas da ZiriTadad
gamoiyeneboda omebisa da evropeli monarqebis sasaxlis karis
Senaxvis dasafinanseblad. saerTaSoriso kreditma ganviTareba
hpova warmoebis mzardi internacionalizaciis safuZvelze.
man daiwyo kvlavwarmoebis procesis momsaxureba msoflio
masStabiT.
saerTaSoriso krediti, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria
asaxavs urTierTobebs romelic yalibdeba sxvadasva qveynis
kreditorebsa
da
msesxeblebs
Soris,
sesxis
miRebis,
gamoyenebisa da procentiT dafarvis procesSi. am urTierTobaTa subieqtebs warmoadgenen saxelmwifoebi, bankebi da sxva
sakredito dawesebulebani, arasafinanso kompaniebi, agreTve
sxva fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. saerTaSoriso krediti,
rogorc
sawarmoo
urTierTobebis
elementi,
mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli sasaqonlo warmoebis sxva kategoriebTan
(procenti, mogeba, savaluto kursi, sagadamxdelo balansi da
a.S)
samrewvelod ganviTarebul qveynebSi, saerTaSoriso
sakredito urTierTobaTa subieqtebad, ZiriTadSi kerZo
sawarmoebi da organizaciebi gvevlinebian. maTSi wamyvani
roli saerTaSoriso transnacionalur korporaciebs, bankebsa
da sadazRvevo kompaniebs
ekuTvniT. kreditorTa da
msesxebelTaA ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens procentis
an
samewarmeo mogebis saxiT maqsimaluri Semosavlis miReba.
sasesxo procentis warmoSobis wyaroa zedmeti Rirebuleba,
romelic movale qveyanaSi iqmneba.
saerTaSoriso krediti, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa
sferoSi, mTel rig umniSvnelovanes funqciebs asrulebs.
pirveli, igi uzrunvelyofs finansuri da materialuri
resursebis gadanawilebas qveynebs Soris, saSualebas aZlevs
maT gamoiyenenon isini meti efeqturobiT an daikmayofilon

58

yvelaze mwvave moTxovna sasesxo saSualebebze. meore,

saerTaSoriso krediti, msoflio
meurneobis masStabiT
aZlierebs
dagrovebis
process,
warmarTavs
droebiT
Tavisufal saxsrebs erTi qveynidan kapitaldabandebaTa
dasafinanseblad meore qveyanaSi. da mesame, saerTaSoriso
krediti aZlierebs realizaciis process msoflio masStabiT,
da amiT afarToebs gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebis sazRvrebs.
saerTaSoriso kreditis funqciidan gamomdinareobs misi
mniSvnelovani roli msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebaSi,
romelsac rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri Sedegebi aqvs.
erTis mxriv, saerTaSoriso krediti xels uwyobs
sawarmoo Zalebis, warmoebis internacionalizaciisa da
gacvlis procesebis ganviTarebas. is warmoadgens msoflio
vaWrobis gafarToebis mZlavr faqtors warmoSobs ra
msesxebel
qveynis
bazarze
damatebiT
moTxovnas.
gansakuTrebiT
didia
saerTaSoriso
kreditis
roli
sazRvargareT manqanebisa da mowyobilobebis realizaciis
saqmeSi.
amgvari
produqciis
eqsportis
dakrediteba
warmoadgens msoflio bazarze konkurenciuli brZolis
mZlavr iaraRs. saerTaSoriso krediti aseve warmoSobs
movale
qveyanaSi
pirdapiri
ucxouri
investiciebis
Semodinebis xelSemwyob winapirobebs da uSualod gamoiyeneba
ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnis calkeuli proeqtebisa
da mTliani programebis finansirebisaTvis.
meores
mxriv,
saerTaSoriso
kredits
SeuZlia
xelovnurad gaafarToos kreditor qveynebSi saqonlebis
warmoebisa da realizaciis sazRvrebi, riTac gaaRrmavebs
maTi ekonomikis disproporciebs da amZafrebs savaWro
balansebis gauwonasworeblobas. kidev ufro usiamovno
Sedegebi SeiZleba moyves msesxebeli qveynisaTvis zedmetad
didi ucxouri kreditebis mozidvasa da maTi gamoyenebis
dabal efeqturobas. movale qveynebidan procentebisa da
dividendebis saxiT erovnuli Semosavlis mniSvnelovani
wilis amoqaCvas SeuZlia seriozulad daartyas am qveynebis
gadaxdis
unarianobas
da
seriozulad
daarRvios
kvlavwarmoebis
procesi.
swored
amaze
miuTiTebs
ganviTarebadi qveynebis davalianebaTa krizisi. 1970 wlidan
ganviTarebadi qveynebis sagareo davalianeba gaizardi 10- jer
da TiTqmis trilion dolars aRwevda. magram finansuri

nakadebis mZlavrma Semodinebam, ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi

nawilisaTvis, ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis molodini ver
gaumarTla. ucxouri kreditebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda ara
mwarmoebluri miznebisaTvis _ Zalzed xarjiani prestiJuli
proeqtebisaTvis, iaraRis SesaZenad, sagadamxdelo balansis
deficitis dasafarad da a.S. paralelurad ganuxrelad
izrdeboda sagareo valebis momsaxurebis xarjebi, rasac 80-an
wlebSi saprocento ganakveTebis zrdamac Seuwyo xeli.
sagareo vali bevri qveynisaTvis autanel tvirTad iqca.
magaliTad meqsika 1982 wels, Semdgom argentina 2000 wels
aRmoCnden gadaxdis uunaroni da defolti realobad iqca.
Zveli valebisa da maTze ricxuli procentebis dasafarad
isini iTxoven valebis restruqturizaciasa da axali
kreditebis gamoyofas. miuxedavad sagareo davalianebis
Semdgomi zrdisa, ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelsayofad,
ganviTarebadma qveynebma ara Tu ver miiRes saWiro resursebi,
aramed iZulebulni arian giganturi Tanxebi daubrunon
TavianT kreditorebs. Tu ki finansuri resursebis wminda
nakadi ganviTarebad qveynebSi 1982 wlisaTvis Seadgenda 140
miliard dolars, Semdgom wlebSi igi transformirda wminda
gadinebad
qveyanaSi
(85
miliardi
dolari
saSualod
weliwadSi). Sedegad, ganviTarebad qveynebSi praqtikulad
Sewyda ekonomikuri zrda, Semcirda erT sul mosaxleze
gaangariSebiT Semosavlebi da moxmareba, xolo ekonomikaSi
kapitaldabandebani umsxvilesi davalianebis mqone qveynebSi
daeca 1970 wlis doneze.
7.4. kapitalebis msoflio bazarze sakredito
operaciaTa ZiriTadi saxeebi

msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso kreditis

mravalferovani formebi, romlebic SeiZleba ramodenime
ZiriTadi niSnis mixedviT dakvalificirdes.
Tavisi
miznobrivi
daniSnulebis
mixedviT,
saerTaSoriso krediti iyofa dakavSirebul da safinanso
kreditad.
dakavSirebul
kreditebs
mkacri
miznobrivi
daniSnuleba aqvT, romelic dafiqsirebulia sakredito
xelSekrulebaSi.
maT
ricxvs
ganekuTvneba
komerciuli

59

kapitalebis
msoflio
bazari,
farTo
gagebiT
mTlianobaSi moicavs saerTaSoriso sakredito operaciebis
mTel erTobliobas. Tumca praqtikaSi es sityva viwro gagebiT
gamoiyeneba da vrceldeba mxolod qveynebs Soris Tavisufali
sasesxo kapitalis moZraobaze. masSi ar CairTveba magaliTad
saxelmwifoTaSorisi kreditebi, sagareo vaWrobis pirdapiri
dakrediteba da sxva dakavSirebuli sakredito operaciebi.
kapitalebis saerTaSoriso da sazRvargareTuli bazrebis
regularulad
qveynebadi
statistika,
Seicavs
mxolod
monacemebs safinanso kreditebze, obligaciur sesxebsa da
axal finansur instrumentebze.
amJamad safinanso kreditis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
formaa
sindicirebuli
evrokreditebi,
romlis
wyaroa
evrosavaluto
bazris
resursi.
rogorc
wesi
amgvari
kreditebis organizirebas axdenen msxvili komerciuli
bankebi, romlebic saTaveSi udganan konsorciumebs da
aTanxmeben msesxeblebTan sasesxo pirobebs. sesxis vada
umeteswilad Seadgens 5-10 weliwads. evro kreditebi rogorc
wesi gaicema roll over-is pirobiT. rac niSnavs, rom
saprocento ganakveTi ar fiqsirdeba sesxis mTel periodze,
da regularulad gadaisinjeba (yovel 3 an 6 TveSi) imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogor Seicvleba sasesxo resursis Rirebuleba
saerTaSoriso safinanso bazarze. saprocento ganakveTi
roloveruli kreditebisaTvis Sesdgeba ori nawilisagan:
sabaziso ganakveTi da marJi. bazad miiReba Sesabamis bazarze
sam an eqvsTviani bankTaSorisi sadepozito procentuli
ganakveTi
(magaliTad
libori
londonSi).
marJa
damokidebulia msesxeblis kreditunarianobasa da sabazro
koniuqturaze. is SeiZleba meryeobdes 0,25-dan 2 %-mde.
kreditis Rirebuleba moicavs agreTve sxvadasxva saxis
sakomisioebs.
saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi
gamoiyeneba
roleveruli
kreditis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis sxvadasxva forma da piroba. is
SesaZloa iTvaliswinebdes magaliTad valiutisa da kreditis
moculobis
cvlilebas
misi
gamoyenebis
romeliRac
Sualeduri periodis dadgomisas. kreditis dafarvas nawilnawil an erTianad, vadamdeli dafarvis SesaZleblobas da a.S.

kreditebi, romelic gaicema gansazRvruli saqonlis SesaZenad

an momsaxurebis xarjebis asanazRaureblad; sainvestico
kreditebi,
romelic
gaTvaliswinebulia
konkretuli
obieqtebis Sesaqmnelad da a.S. maTgan gansxvavebiT, safinanso
kreditebs ar axasiaTebT mkacrad gansazRvruli miznobrivi
daniSnuleba.
maTi
gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia
msesxeblis
Sexedulebebisamebr nebismieri miznisaTvis (saqonlis Sesydva,
investiciebi,
safinanso
operaciebis
ganxorcieleba,
sagadamxdelo
balansis
deficitis
dafarva,
sagareo
davalianebis dafarva da a.S) dakavSirebuli da finansuri
kreditebi
SesaZloa
erTmaneTs
avsebdnen,
magaliTad
saSemsruleblo
()
samuSaoebis
finansirebisas,
kompleqsuri mowyobilobebis miwodebisas (am ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi finansuri krediti moizideba saavanso gadaxdebis
ganxorcielebisas).
gacemis formis mixedviT, ansxvaveben sasaqonlo da
savaluto
kreditebs.
saqonluri
formiT
umeteswilad
gvevlineba komerciuli (safirmo) kreditebi, xolo fuladi
formiT, safinanso kreditebi. savaluto kreditebi gaicema
kreditori an movale qveynis valiutaSi, an sxva valutaSi
(romelime saerTaSoriso saangariSsworebo erTeulSi).
vadianobis mixedviT saerTaSoriso kreditebi iyofa
moklevadian (erT wlamde), saSualo vadian (1-dan 5-7-wlamde)
da grZelvavadian (5-7 welze meti) kreditebad. moklevadiani
krediti, rogorc wesi gamoiyeneba sgareo savaWro operaciebis
dros (gansakuTrebiT sanedleulo saqonlebiT vaWrobisas).
manqana mowyobilobebis eqsporti Cveulebriv saSualo vadiani
kreditebiT finansirdeba. grZelvadiani kreditebi ZiriTadad
gamoiyeneba infrastruqturasa da sawarmoo sferoSi investticiaTa finansirebisaTvis, maT Soris msxvilmasStabian
proeqtebSi.
saerTaSoriso kreditis gansakuTrebuli nairsaxeobaa
kapitalis saerTaSoriso da sazRvargareTul bazrebze
obligaciebis,, aqciebisa da sxva fasiani qaRaldebis emisia.
ZiriTadi Tavisebureba sesxebis am formisa mdgonareobs imaSi,
rom bankebi aq gvevlinebian Suamavlebad msesxeblebsa da
uSualo kreditorebs, anu investorebs (romlebic axorcieleben sakuTari saxsrebis fasian qaRaldebSi dabandebas)
Soris.

60

saobligacio sesxebi, rogorc wesi gamoicema mkacrad

gansazRvruli vadiT (Cveulebriv 3-15 wliT). Tumca cnobilia
pirvelxarisxovani msesxeblebis uvado obligaciaTa emisiis
SemTxvevebic.
saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi
aseve
gamoiyeneba
konvertirebadi obligaciebi, romlebic garkveul pirobebSi,
SesaZloa gaicvalos movale kompaniis aqciebze winaswar
dadgenili kursiT. ukanasknel wlebSi did investorebs Soris
didi popularobiT sargeblobs obligaciebi variantiT _
calke dokumentiT, romelic mflobels aniWebs uflebas
SeiZinos
aqciebi
garkveuli
periodis
ganmavlobaSi
fiqsirebuli
kursiT.
amgvari
fasiani
qaRaldebis
gansakuTrebuli saxea oblegaciebi oqros variantiT, romelic
aZlevs uflebas investors SeiZinos oqro myar fasebSi,
bazris koniuqturisagan damoukideblad.
80-an wlebSi sasesxo kapitalebis bazarze farTo
gavrceleba hpova sxvadasxva axalma finansurma instrumentma.
maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba e.w. evronotebi, anu mokle da
saSualo
vadiani
valdebulebani,
mcuravi
saprocento
ganakveTiT,
agreTve
fasiani
qaRaldebis
ganTavsebis
regularulad ganaxlebadi garantiebi. moklevadian finansur
dokumentebSi, TvalsaCino adgili ukavia evrokomerciul
qaRaldebs_kerZo kompaniaTa valdebulebebs, romelic gamoicema 36 Tvis vadiT, romelsac Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso
fuladi bazris sabaziso ganakveTze daricxuli aqvs mcire
marJa.

safinanso kreditebi ucxoel msesxeblebze gaicema

erovnul bazrebzec, magram is ar TamaSobs iseT mniSvnelovan
rols, rogorsac sindicirebuli evrokreditebi.
80-ani wlebidan gaizarda obligaciuri kreditebis,
rogorc kapitalis saerTaSoriso da nacionaluri bazrebidan
grZelvadiani
saSualebebis
mozidvis
formis,
roli.
obligaciuri sesxis emisiasa da ganTavsebis organizacias
anxorcielebs sabanko sindikatis xelmZRvaneli jgufi, e.w.
menejerebi. am jgufis saTaveSi dgas wamyvani menejeri,
romelic
msesxebli
kontragentis
rolSi
gamodis
da
pasuxismgebelia
investorebTan
sesxis
xelmowerisa
da
ganTavsebis
organizaciaze.
sindikatis
monawileni
(anderraiterebi) menejerebTan erTad gascemen SeTanxmebuli
kursiT sesxis mTeli moculobis ganTavsebis garantias. isini
valdebulni arian obligaciis bazarze gauvrcelebeli
fasiani qaRaldi aiRon sakuTar portfelSi.
saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi
gamoiyeneba
obligaciuri
kreditis sxvadasxva formebi. am tipis sesxis gacemis
klasikuri
variantia,
fasiani
qaRaldebis
nacionalur
bazarze, adgilobrivi bankebis sindikatis mier, Sesabamis
valutaSi, mocemuli qveynis safondo birJaze kotirebuli
ucxouri obligaciebis sajaro emisia.. amJamad dominirebs
saerTaSoriso saobligacio sesxebi, romelic evrobazarze
emitirebulia mesame qveynis valutaSi
internacionaluri
Semadgenlobis monawileTa sindikatis mier.
saobligacio sesxis pirobebi didi mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva. saprocento ganakveTi SesaZloa iyos fiqsirebuli
sesxi mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, an gadaisinjebodes
saerTaSoriso fuladi bazris koniuqturis Sesabamisad.
ukanasaknel
SemTxvevaSi
igi
dgindeba
bankTaSorisi
depozitebis ganakveTebis bazaze, romelsac emateba garkveuli
marJa. amasTan xSirad dgindeba is minimaluri zRvaric,
romelze dablac saprocento ganakveTi ar unda Camovides.
iSviaTad, magram arsebobs nulovani kuponiT emitirebuli
obligaciebic, romlis procenti gaiTvaliswineba emisiuri
kursis dadgenisas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sesxis RirebulebaSi
CarTulia menejerebisa da sindikatis sxva monawileTa
sakomisio jildos Rirebuleba.

:
1.
;
2.
;
3.
;
4. .

61

saerTaSoriso gacvlebis safuZvelSi Zevs ara nacionaluri,

aramed internacionaluri Rirebuleba.
saqonlis internacionaluri Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba
sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli droiT, romelic saWiroa mis
sawarmoeblad sazogadoebrivad normalur saSualo msoflio
pirobebSi.
produqciis
erTeulze,
sazogadoebrivad
aucilebeli samuSao dro, daxarjuli iqneba
saSualo
msoflio intesivobisa da mwarmoeblurobis Sromis mier.
ganviTarebuli sasaqonlo warmoebis pirobebSi, fasis
safuZvelSi Zevs ara Rirebuleba, aramed warmoebis fasi,
romelic udris warmoebis xarjebs plius saSualo mogeba.
warmoebis danaxarjebi ganisazRvreba rogorc cocxali, aseve
warsuli Sromis danaxarjebiT. ramdenadac nedleulis,
energiis, sawarmoo mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis efeqturoba
qveynebis da mixedviT gansxvavebulia, cxadia nacionaluri
warmoebis
xarjebi
dakavSirebuli
amgvar
xarjebTan,
bunebrivia aseve gansxvavebuli aRmoCndeba. amasTan erTad,
qveynebi didad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan ara mxolod
cocxali Sromis danaxarjebiT, aramed misi anazRaurebis
doniTac.
rac Seexeba kapitalze mogebis saSualo normas TiTeul
qveyanaSi, igi yalibdeba dargebs Soris kapitalisa da samuSao
Zalis Tavisufali gadadinebiT. erovnuli saSualo mogebis
doneebi gansxvavebulia, magram es sxvaoba arcTu
maRalia.
mogebis normis nacionalur doneze gavlenas axdens warmoebis
saerTaSoriso pirobebi, amasTan, rac metadaa qveyana CarTuli
saerTaSoriso sameurneo brunvaSi, miT Zlieria amgvari
gavlena.
laparakia
ara
mxolod
samuSao
Zalis,
an
gansakuTrebiT kapitalis gadadinebis gavlenaze. Tumca
cnobilia rom, samuSao Zalisa da kapitalis gadadinebas
adgili aqvs msoflio meurneobaSic (erTi qveynidan meoreSi),
magram am process abrkolebs mTeli rigi winaRobebi rogorc
obieqturi xasiaTis, aseve nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis mTeli
rigi qmedebebisa, riTac garkveul wilad izRudeba rogorc
kapitalis, aseve samuSao Zalis migracia.
mogebis normaze gavlenas axdens aseve saqonlis
moZraobac, anuQqveynis monawileoba msoflio vaWrobaSi. Tu
warmoebis romelime dargSi, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad
orientirebulia msoflio bazarze (da aseTi dargebi sul

Tavi VIII. A warmoebis internacionaluri fasi

da misi formirebis Taviseburebani
8.1. warmoebis internacionaluri fasi

warmoebis ekonomikuri pirobebi, yovel calkeul

nacionalur
meurneobaSi
gansxvavebulia.
gansxvavebani
meurneobis
teqnikuri
uzrunvelyofis,
muSakebis
kvalifikaciis doneebsa da warmoebis bunebriv pirobebSi,
ganapirobeben
Sromis
nayofierebis
saSualo
doneebSi
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis arsebobas. es niSnavs, rom
Sromis danaxarjebi, gaweuli erTgvarovani produqciis
yoveli erTeulis warmoebaze TiTeuli qveynis mixedviT
gansxvavebuli iqneba. cxadia yovel qveyanaSi aseve yalibdeba
Sromis intensivobis sakuTari done. amitom, samuSao drois
erTi da imave monakveTSi, Sromis realuri danaxarjebi,
qveynebis mixedviT
realurad sxvadasxvaa. Tu ki imasac
gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom
am
dros
Sromis
nayofierebac
gansxvavebulia, aSkara xdeba is faqti, rom erTi da imave
droSi, calkeul qveynebSi Rirebulebis sxvadasxva sidide da
produqciis erTeuli iqmneba. cxadia ar daemTxveva arc
produqciis erTeulis Rirebuleba. yovel qveyanaSi arsebobs
saqonlis warmoebis sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli Sromis
danaxarjis sidide, rac gansazRvravs kidec mis Rirebulebas.
saqonlis
saerTaSoriso
brunvis,
warmoebis
internacionalizaciis donis zrdis kvalobaze, rac Sromis
saerTaSoriso doneze gansazogadoebis niSania, Rirebuleba
iqceva internacionalur kategoriad. calkeuli qveynebis
erovnuli Sroma sazogadoebriv aRiarebas hpovebs rogorc
msofli erToblivi Sromis raRac nawili.
Sromis danaxarjebi calkeul qveynebSi gamodis rogorc
individualuri danaxarjebi. amasTan erTad Rirebulebis
kanoni moiTxovs gansxvavebuli individualuri danaxarjebis
Sewonasworebas
sazogadoebriv
danaxarjebTan.
amitom,
saqonlis gacvla msoflio bazarze unda ganxorcieldes ara
erovnul sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli Sromis danaxarjebis
bazaze,
aramed,
saSualod
msoflio
aucilebeli
sazogadoebrivi SromiTi danaxarjebis safuZvelze. cxadia

62

erTdrouli gavleniT. gamyidveli yovelTvis dainteresebulia

fasis aweviT, maSin rodesac myidveli cdilobs SeiZinos
saqoneli ufro dabal fasSi. rodesac moTxovna da miwodeba
awonasworebs erTmaneTs, yalibdeba
wonasworuli
fasi,
romelic misaRebia, rogorc myidvelis, aseve gamyidvelisaTvisac.
grafikulad,
wonasworobis
fasi,
Seesabameba
moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertils. am
wertils
xSirad,
ingliseli
ekonomistis
_
marSalis
sapativcemod moixsenieben marSalis jvari-s saxeliT.
marSalis jvari Sedgeba (grafiki.1) ori mrudisagan:
moTxovnis mrudi, romelic ecema fasis zrdis kvalobaze da
saqonlis miwodebis mrudisagan, romelic izrdeba fasis
zrdasTan erTad. am ori mrudis gadakveTa gansazRvravs
saqonlis wonasworobis fass.
marSalis jvars aqvs neoklasikuri TeoriisaTvis
udidesi
mniSvneloba.
Mmravali
aseTi
jvari
amSvenebs
ekonomikis yvela Tanamedrove saxelmZRvanelos. swored
amgvari
grafikuli
gamosaxulebis
saSualebiT
yvelaze
advilad aixsneba mravali ekonomikuri movlenebi.

ufro metia), mogebis norma aRmoCndeba bevrad maRali vidre

mogebis saSualo norma qveyanaSi, am dargiskn wamova
kapitalebi
warmoebis
sxva
dargebidan.
ramdenadac
analogiurad ganviTardeba movlenebi xva qveynebSic, male
aRmoCndeba rom msoflio bazari gadajerebuli iqneba am
produqciiT. cxadia daiwyeba masze fasebis vardna. zemoT
Tqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom nacionalur kompaniebs Soris
konkurenciaze gavlenas axdens agreTve msoflio bazrebze
realizaciis pirobebic, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs sxvadasxva
qveynebSi mogebis normis donis daaxloebas.
amgvarad,
yovel
qveyanaSi
yalibdeba
warmoebis
erovnuli danaxarjebis garkveuli done, romelic mogebis
erovnul saSualo donesTan erTad ayalibebs waroebis
nacionalur fass, rac Tavismxriv gansazRvravs saqonlis
nacionalur fasebs.
msoflio bazarze xorcieldeba gansxvavebuli fasebis
Sedareba da msoflio fasi yalibdeba im nacionaluri fasebis
gavleniT,
romelTa
safuZvelSi
warmoebis
msoflio
masStabiT sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli danaxarjebi Zevs, anu
warmoebis internacionaluri fasi. is ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc erovnuli warmoebis fasebis
raRac saSualo
ariTmetikuli sidide. internacionalur masStabSi warmoebis
sazogadoebrivad
aucilebeli
danaxarjebi
yalibdeba
umeteswilad saqonlis warmoebis pirobebiT im qveyanaSi,
romelic wamyvania mocemuli saqonlis msoflio bazarze
miwodebaSi.
amavdroulad,
nacionaluri
bazrisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelSic saqonlis umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli,
umsxvilesi
mimwodebelicaa,
msoflio
bazarze
xSirad
saqonlis meti wilis realizacias axdenen qveynebi, romelTa
wilic msoflio warmoebaSi mniSvnelovnad dabalia.
8.2. msoflio fasebze moTxovnisa da miwodebis
gavlena.

warmoebis
internacionaluri
fasi,
warmoadgens
internacionaluri Rirebulebis saxeSecvlil formas da
warmoadgens mowodebis mxridan fasis safuZvels. magram
sabazro meurneobaSi fasi yalibdeba moTxovna-miwodebis

1.

63

naturaluri kauCukiT vaWrobas, rac asev gavlenas iqoniebs

masze msoflio fasis formirebaze da a.S.
ramdenadac msoflio bazarze samuSao Zalisa da
kapitalebis
Tavisufali
gadadinebis
SesaZleblobani
fardobiTad SezRudulia, msoflio bazarze moTxovnis
miwodebaze metobis (an piriqiT) periodebi SesaZloa ufro
xangrZlivi iqnes, vidre erovnul meurneobaSi. ama Tu im
saqonelze sakmaod stabiluri da mdgradi moTxovnis
pirobebSi, qveyana romelic SesZlebs erovnuli Sromis
nayofierebis
amaRlebasa
da
Sesabamisad
produqciis
erTeulze erovnuli danaxarjebis Semcirebas, moaxerxebs
gayidos es saqoneli msoflio bazarze fasiT, romelic
Seesabameba adre Camoyalibebul msoflio fass, romelic
regulirdeboda warmoebis msoflio saSualo, an Tundac
uares pirobebSi warmoebis fasiT, da Sesabamisad miiRos
garkveuli
drois
ganmavlobaSi
ufro
maRali
mogeba
(zemogeba).
msoflio
bazris
gansakuTrebuloba
moTxovna
miwodebis kuTxiT mdgomareobs imaSi rom, im calkeul
qveynebs, romlebic mocemul saqonlebs awarmoeben msoflio
masStabiT maRali danaxarjebiT SeuZliaT (da es xSirad
xdeba) satarifo an arasatarifo barierebis SeqmniT SezRudon
an saerTod ar SemouSvan sakuTar bazrebze saqoneli,
romelic warmoebulia ufro naklebi danaxarjebis pirobebSi.
es niSnavs, rom msoflio moTxovna ukeTes pirobebSi
warmoebul saqonlebze mcirdeba, rac TavisTavad aisaxeba
saqonlis
msoflio
fasze.
amitom
qveynebi
romlebic
awarmoeben saqonels ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT, veRar
SesZleben
srulfasovnad
isargeblon
sakuTari
upiratesobebiT msoflio bazarze. miuxedavad, calkeul
saqonlebze
moTxovna-miwodebis
gavleniT
calkeul
saqonlebze
msoflio
fasebis
mniSvnelovani
gadaxrisa
warmoebis
erovnuli
fasidan
(msoflio
masStabiT
sazogadoebrivad
aucilebeli
saSualo
danaxarjebidan),
moTxovna miwodebis moqmedebis igive meqanizmi, rogorc Cans
xels uwyobs fasis midrekilebas dauaxlovdes saSualo
danaxarjebis dones.
msoflio fasi, romlis safuZvelSic, rogorc wesi
warmoebis
internacionaluri
fasi
devs,
warmoadgens

ekonomikur TeoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs

agreTve sxvadsxva efeqtebi da paradoqsebi, romlebic
gviCvenebs ekonomikur kanonTa ucnaur gamovlenebs, xSirad
maT dazustebas, rom saWiroebs da gadaxedvasac ki. rogorc
wesi, isini gamoiyeneba ekonomistTa mier sxvadsxva Teoriis,
aseve hipoTezaTa da ideaTa sailustraciod, amitom maTi
codna sasargebloa.
moTxovna-miwodebis
Tanafardobidan
gamomdinare
romeli danaxarjebis ra doneze iqneba orientirebuli fasi?.
Tu moTxovna Zalzed mniSvnelovania, maSin msoflio fasi
SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes warmoebis uaresi pirobebis (Tundac
maTi wili msoflio bazarze iyos umniSvnelo) Sesabamis
warmoebis
fasis
doneze,
rac
saSualebas
miscems
mwarmoeblebs am qveynebidan gavidnen msoflio bazarze da
miiRon
mogeba.
warmoebis
saSualo
da
gansakuTrebiT
saukeTeso pirobebis mqone qveynebSi, mwarmoeblis mogeba
iqneba
sakmarisad
maRali,
rac
mocemul
biznesSi
kapitaldabandebebis zrdis stimuli gaxdeba. warmoebis
Sesabamisi zrda am qveynebSi gazrdis bazarze miwodebas.
Sesabamisad fasi daiwyebs klebas da igi Camoyalibdeba
doneze, romelic daaxloebs saqonlis fass warmoebis
msoflio saSualo pirobebSi sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli
danaxarjebis donesTan.
Tu ki sasaqonlo masa msoflio bazarze mniSvnelovnad
aWarbebs am saqonelze moTxovnas, maSin msoflio fass
gansazRvraven saqonlebi, romlebic damzadebulia msoflioSi
saukeTeso warmoebis pirobebSi. warmoebis cudi, da Tundac
saSualo pirobebis mqone qveynebis mwarmoebelebi iZulebulni
iqnebian datovon bazari. miwodebis Semcireba TandaTan
Seamcirebs
mocemul
saqonelze
fasebis
vardnas
da
ganapirobebs saqonelze msoflio fasis kvlav warmoebis
saSualo pirobebSi Camoyalibebuli warmoebis fasisken
moZraobas.
mocemul saqonelze moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobaze
gavlenas axdens sxva bazrebze im saqonlebis miwodebac,
romelTac
analogiuri
samomxmareblo
Tvisebebi
aqvT.
magaliTad sinTetikuri kauCukiT vaWrobis zrda amcirebs

64

konstruqcia
da
Tundac
mwarmoebluroba,
SesaZloa
gansxvavdebodnen saimedoobiT, eqspluataciis vadianobiT,
woniT, xarixiT da aS. warmoebis mocemul pirobebSi msoflio
teqnikuri done, anu xarisxis msoflio standarti, yalibdeba
yovel calkeul manqanasa da danadgarze.
ramdenadac
momxmarebeli
bazarze
irCevs
ukeTesi
samomxmareblo Tvisebis saqonels, mwarmoebelic cxadia
aqeTken iqneba orientirebuli. magram warmoebis danaxarjebi,
romlebic ukavSirdeba saqonlis xarisxis zrdas, SesaZloa
mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebodnen,
rac
damokidebulia
warmoebis
teqnologiaze,
bunebriv
pirobebsa
da
sxva
faqtorebze.
magaliTad,
sabados
Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinare, Sromis erTgvarovani danaxarjebiT SesaZloa
miRebul iqnes sruliad gansxvavebuli xarisxis madani. magram,
momxmarebels mwarmoeblis xarjebi naklebad ainteresebs. is
mzadaa gadaixados ufro maRali fasi ukeTesi xarisxis
produqciaSi.
Sesabamisad,
saqonlis
samomxmareblo
Rirebuleba arsebiT gavlenas axdens msoflio fasebis
formirebaze. konkurenciuli brZola iwvevs sazogadoebrivad
aucilebel
sasargeblo
efeqtze
gaangariSebiT,
sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli danaxarjebis formirebas. Tu
calkeuli mwarmoebeli iZulebulia am efeqtis misaRwevad
gazardos sakuTari sawarmoo xarjebi, sazogadoeba am
xarjebs ar daufaravs. msoflio bazarze warmoebis erovnuli
danaxarjebis reduqcia iwvevs warmoebis internacionaluri
fasis
formirebas,
xolo
samomxmareblo
RirebulebaTa
reduqcia calkeul qveynebSi ki samomxmareblo Rirebulebis
formirebas msoflio masStabiT. msoflio fasi gamoxatavs
sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli xarisxis saqonlis warmoebis
internacionalur fass fulad gamoxatulebaSi.
faswarmoqmnis praqtikaSi fasebi im saqonelze, romelic
ver pasuxobs msoflio bazarze sazogadoebrivad aucilebel
xarisxs (Tanamedrove teqnikur dones), dgindeba ufro dabal
doneze. firmebi, romlebic iwyeben saqonlis gamoSvebas
xarisxiT, romelic aRemateba msoflio saSualo teqnikur
dones, yidian maT ufro maRali fasiT, da Sesabamisad iReben
damatebiT Semosavlebs.
Tanamedrove
pirobebSi,
rodesac
teqnikis
done
ganuxrelad rTuldeba, maTi momxmareblisTvis arsebiTi xdeba

warmoebis saerTaSoriso masStabSi stimulirebis da Sromis

ekonomiis faqtors. yvela qveyana iZulebulia moaxerxos
warmoebis internacionalur fasze orientacia, anu sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Sromis sazogadoebrivad aucilebel
danaxarjebze. amitomac, Sromis ufro dabali nayofierebis
mqone qveynebi miiswrafian misi amaRlebisaken im angariSiT,
rom
maTi
danaxarjebi
miuaxlovdes
sazogadoebrivad
aucilebel dones. Tavis mxriv, qveynebi romlebmsac ukve aqvT
Sromis nayofierebis ufro maRali done, dainteresebulni
arian mis Semdgom zrdaSi, ramdenadac, yidian ra sakuTar
saqonels msoflio fasebSi, isini iReben damatebiT mogebas.
magram, warmoebis internacionaluri fasi, warmoadgens ra
sasaqonlo
warmoebis
kanonTa
iaraRs,
amavdroulad
ganapirobebs mkacr sakonkurencio brZolas sxvadasxva qveynis
mwarmoebelTa Soris da iwvevs bevri maTganis gakotrebasac.
8.3. faswarmoqmnaSi samomxmareblo Rirebulebis
roli

imis miuxedavad, rom msoflio bazarze faswarmoqmnis

safuZvels warmoadgens warmoebis internacionaluri fasi, es
ar niSnavs rom, saqonlis samomxmareblo Rirebuleba ar
aisaxeba mis fasze. saqonlis SemZens upirveles yovlisa
ainteresebs misi samomxmareblo Rirebuleba, da sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi is ukeTesi samomxmareblo Tvisebebis saqonels
aniWebs upiratesobas.
msoflio bazarze, konkurenciuli brZolis procesSi,
msoflio masStabiT yalibdeba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivad
aucilebeli danaxarjebi, aramed saqonlis sazogadoebrivad
aucilebeli samomxmareblo Rirebuleba. is warmoadgens,
saqonlis
Tvisebas,
daakmayofilos
warmoebis
mocemul
pirobebSi normalurad miCneuli adamianis sawarmoo an piradi
moTxovnileba.
magaliTad,
Tu
laparakia
sasursaTo
saqonelze,
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba gemur Tvisebebs, Senaxvis
unars, iersaxes da aS. nedleulis mravali saxeobisaTvis
arsebiTia garkveuli nivTierebebis Semcveloba. Zalzed
mravalferovania moTxovnebi romelsac unda akmayofilebdes
manqana-danadgarebi. manqanebi, romelTac axasiaTebT msgavsi

65

msoflio meurneobaSi sul ufro mzardi rolis TamaSi

daiwyes transnacionalurma koncernebma, romlebsac aqvT
sakuTari
sawarmoebi
msoflios
mraval
qveyanaSi,
da
miiswrafian mTeli rigi produqtis warmoebis monopolizaciisaken. maRalspecializirebuli warmoebis pirobebSi,
zogierTma nacionalurma kompaniamac SesZlo produqciis
calkeuli
saxeobebis
bazris
monopolizireba.
fasebis
asagdebad,
umsxvilesi
kompaniebi
iyeneben
xarisxis
monopolias. yovelive es ki qmnis produqciis calkeul
saxeobebze
monopoliurad
maRali
msoflio
fasebis
Camoyalibebis pirobebs, romelic gadaxrilia warmoebis
internacionaluri fasidan.
paralelurad, Tanamedrove pirobebSi mTeli rigi
faqtorebi asustebs saerTaSoriso bazarze monopoliuri
fasebis rols. Samecniero-teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi,
mudmivad Cndeba produqciis axali saxeobebi, romelTac
xSirad igive Tvisebebi aqvT, rogorc ukve adre warmoebuls.
es
amZafrebs
sxvadasxva
dargis
kompaniebs
Soris
konkurenciul brZolas.
sxvadasxva dargis kompaniebs Soris midis brZola
msoflio bazris erToblivi moTxovnis gansazRvruli wilis
dapyrobisaTvis (aSS-iamas eZaxian momxmareblis dolarisaTvis
brZolas). kompaniaTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris brZola
aviwroebs monopoliuri fasebis gavrcelebis areals.
aqeTkenaa mimarTuli axalgazrda qveynebis politikac,
rac ewinaarmdegeba samrewvelod ganviTarebul qveynebSi
saqonlis
SeZenisas
monopoliurad
maRali
fasebis
Camoyalibebas. GgansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs axalgazrda
qveynebis brZolas maT mier msoflio bazarze miwodebul
nedleulsa da sursaTze monopoliurad dabali fasebis
Camoyalibebis winaaRmdeg.
msoflio fasebze arsebiTi zegavlena aqvs saxelmwifo
regulirebis zrdasac, agreTve sagareo vaWrobaSi proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas, sxvadasxva saxis raodenobriv
SezRudvebsa
da
kvotirebas,
sabaJo-satarifo
politikas da a.S. anu yovelive imas, rac xels uSlis
erovnul da msoflio bazrebze fasebis gaTanabrebas. amve
mimarTulebiT moqmedebs mTeli rigi Sida gadasaxadebis,
gansakuTrebiT
iribi
gadasaxadebis
arseboba,
rac

ara mxolod Tavad teqnikis xarisxi, aramed im momsaxurebis

xarisxic, romelsac uwevs mwarmoebeli momxmarebels rogorc
realizaciis aseve produqciis eqspluataciis procesSi.
msoflio
bazarze
yalibdeba
sayovelTaod
miRebuli
(sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli) saqonlis miwodebis, teqnikuri
momsaxurebis,
sagarantio
remontisa
da
a.S.
pirobebi.
mwarmoeblis
danaxarjebi,
gaweuli
am
samuSaoebze,
gaiTvaliswineba saqonlis msoflio fasSi. Tu mwarmoebels ar
ZaluZs saqonlis miwodebisa da momsaxurebis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli standartiT, mas ver eqneba pretenzia saqonelSi
msoflio fasis miRebaze.
8.4.

msoflio fasis internacionaluri Rirebulebidan

gadaxris faqtorebi

msoflio fasi yalibdeba ara mxolod moTxovnamiwodebisa da warmoebis internacionaluri fasis safuZvelze.
Aaramed,
faswarmoqmnaze
moqmedebs
mTeli
rigi
sxva
faqtorebic.
me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
warmoiSva kartelis organizaciuli formis saerTaSoriso
monopoliebi,
romlebic
warmoadgenen
sxvadaxva
qveynis
msxvili kompaniebis garigebas msoflio bazris ganawilebisa
da monopoliuri fasebis Camoyalibebis Taobaze. es fasebi
SeiZleba
iyos
monopoliurad
maRali,
Tu
kartelis
monawileni
gvevlinebian
saqonlis
momwodeblebad,
da
monopoliurad dabalic, Tu ki isini saqonlis upirveles
yovlisa
nedleulis
myidvelebi
arian.
faqtia
rom,
monopoliebi
mudmivad
agdebdnen
msoflio
fasebs
im
nedleulze, romelic moewodeboda ganviTarebuli qveynebidan,
da warmoebuli iyo sawarmoebSi, romelic monopoliebs ar
ekuTvnoda.
meore msoflio omis Semdgom, zogierT msoflio
sasaqonlo
bazarze
farul
moqmedebas
agrZelebdnen
saerTaSoriso
kartelebi,
Tumca
bevr
samrewvelod
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, sazogadoebis ZalisxmeviT miRebuli
iyo kanonebi, romelic zRudavda maT saqmianobas.

66

ekonomikurad ufro ganviTarebul qveyanas, ganaxorcielos

naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynis ekonomikuri eqspluatacia.
amgvari
TvalTaxedva,
seriozul
winaaRmdegobaSia
upirveles yovlisa Tanamedrove Teoriul koncefciebTan.
saqonlis RirebulebiT (warmoebis fasi) gacvla, yovelTvis
gulisxmobs,
rom
saqonlis
mwarmoebeli,
romlis
individualuri
danaxarjebi
ufro
maRalia
vidre
sazogadoebrivad
aucilebeli,
gacvlis
procesSi
ver
inazRaurebs skuTari Sromis srul danaxarjebs, da miiRebs
maT mxolod nawils, anu mxolod imas, rac Seesabameba
sazogadaebrivad aucilebeli danaxarjebis dones. magram,
gacvla am pirobebSi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos araeqvivalenturad. piriqiT, is rom gacvlis procesSi srulad iRebdes im
Rirebulebas, romelic tolia sakuTari individualuri
danaxarjebisa,
sazogadoeba
mas
faqtiurad
gadauxdida
drois mocemul momentSi saSualod Camoyalibebul donesTan
SedarebiT zedmets, da swored amgvari gacvla iqneboda
araeqvivalenturi.
Tumca, gacvlisas, romelic efuZvneba internacionalur
Rirebulebas (warmoebis fass), naklebi Sromis nayofierebis
donis mqone qveyana gascems met ganivTebul Sromas, vidre
sanacvlod Rebulobs, magram am dros igi mainc mogebuli
rCeba.
marTlac, im saqonlis msoflio fasi, romelsac
ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli qveyana yidis, ufro
dabalia, vidre maTi nacionaluri Rirebuleba, maSin msoflio
fasi saqonlebisa, romelsac es qveyana SeiZens msoflio
bazarze aseve dabalia, da xSirad bevrad dabali, vidre maTi
warmoebis Rirebuleba amgvar qveynebSi. mocemuli qveynebi,
SeiZenen
ra
saqonels
msoflio
bazarze,
moaxdenen
nacionaluri Sromis nawilis ekonomias. amasTan, produqciis
mravali saxeoba, romlis SeZenac SeuZlia msoflio bazarze
ekonomikurad
nakleb
ganviTarebul
qveyanas,
sakuTari
erovnuli meurneobis mier saerTod ar iwarmoeba, xolo maTi
warmoebis organizacia moiTxovda nacionaluri Sromis
uazrod
bevr
Ddanaxarjs.
amgvarad,
warmoebis
interncionalur fasze orientirebuli fasebis pirobebSi
saqonelgacvlisas, Sromis nayofierebis naklebi donis mqone
qveyana dakargavs Rirebulebis nawils rogorc gamyidveli,

mniSvnelovnad
zrdis
Sida
fasebs
msoflio
fasebTan
SedarebiT. amavdroulad saxelmwifo, eqsportis gazrdis
mizniT bevrgan garkveul premiebsac ixdis an eqsportis
aSkara subsidirebas eweva, rac iwvevs calkeul saqonelze
sagareo-savaWro fasis xelovnur dawevas. omis Semdgom
periodidan farTod gavrcelebuli saxelmwifo kreditebi da
subsidiebi aseve seriozul zegavlenas axdenen sagareosavaWro fasebze, ramdenadc kreditis angariSSi saqonlis
miwodebisas, kreditori qveynebi, rogorc wesi fasebs
xelovnurad beraven.
faqtorad, romelic msoflio bazris fasebze axdens
gavlenas, iqca saxelmwifoTaSorisi saxelmwifo regulireba,
ganskuTrebiT romelic dakavSirebulia dasavleTevropuli
ekonomikuri integraciis ganviTarebasTan. evrokavSirSi aris
mcdeloba ganxorcieldes monawile qveynebs Soris vaWrobis
zenacionaluri regulireba. es upirveles yovlisa exeba
fasebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze.
8.5. araeqvivalenturi gacvlis arsis Sesaxeb

zogierTi
ekonomistis
azriT,
ganviTarebul
samrewvvelo qveynebSi,
Sromis nayofierebis doneebSi
arsebuli
ganasxvavebani iwvevs araeqvivalenturi gacvlis
problemis warmoSobas.
ramdenadac saqonlis internacionaluri Rirebuleba
(warmoebis fasi) ganviTarebul qveynebSi ufro maRalia, vidre
fasi, xolo ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki piriqiT, internacionaluri Rirebulebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli gacvlis
pirobebSi, ganviTarebuli qveyana miiRebs garkveul namats
sakuTari nacionaluri Rirebulebis zeviT, maSin rodesac,
ganviTrebad qveyanaSi dadgeba nacionaluri Rirebulebis
srulad amogebis problema. amgvarad, ekonomikis ganviTarebis
maRali
donis
mqone
qveynebi,
ganviTarebad
qveynebTan
ganxorcielebuli sagareo ekononikuri urTierTobebidan
amoigeben ganivTebuli Sromis met odenobas, vidre sanacvlod
gascemen. amaSia swored, am TvalTaxedvis momxreebis azriT,
araeqvivalenturi gacvlis arsi, rac saSualebas aZlevs

67

monokulturuli struqturis faqtoriT ganpirobebul, am

ukanasknelTa araxelsayrel pozicias msoflio bazarze.
ganviTarebadi qveyana specializirdeba ra erTi-ori
saxeobis produqciis warmoebaze, iZulebulia moaxdinos
arsebuli saqonlis eqsporti nebismieri pirobiT, vinaidan mas
sxva
resursi,
miiRos
sasicocxlod
aucilebeli
sxva
saqoneli, maT Soris sasursaTo, ubralod ar gaaCnia.
gansazRvruli mniSvneloba fasebis vardnisas aqvs im
faqtsac,
rom
mravali
ganviTarebadi
qveynis
sagareo
ekonomikur kavSirebs erTsaxovani xasiaTi aqvs, da rogorc
wesi sagareo vaWrobaSi yofil metropoliebze mibmulni
rCebian.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis saqonelze fasebis Semcirebis
faqtori aris isic, rom msxvil saerTaSoriso kompaniebs xSir
SemTxvevaSi upirispirdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebis wvrili,
daqsaqsuli
kompaniebi.
fasebis
dagdebisaTvis
msxvili
kompaniebi xSirad iyeneben erTidaigive saqonlis mwarmoebel
ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris arsebul konkurenciasac.
ganviTarebad
da
ganviTarebul
qveynebs
Soris
araeqvivalenturi
gacvlis
mniSvnelovani
elementia
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier importirebad saqonelze fasebis
gaberva. laparakia imaze, rom arsebobs fasTa sxvaoba
erTgvarovan saqonelze, romlis eqsportic xdeba qveynebis
orive jgufSi.. ganviTarebuli qveynis bazarze sakuTari
saqonlis realizaciisas, saerTaSoriso kompania ejaxeba
mZafr konkurencias adgilobrivi msxvili kompaniebis mxridan,
rac xSirad mas aiZulebs dawios fasi. gayidis ra amave
produqts ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, saerTaSoriso kompania ar
awydeba adgilobrivi kompaniis mxridan amgvar konkurencias,
amitomac gayidis saqonels ufro maRal fasSi. amitomac,
magaliTad `msoflio bazrebze~ fasi
manqana-danadgarebis
ganviTarebad qveynebSi realizaciisas ufro maRalia, vidre
amave saqonlis fasi ganviTarebuli qveynis bazarze.
Tanamedrove
pirobebSi
araeqvivalenturi
gacvlis
gaZlierebis pirobas, warmoadgens is rom, saqonlis garkveul
nawils ganviTarebadi qveynebi daxmarebebis angariSSi iZenen.
gascemen ra ganviTarebad qveynebze kreditebsa da sesxebs,
ganviTarebuli qveynebi aiZuleben maT, am saxsrebiT SeiZinon

magram
moigebs
rogorc
myidveli.
intrnacionaluri
RirebulebiT gacvlis procesSi, rodesac procesSi CarTulia
Sromis nayofierebis gansxvavebuli donis mqone qveynebi,
principalur sargebels naxavs procesis rogorc erTi, aseve
meore mxare.
samrewvelod ganviTarebul da naklebad ganviTarebul
qveynebs
Soris
araeqvivalenturi
gacvlis
mizezebi
mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rom aSkaraa Sromis nayofierebis
doneebSi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba, aramed TviT ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa sistemis arsebul meqanizmSi. vaWroba am
jgufis
qveynebs
Soris
saqonlis
warmoebis
fasebTan
mimarTebaSi
araeqvivalenturad
mimdinareobs
mniSvnelovanwilad
im
garemoebis
gamo,
rom
fasebi
mniSvnelovnad
gadaixara
warmoebis
internacionaluri
Rirebulebidan (warmoebis internacionaluri fasidan).
amgvari saxis gadaxrebi SesaZloa iyos ori saxis:
prveli: garkveul saqonlebze fasebi sxvadsxva meqanizmebiT
SenarCunebulia internacionalur Rirebulebaze (warmoebis
fasze) maRal an dabal doneze; da meore: zogierT qveynebs
Soris vaWrobisas fasebi, mniSvnelovnad gadaixara msoflio
saSualo internacionalur Rirebulebaze (warmoebis fasze)
orientirebuli
donidan. msoflio sameurneo meqanizmi
iZleoda amgvari gadaxrebis SesaZleblobas yofil koloniur
saxelmwifoebsa da sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris
mimdinare savaWro operaciebis ganxorcielebisas.
internacionaluri Rirebulebidan (warmoebis fasidan)
fasis
gadaxris
umniSvnelovanes
faqtors
warmoadgens
saerTaSoriso kompaniebis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba mravali
saqonlis msoflio bazrebze. maTi batonobis
erT-erTi
Sedegia is rom, Tanamedrove periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gaxda erTi da aimave saqonelze mravali fasis arseboba.
amasTan, konkretul garigebaTa fasebi xSirad mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebulia saSualo donisagan. saerTaSoriso kompaniebis
politika iwvevs, mTel rig saqonlebze, fasebis saSualo
donis warmoebis internacionalur fasebTan mimarTebaSi
xelovnur amaRlebas an dawevas. ganviTarebadi qveynebis
produqciaze fasebis dasagdebad, ganviTarebuli qveynis
kompaniebi, warmatebiT iyeneben am qveynebis
ekonomikis

68

amgvari fardobiTi gaiafebis magaliTia Tanamedrove

TviTfrinavebi. imis miuxedavad, rom fasebi safren aparatebze
omis Semdgom periodSi gaizarda ramodenime aTeuljer, maTi
fardobiTi Rirebuleba momxmareblisaTvis Semcirda
Sesabamisad, samecniero-teqnikurma progresma ganapiroba
samrewvelo produqciis fardobiTi gaiafeba sasargeblo
efeqtis erTeulze gaTvliT, miuxedavad misi
Rirebulebis
SesaZlo
absoluturi
zrdisa.
Tanamedrove
samecnieroteqnikuri progresis es Tavisebureba yovelTvis ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli,
roca
laparakia
msoflio
fasebis
dinamikaze, gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba samrewvelo produqcias.
xSirad fasebis indeqsis zrda samrewvelo produqciaze ar
iTvaliswinebs misi sasargeblo efeqtis zrdis moments.

saqoneli fasebiT, romelic mniSvnelovnad aRemateba msoflio

bazris fasebs.
yovelive es miuTiTebs imaze, rom araeqvivalenturi
gacvla saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi jer kidev arsebobs.
magram
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
aqtiuri
brZola
neokolonialisturi gadmonaSTebis winaaRmdeg, aris faqtori,
romelic
am
movlenas
gauwevs
winaaRmdegobas.
araeqvivalenturobis
Sesasusteblad
arsebiTia,
bevr
ganviTarebad qveyanaSi eqsportis diversifikaciis mimdinare
politika, anu savaWro partniorebis wris gafarToeba,
TanamSromlobis garRmaveba nedleulis eqsportior qveynebs
Soris. dRes ganviTarebad qveynebs aqvT saSualeba airCion
yvelaze
momgebiani
partnioroba,
uari
Tqvan
aradiversificirebul vaWrobaze yofil metropoliasTan,
sakuTari interesebisaTvis gamoiyenon msxvil kompaniebs
Soris arsebuli konkurencia. cxadia amisTvis saWiroa
qveyanaSi
samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis
Camoyalibeba,
gamWirvalobisa da demokratizaciis sakmarisi done, rac
korumpirebulobis
faqtors,
rogorc
araeqvivalenturi
gacvlebis erT-erT xelSemwyob pirobas minimumamde daiyvans.
8.6. samecniero - teqnikuri progresis
fasebze

gavlena

8.7. saqonelze fasebis mravaldonianobis pirobebSi

msoflio fasis gansazRvris problema

Tanamedrove msoflio bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

mravaldoniani fasebis arseboba, romelic gamowveulia
kompaniaTa safaso politikiT, saxelmwifos sagareo-savaWro
operaciebiT (daxmarebis GangariSSi saqonlis miwodeba),
savaWro-politikuri da savaluto faqtorebiT.
fasebis mravaldonianoba niSnavs, erTi da imave
an
msgavsi xarisxis saqonelze, mimoqcevis erTi da imave
sferoSi, msgavs satransporto an safraxto bazaze, mravali
sxvadasxva fasis arsebobas (saimporto, sabiTumo an sacalo).
Tanamedrove pirobebSi arsebobs fasebis Semdegi doneebi:
1) Cveulebrivi komerciuli garigebebis fasebi angariSsworebiT Tavisuflad konvertirebad, arakonvertirebad an
SezRudul konvertirebad valutaSi;
2) sakliringo xelSekrulebis fasebi;
3) fasebi daxmarebis programaTa mixedviT.
imisaTvis, rom fasebis mravaldonianobis pirobebSi
gamovyoT msoflio fasi, igi unda akmayofilebdes mTel rig
pirobebs. pirveli, msoflio fasad SeiZleba CaiTvalos fasi,
Tu ki mis farglebSi xorcieldeba umsxvilesi komerciuli

msoflio

EerT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtors, romelic axdens

gavlenas msoflio fasebze, warmoadgens samecniero-teqnikuri
progresi. es zegavlena vlindeba ori mimarTulebiT. erTis
mxriv, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi izrdeba
Sromis nayofierebis done da warmoebis efeqtianoba, rac
iwvevs xvedriTi danaxarjebisa da Sesabamisad Rirebulebis
Semcirebas. meores mxriv ki, umjobesdeba saqonlis samomxmareblo Tvisebebi. samomxmareblo Tvisebebis gaumjobeseba,
dakavSirebulia ufro met samecniero da teqnikur kvlevebTan,
xSirad ganapirobebs maTi Rirebulebis zrdas absoluturi
gamosaxulebiT, magram Zalzed arsebiTad izrdeba maTi
sasargeblo efeqtic. magaliTad , Tu laparakia manqanaze,
izrdeba misi mwarmoebluroba da mcirdeba maTi saeqspluatacio xarjebi, amitomac miuxedavad fasis absoluturi
zrdisa, manqana fardobiTad iafi xdeba.

69

garigebebi, romelic iTvaliwinebs gancalkevebul, erTmaneTTan aradakvSirebul saeqsporto da saimporto operaciebs,

radganac urTierT Semxvedri an barteruli garigebebisas,
partniorebi SesaZloa SeTanxmdn Cveulebrivi, normalurad
miCneuli fasebidan mniSvnelovan gadaxraze. meore, angariSsworeba unda xorcieldebodes Tavisuflad konvertirebad
valutaSi, radganac vaWroba arakonvertirebadi valutiT,
xSirad iwvevs fasebis xelovnur gabervas, da mesame,
msofliod SeiZleba CaiTvalos im garigebaTa fasi, romlebic
ganxorcielda
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
umniSnvnelovanes
centrebSi, sadac regularulad xdeba msxvili saeqsporto da
saimporto operaciebi.
rac Seexeba konkretul saqonlebze fasebs, magaliTad
nedleulisaTvis msoflio fasebTan yvelaze miaxloebulad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi ZiriTadi mwarmoeblebis fasebi,
agreTve dasavleTevropul bazrebze saimporto fasebi da
fasebi umsxviles birJebze. magaliTad aluminze, es aris
kanadis saeqsporto fasebi, kauCukze singapuris birJis fasi,
bewveulze _ niu-iorkisa da londonis auqcionis fasebi da
a.S.
gansakuTrebuli problemaa manqanebsa da danadgarebze
msoflio fasis gansazRvra, radganac am saxis produqcia
Zalzed
mravalferovania.
garkveuli
mniSvneloba
orientaciisaTvis SesaZloa miekuTvnos egreT wodebul
xvedriT
fasebs,
anu
fasebs,
romelic
gaTvlilia
mwarmoeblurobis erTeulze, simZlavreze da a.S.

2)

3)

4)
5)

8.8. gacxadebuli (gamoqveynebadi) fasebis ZiriTadi saxeebi

msoflio fasebis dinamikisa da doneebis Sesaswavlad

saWiroa am fasebze informaciis ZiriTadi wyaroebis codna.
amJamad arsebobs fasebis Semdegi saxeobebi:
1) sacnobaro fasebi. maT miekuTvneba sabiTumo an sacalo
fasebi,
romlebic
gamoqveynebulia
Jurnal-gazeTebSi,
specialur biuletinebSi, saeqsporto preiskurantebSi. es
ar aris konkretul garigebaTa fasebi. xSirad es aris
fasi, romelsac iTxovs gamyidveli. garigebaTa dadebis
procesSi, realuri fasebi xSirad ufro dabalia xolme.
da mainc, sacnobaro fasebis Seswavla mniSvnelovania ama

Tu im saqonelze msoflio fasebis dinamikis Sesaswavlad

da analizis procesisaTvis;
sagareo vaWrobis statistikis fasebi. isini asaxaven
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
realur
garigebaTa
fasebs.
gamoiTvleba calkeuli saqonlis eqsportis an importis
Rirebulebis gayofiT maT raodenobaze. sagareo vaWrobis
statistikis fasebis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
isini ver aCveneben konkretuli saqonlis fasebs, radganac
statistikurad erT sasaqonlo poziciaSi moqceulia
erTgvarovani,
magram
xarisxiTa
da
teqnikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli produqcia
(magaliTad sxvadasxva markis msubuqi avtomobilebi,
sxvadasxva navTobproduqtebi da a.S) sagareo vaWrobis
statistikis fasebi sakmaod zustad asaxavs msoflio
fasebisa da calkeuli qveynebis sagareo-savaWro fasebis
dinamikas. swored maT bazazea gaTvlili nacionaluri
statistikisa da gaero-s statistikis mier gamoqveynebuli
saSualo faqtiuri an egreTwodebuli xvedriTi fasebis
indeqsebi.
sabirJo kotirebebi asaxaven birJaze dadebul garigebaTa
realur fasebs. magram, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom birJaze
farTodaa
gavrcelebuli
spekulaciuri
operaciebi,
cvlilebani sabirJo kotirebebSi, yovel mocemul momentSi
arc ki asaxavdes fasebis moZraobis WeSmarit tendenciebs;
auqcionis fasebi asaxavs realur fasebs, romlebic
fiqsirdeba auqcionze dadebul garigeebSi;
faqtiur garigebaTa da kontraqtebis fasebi qveyndeba
Zalzed iSviaTad, da amitom iseni ver iqnebian msoflio
fasebze informaciis mniSvnelovani wyaro.
8.9. fasebis dinamika ZiriTad saqonelze

msoflio bazrisaTvis niSandoblivia fasebis mudmivi

ryeva. yvelaze arsebiTi gavlena am procesze Warbwarmoebis
ciklur krizisebs aqvT. arsebobs fasebis moklevadiani
rxevac, magaliTad sezonuri, birJaze, auqcionze fasebis

70

moklevadiani (xSirad ramodenime saaTiani da ufro naklebic)

ryeva da aS.,
amasTan erTad msoflio fasebis dinamikaze gavlenas
axdens faqtorebic, romlebic iwveven fasTa cvlilebis
grZelvadian tendenciebs. amgvar faqtorebs ganekuTvneba
saqonlis Rirebulebis cvlileba, sainflacio procesebi,
sagareo vaWrobis sferoSi saxelmwifo praqtika, romelic
magaliTad,
dakavSirebulia
eqsportis
subsidirebis
praqtikasTan.
bolo periodSi gansakuTrebuli rxevebiT xasiaTdeboda
ganviTarebadi qveynebidan
sanedleulo da sasursaTo
saqonlis fasebi.
meore msoflio omis dros, saqonlis, gansakuTrebiT
sursaTisa da nedleulis ukmarisobisa da inflaciuri
procesebis gamo, fasebi msoflio bazarze 2-jer gaizarda.
1948-1949 w.w. krizis dasawyisSi, garkveul saqonlebze fasebma
daiwyo kleba. gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad daeca fasebi sasoflosameurneo produqciaze, pirvel rigSi marcvleulze da
yovelive es mZafri agraruli krizis fonze.
samrewvelo warmoebis aRorZinebis pirobebSi, 1957
wlamde, saqonelze fasebs umetes produqciaze zrdis
tendencia axasiaTebda. magram 1957-1958 w.w. krizisma ganapiroba
maTi
seriozuli
vardna,
upirveles
yovlisa
daeca
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis
fasebi. fasebi ecemoda 1959-1960 w.w. periodSic, xolo
zogierTi saxis produqciaze fasebis vardna 1961 welsac
grZeldeboda. mTlianobaSi, 1960 wlisaTvis fasebi 1950 welTan
SedarebiT sanedleulo saqonelze TiTqmis 10% Semcirda.
1960 wlidan daiwyo fasebis TandaTanobiTi zrda da
ukve 1970 wlisaTvis, fasebis indeqsi 1960 welTan SedarebiT
sanedleulo saqonelze gaizarda 9,1%, xolo mza produqciaze
ki 19,4 %-T.
1970 wlidn sanedleulo saqonelze fasebis moZraobis
tendencia
arsebiTad
Seicvala.
daiwyo
fasebis
zrda
nedleulis ZiriTad saxeobebze, ris Sedegadac ukve 1973 wels
nedleulze fasebis saerTo indeqsi 1970 welTan SedarebiT
103,7%, sasursaTo saqonelze 98,2%, arasasursaTo sasoflo
sameurneo nedleulze 104%, xolo mineralur nedleulze ki
116%-T gaizarda.

msoflio fasebze ar SeiZleba ar asaxuliyo savaluto

sistemis msoflio krizisi, rasac moyva wamyvan valutaTa
gaufasureba, gansakuTrebiT aSS-s dolaris devalvacia 1971
da 1973 wlebSi, da oqroze sainflacio fasis zrda. sasoflo
sameurneo saqonlis fasebis zrda nawilobriv ganapiroba am
periodis
aramosavlianma
wlebmac.
msoflioSi
ifeTqa
sanedleulo da sasursaTo krizisma.
1974 wels mkveTrad gaizarda navTobis msoflio fasi.
am momentamde, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, navTobmompovebeli
qveynebi _ opekis wevri qveynebi iTxovdnen anglo-amerikuli
kompaniebisagan, romlebic anxorcielebdnen am qveynebSi
navTobis mopoveba realizaciis udides nawils, gazrdiliyo
navTobis realizaciidan miRebul SemosavlebSi Tavad am
qveynebis wili. dolaris gaufasurebam, msoflio bazarze
fasebis zrdam im saqonelze, romlis importsac es qveynebi
anxorcielebdnen, aiZula iseni ufro mkveTrad moeTxovaT
navTob kompaniebisagan sacnobaro fasebis zrda. swored am
fasTan
mimarTebaSi
procentulad
ganisazRvreboda
navTobmompovebeli
qveynebis
wili
navTobis
biznesidan
miRebul SemosavlebSi. navTobis fasebis zrdaze gavlena
iqonia axlo aRmosavleTSi mudmivad arsebuli politikuri
krizisis gamZafrebamac. swored es regionia navTobmopovebis
mTavari regioni msoflioSi. arabuli qveynebis embargo
navTobis miwodebaze im qveynebze, romlebic mxars israels
uWerden,
anglo-amerikuli
navTob
kompaniebis
mier
gamoyenebul iqna imisTvis rom, momxdariyo energetikuli
resursebis mkveTri ukmarisobis provocireba, da mieRwiaT
navTobsa da navTobproduqtebze fasebis mkveTri zrdisaTvis.
navTobis monopoliaTa manipulaciebma pirveli energetikuli
krizisis periodSi, SesaZlebeli gaxada navTobkompaniaTa
mogebebis zrda marto 1973-74 w.w. momxdariyo 50-500%-T.
unda
aRiniSmos,
rom
sacnobaro
fasebisa
da
navTobmompovebeli qveynebis Semosavlebis zrda principSi
SesaZlebeli iyo saboloo momxmarebelTaTvis navTobisa da
navTobproduqtebis
mkveTri
gaZvirebis
gareSec.
navTobmompovebeli qveynebis Semosavali navTobidan miRebul
SemosavlebSi ukiduresad dabalia. zogierTi gaTvlebiT is
Seadgenda navTobidan miRebuli saboloo Semosavlis mxolod
6-7%,
maSin,
rodesac
anglo-amerikuli
navTobkompaniebi

71

Rebulobdnen SeiZleba iTqvas saarako Semosavlebs. amitom,

navTobmompovebeli qveynebis Semosavlebis zrda SesaZlebeli
iyo navTobidan Semosavlebis gadanawilebiT. magram navTobis
monopoliebi wavidnen navTobze msoflio fasebis mkveTri
zrdisaken, ramac saboloo jamSi moaxdina energetikuli
krizisis provocireba.
1974-1975 w.w.-Si fasebi navTobze daaxloebiT 4-jer
gaizarda. daiwyo fasebis zrda sawvavis sxva saxeobebzec.
aseve grZeldeboda fasebis mateba sursaTsa da sasoflosameurneo nedleulze. navTobze da nedleulze fasebis
katastrofuli zrda 1974-75 w.w.-s ekonomikuri krizisis erTerTi mizezi gaxda.
navTobsa da navTobproduqtebze fasebis naxtomiseburma
zrdam,
ganviTarebuli
qveynebi
aiZula
principialurad
gadaesinjaT
energetikuli
politika,
SeemuSavebinaT
energoresursebis
warmoebisa
da
moxmarebis
axleburi
midgomebi. maTi axali energetikuli politika mimarTuli iyo
iqeTken, rom energodamzogveli RonisZiebebis kompleqsis
bazaze
SeezRudaT
navTobis
importi,
gaezardaT
energoresursebis sakuTari warmoeba da CaenacvlebinaT
navTobi sxva energetikuli nedleuliT. am miznisaTvis
gatarda
Sesabamisi
safaso
da
dabegvris
politika.
samrewvelod ganviTarebulma qveynebma aiRes qvanaxSiris
mopovebis zrdis, atomuri energetikis
ganviTarebis kursi,
gaaqtiurda
samecniero
kvlevebi,
romelTa
mizani
iyo
energodamzogavi mowyobilobebisa da teqnologiebis Seqmna,
energiis axali wyaroebis moZieba.
axlo da Sua aRmosavleTSi politikuri viTarebis
daZabvam, iran-erayis omma, ramac navTobis mopovebis Semcireba
ganapiroba, Seqmna wina piroba axali energetikuli krizisis
ganviTarebisaTvis. 1979-1980 wlebSi navTobze fasi kvlav
mkveTrad gaizarda _ daaxloebiT 2-jer (sul 1972-1981 ww-s
periodSi navTobis fasi 16-jer gaizarda.
80-ani
wlebis
Sua
periodisaTvis
gamoikveTa
ganviTarebuli qveynebis axali energetikuli politikis
Sedegebi. Tboeleqtro sadgurebis myar sawvavze gadayvanam,
atomuri
energetikis
ganviTarebam,
mciregabaritiani,
ekonomiuri avtomobilebis warmoebam, energodamzogavi manqanadanadgarebis
danergvam,
resursdamzogavi
teqnologiebis

farTod
gavrcelebam
ganapiroba
navTobze
moTxovnis
Semcireba. 1986 wlisaTvis navTobze danaxarji erToblivi
Sida produqtis erTeulze gaangariSebiT 1971 welTan
SedarebiT msoflioSi Semcirda 25 %-T. maT Soris aSS-i _ 1,5
jer, iaponiaSi _ 2-jer.

Crd. amerika
dasavleT evropa
azia-wynari
okianis r-ni
aRm. evropa dsT
laTinuri
amerika
axlo da Sua
aRmosavleTi
afrika
sul msoflioSi

qarxnis saSualo
simZlavre mln. t.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

regionebi

198
113
138
95
74
42

936
708
740
637
295
266

4.8
6.3
5.4
6.8
4.0
6.3

45

1413

3.43

705

3723

5.3

navTob
gadamamuSavebeli
qarxnebis
raodenoba

simZlavre
(nedleulis
mixedviT) mln. t.

navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganTavseba

regionebis mixedviT
cxrili # 8

wyaro: a.g. movsesiani, s.b. ognevcevi - `msoflio

ekonomika~
navTobze SezRuduli moTxovnis pirobebSi, opekis
qveynebma fasebis maRal doneze SesanarCuneblad daiwyes
navTobmopovebis Semcireba. Tu navTobis mopoveba am qveynebSi

72

1971 wels Seadgnda 31,5 milion barels dReSi, analogiuri

maCvenebeli 1985 wels daeca 16 milion barelamde. aman ki
gamoiwvia msoflio navTobmopovebaSi (ruseTis gareSe) opekis
wilis 3/5-dan 2/5-Tedamde Semcireba. cxadia Semcirda opekis
politikis gavlena navTobis msoflio fasze.
am situaciaSi opekis qveynebma 1985 wlidan Sewyvites
navTobmopovebis moculobis SezRudvisa da limitirebis
politika da mkveTrad gazardes navTobmopoveba. Sedegad
navTobis fasebma daiwyo vardna da 1986 wels fasi 2-jer
daeca 1981 welTan SedarebiT.
xangrZlivvadian perspeqtivaSi fasebis dinamika bevrad
iqneba damokidebuli navTobis maragebsa da mis amowurvaze.
navTobis utyuari maragi Sefasebulia 140 mlrd tonad,
amasTan maragis Tiqmis 80% aris neqos-s qveynebis wiaRSi.
1990
wlidan,
sabWoTa
kavSiris
daSlam
da
axloaRmosavleTis krizisis gaaqtiurebam, kvlav ganapiroba
navTobmopovebis moculobaTa Semcireba msoflioSi. Sedegad
navTobze msoflio fasebma kvlav daiwyo zrda. regionSi
politikuri krizisis Zalze GgaRrmaveba, romelic bolo
wlebSi Zalze aqtualuria da Tavis asaxvas hpovebs navTobze
msoflio fasis D mimdinare zrdis tendenciaze.
XX saukunis bolo meoTxedSi mimdinareobda cxare
brZolebi navTobis fasebisaTvis. neqo (navTobis eqsportiori
qveynebis organizacia) cdilobs mopovebis da miwodebis
gakontrolebas, xolo ganviTarebuli qveynebis fasebze
moTxovniT sakuTari maragebiT da Tavisi sagareo fuladi
politikiT axdenen gavlenas.
navTobis saerTo yovelwliuri mopoveba msoflioSi
Seadgens daaxloebiT 3,4 mlrd tonas da 1,5 mlrd tona
navTobis nedleuli midis msoflio bazarze. neqo-s qveynebSi
axla moipoveben daaxloebiT 1,5 mlrd tonas.
rogorc
cxrilidan
Cans,
upirveles
yovlisa,
ganviTarebul qveynebSi ganlagebulia navTobis gadamuSavebis
ZiriTadi simZlavreebi.

2. ;
3.

;
4.

;
5.
()
.
Tavi IX. sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis satransporto
momsaxureoba.
9.1. sagareo gadazidvebi.

sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis momsaxurebis procesSi,

transporti
uzrunvelyofs
saqonlis
(tvirTebis)
da
mgzavrebis gadaadgilebas or da met qveynebs Soris.
transportis
konkretuli
saxeobebidan
gamomdinare,
ganasxvaveben sazRvao, samdinaro, sahaero, sarkonigzo da
saavtomobilo gadazidvebs. es aris egreTwodebuli pirdapiri
saerTaSoriso komunikacia, romelsac emsaxureba erT-erTi
romelime satransporto saxeoba.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
saerTaSoriso gadazidvebi moiTxovs transportis ori an meti
saxeobis Tanmimdevrul gamoyenebas, adgili aqvs Sereul
(kombinirebul)
gadazidvebs.
Tu
amgvari
gadazidva
gaformebulia erTi (gamWoli) satransporto dokumentiT,
romelic faravs masSi monawile transportis yvela saxeobas,
is iwodeba pirdapir miwodebad ().
saerTaSoriso satvirTo gadazidvebi. nebismieri sagareo
savaWro garigebis SemTxvevaSi, saqoneli eqceva saerTaSoriso
mimoqcevis sferoSi. transportis saSualebebis meSveobiT,
saqoneli gadaadgildeba misi warmoebis adgilidan moxmarebis
punqtamde.
amasTan
transporti
erTgvarad
agrZelebs
warmoebis process mimoqcevis sferos farglebSi, amatebs ra
mis pirvelad Rirebulebas (fass), im axal Rirebulebas (fass)
romelic warmoiqmneba saqonlis transportirebisas.
msoflio
vaWroba
warmoqmnis
sasaqonlo
nakadebis
kolosalur
masas
qveynebs
Soris.
saerTaSoriso

:
1. ,
;

73

tvirTnakadebis saerTo moculoba gasuli saukunis 70-aTian

wlbSi Sefasebuli iyo 4-4,5 miliardi toniT. amJamad es
maCvenebeli 5 miliard tonas aRemateba. Tumca bolo wlebSi
SeimCneva
erTgvari
kleba,
rac
ukavSirdeba
msoflio
vaWrobaSi energomatareblebis da nedleulis moculobebis
Semcirebas.
sazRvao transporti iTvleba yvelaze universalur da
efeqtur saSualebad tvirTebis didi masis gadasazidad Sor
manZilebze. transportis es saxeoba uzrunvelyofs sagareo
savaWro moculobis 60%-s gadazidvas. tvirTmflobelebi,
ganviTarebuli qveynebis gemTmflobelebs uxdian fraxtis
saxiT yovelwliurad 105-110 miliard dollars, rac msoflio
eqsportis jamuri Rirebulebis TiTqmis 7%-s Seadgens.
saerTaSoriso sazRvao tvirTnakadebis ZiriTad masas
Seadgens masiuri Txevadi da araTxevadi tvirTebi. es aris
nedli navTobi (daaxloebiT 1000 milioni tona weliwadSi),
navTobproduqtebi (300 milioni tona), rkinis madani (300
milioni tona), qvanaxSiri (270 milioni tona), marcvleuli
(200 milioni tona). sazRvao vaWrobis sxva tvirTebidan
gamoiyofa egreTwodebuli generaluri, anu tara-calobiTi
tvirTebi, anu mza samrewvelo produqcia, naxevarfabrikatebi,
sursaTi. am saxis tvirTebis saerTo moculoba Sefasebulia
700 mln. toniT. es tvirTebis yvelaze ZviradRirebuli
nawilia (msoflio savaWro brunvis daaxloebiT 70%).
sazRvao
transports,
maRalfasiani
tvirTebis
saerTaSoriso gadazidvebSi seriozul konkurencias uwevs
sahaero transporti. sarkinigzo, samdinari, da saavtomobilo
transporti
ZiriTadad
gamoiyeneba
Sidakontinentaluri
gadazidvebisas, agreTve saeqsporto da saimporto tvirTebis
qveynis Sida teritoriaze gadasaadgileblad. mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs navTobiTa da gaziT saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
milsadenebis sistema.
saerTaSoriso
samgzavro
gadazidvebi.
ukanasknel
aTwleulSi warmoebis, sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis,
turistuli, samecniero, kulturuli, socialuri da sxva
saxis
humanitaruli
kavSiururTierTobebis
internacionalizaciis
gaRrmavebis
procesma,
ganapiroba
mosaxleobis mobilurobis donis uprecedento amaRleba. dRes
ukve mTlianobaSi, msoflios masStabiT, yoveldRiurad

ramodenime miliardi adamiani anxorcielebs erTjerad an

regularul saerTaSoriso mgzavrobas.
sahaero transporti, imis gaTvaliswinebiT rom, mas aqvs
transportis sxva saxeobebTan mimarTebaSi mTeli rigi
upiratesobani
(magaliTad
mokle
dro
did
manZilze
gadasaadgileblad),
myarad
ikavebs
lideris
pozicias
saerTaSoriso samgzavro gadazidvebSi. mxolod bolo erTi
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, sahaero transportis mgzavrTa
gadazidvis
unarianoba
gaormagda
erTis
mxriv,
eqspluataciaSi
maRalkomfortuli
farTo
fuJelaJiani
TviTnfrinavebis intensiuri gaSvebis meSveobiT, xolo meores
mxriv ki mocemul TviTmfrinavTa energetikuli efeqtianobis
maCvenebelTa gaumjobesebiTa da gadazidvis TviTRirebulebis
Semcirebis wyalobiT.
sahaero
transportTan
erTad,
mgzavrTa
Sida
kontinentalur
saerTaSoriso
gadazidvebSi,
farTod
gamoiyeneba avtotransporti da sarkinigzo transporti.
sazRvao da samdinaro samgzavro gadazidvebi dRes ZiriTadad
sakruizo-samogzauro funqcias atarebs.
transporti saerTaSoriso gdazidvebSi. msoflioSi ar
arsebobs
nacionaluri
satransporto
sistemebidan
gankerZoebuli
raRac
gansakuTrebuli
saerTaSoriso
satransporto sistemebi, romlebic mxolod saerTaSoriso
gadazidvebiskenaa mowodebuli. realobaSi, saerTaSoriso
gadazidvebs emsaxureba sxvadasxva qveynebis nacionaluri
gadamzidavebi, romlebic amisaTvis iyeneben sakuTar moZrav
Semadgenlobebs da satransporto qselebsa da kvanZebs,
romlebic
moqceulia
sxvadasxva
qveynebis
erTian
satransporto sistemebSi.
9.2.saqonlis mowodebis sabaziso pirobebi
yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebebSi.

rogorc cnobilia, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, urTierToba

gamyidvelsa da myidvels Soris regulirdeba yidva-gayidvis
xelSekrulebebiT., romlebSic, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
satransporto sakiTxebs. maTSi reglamentirebulia mxareTa

74

teqnoogiuri xazebi), aseve ara ganivTebuli formiT (sxvadsxva

saxis teqnikuri dokumentacia, codna, gamocdileba da a.S.)
teqnologiebis
msoflio
bazris
subieqtebs
warmoadgenen
saxelmwifoebi,
universitetebi,
firmebi,
sxvadsxva fondebi, fizikuri pirebi _ mecnierebi da
specialistebi.
mniSvnelovania mkacrad gavacnobieroT, rom teqnologia
iqceva saqonlad, anu produqtad, romelic SesaZlebelia
gaiyidos mxolod garkveul pirobebSi. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom
dapatentebuli siaxleebic ki mTel msoflioSi realurad
gamoiyeneba mxolod 3%-5%-T. xolo SiSveli ideis saqonelSi
gardasaxvis
mTeli
gzis
gavlis
procesSi
ganTesvis
maCvenebeli
kidev
ufro
maRalia.
yoveli
axali
100
saqonlidan, romlebSic ganxorcielebulia axali ideebi,
bazari ar Rebulobs 90%-ze mets.
maSasadame, teqnologia uaxlovdeba imas, rom iqces
saqonlad idea-bazari gzis garkveul stadiaze. ufro
zustad maSin, rodesac Seiqmneba ideis komercializaciis
realuri SesaZlebloba, ganvlilia mravali eqspertiza,
ganxorcielda yvela saWiro ganTesva, garkveulia gamoyenebis
SesaZlo sferoebi. magram am SemTxvevaSic ki saqonelteqnologias
unda
gaaCndes
sasaqonlo
saxe,
anu
akmayofilebdes saqonelze standartul moTxovnebs.
am
saxiT
teqnologia-saqonels
SeiZleba
hqondes
patentis, sawarmoo gamocdilebis, nou-hau-s, danadgarmowyobilobis, aparaturis an sxva teqnikis sacdeli an
samrewvelo nimuSis saxe, agreTve teqnologia viwro gagebiT
SesaZlebelia warmodgenili iyos sawarmoo xerxebis an
procesebis (maT Soris qimiuri, bioteqnologiuri da sxva)
teqnologiebis saxiT.
miiRebs ra sasaqonlo saxes, teqnologia iqceva
saqonlad da SesaZlebelia gaxdes teqnologiis gadacemis
sagani. CvenSi damkvidrebuli cneba danergva miuRebelia
teqnologiuri gacvlis sabazro pirobebeisaTvis, radganac
teqnologia SesaZlebelia iyos saqoneli misi danergvis
gareSec. magaliTad, patentze, sacdel an samrewvelo nimuSze
sruliad SesaZlebelia arsebobdes moTxovna da cxadia
iyidebodes kidec. amitom, ufro misaRebia inteleqtualuri
Sromis produqtebis komerciuli gamoyenebis procesebisaTvis

valdebulebani, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos saqonlis

transportireba
am
ukanasknelis
moZraobis
sxvadasxva
etapebze (momwodeblis sawyobidan myidvelis sawyobamde.)
gaTvaliswinebulia mxareebs Soris satransporto da sxva
Tanmdevi xarjebis gdanawileba, gansazRvrulia tvirTis
daRupvis an dazianebis riskis gamyidvelidan myidvelze
gadasvlis
meqanizmi.
yidva-gayidvis
xelSekruleba
aregulirebs urTierTobebs gamyidvelsa da myidvels Soris
da ar exeba maT urTierTobebs gadamzidavebTan. myidvelgamyidvelTa
urTierTobebis
wres
gadamzidavebTan
aregulirebs
maTTan
gaformebuli
gadazidvis
xelSekrulebebi.
saerTaSoriso
savaWro
praqtikam
SeimuSava
saqonlis
miwodebis sabaziso pirobebis sxvadasxva formebi, romlebic,
ase
Tu
ise
iTvaliswineben
sagareo
savaWro
fasSi
satransporto faqtors. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs
yidva-gayidvis
xelSekrulebaTa
sabaziso
pirobebis
sistematizaciaze saerTaSoriso savaWro palata, romelic
periodulad gamoscems am procesis maregulirebel wesebs da
maT ganmartebebs. mocemuli wesebi iwodeba nikoterms
wesebad. nikoterms-s saerTaSoriso wesebi gamoiyeneba yvela
qveynis komersantebis mier yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebebSi.

1. ;
2.

Tavi X. teqnologiebis saerTaSoriso bazari

1. teqnologia, rogorc saqoneli

sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis praqtikaSi, mcnebateqnologia gamoiyeneba Zalzed farTod, magram yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi misi Sinaarsi gansxvavebulia.
teqnologiebis msoflio bazris obieqts warmoadgens
inteleqtualuri saqmianobis Sedegebi rogorc ganivTebuli (
danadgar-mowyobilobani,
agregatebi,
instrumentebi,

75

gamoviyenoT
termini
teqnologiis
gadacema
an
teqnologiuri gacvla.
teqnologiuri gacvlis xelSekrulebaTa praqtikaSi
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia zRvrulad wminda saxiT teqnologiuri
elementis
gamoyofa.
magaliTad,
raime
teqnikuri
mowyobilobebis miwodebas, yovelTvis Tan axlavs Tanmde
dokumentaciis paketis gadacema, xandaxan ki licenziac. Tavad
mowyobiloba SesaZloa nacnobic kia, magram romeliRac kvanZi
an komponenti aRmoCndes principulad axali, rac radikalurad
cvlis
mTlianad
mowyobilobis
teqnikur
maxasiaTeblebs. garda amisa, momwodebeli firma axorcielebs
danadgaris montaJs, awyobas, gaSvebas, personalis swavlebas,
riTac gadascems sakuTar nou-hau-s. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
teqnologiis gadacemas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac myidveli
mxare
mas
ganixilavs
rogorc
siaxles,
romelic
uzrunvelyofs misi konkurentunarianobisa da perspeqtivaSi
Semosavlebis zrdas.
damkvidrebulia azri, TiTqos teqnologiis gadacemis
ZiriTadi arxia salicenzio gacvala. sinamdvileSi, rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, es mxolod am procesis nawili, misi xiluli
mxarea.
swored amitom samrewvelod ganviTarebuli qveynebis
maRalteqnologiuri
firmebi
irCeven
da
guldasmiT
anxorcieleben teqnologiaTa gadacemis maTTvis yvelaze
momgebian formebs, romelmac ukve miiRo teqnologiuri
strategiis forma. sul ufro aqtiur rols teqnologiaTa
gadacemis sferoSi TamaSobs mTavroba da saxelmwifo.
marTlac, egreTwodebuli teqnologiuri garRveva. romelic
arsebobs aSS-sa da dasavleT evropas, dasavleT evropasa da
iaponias,
samrewvelod
ganviTarebul
qveynebsa
da
ganviTarebad, maT Soris axal industrul qveynebs, agreTve
ruseTsa da sxva yofil socialistur qveynebs Soris,
SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebul
iqnas
sarfianad,
rogorc
komerciuli aseve politikuri miznebisaTvis.
saqoneli-teqnologia gaivlis garkveul sasicocxlo
cikls.
wina sabazro fazaze teqnologia jer kidev ar aris
saqoneli, mas mxolod saqonlad qcevis potenciali aqvs,
SesaZloa igi arc ki iqces saqonlad. bazarze gasvlis

momentisaTvis
xarjebi
gaRebuli
teqnologiis
Seqmnaze
swrafad izrdeba da mocemuli stadia _ bazarze SeRweva _
yvelaze kritikuli momentia. Tuki bazari ar scnobs axal
produqts (process), cxadia am mizniT gaRebuli yvela xarji
fuWia, romelic amZimebs sawarmoo xarjebs da gazrdis
kompaniis zednadeb danaxarjebs.
bazarze warmatebiT danergvis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovna
teqnologiaze swrafad izrdeba, miaRwevs raRac maqsimums Dda
Semdgom daiwyebs klebas. Sesabamisad icvleba safaso
parametrebic, da Sesabamisad mogebac.
teqnologiis sabazro sicocxlis periodSi swrafad
izrdeba
miwodeba,
konkurencia
da
moTxovna.
Cndeba
imitatorTa soliduri raodenoba, romlebic axorcieleben
analogiuri saqonlis SeTavazebas, magram ukve sxva savaWro
markiT. pirovnebisa da mwarmoebeli firmis interesebisa da
prioritetebis
dasacavad
mowodebulia
patenti,
inteleqtualuri da samrewvelo sakuTrebis ufleba, romelic
yvela civilizebul qveyanaSi kanonmdeblobiT aris daculi.
teqnologiaze uflebis saimedod dasacavad nebismieri misi
Semqmneli cdilobs daapatentos igi ZiriTad _ potenciur
konkurent
qveynebSi.
praqtikaSi
axali
teqnologiebis
mwarmoebeli
wamyvani
firmebi
apatenteben
sakuTar
teqnologiur
siaxleebs
erTdroulad
daaxloebiT
25
SesaZlo konkurent qveyanaSi, anu ZiriTad samrewvelod
ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
sxvadsxva qveynis samarTlebrivi sistema iTvaliwinebs
teqnologiaze
sakuTrebis
dacvis
gansxvavebul
vadebs.
saSualod es vada Seadgens 10-dan 20 wlamde, saSualod 15
weliwadi. es vada sakmarisze metia raTa teqnologiam srulad
gaiaros sasicocxlo cikli. ufro metic, Tanamedrove
pirobebSi
swrafad
xdeba
rogorc
SemuSavebis
aseve
teqnologiis
sabazro
sicocxlisunarianobis
vadebis
SemWidroveba.
swored
amitomac,
teqnologiaTa
yvela
Semqmneli
maqsimaluradaa dainteresebuli misi swrafi komercializaciiT. maTgan iseTi, romelTac aqvT saSualeba sakuTari
ZalebiT
uzrunvelyon
awarmoon
da
gayidon
materializirebuli
saxiT
teqnologia,
iyenebs
Semdeg
strategias:

76

sasicocxlo ciklis pirvel etapze upiratesoba eniWeba

mza produqciis realizacias, romelSic materializirebulia
axali ideebi, principebi, procesebi da romelsac Seswevs
unari uzrunvelyos myidvelisaTvis axali Tvisobrivi donis
miRweva mocemuli saqonlis gamoyenebis procesSi.
meore etapze teqnologiur gacvlas Tan axlavs (an
xorcieldeba) pirdapiri investiciebi, rac gamyidvelisTvis
Adebs axal horizontebs _ axal bazrebs, iZleva ekonomias
Sromis anazRaurebis, satransporto da sxva momsaxurebis
xarjebSi, SesaZlebels xdis gaizardos mogebaTa masa.
mesame
etapze
upiratesoba
eniWeba
SiSveli
licenziebis gayidvas, anu sakuTrebis uflebis daTmobas
dapatentebul an aradapatentebul (nou-hau) teqnologiaze.
masiur
cnobierebaSi
swored
es
etapi
asocirdeba
teqnologiur gacvlad, magram rogorc Cven vxedavT, es
namdvilad ar aris ase. mesame etapis bolo wlebs xSirad Tan
axlavs erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmna, magram am arxebiT
miRebuli teqnologia samwuxarod ukve aRar ganekuTvneba
mowinaves.
teqnologiaTa
gadacemis
procesis
am
kanonzomierebis codna mniSvnelovania Cveni mewarmeobisaTvis,
romelic ganicdis erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmnis bums.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli exeba dasavleTis msxvil
kompaniaTa
teqnologiur
strategias,
romelsac
isini
axorcieleben sxva firmebTan da qveynebTan mimarTebaSi.
magram msxvili tnk-ebi sruliad sxva strategias
iyeneben,
rodesac
laparakia
sakuTar
Sida
safirmo
urTierTobebze. isini moicaven mraval sawarmoos, romelTac
gaaCniaT iuridiuli damoukidebloba, magram arsebos deda
kompaniebze
Svilobil
kompaniaTa,
filialebis
da
ganyofilebebis mkacrad dacul subordinacia. maT Soris
teqnologiuri
gacvla
principulad
sxva
formiT
xorcieldeba, vidre sruliad damoukidbel kontragentebTan.
praqtikulad Zalzed Znelia gamoiyos realuri teqnologiuri
nakadebi tnk-s SigniT, romlebic warmarTulia sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT da RirebulebiTi maCveneblebiT yovelTvis ver
xerxdeba maTi dafiqsireba.
msoflio teqnologiuri gacvlis aranakleb 1/3-sa modis
tnka-s Sida safirmo teqnologiur transfertebze, romelic
maT mier aqtiurad gamoiyeneba axal bazrebze SesaRwevad da

sakuTari
firmebis
dasafuZneblad.
erT-erTi
yvelaze
niSandoblivi magaliTia I-s, romelic kompiuteruli
teqnikis warmoebis msoflio lideria, evropuli ganyofilebis
saqmianobasI (I saerTaSoriso manqanebis biznes warmoeba).
praqtikam uCvena rom, I-s mravalricxovani evropuli
sawarmoebis saqmianobam gamoiwvia evropis teqnologiuri
donis garkveul wilad CamorCena amerikulisagan. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, tnk-s teqnologiuri gacvla warmoadgens
Sidasafirmo transferts, da ara teqnologiur gacvlas misi
klasikuri gagebiT. is iwvevs teqnologiuri gansxvavebebis
SenarCunebas
an
gaRrmavebas,
xolo
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
teqnologiur uku gadadinebas maT mier sxva qveynebSi
dafuZvnebuli sawarmoebis meSveobiT.
amitom, teqnologiis bevrad perspeqtiul wyarod
SeuZliaT iyvnen ufro mcire sawarmoebi, romelTac ar
hyofniT sakuTari saxsrebi raTa daiyvanon teqnologia
sabazro stadiamde. sazRvargareTul praqtikaSi teqnologiis
sul ufro saimedo wyarod iqcnen arc Tu ise mZlavri
venCoruli tipis sawarmoebi, teqnoparkebi,, romlebic izidaven
dainteresebuli firmebis, fondebis, korporaciebis kapitals.
ZiriTad mimzidvel faqtors mocemul SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens
is, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba eziaro uaxles teqnologias misi
gamoCenisTanave.
teqnologiuri donis gansxvavebani, romelic arsebobs
qveynebs
Soris,
saSualebas
iZleva
ganxorcieldes
teqnologiuri gacvla mraval safexuriani scenariT.
egreTwodebuli
maRali
teqnologiebi
mimoiqceva
maRalganviTarebul qveynebs Soris. saSualo da dabali
teqnologia ara aris maRalganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis
imdenad faseuli, rom is ganxilul iqnas rogorc saqoneli.
magram axali industriuli qveynebis bazrebisaTvis is
SeiZleba
CaiTvalos
axal
teqnologiad.
ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi axali industriuli qveynebis bazari aqtiurad
monawileobs
samrewvelod
ganviTarebul
qveynebTan
teqnologiur gacvlebSi. amitom samrewvelod ganviTarebul
qveynebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT droSi da sivrceSi gawelon
teqnologiis sasicocxlo cikli, Sesabamisad gazardon
mogebebis moculoba.

77

amgvari
gacvlis
principialuri
Taviseburebaa
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
mier
ganviTarebul
qveynebSi
licenziebis SeZena da didi korporaciebis mier warmoebis
SedarebiT martivi stadiis gadatana mesame qveynebSi arsebul
sakuTar filialebSi.
rogorc
vxedavT,
rogorc
pirvel,
aseve
meore
SemTxvevaSi,
teqnologiis
gadacema
xorcieldeba
an
teqnologiis sasicocxlo ciklis bolo stadiaze, an
saerTod ar Rebulobs sasaqonlo saxes da warmoadgens Sida
safirmo transferts.
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso teqnologiuri gacvlis
procesSi civiluri monawileobis ZiriTad winaaRmdegobas
warmoSobs
ekonomikur-samarTleblivi
safuZvlebis
praqtikuli ararseboba, kerZod qaosi romelic arsebobs
inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis,
sazRvargareT
dapatentebis
uflebis
samarTlebriv
regulaciasa
da
praqtikul
realizaciaSi
da
a.S.
agreTve
samamulo
produqsiis
saerTaSoriso standartebTan Seusabamoba, serTificirebis
sistemis ararsboba, rac praqtikulad miuwvdomels xdis
qarTuli produqciisaTvis saerTaSoriso bazrebs.

mecnierTa da specialistTa migracia (maT Soris

saerTaSoriso, egreTwodebuli tvinebis gaJonva) samecniero
dawesebulebidan komerciul struqturebSi da piriqiT, mcire
venCeruli
tipis
axali
dawesebulebebis
dafuZneba
universitetebisa da firmebis specialistebis mier, msxvili
korporaciebis mier marketinguli da kvleviTi dawesebulebis
Seqmna sazRvargareT.
teqnologiis arakomerciuli gadacemis ZiriTadi nakadi
modis arapatentunarian informaciaze _ fundamentalur
- ze, saqmian TamaSebze, samecniero aRmoCenebsa da
aradapatentebul gamogonebebze.
oficialurTan
erTad
ukanasknel
periodSi
didi
gavrceleba hpova teqnologiaTa gadacemis aralegalurma
sistemam, romelic Rebulobs teqnologiuri SpionaJisa da
teqnologiuri mekobreobis formas. kerZod masiur masStabebs
miaRwia
Crdilovani
struqturebis
mier
imitaciateqnologiebis gayidvis faqtebma.
zogierTi monacemiT, msxvil korporaciaTa marketingis
sazRvargareTuli samsaxurebis (kvleviTi centrebis) 1/3-mde
ama
Tu
im
saxiT
SexebaSia
samrewvelo
SpionaJTan.
teqnologiuri mekobreoba yvelaze metad ganviTarebulia
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis e.w. axal industriul qveynebSi.
informaciis komerciuli gadacemis ZiriTadi formebia:
teqnologiis materializirebuli formiT, anu Carxebis,
agregatebis,
avtomatizirebuli
da
eleqtronuli
mowyobilobebis, teqnologiuri xazebis saxiT gayidva;
ucxouri investiciebi da maTi Tanmde mSenebloba,
rekonstruqcia,
sawarmoebis,
firmebis,
warmoebis
modernizacia, Tuki maT Tan axlavs sainvesticio saqonlebis
nakadi da lizingi;
patentebis gayidva:
licenziebis gayidva samrewvelo sakuTrebis yvela
dapatentebul saxeobaze, garda sasaqonlo da momsaxurebis
niSnebisa da a.S.
licenziebis gayidva samrewvelo sakuTrebis aradapatentebul saxeobebze _ `nou-hau, sawarmoo saidumleoba,
teqnologiuri
dokumentacia,
gadacemuli
teqnikisa
da
mowyobilobis Tanmde dokumentacia, instruqciebi, naxazebi,
sqemebi,
specifikaciebi,
teqnologiuri
ruqebi,
agreTve

10.2. teqnologiis gadacemis formebi

teqnologiis gadacema xorcieldeba sxvadasxva formiT,

sxvadasxva meTodiTa da sxvadasxva arxebiT. is SesaZlebelia
gadacemul iqnas rogorc komerciul aseve ara komerciul
safuZvelze,
iyos
Sidasafirmo,
Sidasaxelmwifo
an
saerTaSoriso.
teqnologiis
arakomerciul
safuZvelze
gadacemis
formebi:
specialuri
literaturis
sainformacio
masivebi,
monacemTa
kompiuteruli
monacemTa
bankebi,
patentebi,
cnobarebi da a.S;
konferenciebi, gamofenebi, simpoziumebi, klubebi, maT
Soris mudmiv momqmedi;
swavleba,
staJireba,
studentebis,
mecnierebis,
specialistebis praqtika, romelic paritetul sawyisebze
xorcieldeba universitetebs, firmebs, organizaciebsa da a.S.
Soris;

78

specialistTa
swavleba,
sakonsultacio
momsaxureba,
eqspertiza da sxva;
-s erToblivi SemuSaveba, samecniero-sawarmoo
konferencia;
inJineringi:
unda
aRiniSnos
rom,
teqnologiis
komerciuli
gadacemis
praqtikulad
mTeli
moculoba
formdeba
salizingo
xelSekrulebiT,
romelSic
dapatentebul
informaciasTan erTad SesaZloa figurirebdes mTeli rigi
sxva
debulebebisa
da
moTxovnebisa,
romelTa
dacvac
savaldebuloa mxareebisaTvis. salizingo xelSekrulebis
amgvar punqtebs SesaZloa warmoadgendes:
licenziantis
(licenziis
myidveli)
valdebuleba
gamoiyenos miRebuli teqnologia gansazRvrul arealSi
(dargobrivi, teritorialuri aspeqtiT);
licenziaris
(licenziis
gamyidveli)
da
(an)
licenziatis valdebuleba gadasces sruli informacia
SeZenili teqnologiis Semdgomi srulyofis Taobaze;
licenziantis
valdebuleba
ganaxorcielos
e.w.
dakavSirebuli Sesyidvebis didi moculoba (teqnologiurad
martivi produqciis _ makompleqteblebis, naxevar farikatebis
Sesyidva da a.S);
licenziantis valdebulebaa ganaxorcielos erTjeradi
gadaxdebi, Tu ki is imyofeba aramdgradi socialurekonomikuri reJimis mqone qveyanaSi;
vadis miTiTeba, romlis ganmavlobaSic licenziri
miiRebs roialits _ gayidvis moculobidan procentis
perioduli gadaricxva (damokidebuli ar aris sapatento
dacvis vadebze);
salicenzio xelSekrulebaSi licenziantis uflebis
CarTva isargeblos samarko niSniT, momsaxureobis niSniT,
savaWro
dasaxelebiT,
am
ukanasknelma
SesaZloa
xelSekrulebis Rirebulebis 25 % Seadginos.
gadaxdis
Rirebuleba
dapatentebuli
teqnologiis
SiSvel licenziaze Seadgens teqnologiis gadacemis saerTo
xarjebis
mxolod
nawils.
amitomac,
arc
licenziaze
patentebiT msoflio vaWrobis moculoba, arc dapatentebuli
teqnologiis safuZvelze dadebuli salizingo SeTanxmebebis

moculoba ar iZleva safuZvels ganisazRvros teqnologiaTa

gadacemis zusti moculobebi.
kidev ufro rTulia ganisazRvros tnk-s, teqnologiuri
progresis lideris, romelTa wiladac modis msoflios
teqnologiuri nakadebis ara nakleb 1/3-sa,
teqnologiuri
gacvlebis moculoba.
tnk-s erTi teqnologiuri nakadi es aris sakuTar
struqturebSi pirdapiri investiciebi. meore _ teqnologiaTa
Sida teqnologiuri gadadineba, romelmac SesaZloa miiRos,
an ar miiRos sasaqonlo saxe. garda amisa, teqnologiuri
gacvlis
egidiT
SesaZlebelia
xdebodes
Cveulebrivi
sasaqonlo
gacvla.
mesame
teqnologiuri
nakadia
_
filialebidan,
qaliSvili
kompaniebidan,
kvleviTi
struqturebidan,
romlebic
gatanilia
sazRvargareT,
momdinare uku informaciuli nakadi, romelic SesaZloa
agreTve
arc
ki
fiqsiredebodes
da
kvlav
mieyidos
filialebsa da ganyofilebebs nivTobriv, an ara nivTobrivi
formiT, an piriqiT. ukanasknel wlebSi, magaliTad aSS-s tnkebi aqtiurad anxorcieleben Sidasafirmo transfers aSS-dan
sazRvargareTul
filialebSi
arakomerciul
sawyisebze,
magram aSS-Si
SemoaqvT teqnologiebi ukve komerciul
safuZvelze. anu importis ganivTebuli formiT, riTac
auareseben
sagareo
savaWro
balanss.
da
piriqiT,
sazRvargareTis qveynebidan miRebuli teqnologiebisa da sxva
qveynebis
bazrebze
miRebuli
codnis
safuZvelze
anxorcieleben aSS-dan teqnologiuri xasiaTis momsaxurebisa
da inJineringis eqsportis forsirebas.
10.3. teqnologiaTa gadacemis praqtika

teqnologiis arakomerciuli gadacemis yvela tipi, maT

Soris Sidasafirmo transferi, xorcieldeba Tavisuflad da
ase vTqvaT, ar saWiroebs saxelSekrulebo-samarTlebriv
gaformebas da reglamentaciebs.
teqnologiis gadacemis komerciuli formebi, rogorc
Sida safirmo, aseve saerTaSoriso, saWiroebs xelSekrulebis
saxiT
gaformebas
(salicenzio,
samecniero-teqnikuri

79

teqnikuri
parametrebi,
romlis
garantirebasac
uzrunvelyofs
momwodebeli
Tu
daculia
awyobis,
damontaJebis,
gamarTvis,
gaSvebisa
da
eqspluataciis
garkveuli pirobebi, agreTve im pirobaTa CamonaTvali,
teqnikur parametrTa gansazRvris meTodebi da darRvevaTa
Sedegebi, romelic warmoiqmneba instruqciis debulebaTa
SeusruleblobiT;
myidvelis garantiaa daicvas xarisxis done; mocemuli
moTxovna mkacrdeba im SemTxvevisaTvis, rodesac salicenzio
xelSekrulebiT myidvels agreTve SeZenili aqvs savaWro an
momsaxurebis niSnebis an gamyidvelis sxva atributebis
gamoyenebis ufleba da am ukanasknelis standartisagan
gadaxvevam
SeiZleba
Selaxos
momwodeblis
imiji
da
reputacia;
myidvelis garantiaa daicvas mTeli dapatentebuli Tu
daupatentebeli informaciis konfencialuroba, romelsac
miiRebs teqnologiis gadacemis salicenzio xelSekrulebiT.
msoflio gamocdilebam aCvena, rom teqnologiaTa
gadacemis efeqturoba ecema, Tu mowodeba xorcieldeba
arakompetenturad,
arasruli Sesabamisi dokumentaciis an
nou-haus da momsaxurebis sruli paketis gareSe.
amitom salicenzio xelSekrulebebSi mizanSewonilia
darezervirebul iqnas:
teqnikis, teqnologiis , Tanmde dokumentaciisa da
momsaxurebis sruli paketi;
personalis
momzadebis,
saTadarigo
nawilebis
mowodebisa da remontis, sawarmoo da gayidvis Semdgomi
momsaxurebis, sxva saxis teqnikuri daxmarebis uzrunvelyofa
salicenzio xelSekrulebis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi;
momxmareblisaTvis
teqnologiaTa
srulyofisadmi
xelmisawvdomoba,
xelSekrulebis
mTeli
periodis
ganmavlobaSi.
bolo debulebebis moqceva xelSekrulebaSi aZvirebs
xelSekrulebis Rirebulebas, magram moaqvs kidec Sesabamisi
mogeba myidvelisaTvis. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tavad
myidvels aqvs SesaZlebloba gaaumjobesos licenzirebuli
teqnologia,
mas
SeuZlia
Cados
Sesabamisi
punqti
xelSekrulebaSi,
riTac
is
imyarebs
Tavis
poziciebs
adgilobriv bazarze mis mimarT sazRvargareTeli partnioris

TanamSromlobis, erToblivi warmoebis, an yidva-gayidvis

xelSekrulebebi).
saxelmwifo,
saxelmwifoTaSoris
da
firmaTaSoris
doneze teqnologiis gadacema da teqnologiuri gacvla,
regulirdeba
erovnuli
an
saerTaSoriso
xasiaTis
sakanonmdeblo
aqtebiT,
agreTve
mxareTa
(firmebi,
korporaciebi da sxva) konkretuli xelSekrulebebiT da
SeTanxmebebiT.
xelSekrulebaTa yvela saxeobis gaformeba moiTxovs
drois
seriozul
xarjvas,
detalur
eqspertizasa
da
mravalsafexurian
molaparakebebs..
amasTan
kontragentTa
(mxareebis) TvalTaxedvis arealSi mudmivad unda iyos
mimdinare
movlenebis
mTliani
speqtri
da
SesaZlo
gaugebrobani.
qveyanaSi
nebismieri
SeWra
teqnologiiT,
an
produqciiT, romelSic gamoyenebulia teqnologia, romelic
dapatentebulia mocemul qveyanaSi sxva piris mier da
sapatento dacvis vada ar aris gasuli, xolo piri, romelmac
ganaxorciela es SeWra da am saqmianobisaTvis licenzia ar
gaaCnia, idevneba kanonmdeblobiT (tranzitis garda).
imisda
miuxedavad,
Tu
ra
saxiT
(teqnikuri
dokumentaciis
Tu
ganivTebuli
formiT)
ganxorcielda
teqnologiis gadacema, igi formdeba xelSekrulebis saxiT.
masSi unda mieTiTos ZiriTadi debulebebi (maT Soris
xelSekrulebis sagani, mxareTa valdebulebani, sanqciebi,
fors-maJoris
pirobebi,
davis
gadawyvetis
formebi,
angariSsworebis wesi da forma da sxva), romlebic metnaklebad standartulia yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebebisaTvis,
aseve unda asaxavdes specifikur, mxolod teqnologiaTa
gadacemis xelSekrulebaTaTvis damaxasiaTebel momentebs. maT
Soris:
garantia imisa, rom teqnika da teqnologia Tanmde
instruqciebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis, teqnologiuri ruqebis
moTxovnaTa dacvis pirobebSi gamosadegia saqmianobis im
saxeebis
Sesasruleblad,
romelic
SeTanxmebulia
xelSekrulebiT;
sapatento siwmindisa da mesame mxaris pretenziebisagan
Tavisuflebis garantia;

80

rac uSvebs lizenziaris mier erTi da igive licenziis

meorad
da
mravaljeradi
gayidvis
SesaZleblobas
gansazRvrul bazrebze.
ubralo licenzia iTvaliswinebs rogorc wesi mTel
rig SezRudvebs samarTlebrivi dacvis obieqtebis gamoyenebis
kuTxiT. es aris SezRudvebi gamoyenebis teritoriis an
eqsportis teritoriis (e.w. saeqsporto zona) mixedviT,
agreTve
(xandaxan)
licenziebis
gamoyenebis
sferoebis
mixedviTac.
salicenzio
saqmianobis
ganviTarebis
kvalobaze
terminma licenziamoicva ara mxolod samrewvelo da
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebaze uflebis gadacema, aramed
teqnikuri dokumentaciis, teqnologiuri cnobebis, samrewvelo
saidumloebebis ( nou-hau) da a.S. gadacemac.
teqnologiaTa ganviTarebis kvalobaze, gansakuTrebiT
eleqtronikaSi,
qimiaSi,
gamoTvliT
teqnikaSi
maRali
teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, arsebiTad gaaZliera nou-haus
roli. amasTan, Tanamedrove tendenciaa, rac SeiZleba didi
xnis
ganmavlobaSi
SenarCunebul
iqnes
nou-hau-s
konfedecialuroba, gasaidumloeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
inovaciaTa mflobelebi arCeven ar daapatenton sakuTari
gamogonebani,
raTa
ar
Seiqmnes
nou-hau-s
udrood
gamJRavnebis an patentis gverdis avlis gaiolebuli sqemis
warmoqmnis saSiSroeba.
amasTan dakavSirebiT izrdeba
aradapatentebuli licenziebiT (nou-hau) vaWrobis moculoba
da am terminma da gadacemis praqtikam moipova ase vTqvaT
sruluflebiani moqalaqeoba.
xSirad,
licenziaTa
gadacemas
Tan
sdevs
mowyobilobebis, saamqroebis, sawarmoebis makompleqtebeli
mowyobilobebis miwodeba, romelic Seisyideba mocemuli
licenziis realizaciisaTvis. amgvari licenzia iwodeba
Tanmde licenziad, da wminda licenziisagan gansxvavebiT ar
warmoadgens
mowyobilobebis
mowodebis
kontraqtis
Semadgenel nawils da salicenzio SeTanxmebas damoukidebeli
xasiaTi aqvs.
salicenzio vaWrobis praqtikaSi gvxvdeba jvaredini
licenzirebis
terminic,
roca
gamyidveli
(gamyidvlebi)
anxorcielebs
mis
sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli
samrewvelo
sakuTrebis obieqtebze licenziebis gacvlas, romelic xSirad

interess grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. anu myidvels SeuZlia

daimkvidros saxelSekrulebo wesiT teqnologiis gamyidvelis
potenciuri
ufleba
Tavis
licenzirTan
mimarTebaSi.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tu licenzianti licenzirebuli
teqnologiis
srulyofas
ganaxorcielebs,
is
SesaZloa
AaRmoCndes situaciaSi, rodesac yovelgvari gaumjobeseba
avtomaturad da usasyidlod gadaeces licenzirs. amitomac
teqnologiis gadacemis yvela xelSekruleba da SeTanxmeba
detalurad unda iyos damuSavebuli.
10.4. teqnologiis komerciuli gadacemisas salicenzio
Ggacvla

salicinzio
gacvlis
mcnebis
qveS
igulisxmeba
licenziaTa yidva-gayidvis komerciuli garigebebis dadebaaRsruleba. saqmian praqtikaSi licenziaTa mravali saxeobebi
arsebobs.
wminda saxiT licenziad iwodeba ufleba, garkveul
pirobebSi gamoyenebul iqnas raime saxis patenti. amitom
klasikuri licenzia, es aris patentis gamoyeneba, anu
egreTwodebulisapatento licenzia.
licenziis yvelaze cnobili formaa patentis rogorc
aseTze uflebis gadacema. amgvarad gamomgonebeli, an patentis
mflobeli uars ambobs Tavis uflebaze, da patentis
mflobeli xdeba myidveli. urTierTobaTa amgvari forma
damaxasiaTebelia im SemTxvevebisaTvis, rodesac patentis
mflobelia kerZo piri.
licenzia SesaZloa iyos ubralo, gansakuTrebuli an
sruli. gansakuTrebuli licenziis SemTxvevaSi, myidvels
(licenziants) eniWeba gansakuTrebuli, anu monopoliuri
ufleba gamoiyenos licenziis obieqti garkveul bazrebze,
romelic SesaZlebelia moicavdes rogorc erT romelime
qveyanas, asve mTlian regions an qveynebis jgufs. sruli
licenzia niSnavs myidvelze sruli uflebebis gadacemas
patentis gamoyenebis Taobaze da praqtikulad niSnavs mis
sabolood gayidvas.
ubralo licenziis qveS igulisxmeba licenziantis
ufleba gamoiyenos licenziis obieqti garkveul farglebSi,

81

magram ar unda CavTvaloT, rom SeuZlebelia licenziis

gayidva mxolod gamogonebis SiSveli patentis saxiT (anu
mxolod carieli ideis). msoflioSi mravladaa Suamavali,
damnergavi firmebi (`venCuruli~),
romlebic yiduloben
amgvar gamogonebebs sakuTari riskis qveS, da ewevian mis
Semdgom danergvasa da komercializacias.
konkretuli samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevis licenziis
saxiT gasayidad mosamzadeblad, dgeba sareklamo-teqnikuri
aRwera licenziis obieqtisa da misi teqnikur-ekonomikuri
gaTvla
(dasabuTeba),
romelic
daamtkicebs
licenziis
obieqtis gamoyenebis efeqturobas. magram, am dokumentebis
momzadebisas aucilebelia daculi iqnes konfidencialurobis
balansi, raTa am dokumentebSi mocemuli informacia iyos
sakmarisi potenciuri myidvelisaTvis, raTa mas mieces
saSualeba gaakeTos daskvna misi SeZenis mizanSewonilobis
Taobaze, magram arasakmarisi imisaTvis , rom myidvelma
miRebuli
informaciis
bazaze
damoukideblad
SesZlos
licenzirebis obieqtis gamoyeneba ise rom ar SeiZinos
mocemuli licenzia.
im
SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac
SeuZlebelia
myidvelis
daintereseba licenziis obieqtiT
ise rom, ar iqnes
gamJRavnebuli
gamogonebis
konfidencialuri
mxareebi,
gamoiyeneba ofciuri SeTanxmebis forma. am SeTanxmebis
pirobebis Tanaxmad, momxmarebeli winaswar anazRaurebs ra
licenziis sruli Rirebulebis 10-30%-s, iRebs gamogonebis
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb srulyofil informacias sruli
konfedencialurobis
pirobiT.
mocemuli
informaciis
gacnobis Semdgom, is an iRebs gadawyvetilebas licenziis
SeZenis Sesaxeb da opcionis Rirebuleba CaeTvleba gadaxdaSi,
an uars ambobs licenziis SeZenaze, magram, aseT SemTxvevaSi
mas aRar daubrundeba ofcionis saxiT winaswar gadaxdili
Tanxa, amsTan mis mier mopovebuli informacia unda darCes
konfidencialurad.
sakuTari samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevis reklamirebis
dasawyebad
konkretul
bazrebze,
agreTve
konkretuli
myidvelis
arsebobisas,
mizanSewonilia
dawyebul
iqnas
licenziis
obieqtis
sapatento
sisufTavis
Semowmeba
(gadamowmeba)
salicenzio
xelSekrulebiT
SeTavazebuli
arealis qveynebis mixedviT. amgvari Semowmeba saSualebas

avsebs erTmaneTs, an maT erTobliv gamoyenebas moaqvs

damatebiTi mogeba.
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac patentis mflobeli mzad aris
gadasces licenzia nebismier fizikur an iuridiul pirs,
aseTi licenzia iwodeba Ria licenziad.
qveyanaSi miRebuli patentis gamoyenebis procesSi
SesaZlebelia Caerios saxelmwifoc sakuTari kompetenturi
organoebis meSveobiT (erovnuli sapatento organo, sapatento
sasamarTlo,
samoqalaqo
sasamarTlo,
saarbitraJo
sasamarTlo),
romlebic
specialurad
dasabuTebul
SemTxvevaSi
(magaliTad,
rodesac
inovaciis
obieqtis
mflobeli ar an ver iyenebs mas, konkurenciis gamZafrebis,
antimonopoliuri regulirebis RonisZiebaTa farglebSi),
SeuZlia patentis mflobeli aiZulos gadasces sxvas misi
patentis gamoyenebis ufleba. licenziis amgvar saxeobas
iZulebiT licenzias uwodeben.
ZiriTad faqtorebs, romlebic xels uwyobs warmatebul
salicenzio garigebas, warmoadgens gamogonebis an samecnieroteqnikuri miRwevis wonadoba, misi efeqturoba, samarTlebrivi
daculobis done (damcavi dokumentaciis arseboba, rogorc
qveyanaSi aseve mis farglebs gareT) da sawarmoos aTvisebis
SesaZleblobani.
amitom, gamogonebis momzadeba licenziis gasayidad
dawyebul unda iqnes saavtoro uflebebis dacvis stadiidan.
pirveli etapi es aris damcavi dokumentis mopoveba, anu
patentis dafiqsireba, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, aseve
sazRvargareTac.
gamogonebis
Zlieri
sapatento
dacva
propociulad
axdens
gavlenas
momavali
licenziis
Rirebulebaze. rogorc wesi samarTlebrivad kargad daculi
licenziis
obieqti
gacilebiT
maRali
Rirebulebis
matarebelia, vidre analogiuri magram iuridiulad naklebad
daculi teqnikisa da teqnologiis salicenzio obieqti.
gamogoneba, romelic danergilia warmoebaSi, ufro
advilad poulobs myidvels, da misi fasi ufro maRalia,
radganac licenziis potenciur myidvels SeuZlia realurad
Seafasos
teqnikur-ekonomikuri
upiratesobani
romelic
miiReba
gamogonebis
an
samecniero-teqnikuri
miRwevis
perspeqtivaSi gamoyenebiT.

82

teqnologiaTa gadacemis SeTanxmebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

sakiTxia teqnologiis Rirebulebisa da fasis gansazRvra, da
licenziis gayidvis (SeZenis) ekonomikuri Sedegebis Sefaseba.
sxva
saqonlebisagan
gansxvavebiT
teqnologiis
Rirebuleba da fasi rogorc wesi, ar ganisazRvreba im
danaxarjebiT, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo mis SeqmnasTan. am
TvalsazrisiT teqnologia iseTi saqonlebis analogiuria
rogoricaa UuZravi qoneba da fasiani qaRaldebi, romelTa
Rirebuleba damokidebulia Semosavlis miRebaze, romelic
maTi gamoyenebiT miiReba. zustad amgvarad, teqnologiis
Rirebuleba damokidebulia damatebiTi
mogebis sidideze,
romlis
miRebac
SesaZlebelia
teqnologiuri
siaxlis
realizaciis Sedegad. amgvar SemTxvevebSi xSirad laparakoben
teqnologiur rentaze (miwis rentis analogiurad).
teqnologiuri
rentis
miRebis
SesaZlebloba
uzrunvelyofilia teqnologiuri monopoliiT, romelsac
flobs misi mesakuTre. am monopoliis buneba orsaxovania.
pirveli, igi ganpirobebulia teqnologiis inteleqtualuri
bunebiT, xolo teqnologiis mflobeli, tovebs ra sakuTar
codnas gasaidumloebulad, iqmnis informaciul monopolias.
meore, informaciuli monopolia gamyarebulia iuridiulad,
romelic patentis an saavtoro uflebebis saxiT uzrunvelyofilia inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebiT. teqnologia,
romelic farTodaa cnobili da ar aris daculi iuridiuli
normebiT,
ver
uzrunvelyofs
misi
mflobelisaTvis
teqnologiur monopolias, ver moaqvs teqnologiuri renta da
Sesabamisad arc warmoadgens saqonels.
licenziis gayidva warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze maRal
savaluto efeqtis matarebel sagareo savaWro garigebas,
romelic
saSualebas
iZleva
minimaluri
materialuri,
finansuri da SromiTi resursebis xarjze miRebul iqnas
mniSvnelovani
sididis
saxsrebi
da
is
gansakuTrebiT
maRalracionaluria
roca
samrewvelo
simZlavreebi
SezRudulia
da
SeuZlebelia
bazris
moTxovnis
dakamyofileba mza produqciis miwodebis gziT.
teqnologiis fasebze momqmed faqtorebs ganekuTvnebian:
1) danaxarjebi
niokri-ze
(pirdapirproporciuli
damokidebuleba);

iZleva gamoiricxos mesame pirebis pretenziebi patentebze,

ramdenadac salicenzio xelSekrulebis xelis moweris Semdeg
amgvar pretenziebs SesaZloa seriozulad negatiuri Sedegebi
mohyves.
ucxouri
licenziis
SeZenis
procesi
licenziis
gayidvis procesis msgavsia. saWiroa Catardes licenziis
SeZenis da misi SesaZleblobebis analizi, da miRebul iqnes
ucxoeli gamyidvelisagan srulyofili teqnikur-ekonomikuri
komerciuli winadadeba, romelic momzadebuli unda iqnes
myidvelis moTxovnis (teqnikuri davalebis) safuZcelze.
licenziis obieqtis gacnobis procesSi, SesaZlebelia
warmoiSvas misi sawarmoo da saeqspluatacio pirobebSi
gamocdis aucilebloba, Sefasdes misi teqnikuri done
firmaSi. komerciuli winadadebis Sefasebisas, mizanSewonilia
arsebobdes
alternatiuli
winadadebebic
sxvadasxva
mwarmoebeli firmebisagan.
licenziebis gayidva sazRvargareT, bevr qveyanaSi
saWiroebs saxelmwifos nebarTvis (licenziis) mopovebas.
saxelmwifos mxridan sazRvargareT samecniero-teqnikuri
informaciis gatanis kontrolis sistema arsebobs yvela
qveyanaSi.
amgvari
kontroli
SesaZloa
ganxorcieldes
sxvadasxva formiT: an uflebis gacema, an dadebuli
salicenzio xelSekrulebebis registracia da aRsrulebaze
saxelmwifos Semdgomi Tanxmobis (an uaris) miReba, an am ori
meTodis raRac kombinacia.
saxelSekrulebo
formas
licenziis
yidva-gayidvis
aqtisa warmoadgens salicenzio SeTanxmeba, romelic ideba
komerciul safuZvelze an usasyidlod licenzirsa da
licenziants Soris. arsebobs ramodenime tipiuri forma
saeqsporto da saimporto salicenzio SeTanxmebebisa, magram
SeTanxmebis
konkretuli
saboloo
varianti
yalibdeba
teqnikuri da komerciuli molaparakebebis Sedegebis mixedviT,
rodesac dasruldeba yvela muxlis urTierT SeTanxmeba da
winaswari eqspertiza.
10.5. teqnologiis Rirebuleba da fasi

83

2) teqnologiis siaxle _ teqnologia rac ufro Zvelia miT

dabalia misi fasi;
3) danaxarjebis
sidide
romelic
dakavSirebulia
teqnologiis
gadacemasTan
(
pirdapirproporciuli
damokidebuleba );
4) mogebis done, romelsac iRebs myidveli. am maCveneblis
sidide pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli im sabazro wilis
moculobasTn, romelic mas ekuTvnis. Sesabamis bazrebze,
sadac savaraudod moxdeba gadacemuli teqnologiis
realizacia, soliduri wili, teqnologiis myidvels
uqmnis
pirobebs
gaimyaros
poziciebi
gamyidvelTan
molaparakebebisas da ganapirobebs teqnologiis fasis
klebas;
5) teqnologiis myidvelis statusi (saxelmwifo Tu kerZo).
saxelmwifo organizaciebs, rogorc wesi ufro Zlieri
poziciebi
aqvT
molaparakebebze
da
Sesabamisad
teqnologiaSi naklebs ixdian;
6) licenziantis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba, rac aseve
axdens gavlenas mis sastarto poziciebze.
teqnologiis fasis qveda zRvars gansazRvravs mis
Seqmnaze gaweuli danaxarjebi plius saSualo mogeba.
teqnologiis fasis zeda zRvari ganisazRvreba licenziis
myidvelis Semosavlebidan sakmaod maRali wiliT. aqedan ki
gamomdinareobs,
rom
teqnologiis
fasi
SesaZlebelia
varirebdes Zalian farTo diapazonSi da misi konkretuli
sidide pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli teqnologiis gamyidvelisa
da myidvelis sabazro poziciebTan.
licenziis
faswarmoqmnis
meTodika
dafuZvnebulia
martiv principze _ licenziis gamyidvels gadaexdeba
myidvelis mogebis nawili, romelsac is SeZenili licenziiT
miiRebs. produqciis saxis, misi warmoebis moculobebis
(seriuloba) Sesabamisad, mogebis am wilis sidide meryeobs
myidvelis mogebis 10-30%-s farglebSi.
licenziis
Rirebuleba
mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli
angariSsworebis
formasTan.
licenziiT
warmoebuli
produqciis erTeulis mixedviT angariSsworebis pirobebSi
(roialitis forma), saerTo gadaxda salicenzio xelSekrulebis moqmedebis mTeli periodisaTvis ufro metia, vidre
pirdapiri angariSsworebis dros, rodesac licenziis saerTo

Rirebuleba
gadaixdeba
nawil-nawil,
magaliTad
20%
xelSekrulebis
xelmoweris
momentSi,
30%
teqnikuri
dokumentaciis momentSi, 30% produqciis warmoebis dawyebisas
da 20% sagarantio gadaxdebi. es ukanaskneli Tanabrad
gadanawildeba salicenzio xelSekrulebis darCenil vadaze.
gamoiyeneba
salicenzio
angariSsworebis
kombinirebuli
formebic, roca Rirebulebis nawili salicenzio produqciis
aTvisebis periodSi anazRaurdeba erTi formiT, xolo
produqciis warmoebis dawyebis momentidan ki roialitis
formiT.
am
SemTxvevaSi
arsebiTia
salicenzio
xelSekrulebaSi
gaTvaliswinebuli
iqnas
yovelwliuri
gadaxdebi, romelic unda ganaxorcielos myidvelma, im
SemTxvevaSic ki roca is ar iyenebs licenzias da ar uSvebs
mocemul produqcias.
arsebobs ramodenime midgoma licenziis Rirebulebis
dasadgenad. zogadad licenziis Rirebulebis gansazRvris
formulas Semdegi saxe aqvs:
t

C p V i Z i
i

sadac:

_ aris licenziis Rirebuleba roialitis formis

angariSsworebiT;
_ aris warmoebis mosalodneli moculoba i-ur
i

weliwadSi;
_ aris roialitis sidide i-ur weliwadSi;
i

P
Z
t

_ aris erTeuli produqciis fasi i-ur weliwadSi;

_

aris

salicenzio

xelSekrulebis

moqmedebis

saangariSo vada.
salicenzio xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada, romelic
miRebulia licenziebiT vaWrobis saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi,
ar
aRemateba
10
weliwads.
xelSekrulebis
moqmedebis
saangariSo vadad rekomendirebulia: ufaso licenziebisaTvis,
romelTa
aTvisebac
ar
moiTxovs
did
drosa
da
kapitaldabandebebs 5-7 weliwadi. igive vada rekomendirebulia

84

agreTve iseT sapatento licenziebisaTvis, romelTa obieqtsac

warmoadgens produqcia moklevadiani sasicocxlo cikliT
(magaliTad sayofacxovrebo teqnika); an 7-10 wliT sapatento
licenziebisaTvis, licenziis xangrZlivvadiani sasicocxlo
cikliT, romelTa aTvisebac dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan
kapitaldabandebebTan, mowyobilobis mowodebis didi vadebiT
(1-1,5 weli), da warmoebaSi danergvis 1-1,5 wliani vadiT.
msoflio praqtikaSi angariSswrebis miRebuli praqtikis
principebi licenziis Rirebulebaze Semdegi saxiT moqmedeben.
licenziis saerTo jamuri Rirebuleba iqneba miT naklebi,
rac ufro swrafad da metis gadaxdas iwyebs myidveli.
rodesac angariSsworeba gawelilia droSi, da misi didi
nawili modis salicenzio xelSekrulebis vadis bolo
periodebze, licenziis jamuri Rirebuleba matulobs.
licenziiT produqciis warmoebis moculoba ganisazRvreba licenziantis mier warmoebis moculobis sawarmoo
programis monacemebisa da salicenzio produqciis gasaRebis
bazris moculobis analizis monacemebis mixedviT.
produqciis
erTeulis
saangariSsworebo
fasis
erTeulad miiCneva mwarmoeblis franko-qarxnis neto-fasi,
romlidanac gamoiqviTeba fasdaklebebi SefuTvis, Senaxvis,
dazRvevis,
da
sxva
arasawarmoo
danaxarjebze.
saangariSsworebo fasebi dgindeba qveyanaSi sagareo savaWro
garigebebis konkretuli fasebis, an preiskurantebis, da (an),
analogiuri produqciis mwarmoebeli firmebis mowodebis
fasebis mixedviT. saangariSsworebo fasebidan gamoiqviTeba
makompleqtebeli nakeTobebisa da Sesyiduli detalebis
fasebi, romlebic ar warmoadgenen salicenzio SeTanxmebis
obieqtebs.
teqnologiaTa
gadacemisas
xSirad
xorcieldeba
erTdrouli angariSsworebis mTeli rigi. magaliTad, maT
Soris garda roialitiT gansazRvruli gadaxdebisa SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas winaswari angariSsworebis sxvadasxva saxeobebi.
teqnologiis
fasis
kalkulacia
moiTxovs
dafiqsirdes
gansxvaveba teqnologiis uSualo fassa da sxva yvela
danarCen gadasaxdels Soris. es dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom
gadaricxuli gadasaxdelebi formirdeba sxvadasxvagvarad:
uSualod teqnologiaze gadasaxdelis sidide ganisazRvreba
misi komerciuli realizaciidan savaraudod misaRebi mogebis

sidididan
gamomdinare,
xolo
yvela
sxva
danarCeni
gadasaxdeli ki Sesabamis RonisZiebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis
safuZvelze.
roialiti warmoadgens
angariSsworebis yvelaze
martiv formas. mTlianobaSi angariSsworebani roialitis
formiT,
Seicavs
maRal
riskebs
teqnologiis
gamyidvelisaTvis, ramdenadac misi sidide damokidebulia im
komerciul warmatebaze, romelsac aRwevs teqnologiis
mflobeli. misi arawarmatebuli realizaciis SemTxvevaSi,
teqnologiis gamyidvelma SesaZloa ganicados arsebiTi
danakargebi. da piriqiT, gayidvebis swrafi zrdis pirobebSi,
misma
sargebelma
SesaZloa
gadaaWarbos
mosalodnels.
gamomdinare aqedan, teqnologiis gamyidveli angariSsworebis
amgvar formas irCevs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ki miiCnevs,
rom myidvels aqvs SesaZlebloba miiRos sakmarisad maRali
mogeba. gayidvebis wliuri moculobis klebis pirobebSi
sakuTari danakargebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, teqnologiis
mflobelma SesaZloa moiTxovos minimalurad garantirebuli
roialitis Tanxis dadgena, romlis qvemoTac ar SeiZleba
roialitis wliuri sididis dacema.
meores mxriv, myidvelisaTvis angariSsworebis amgvari
forma sakmaod xelsayrelia, ramdenadac igi gulisxmobs
gadaxdebis gadavadebas droSi da misi sidide damokidebulia
axali sawarmos komerciul warmatebaze. magram, Tu axali
teqnologiis
realizacia
ganxorcielda
warmatebiT,
gadaxdebis sididem SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarbos
teqnologiis pirvel sawyisad dadgenil fass. am garemoebam
gamoiwvia roialitis daricxvis mravalferovani sistemebis
formireba, romlebic metnaklebad Wrian zemoT aRniSnul
problemas.
ase magaliTad, roialiti SesaZlebelia gansazRvrul
iqnes:
a) rogorc produqciis erTeulis realizaciaze fiqsirebuli
Tanxa, an produqciis erTeulis realizaciaze raRac wili;
b) rogorc Semosavlidan garkveuli wili, romelic miiReba
axali teqnologiis warmoeba realizaciidan;
g) gayidvebis moculobidan winaswar gansazRvruli wili manam
sanam ar iqneba miRweuli partniorebis mier dabandebul
kapitalze mogebis dadgenili norma.

85

angariSsworeba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes agreTve

teqnologiis gamyidvelze myidvelis aqciebis an sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis
gadacemis
gziTac.
teqnologiis
gayidvisas
gamyidveli xSirad myidvels uwevs mTel rig paralelur da
damxmare momsaxureobebsac. am kategoriis momsaxurebas
ganekuTvnebian momsaxureobis iseTi saxeobebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia Tavad teqnologiis gadacemis procedurasTan.
isini iwvevn garkveuli saxis danaxarjebsa da danakargebs maT
Soris informaciuli xasiaTisasac, ris gamoc aucilebelia
maTi kompensireba. amgvari gadasaxdelebis Tavisebureba
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini xorcieldeba jer kidev
garigebis gaformebamde. ris gamoc warmoiqmneba specialuri
gadasaxdelebis mTeli rigi:
winasawari gadasaxdeli:
es
gadasaxdeli
gaTvaliswinebulia
gamyidvelis
xarjebis kompensirebisaTvis, romelic man gaiRo jer kidev
kontraqtis gaformebamde. es SesaZloa iyos danaxarjebi,
romlebic dakavSirebulia proeqtirebasTan, samarketingo
kvlevebis CatarebasTan, teqnikuri saxelmZRvaneloebisa da
instruqciebis SeqmnasTan, sxva teqnikuri dokumentaciis
momzadebasTan, molaparakebebTan, iuridiuli konsultaciebis
xarjebTan,
da a.S. gamyidvelis xarjebi dakavSirebulia
amgvari qmedebebis ganxorcielebasTan, xSirad aRemateba kidec
myidvelis danaxarjebs.
amasTan saWiroa yuradReba mieqces imasac, rom es
kompensaciebi ar exeba danaxarjebs, romelic dakavSirebulia
teqnologiis uSualod SeqmnasTan, anu niokri-s xarjebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erTdrouli gadasaxdeli da
winaswari gadasaxdeli xSirad areulia erTmaneTSi, isini
asruleben sxvadasxva funqciebs.
Tu mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom winaswari gadasaxdelebi
warmoadgens samarketingo danaxarjebs da mTlianad ekisreba
gamyidvels, am ukanasknels SeuZlia SemdgomSi CarTos is
teqnologiis sakuTar fasSi da miiRos maTi amogeba, rogorc
roialitis an erTdrouli gadasaxdelis nawilis saxiT.
gadasxadeli teqnologiuri informaciis nawilobrivi
gamJRavnebisaTvis:
imisaTvis,
rom
darwmundes
garigebis
mizanSewonilobaSi, myidvelma xelSekrulebis xelismoweramde

fulis
inflaciuri
gaufasureba
da
sabanko
procentebis zrda iwvevs roialitis realuri sididis
Semcirebas.
amis
gamo,
teqnologiaTa
gadacemis
xelSekrulebebSi, rogorc wesi gaTvaliswinebulia sxvadsxva
saxis debulebebi, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon dakarguli
saxsrebis anazRaureba.
gayidvis meore tipis gamoyenebisas, misi sidide
dgindeba winaswar garkveuli sididis saxiT, romelic
gadaixdeba erT an met nawilad, rogorc wesi teqnologiis
gadacemis SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlis momentSi. amgvari
gadasaxdelis sidide SesaZlebelia gaangariSebuli iqnes
roialitis ganakveTis, maTi gadaxdis periodis da produqciis
wminda
gayidvebis
savaraudo
moculobebis
safuZvelze.
SeTanxmebis monawile mxareebis urTierT garigebis Sedegad,
zogjer
teqnologiis
fasis
gansazRvra
xorcieldeba
teqnologiis Seqmnaze gaweuli danaxarjebis SefasebiT.
angariSsworebis aRniSnuli forma gamoiyeneba rogorc wesi
patentis gayidvisas, rac Tavis mxriv warmoadgens samrewvelo
sakuTrebis uflebis saboloo gadacemas.
teqnologiaze
angariSsworebis
sxva
formebs
warmoadgenen:
jvaredini licenzireba, rac niSnavs licenziebisa da
patentebis
urTierT
gacvlas,
romlebic
miiCneva
eqvivalenturad. angariSsworebis amgvari forma, yvelaze
xSirad
gvxvdeba
samrewvelod
ganviTarebuli
qveynebis
firmebs
Soris
gaformebul
teqnologiaTa
gadacemis
kontraqtebSi. gansakuTrebiT xSiria es farmacevtiul da
eleqtronul mrewvelobaSi, sadac danaxarjebi niokrze
rogorc wesi Zalzed arsebiTia. amasTan, zogjer kontraqtebi
Seicavs debulebas imis Taobaze, rom myidveli valdebulia
usasyidlod miawodos informacia adre SeZenil teqnologiis
yovelgvari modernizaciisa da gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb;
gvxvdeba agreTve faruli salicenzio gadasaxdelebic
an
maTi
konvertacia,
romlis
drosac
gadasaxdelebi
teqnologiaze CarTulia sasaqonlo miwodebis fasebSi an
teqnologiis gamyidvelis momsaxurebis fasebSi. magaliTad
mosawodebeli mowyobilobebis fasebSi, masalebis, saTadarigo
nawilebis an nebismieri sxva perioduli mowodebis fasebSi.

86

unda miiRos minimaluri komerciuli da teqnikuri informacia

mainc. am ukanasknelis gamJRavneba ki garkveul riskebs
Seicavs, radganac, Tu ki garigeba ar Sedga, potenciur
myidvels principSi Seswevs unari gamoiyenos miRebuli
informacia
analogiuri
teqnologiis
Sesaqmnelad
an
dasanergad. riskis xarisxi damokidebulia teqnologiisa da
misi iuridiuli dacvis xasiaTze. riskis sidide SesaZlebelia
gaxdes arsebiTi, Tu ki teqnologia daculia mxolod,
rogorc
komerciuli
saidumloeba
da
advilad
kvlavwarmoebadia misi gacnobis SemTxvevaSi.
aseT SemTxvevaSi licenzirs SeuZlia moiTxovos
garkveuli Tanxebis gadaxda gamJRavnebul teqnologiur da
komerciul informaciaze, rogorc SesaZlo riskis warmoqmnis
kompensirebisaTvis.
Tanxmoba,
amgvar
gadasaxdelze
warmoadgens
garkveul
garantias
imisa,
rom
myidveli
seriozuladaa ganwyobili da is SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas
im danakargebis asanazRaureblad, romelic warmoiSoba
garigebis
CaSlis
SemTxvevaSi.
amasTan,
warmatebiT
dasrulebuli garigebis SemTxvevaSi, winaswar gadaxdili
amgvari Tanxebi SesaZlebelia gamoiricxos teqnologiis
ZiriTadi fasidan.
ofciuri gadasaxdeli:
ofciuri gadasaxdelebi gadaixdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
ki potenciur myidvels surs miiRos gansakuTrebuli ufleba
mocemuli
kontaraqtis
dadebaze,
magram
saboloo
gadawyvetilebis miRebamde aqvs survili moipovos damatebiTi
teqnologiuri da komerciuli informacia. Aam SemTxvevaSi
teqnologiis
gamyidvels
SeuZlia
moiTxovos
ofciuri
gadasaxdelis
gadaxda
imis
sakompensaciod,
rom
is
teqnologiis realizacias avadebs garkveuli droiT. Tu ki
xelSekruleba ar iqna xelmowerili, gamyidveli rogorc wesi
itovebs
ofciur
gadasaxdels
TavisTan.
amavdroulad
garigebis
warmatebiT
dadebis
SemTxvevaSi,
ofciuri
gadasaxdeli SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos gasayidi teqnologiis
sakontraqto fasSi.
teqnologiis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi
danaxarjebis anazRaureba:
inJineringuli momsaxurebis anazRaureba (enjineering fees).

rogorc wesi Tavisi momsaxureobis saxiT teqnologiis

gamyidveli uzrunvelyofs inJineringul damuSavebas, rac
aucilebelia gadacemuli teqnologiis gamoyenebisaTvis. im
SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac
myidvels
ar
aqvs
sakmarisi
inJineringuli gamocdileba da kvalifikacia, teqnologiis
gamyidvels SeuZlia uzrunvelyos is e.w. integrirebuli
inJineringiT.
magram,
umetes
wilad
inJineringuli
momsaxureobis
uzrunvelyofas
anxorcieleben
specializirebuli
sakonsultacio
firmebi.
amgvari
momsaxurebis
anazRaurebis
safuZvels
warmoadgens
danaxarjebi,
romlebic
dakavSirebulia
mocemuli
momsaxureobis gawevasTan. maTi ganfasebebi diferencirebulia
kvalifikaciis donis Sesabamisad da periodulad qveyndeba
sakonsultacio firmebis mier. Sesabamisad, teqnologiis
myidvels
Tavad
SeuZlia
gansazRvros
am
kategoriis
danaxarjebis daaxloebiTi done.
teqnikuri daxmarebis anazRaureba:
roca teqnologiis myidvels Sesabamis sferoSi ar aqvs
sakmarisi
teqnikuri
codna,
teqnologiis
gamyidveli
uzrunvelyofs
misTvis
Sesabamisi
teqnologiis
gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebel teqnikur daxmarebas.. amgvari
momsaxurebis anazRaurebis wesebi ZiriTadSi inJineringuli
momsaxurebis wesebis analogiuria.
sakonsultacio gadasaxdelebi:
da
bolos,
yvela
operaciis
ganxorcielebisas,
romelic dakavSirebulia teqnologiis SeZenasa da mis
gadacemasTan, Tan axlavs konsultantTa momsaxureobis
aucilebloba (safinanso, iuridiuli, samarketingo da a.S.
saxis). danaxarjebi, romelic dakavSirebulia amgvari xasiaTis
momsaxureobis gawevasTan, SesaZlebelia gadaxdil iqnas
nebismieri mxaris mier an gaiyofa Tanabrad. maTi daricxvis
principi
ukve
ganxiluli
gadaxdebis
analogiuria
_
danaxarjebis anazRaureba plius no mogeba.
10.6. saerTaSoriso teqnologiur gacvlebSi
inJineringi da teqnikuri daxareba

87

saerTaSoriso
inJineringi
warmoadgens
sawarmoo,
komerciuli,
da
samecniero-teqnikuri
xasiaTis
momsaxureobaTa kompleqss, romelsac anxorcieleben, rogorc
specializirebuli firmebi, aseve samrewvelo, saamSeneblo da
sxva specializaciis mqone firmebi.
inJineringis tipis momsaxureobaTa mTliani speqtri
(teqnikuri
xelSewyobis
tipis
momsaxureobis
gareSe),
SesaZlebelia daiyos or ZiriTad jgufad: momsaxureobebi,
romlebic
dakavSirebulia
teqnologiuri
procesis
momzadebasTan,
da
momsaxureobani,
romelTa
mizania
rentabeluri warmoebis uzrunvelyofa.
pirvel jgufs SesaZlebelia miekuTvnos:
1)
winasaproeqto
momsaxureoba,
maT
Soris
bazris
koniuqturis
Seswavla,
saproeqto-saZiebo
samuSaoebi
proeqtis
ganxorcielebis
arealSi:
topografiuli
gadaReba,
adgilis
sainJinro
gegmarebis
SemuSaveba,
niadagebis, gruntis Seswavla, wiaRiseulis dazverva,
kapitaldabandebaTa
gegmis
SemuSaveba,
satransporto
qselis
ganviTareba,
proeqtis
teqnikur
ekonomikuri
dasabuTebis kompleqsis SemuSaveba, da a.S. winasaproeqto
momsaxureobaSi
Sedis
agreTve
sakonsultacio
momsaxureobac
da
zemoT
CamoTvlil
samuSaoTa
mimdinareobaze meTvalyureobac;
2)
saproeqto momsaxureoba, romelic iyofa sabaziso da
detalur
inJineringad.
isini
moicavs:
a)
sabaziso
inJineringSi _ winaswari sainJinro gamokvlevebisa da
proeqtebis, generaluri gegmisa da Tanmde Sesabamisi
sqemebis
da
rekomendaciebis,
proeqtis
winaswari
Rirebulebis Sefasebis, misi eqspluotaciisa da Seqmnis
xarjebis
momzadebas.
b)
detalur
inJineringSi
gaTvaliswinebulia _ saboloo proeqtis danarTebis
warmodgena, proeqtis gamokvleva, mTliani arqiteqturuli
proeqtis
SemuSaveba,
samuSao
naxazebis,
teqnikuri
specifikaciebis
momzadeba.
amave
jgufSi
moiazreba
miTiTebul samuSaoebze konsultaciebi da zedamxedveloba;
3)
proeqtirebis Semdgomi momsaxureba _ moicavs samuSaoebs
mSeneblobis gansaxorcieleblad kontraqtis gaformebaze
da
teqnologiebis
aTvisebaze.
isini
moicavs:
a)
sakontraqto
dokumentaciis
momzadebas,
tenderebis

organizacias,
winadadebebis
Seswavlas,
maTze
rekomendaciebis momzadebas; b) proeqtis warmarTvas,
samuSaoTa
mimdinareobis
zedamxedvelobas
da
inspeqtirebas, mSeneblobis marTvas; g) eqspluotaciaSi
Cabarebis mere testirebebis ganxorcielebas, samuSaoTa
dasrulebis serTifikatis momzadeba-gacemas, mSeneblobis
Sesaxeb teqnikuri daskvnis momzadebas; d) sainJinri da
teqnikuri
personalis
momzadebas;
e)
produqciis
gasaRebisaTvis pirobebis momzadebas;
4)
specialuri
saxis
momsaxureoba,
romelic
ganpirobebulia mocemuli obieqtis Seqmnis konkretuli
problemebiT
(ekonomikuri
gamokvlevebi,
problemaTa
Seswavla, narCenebis utilizacia, sxvadasxva iuridiuli
procedurebi da sxva).
inJineringuli momsaxurebis sxva jgufs miakuTvneben
samuSaoebs,
romlebic
dakavSirebulia
eqspluataciis,
sawarmoTa
marTvis
da
maTi
produqciis
realizaciis
procesebis optimizaciasTan, da romelic moicavs:
momsaxureobas sawarmoo procesebis organizaciisa da
marTvis sferoSi (rekomendaciebi maTi gaumjobesebisaTvis,
qronometraJi da sxva);
momsaxureoba mowyobilobaTa daTvaliereba-gamocdis
procesSi;
obieqtis eqspluataciis momsaxureoba (kadrebis SerCeva,
momzadeba samuSaoTa struqturisa da Sromis anazRaurebis
struqturis dadgena, materialur-teqnikuri momaragebis
organizacia, meTvalyureoba eqspluotaciaze);
daxmareba
safinanso
sakiTxebSi
(finansirebis
organizaciis
sakiTxebSi
konsultireba
da
daxmareba,
Semosaval-gasavlebis
Sefaseba
da
maTi
optimizaciis
sakiTxebze konsultaciebi, saaqcio kapitalis problematikaze
konsultaciebi da safinanso politika);
produqciis realizaciis sferoSi momsaxureobebi
(sabazro koniuqturis Seswavla, daxmareba reklamirebis
organizaciaSi,
gasaRebis
meTodebis
daxvewis
sferoSi
konsultaciebi da a.S)
momsaxureoba
informaciuli
sistemebis
danergvis
sferoSi.

88

amgvarad
inJineringi,
ganisazRvreba,
rogorc
saqmianobis
inteleqtualuri
saxeobebis
erToblioba,
romelic mimarTulia resursebisa da teqnologiis yvelaze
racionaluri
da
efeqturi
SerCeva-gamoyenebis
gziT,
sainvestico da sxva proeqtebis realizaciis problemebis
gadawyvetisaken.

dReisaTvis FA(FAO)O-Si gaerTianebulia 175 wevri qveyana.

F(FAO) -s miznebia:
msoflioSi sursaTisa da cxovrebis standartebis
amaRleba;
- kvebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebisa da
ganawilebis efeqtianobis amaRleba, ekologiurad sufTa
produqcia;
saqarTvelo (FAO)-Si 1995 wels gawevrianda. 1995-2008
wlebSi F(FAO)-sTan urTierTobaSi adgili hqonda sagrZnob
winsvlas.
saqaarTvelos FA(FAO)-Si gawevrianebidan dRemde ganxorcielebulia
proeqtebi,
romlebic
soflis
meurneobis,
rogorc dargobrivi, ise instituciuri ganviTarebis sferoebs
moicavs.
ukanasknel
periodSi
saqarTveloSi
politikur
da
ekonomikur
reformebTan
erTad
FA(FAO)-Si
teqnikuri
daxmarebis proeqtebis samoqmedo prioritetad agrosasursaTo
seqtoris gardaqmnisa da misi sabazro-ekonomikur garemoSi
efeqtiani adaptirebis procesis xelSewyoba iqca. 1995 wlidan
(FAO)-s
proeqtebiT ganxorcielebulia 872000 aSS dolaris
Rirebulebis
4
proeqti.
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania
sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis specialuri programis (SPFS)
ganxorcieleba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom araefeqtianad iqna miCneuli
xelisuflebis mcdeloba, moizidos ucxouri investiciebi
sxvadsxva egreTwodebuli mastimulirebeli RonisZiebebiT,
rogoricaa: sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, pirdapiri subsidiebi da
sxva xelisuflebis mier winaswar dadgenili (mandatirebuli)
moTxovnebi
ucxoeli
investoris
mimarT
(adgilobrivi
moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, filialebis mier minimaluri
raodenobis produqciis gatana da a. S.) xels ar uwyobs
qveynis ekonomikur aRmavlobas.
ucxouri investiciebis zegavlena ekonomikur zrdaze
vlindeba uSualod teqnologiur da samenejmento nou-haus
faqtorebSi. kapitalis investireba sxva qveynis bazarze
gulisxmobs konkurentunarianobis maRal dones mowinave
teqnologiebisa da marTvis teqnikis bazaze. maT Tan axlavs
egreTwodebuli `gadadinebis efeqti~, anu teqnologiebis

1. , ;
2. ;
3. ,
;
4. ;
5. .

Tavi XI. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso sainvesticio

TanamSromloba sazRvargareTis qveynebTan.
ucxouri investiciebis mozidva
Cveni qveynisaTvis
obieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgens. erovnuli meurneobis
sabazro sawyisebze gadayvana, ekonomikis modernizacia da
misi socialuri orientaciis gaZliereba moiTxovs did
kapitaldabandebebs.
sainvesticio
SimSilis
ramdenadme
daZleva ucxouri investiciebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amasTan
upirvelesi amocanaa Seiqmnas maTi modinebisaTvis aucilebeli
garemo, ganisazRvros investiciebis efeqtianad gamoyenebis
dargebi da sferoebi, Camoyalibdes sainvesticio regulirebis
qmediTi sistema.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis dargis ganviTarebis
xelSewyobis erT-erT mZlavr saSualebad gvesaxeba gaero-s
sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizaciasTan (FAO)
TanamSromlobis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba.
FA(FAO) warmoadgens gaeros sistemis samTavrobaTaSoriso
organizacias, mis umsxviles specializebul saagentos,
romelic gansazRvravs soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis,
meTevzeobisa da metyeveobis dargebis ganviTarebis politikas.

89

gadacema
`maspinZeli~
qveynisaTvis.
pirdapiri
ucxouri
investiciebi zrdian konkurentebis raodenobas da amave dros
icvleba TviT am konkurenciis arsi mniSvnelovnad
umjobesdeba produqciis xarisxi.
msoflio gamocdileba mowmobs, rom sabazro ekonomikis
mqone
axalgazrda saxelmwifoebma pirvel rigSi unda
gadawyviton Semdegi ZiriTadi amocanebi:
1. stabiluri safinanso situaciis Seqmna. es urTulesi
makroekonomikuri problema gulisxmobs inflaciis dabali
donis SenarCunebas, anu sabiujeto deficitis minimumamde
Semcirebas, mkacr fulad-sakredito politikas, saprocento
ganakveTebis
Semcirebas,
urTierTobebis
gaumjobesebas
mewarme subieqtebs Soris da gacvliTi kursis SedarebiT
stabilizacias.
2.
ekonomikis
liberalizaciis
da
restruqturizaciis
ganxorcieleba, rasac unda moyves bazrebis, maT Soris
Sromis bazrebis gamWvirvaloba. gamWvirvale unda iyos,
agreTve makroekonomikuri RonisZiebebi, statistika, sabanko
sistema da samewarmeo kanonmdebloba.
3. mogebis Tavisufali repatriaciis SesaZlebloba. SezRudva
am sferoSi gansakuTrebiT uaryofiT gavlenas axdenen sainvesticio saqmianobiT ucxoelTa dainteresebaze.
zemoaRniSnuli makroekonomikuri midgomebis fonze Tu
SevafasebT
Cveni
qveynis
sainvesticio
mimzidvelobas,
SevamCnevT,
rom
igi
aradamakmayofilebelia.
safinansoekonomikuri krizisi, korufcia, biurokratizmi da sxva
ganapirobebs saqarTvelos dabal reitings sainvesticio da
sakredito saqmianobis riskis TvalsazrisiT. es dasturdeba
qvemoT moyvanili monacemebiT:
am qveynebSi moqmedebs dabegvris rTuli da mkacri
sistema. gadasaxadebis saxeobaTa simravle da maRali done,
sabaJo
da
salicenzio
regulirebis
meqanizmebis
Camouyalibebloba,
moxeleTa
korumpirebulobasTan
dakavSirebuli obieqturi mizezebi, monopolisti sawarmoebis
faruli
winaaRmdegoba
da
sxva
faqtorebi
auareseben
sainvesticio garemos.
ucxoel
investorebs
unda
SevTavazoT
adekvaturi
struqturuli
politika
da
SeRavaTebi
xangrZlivi
periodisaTvis (gadasaxadebis, sabaJo reJimis, reinvestirebis,

mogebis repatriaciis da sxva sferoSi) garda amisa, TamaSis

wesebi
unda
iyos
mudmivi
met-naklebad
xangrZlivi
periodisaTvis.
maTi
cvlileba
uaryofiTad
moqmedebs
sainvesticio garemos gajansaRebaze.
makroekonomikuri problemebi, romlebmac mwvave xasiaTi
miiRes saerTaSoriso da regionul doneze warmoSobil
safinanso-savaluto krizisis fonze, daRs asvamen Cveni
qveynis sainvesticio garemos. krizisi uaryofiTad moqmedebs
sainvesticio dagrovebaze da qmnis danazogTa
deficits.
saxsrebi ZiriTadad xmardeba sazogadoebisa da meurneobis
sasicocxlod
aucilebeli
mimdinare
moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas.
grZelvadiani
investirebis
prioritetulobaze mxolod maSin SeiZleba saubari, rodesac
miRweulia garkveuli politikuri da socilur-ekonomikuri
stabiluroba.
sainvesticio saqmianobis dakreditebis da riskis xarisxi
qveynebis mixedviT
(saSualo maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT. riskis maqsimaluri
xarisxi =100)

grafiki #2
10 20
- dsT-s qveynebi
- centraluri
afrika
- axlo
aRmosavleTi da
CrdiloeTi
afrika
- laTinuri
amerika da
karibis auzis
qveynebi
- aRmosavleT
evropa
- azia wynari

90

30 40 50

60 70

80

90 100

rogorc zemoT motanili cxrili #9- dan Cans

saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebis moculoba
wlebis mixedviT izrdeba, kerZod: 2007 wels, 2006 welTan
SedarebiT igi gaizarda 69,2%-iT, xolo rac Seexeba 2008 wels
igi Semcirebulia da Seadgens 37,8%-s, rac ZiriTadad
gamowveulia
saqarTveloSi
arsebuli
arastabiluri
politikuri mdgomareobiT da msflioSi arsebuli krizisiT.
ucxouri investiciebis mTlian moculobaSi maRalia aSSis da didi britaneTis wili. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
investiciebi mzardi masStabebiT
xasiaTdeba da ZiriTadad
baqo-subsis navTobsadenis mSeneblobaSia dabandebuli. didi
britaneTisa
da
Sveicariis
investiciebi
warimarTeba
navTobmompovebel mrewvelobaSi, xolo gfr-dan Semosuli
kapitali
xmardeba,
ZiriTadad,
energetikisa
da
Cais
mrewvelobis obieqtebis rekonstruqcias.
calkeuli
saxelmwifoebis
garda
mniSvnelovani
investiciebia ganxorcielebuli saerTaSoriso safinanso
organizaciebis
mier.
maTgan
gamoiyofa
evropis
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki da msoflio banki,
romelTa kreditebi upiratesad municipaluri proeqtebis
dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba.
rogorc
erovnuli
meurneobebis
dargebis,
ise
ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT investiciebis
struqturaSi ZiriTadia mrewveloba, transporti, soflis
meurneoba.
maTgan
mrewvelobaSi
sayovelTaod
cnobil
garemoebaTa gamo, kapitali koncentrirebulia ZiriTadad
eleqtroenergetikaSi. Cvens qveyanaSi sursaTis warmoebis
zrdis iaponuri programis (2) farglebSi soflis meurneobisa
da sursaTis saministros monawileobiT 1998 wlis ivlisSi
iaponiaSi
Catarebuli tenderis Sedegad saqarTveloSi
gamoiyo 380 mln ienis Rirebulebis 25 erTeuli finuri
kombaini, inglisuri traqtorebi da Sesabamisi Sleifi
(guTnebi, kultivatorebi, saTesebi, mineraluri
sasuqis
gamfantveli da sxva). gamoyofili da gamosayofi teqnikis
programiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis dacviT Casatarebeli
iyo
konkretuli
RonisZiebebi
(romlis
praqtikuli
gamocdilebac saministroSi ukve arsebobda). amas myari
safuZveli unda Seeqmna teqnikis efeqtiani gamoyenebisaTvis,
rac iaponuri proeqtis sicocxlisunarianobis Sefasebis

okeanis reg.
- samxreT
evropa

1990-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan ucxouri investiciebis

mozidvam
saqarTveloSi
mzardi
masStabebi
SeiZina.
es
mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapiroba
Sesabamisi
sakanonmdeblo
bazis mowesrigebam, ekonomikis erTgvarma stabilurobam,
ramac moamzada niadagi samewarmeo aqtiurobis da ekonomikuri
aRmavlobis dasawyebad. investiciebis modinebas xeli Seuwyo
farTomasStabiani proeqtebis ganxorcielebam, romelTagan
gamoiyofa baqo-sufsis milsadenis
mSenebloba. aRsaniSnavia
agreTve, ucxouri kapitalis monawileobiT Seqmnil sawarmoTa
raodenobis
zrda.
Tu
1998
wlis
1
ianvrisaTvis
registrirebuli iyo sul 166 aTasi sawarmo, 2008 wlis
bolosaTvis maTma ricxvma 750-aTass miaRwia.
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis
monacemebiT, investiciebis saerTo moculobaSi ganuxrelad
izrdeba ucxouri investiciebis roli (cxrili 9).
investiciebis dinamika 1995-2008ww. (mln

lari)
cxrili #9

wlebi

1995w. 2004w..

2005w.

2006w.

2007w.

2008w.

investiciebi
sul

128

499.1

449.8

1190.4

2014.8

1564.0

maT Soris:
ucxouri
investiciebis
wili, %

43

413.0

400

1078

1850.0

1478.0

33.5

82.7

89.0

90.5

91.8

94.5

SeniSvna : cxrilSi moyvanilia saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeulis 2008 w.-is

monacemebi

91

ZiriTadi
kriteriumia
da
iZleva
Sanss,
analogiuri
miznebisaTvis momavalSi miRebul iqnes iaponuri grantebi.
ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis masStabebis qveynis
ekonomikuri
zrdis
parametrebis
Sefasebis
dros
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom maTi ZiriTadi nawili
realuri ukugebis dawyebis xangrZliv periodzea gaTvlili.
saxeldobr,
dabandebani
milsadeni
transportis
xaziT,
romelic 1998 wels mTeli ucxouri investiciebis 64,1%-s
Seadgens,
moklevadiani
sainvesticio
efeqtianobiT
ar
xasiaTdeba
da
mogvianebiT
miaRweven
ekonomikis
rekonstruqciaze, sawarmoo da socialuri infrastruqturis
srulyofaze zemoqmedebis sasurvel dones.
rogorc cxrili #9-dan da
grafiki #3-dan Cans,
ucxouri investiciebis moculoba 2004 welTan SedarebiT 2005
wlisaTvis
Semcirebulia.
2006-2007
wlebSi
ki
zrdiT
xasiaTdeba,xolo 2008 wels Semcirebulia, kerZod: 2007 wels
misi moculoba Tu iyo-2014,8 aT.lari, 2008 wlisaTvis igi
Semcrebulia da Seadgens-1564,0 aT. Llars. zemoT aRniSnulze
gansakuTrebuli zegavlena moaxdina, amJamad msoflioSi
arsebulma
ekonomikurma
krizisma
da
saqarTveloSi
politikurma arastabilurma mdgomareobam. wlebis mixedviT
aseve izrdeba importis moculoba, raSic gansakuTrebuli
wvlili miuZRvis importis saxiT warmodgenil investiciebs,
romlebic
Semotanilia
teqnologiebis,
manqanebis
da
mowyobilobebis saxiT sazRvargareTis qveynebidan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ucxouri investiciebi ar SeiZleba
miviCnioT ekonomikis ganviTarebis mudmiv faqtorad. maT unda
davakisroT meurneobebis moZvelebuli sawarmoo-teqnikuri
bazis Secvlisa da axlis Camoyalibebis, ekonomikuri zrdis
erTgvari `amZravis~, biZgis mimcemis funqcia. ekonomikis
dabalansebuli, dinamiuri ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod
Sidasainvesticio kvlavwarmoebis bazaze. saqarTveloSi unda
ganxorcieldes aqtiuri politika Sidasainvesticio wyaroebis
amoqmedebis,
saxelmwifo
investiciebis
ganxorcielebis
TvalsazrisiT, xolo rac Seexeba eqsportis moculobas,
wlebis mixedviT marTalia igi zrdiT xasiaTdeba, magram
importirebuli produqciis moculoba bevrad aRemateba
eqsportirebuli produqciisas, e.i. eqsportsa da imports
Soris saldo aris uaryofiTi, rac saqarTvelos ekonomikis

ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad aisaxeba, amitom sasurvelia qveynis

biujetis Sevseba moxdes pirdapiri gadasaxadebidan miRebuli
SemosavlebiT da ara arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis xarjze,
ramac
xeli
unda
Seuwyos
saqarTvelos
biujetis
stabilurobas da mdgradobas.

ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis dinamika

grafiki 3

ucxouri investiciis mozidvisa da efeqtiani gamoyenebis

mizniT saqarTveloSi gadmoRebuli unda iqnas mraval
qveyanaSi (samxreT korea, CineTi, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi
da a.S.) warmatebiT aprobirebuli specialuri ekonomikuri
zonebis Seqmnis gamocdileba. rogorc cnobilia, am zonebSi
dabandebuli kapitali sargeblobs sagrZnobi mxardaWeriT da
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT. aq mTavaria moiZebnos zonis Tu

92

cxrilSi moyvanilia 2009 wlis statistikis departamentis monacemebi

zonebis specifikuri, Cveni qveynis Taviseburebebis Sesabamisi

forma.
msoflio praqtika mowmobs, rom pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi warimarTeba pirvel rigSi, momsaxurebis sferoSi
da Semdgom, privatizebis procesis gaRrmavebis kvalobazemrewvelobis
da
soflis
meurneobis
dargSi.
amitom
privatizirebis procesis daCqareba, sakuTrebis sakiTxis
sabolood
gadawyveta,
ekonomikuri
da
samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebis Seqmna unda miviCnioT ucxouri investiciebis
gamoyenebis mniSvnelovan pirobad.
kapitalis importis gazrdisaTvis aucilebelia efeqtiani
sabanko sistemis Seqmna da sakuTrebis saaqcio formebis
Semdgomi daxvewa, fasiani qaRaldebis bazris da kapitalis
bazris Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba.

Tanamedrove
pirobebSi
warmatebiT
funqcionirebs
msoflio bankisa da IFAD- is soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis
proeqti, romlis strategiuli mizania sasoflo-sameurneo da
agrogadamamuSavebeli seqtoris ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
Tanamedrove
pirobebSi
gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas
iZenspartnioroba
evrokavSirsa
da
saqarTvelos
Soris,radgan ruseTis federaciam mxari ar dauWira euTos
da gaeros moRvaweobas saqarTveloSi.

Qqveynis sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi
cxrili #10
wlebi

(FOB)

(CIF)

2004

2005

2006

2007

qveynis SromiTi resursebis ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi

cxrili #11

2008

2492.5

3355.4

4613.9

6447.3

7555.8

646.9

865.5

936.2

1232.4

1497.7

1845.6

2490.0

3677.7

5214.9

6058.1

-1198.7

-1624.5

-2741.5

-3982.5

-4560.4

499.1

449.8

1190,4

2014.8

1564.0

, .

, .

, .

, .

, .

SeniSvna:

93

2004
2649.0

2005
4018.0

2006
5399.1

2007
7617.8

2008
8974.

305.7

484.3

741.1

1150.5

1499.7

221.8

353.2

466.7

468.1

108.6

180.1

274.4

382.4

197.6

251.3

312.8

456.5

51429

59316

51153

51148

51611

84.2

145.0

246.4

355.5

partniorobisa
da
TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebissaSualebiT
evrokavSirma
da
saqarTvelom
erTmaneTs upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi(MEN) mianiWes.
Uufro
metic,
saqarTvelo
sargeblobsevrokavSiris
preferenciebis zogadi sistemiT (GSP +),riTac daaxloebiT
8000 saxelwodebis qarTul produqcias saSualeba eZleva
Sevides evrokavSiris bazarze mosakreblebisa da kvotis
gareSe.

543.0

SeniSvna:
cxrilSi moyvanilia 2009 wlis statistikis departamentis monacemebi

evrokavSiri
saqarTvelos
exmareba
6
sferoSi.
am
sferoebSi mas aqvs sakuTari politikuri miznebi. es sferoebi
da miznebia:
1.vaWrobis xelSewyoba;
2.regionaluri integracia da TanamSromloba;
3.makroekonomikuri
daxmareba
da
ufro
metad
xelmisawvdomi socialuri samsaxurebi;
4.transportis ganviTareba;
5.sasursaTo
usafrTxoeba
da
regionebis
mdgradi
ganviTareba;
6.instituciuri potenciali.

1.angariSi
evrokavSirisa
da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. Tb. 2005.

saqarTvelos

Soris

1.
;
2. .

1992-2006 wlebSi evrokavSirma evrokomisiis meSveobiT

saqarTvelosaTvis gamoyo 502 milioni evro. evrokavSiris mier
saqarTvelosaTvis daxmarebis gaweva 1992 wels daiwyo. es iyo
programa (ECHO) (evrokomisiis humanitaruli daxmarebis
departamenti), rasac mohyva ramdenime sxvadasxva programa:
TACIS-(teqnikuri
daxmareba
damoukidebel
saxelmwifoTa
TanamegobrobisaTvis). sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programa
(FSP), makro finansuri daxmareba (MFA) da EIDHR-(evropuli
iniciativa demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis sferoSi).
1999 wels ZalaSi Sevida evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos
Soris SeTanxmeba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
(PCA). es SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofs samarTlebriv bazas
urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis sul mcire 2009
wlamde. ris Sedegadac igi SemdgomSi ganaxldeba. 2004 wlis
14 ivniss evrokavSirma saqarTvelo, somxeTi da Aazerbaijani
CarTo
evropis
samezoblo
politikaSi
(ENP),
riTac
daaadastura
ufro
aqtiuri
Careva
samxreTi
kavkasiis
regionis ganviTarebaSi.

Tavi XII. sagareo-ekonomikuri faqtorebis Sefasebis

MmaCveneblebi.
konkretuli qveynebis ekonomikis, aseve misi calkeuli
regionis, dargisa da kompaniis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze
saerTaSoriso ekonomikur faqtorTa gavlenis Sesafaseblad
msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba SedarebiTi maCveneblebi,
romlebic amave dros, msoflio meurneobaSi erovnul
ekonomikaTa integraciis xarisxsac (Ria ekonomika, Caketili
ekonomika) asaxaven.
es maCveneblebia:
1.

94

sagareo vaWrobis moculoba

mosaxleobis raodenoba

X 100%
mSp- is moculoba

mocemulma maCveneblebma saSualod msoflioSi 2003

wels 2000 aSS dolars gadaaWarba, aSS-Si Seadgina 8913,
germaniaSi 14735, iaponiaSi 6190, safrangeTSi 11155, did
britaneTSi 11286, xolo saqarTveloSi 1061 aSS dolari
(2006 wlis monacemebiT).
am maCveneblebis Rirsebaa is, rom mas eqsportisa da
importis
mixedviTac
calk-calke
angariSoben.
aseve
SesaZlebelia, ara marto romelime qveynis, aramed misi
calkeuli regionis, dargis da produqciis mixedviT sakvlevi
donis Sefaseba. yovelive es saSualebas iZleva rogorc
teritoriul, ise dargobriv da produqciis saxeobaTa WrilSi
aRricxuli da Sedarebuli iqnes saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri
kavSirebi, gamovlindes gamouyenebeli rezervebi, daisaxos
samomavlo ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.
analogiurad xdeba kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraobis
Sefasebac, rogorc mTlianad qveynis, ise misi calkeuli
regionisa da dargis mixedviT e.i. Semdegi maCveneblebia:

erTgvarovan valutaSi asaxuli monacemebis Sedareba

SesaZleblobas
iZleva
erovnul
meurneobaze
sagareoekonomikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebis xarisxi dadgindes. ra
sakvirvelia patara qveynebisaTvis, resursebis simcirisa da
bunebrivi pirobebis SezRudulobis gamo, es maCvenebeli ufro
maRali iqneba, vinaidan maT ufro meti saqoneli SeaqvT
sazRvargareTidan, vidre gaaqvT ucxoeTSi.
mag., mosaxleobis mixedviT saSualo raodenobis qveynebs,
kerZod, did britaneTs, safrangeTs, iaponias, germaniasa da
italias es maCveneblebi 10-20 %-is farglebSi aqvT. xolo
mcire qveynebs kerZod, niderlands, belgias, CexeTsa da
ungreTs TiTqmis 40%, 2006 wlis mdgomareobiT saqarTveloSi
igi 34 %-ia.
damaxasiaTebelia is garemoeba, rom sagareo-ekonomikuri
faqtoris
roli
Tanamedrove
sameurneo
ganviTarebaSi
amaRlda msoflios umravles qveyanaSi. am maCveneblis
sidide bolo
3 aTeul weliwadSi TiTqmis gaormagda.
msoflio vaWrobis moculobam mSp-Tan SedarebiT Seadgina:
1968 werls 22%, 1995 wels 36%, xolo 2005 wels eqspertTa
SedarebiT 45-50%.
specialistTa
SefasebiT,
XXI
saukunis
pirvel
aTwleulSi sagareo savaWro brunvis moculobis Sefardeba
mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi did qveynebSi 35-40%-s miaRwevs. es ki
niSnavs, rom yoveli mexuTe-meeqvse SeZenili saqoneli
importuli iqneba.
amasTan erTad aucilebelia aRiniSnos
rom mocemuli maCvenebeli meTodikurad arasrulyofilia,
radgan masSi mxolod sagareo vaWrobaa asaxuli da CarTuli
ar aris saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mTliani
erToblioba. am mimarTulebiT saerTaSoriso eqspertebis mier
mimdinareobs intensiuri muSaoba, riTac sagareo faqtoris
roli kidev ufro dazustdeba, xolo am maCveneblis sidide
mniSvnelovnad gadiddeba.
2.

3.

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi

mosaxlkeobis raodenoba

2003 wels pirdapirma ucxourma investiciebma erT sul

mosaxleze gaangariSebiT saSualod 185 aSS dolari Seadgina.
amasTan, 5 umsxviles qveyanaze (aSS, germania, iaponia, didi
britaneTi da safrangeTi) msoflios pirdapiri investiciebis
TiTqmis 50% modioda anu am qveynebSi erToblivad es
maCvenebeli erT sul mosaxleze 847 aSS dolars aRwevda
maSin, rodesac 2006 wlis mdgomareobiT saqarTveloSi
mxolod 261 aSs dolars gautolda.
qveynis
ekonomikur
zrdaSi
sagareo
da
saSinao
faqtorebis urTierTSerwymiT, calkeuli dargis, regionisa
da
sawarmos
masStabSi
sagareo
vaWrobis
rolis
SefasebisaTvis
eqsportuli
da
importuli
kvotebi
gaiangariSeba.
Eqsportis moculoba

sagareo vaWrobis moculoba

95

Eerovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebaze sagareo-ekonomikur

urTierTobaTa zemoqmedebis maxasiaTeblad gamoyenebulia
importis xvedriTi wili
qveynis mTlian saqonelbrunvaSi,
romelic gaiangariSeba SefardebiT:

4. eqsportis kvota=-------------------------------------------- X 100-%

mTlian Sida produqtTan
maRali eqsportuli kvota saerTaSoriso
bazarze
konkurent-unariani
samamulo
saqonlis
gajerebulobas
niSnavs. miT umetes, Tu igi teqnologiurad rTul produqcias
exeba. amitom ganviTarebul qveynebSi eqsportuli kvota
manqanaTmSeneblobis,, eleqtroteqnikuri, radioeleqtronuli,
saavtomobilo, saaviacio-kosmosur da mrewvelobis sxva
dargebSi saSualod 25-40%-s aRwevs.
saerTaSoriso gacvlaSi monawileobis xarisxsa da
samamulo bazris gajerebulobas axasiaTebs importuli
kvotac, romelic SeiZleba mTlianad erovnul ekonomikur
doneze, aseve calkeuli regionis dargisa da
sasaqonlo
jgufis mixedviT dadgindes.

7.
importis moculoba
X 100%
saqonelbrunvis moculoba

aRniSnuli maCveneblis gaTvaliswinebas didi socialurekonomikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan igi qveynis ekonomikis
damoukideblobasa da sagareo ekonomikuri da politikuri
faqtorebis zemoqmedebas asaxavs. Aam maCveneblis maRali done
samamulo
warmoebis
CamorCenilobas
migvaniSnebs,
rac
perspeqtivaSi
SesaZloa
savalalo
gaxdes
am
mxriv
saqarTveloSi
viTareba
Zalze
arasaxarbieloa,
kerZod
importis
moculoba
Sida
sacalo
saqonelbrunvasTan
mimarTebaSi 153%-ia. Aanu importi adgilobrivi saqonliT
vaWrobas 15-jer aRemateba. Yyovelive samamulo warmoebis
mkveTr
SemcirebaSi,
erovnul
bazarze
dabalxarisxiani
importuli saqonlis mozidvaSi aisaxeba.

5.
importis moculoba
importuli kvota =

X 100%
mSp- is moculoba +
importis moculoba

sagareo vaWrobis kvotebis analogiurad

gaiangariSeba
erovnul ekonomikaSi ucxouri investiciebis modinebisa da
sazRvargareT
erovnuli investiciebis ukudenis kvotebic.
aRniSnuli saSualebas iZleva
Sefasdes maTi roli da
mniSvneloba erovnul kapitalur dabandebebTan.

1.
2.

6.

3.
4.

investiciebis moculoba
investiciebis kvota =

X 100%
erovnuli kapdabandebis
moculoba

5.

96

;

;
;

;

.

 e e / De
Tu efeqtis maCvenebeli aRmoCndeba dadebiTi sidide,
xolo
De > 1, maSin produqciis eqsporti ekonomikurad
momgebiania.
Tu
gamiznulia
specialuri
manqanebisa
da
mowyobilobebis
importi,
romelTa
warmoeba
qveyanaSi
aTvisebuli
ar
aris,
aseTi
mowyobilobebis
importis
ekonomikuri
efeqti
ganisazRvreba
am
mowyobilobebis
daxmarebiT warmoebuli produqciidan amonagebiT, sawarmoo
danaxarjebis gamoklebiT.
eqsportis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaTvis aucilebelia
Sida
sameurneo
meqanizmisa
da
sek-is
meqanizmis
urTierTqmedeba.
aqcenti
unda
gakeTdes
saeqsporto
potencialis ganviTarebaze, saqonlis damzadebaze, romelTa
sawarmoo danaxarjebi ufro dabalia, vidre sxva qveynebSi;
produqciis konkurentunaria-nobis amaRlebaze.
eqsportis da importis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna ama Tu im qveyanaSi produqciis
miwodebis an importis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb.
eqsportze produqciis miwodebis sagegmo
moculobis
gansazRvrisas iTvaliswineben sagareo bazrebis koniunqturas,
produqciis
konkurentunarianobas
da
masze
moTxovnas,
dargebis
saeqsporto
SesaZleblobebs,
valdebulebebis
gaTvaliswinebas xelSekrulebaSi, Sida bazris gajerebas.
saqonlis importis sagegmo moculoba ganisazRvreba
aseve
efeqtianobis
gaTvaliswinebiT
da
importirebuli
warmoebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebiT.
saqonlis eqsportisa da importis gegma Seicavs Semdeg
ganyofilebebs: eqsporti (importi) gegmas qveynebis mixedviT;
eqsportze saqonlis miwodebis gegmas; erovnuli meurneobis
sxvadasxva dargebisaTvis saqonlis miwodebis gegmas, romelic
Semosulia
importze;
saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebis
mixedviT
eqsportze
da
importze
miwodebebis
gegmas.
sawarmoebisaTvis dgindeba saxelmwifo SekveTa produqciis
eqsportze misawodeblad.

Tavi XIII. sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis

efeqtianobis gansazRvra.
sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis strategiuli gegmis
SemuSavebisas ekonomikis marTvisa da gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis yvela doneze saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
da
kontraqtebis dadebis Sesaxeb produqciis miwodebaze, unda
ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gaangariSeba.
sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis efeqtianoba xasiaTdeba
maCveneblebis sistemiT. qveynis masStabiT igi ganisazRvreba,
rogorc eqsportisa da importis damokidebuleba mSp - Tan.
amas garda sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis efeqturoba fasdeba qveynis sagareo ekonomikuri saldos sididiT da
xasiaTdeba eqsportis struqturiT, rac meti nedleuli da
naxevar-fabrikatebi Sedis eqsportSi, miT maRalia qveynis
monawileobis xarisxi Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi.
efeqti sagareo vaWrobidan ganisazRvreba, rogorc
sxvaoba importuli produqciis Rirebulebisa erovnul
valutaSi
da
saeqsporto
saqonlis
warmoebaze
da
realizaciaze danaxarjebisa.
sagareo vaWrobis efeqtianoba gamoiTvleba danaxarjebis
Sefardebis gziT, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian saqonlis
importTan, danaxarjebTan produqciis eqsportze.
sabiujeto efeqtianoba gamoiTvleba saeqsporto da
saimporto saqonlis Rirebulebis SefardebiT gare savaWro
da Sida fasebTan.
saeqsporto
produqciis
mwarmoeblebis
efeqti
gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:

e e De

sadac, Be - produqciis eqsportidan savaluto amonagebia;

xolo, De - danaxarjebia saeqsporto produqciis warmoebasa
da realizaciaze.
produqciis eqsportis efeqtianoba
Ee
ganisazRvreba
savaluto amonagebis SefardebiT eqsportze danaxarjebTan:

97

sagareo vaWrobaSi qvotireba da licenzireba isaxaven or

mizans: bazarze aRniSnul saqonelze fasebi ufro dabalia,
vidre msoflio bazarze. vinaidan Tu am SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba
SezRuduli eqsporti, es gamoiwvevs saqonlis ukmarisobas
Sida bazarze. qvotirebuli saqonlis gatanis ufleba unda
iqnas
damowmebuli saeqsporto licenziiT. licenzirebuli
saqonlis
CamonaTvali
mocemulia
saqarTvelos
kanonSi
`licenzirebis Sesaaxeb~.
licenzia

es
aris
masSi
aRniSnuli
saqonlis
Semotanaze an gatanaze ufleba dadgenil droSi. eqsportze
gankuTvnili saqonlis gadatvirTva xorcieldeba saeqsporto
licenziis gaformebis Semdeg. licenzia formdeba saqonlis
yovel saxeobaze calk-calke, e. i.
Tu xelSekrulebaSi
Setanilia ramodenime saxis salicenzio saqoneli, maSin
yovel maTganze aucilebeblia calk-calke licenziis aReba.
ganvixiloT
sek-is
saxelmwifo
regulirebis
Taviseburebebi calkeul qveynebSi.
aSS-Si
ar
aris
saxelmwifo
monopolia
sagareo
vaWrobaze.
amasTan
saxelmwifo
kanonebis
daxmarebiT
aregulirebs savaWro ekonomikuri saqmianobis sxvadsxva
aspeqtebs. aSS-is konstituciiT sazRvargareTis qveynebTan
vaWroba ganekuTvneba aSS-is kongresis prerogativas. misi
Tanxmobis gareSe verc erTi Stati ver Semoitans gadasaxads
verc importze da verc dadebs veranair xelSekrulebas
sazRvargareTis qveynebTan.
aSS-ebs SeuZliaT: Seqmnan damatebiTi stimulebi ucxouri
investiciebis
mozidvisaTvis
adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebis
Semcirebis an sruliad gauqmebis gziT; monawileoba miiRon
sagareo vaWrobis reJimis zonebis SemuSavebasa da SeqmnaSi,
romlebic iqnebian maT teritoriaze; xeli Seuwyon maTi
teritoriidan eqsportis finansirebas.
aSS-Si eqsportis regulireba moicavs:
- RonisZiebebis SemuSavebasa da realizacias, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen samamulo saqonelze moTxovnilebas da maT
Tavisufal miwodebas ucxour bazrebze;
- RonisZiebebs, romlebic mimarTuli arian gamoSvebuli
produqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze (gadasaxadebis
Semcireba, dagroveba da investiciebisaTvis stimulirebis

sek-is mTavar mimarTulebas warmoadgens sagareo vaWroba,

amitom ganvixiloT mis regulirebaze mimarTuli RonisZiebebi
sazRvargareTis qveynebSi.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi sagareo vaWrobis regulirebis
RonisZiebebi Cveulebriv iyofian Semdeg saxeebad:
satarifo RonisZiebebi. importze gadasaxadis ganakveTi
warmoadgens sek-is sabaJo-satarifo regulirebis centralur
instruments.
ganviTarebul
qveynebSi
eqsportze
sabaJo
gadasaxadi ZiriTadad ar gamoiyeneba, xolo aSS-Si ki
akrZalulia kanonmdeblobiT;
paratarifuli RonisZiebebi. maT ricxvs miekuTvnebian
sxva gadasaxdelebi, romlebic amoiRebian ucxouri saqonlis
Semotanisas,
sxvadasxva
sabaJo
mosakreblebi,
Sida
gadasaxadebi,
specialuri
miznobrivi
mosakreblebi.
es
RonisZiebebi oficialurad ar isaxaven miznad sagareo
vaWrobis regulirebas, magram axdenen masze mniSvnelovan
gavlenas;
fasebze
kontrolis
RonisZiebebi.
mTavari
mizani
erovnuli mwarmoeblebis interesebis dacva. RonisZiebebis
sistema
Seicavs
antidempingur
politikas,
romelic
iTvaliswinebs, saeqsporto saqonelze fasebis dawevasTan
brZolas, sakompensacio RonisZiebebs, magaliTad saeqsporto
subsidiebis winaaRmdeg. amis garda, ekonomikis zogierTi
seqtoris dacvisaTvis (pirvel rigSi agrarulis), SesaZloa
gamoyenebul iqnas mcuravi saimporto mosakreblebi, imisaTvis,
rom daiyvanon saqonlis Sida fasi gansazRvrul donemde;
finansuri
RonisZiebebi

SesaZlebelia
savaluto
operaciebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis
Semotanil
iqnas
gansakuTrebuli wesebi;
qvotireba

saqonlis
Semotanasa
da
gatanaze
raodenobrivi SezRudvis daweseba;
licenzireba gansazRvruli saqonlis SemotanisaTvis
(gatanisaTvis) moiTxoveba dadgenili saxis dokumenti (
licenzia), amrigad xorcieldeba dakvirveba (monitoringi) am
saqonliT vaWrobaze;
teqnikuri bazebi moicaven importis kontrols mis
erovnul
standartebTan,
usafrTxoebis
normebTan
da
xarisxTan Sesabamisobis dadgenis mizniT.

98

saxelmwifos mier im firmebis mxardaWeras, romlebic aRweven

warmatebebs sazRvargareTis bazrebze.
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi im firmebisaTvis, romlebic
uSveben axal produqcias da awvdian mas eqsportze,
magaliTad iaponiaSi SeiZleba miaRwios 50%-s, SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes aseve damatebiTi SeRavaTebi, subsidiebi da
SeRavaTiani
kreditebi.
patara
da
saSualo
biznesis
warmoebisaTvis
sagadasaxado
kompleqsSi
gakeTebulia
specialuri miniSneba, romelic saSualebas aZlevs maT
gamoiyenon im Semosavlebis 20%-iani Semcireba, romlebic
eqvemdebarebian
dabegvras.
yuradRebas
iTxovs
taivanis
eqsportze
orientirebuli
mwarmoeblebis
sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebi: produqciis qveynis SigniT realizaciisas xdeba
yvela 12 gadasaxadis amoReba maTgan, xolo eqsportis dros
mxolod erTis mogebis gadasaxadis 10% ganakveTiT. am
politikam saSualeba misca aRniSnuli regionis qveynebs
moaxdinon farTo eqspansia saerTaSoriso bazrebze.

ganviTareba;
firmebisaTvis
daCqarebuli
amortizaciis
uflebis miniWeba da sxva);
subsidiebi,
mecnieruli
kvlevebisa
da
sacdel

sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis dafinanseba;

kanadaSi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebisa da
eqsportis sferoSi saxelmwifo regulirebis roli, romlis
wili mTlian eqsportSi Seadgens 10%-s, Zalian mniSvnelovania.
kanadis kompaniebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis
ganviTarebaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebs sagareo saqmeTa da
sagareo vaWrobis saministro. igi xels uwyobs eqsportis
realizacias, kanaduri saqonlis moZraobasa da kanadis
ekonomikuri da komerciuli interesebis dacvas saerTaSoriso
bazarze Tavisi warmomadgenlobebis sistemiT, romlebic
amJamad moqmedeben msoflios 67 qveyanaSi.
saministro axorcielebs seu-ebis mimarTulebis SerCevas,
mis strategiul dagegmvas, saerTaSoriso politikuri da
ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis
sferoSi
saqmianobis
organizaciasa da koordinacias.
germaniaSi sagareo ekonomikuri operaciebis regulirebis
saSualebas warmoadgens maT ganxorcielebaze uflebis gacema.
sagareo vaWrobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebze gansakuTrebuli
kompetencia
mikuTvnebuli
aqvT
federalur
uwyebebs:
kapitalisa da gadasaxadebis, ucxouri Zvirfasi masalebisa da
oqros sferoebSi federalur finansTa saministros;
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi, romlebsac
aqvT
mniSvneloba germaniis sagareo da Sida uSiSroebisaTvis
eqsportis federalur uwyebebs; xolo transportis sferoSi
momsaxurebas
aregulirebs
federaluri
transportis
saministro.
azia wynari okeanis regionis qveynebSi (iaponia, samxreT
korea, taivani) social ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgens teqnologiuri ganviTareba, romelic
orientirebulia
msoflio
bazarze
produqciis
konkurentunarianobis
amaRlebisaTvis
mrewvelobis
dargobrivi struqturis daxvewaze. am qveynebis mTavrobebi
stimulirebas ukeTeben kvlevebsa da teqnikur damuSavebebs
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebisa da daCqarebuli amortizaciis
saSualebiT,
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba
eniWeba

1.
;
2.

amocanebi praqtikuli mecadineobisaTvis

amocana #1

ipoveT is pirveli maCvenebeli, romelic gamoiyeneba sagareo

ekonomikuri faqtorebis gavlenis SefasebisaTvis, romelic
msoflio meurneobaSi erovnuli ekonomikis integraciis
xarisxs asaxavs:
pasuxi:

99

sagareo vaWrobis moculoba

X 100%;
Aamocana #4

mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba

2001weli

2004weli

2780.0
____ X100=41.6
6674.0

saerTaSoriso gacvlaSi monawileobis xarisxsa da samamulo

bazris gajerebulobas, romeli maCvenebeli axasiaTebs?

3886.0
X100=38.9

9970,0

pasuxi: importis kvota

importis moculoba
imp. kv. =__________________________________ X 100%.

amocana#2

mTl.Sida prod.moc. + imp.moc.

romelia is maCvenebeli, romelic kapitalis saerTaSoriso

moZraobis dones gansazRvravs, rogorc qveynis, ise calkeuli
regionisa da dargis mixedviT^:

2000weli

imp.kv.
pasuxi:

ucxouri investiciebis moculoba

------------------------------------------------------- ;

709127
= ------------- X 100% =99.0
6674+709127

2004weli

imp.kv. =1847702
------------------------X 100=99.4
9970+1847702

mosaxleobis raodenoba
2000weli

2004weli

1578.4
-------------- = 0.34
4672.2

amocana#5

2697.6

ipoveT is maCvenebeli, rogoricaa importis moculoba qveynis

mTlian
Sida
saqonelbrunvasTan,
gansakuTrebiT
samomxmareblo saqonlis moculobasTan SedarebiT:

=0.59
4543.0

Aamocana #3

pasuxi:

romeli formuliT ganisazRvreba eqsportis kvota?

pasuxi:
eqs.k.
2000weli

importis moculoba
---------------------------------------------- X 100%.
saqonelbrunvis moculoba

eqsportis moculoba
X 100%
mTl. Sida produqtis moculoba
eq.kv. = 322563
----------X100=4.8
6674.0

2004weli

2000weli

709127
----------------- X 100 %=31.5
2205000

eq.kv. = 648370
9970.0
X100=6.5

2004weli

Aamocana #6

100

1847702
X 100 %=74.0
2496072

ra maCveneblebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom gaviangariSoT

adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsi?
pasuxi: mosaxleobis erT sulze mTliani Sida produqti,
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba da ganaTlebis done.
(ganaTlebis done iangariSeba 10 wlisa da meti asakis
mosaxleobis 1000 sulze. aqvs arasruli an sruli umaRlesi
da saSualo ganaTleba sul saangariSo wels.).
msoflios yvelaze ganviTarebuli

erToblivi
erovnuli prod.
qveyana

Mmsyidvel unarianobis
pariteti

ra maCveneblebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom davadginoT kompaniis

efeqtianoba?
pasuxi: kompannis mogeba produqciis gayidvis moculobisa
da mis warmoebaze gaweuli xarjebis sxvaobis tolia.
miRebul Sedegs Tu gamovaklebT iseT aucilebel xarjebs,
rogoricaa sesxebisa da valebis dafarva, sapensio fondSi
anaricxebi, saxelmwifo socdazRvevis anaricxebi,=== ZiriTadi
saSualebebis aucilebeli Secvla, dividendebis gacema da
sxva miviRebT wminda mogebas, romelic isev warmoebis
gasafarToeblad gamoiyeneba.
absolituri
mogebis
sididis
mixedviT
gaiangariSeba
gayidvebis rentabeloba, rentabelobis saSualo norma da
sxva. kompaniebis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia
gayidvebis moculoba. igi kompaniebis saqmianobis masStabebsa
da misi zrdis an (Semcirebis) tempebs asaxavs. am maCveneblis
safuZvelze gaiangariSeba efeqtianobis Semdegi SefardebiTi
maCveneblebi:

qveynebi

adamianuri
ganviTarebis indeqsi

qveyana

qveyana

1
2
3
4
5

1)gaydvebis moculoba Sefardeba ZiriTad kapitalTan:

252420
---------- =0.75
335200

Aamocana #7

ra
maCveneblebia
imisaTvis
saWiro,
rom
davadginoT
saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis brunvis moculoba da saldo?

2)gayidvebis moculobis Sefardeba sabrunav kapitalTan;

252420
----------- =1,12
225200
3)warmoebis xarjebis xvedriTi wili gayidvebis moculobaSi:
235325
----------- =0,93
252420
4)gayidvebis
moculobis
Sefardeba
momuSaveTa
raodenobasTan;
252420
---------- =52
4854

pasuxi: eqsporti+importi=brunva
eqsports-importi=saldos
2000weli
eqsporti 322563+709127=1031690
322563-709127=-386564
2004weli 648370+=1847702=2496072
648370-1847702=-1199332
Aamocana #8

101

kompaniebis
saqmianobis
maxasiaTebeli
maCveneblebi
dinamikaSi unda Sedardes. mag;. mogeba SeiZleba wlebis
ganmavlobaSi izrdebodes an mcirdebodes, SeiZleba wamgebiani
(zaraliani) wlebic iyos. gayidvebis moculobis gadideba an
Semcireba ar SeiZleba calmxrivad iqnes gagebuli, rogorc
kompaniebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRleba an Semcireba.
yovel calkeul SemTxveveSi gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvleva
aucilebelia.

125000
rentabeloba = _______________X100% =
275225

es maCvenebeli ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis gamoyenebis

efeqtianobas axasiaTebs.
ZiriTadi kapitalis rentabeloba ganisazRvreba formuliT:

kompaniebis
saqmianobis
efeqtianobis
SefardebiTi
maCveneblebia:
gayidvebis rentabeloba, romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT:
rentabeloba

45,4

mogeba(wminda)
rentabeloba=_______________________________X100%
ZiriTadi kapitali
(amortizaciis gamoklebiT)

mogeba (aT. lari)

= --------------------------------------------------------------- X100%
gayidvebis moculoba (aSS dolari)

125000
rentabeloba = ______________X100 = 39,6
325200 - 10000

rentabeloba
125000
= ------------------------------ X100 = 49.5%
252420

rac ufro metia am maCveneblebis sidide, miT ufro

efeqturadaa gamoyenebuli kompaniis ZiriTadi saSualebebi. Tu
ZiriTadi kapitalis rentabelobis gadidebis pirobebSi
mTlianad kompaniis aqtivebis rentabeloba mcirdeba, es
niSnavs, rom sabrunavi aqtivebi izrdeba, kompanias mza
produqciis didi maragi aqvs, debitoruli davalianebebi
diddeba da aA.S.
sabrunavi kapitalis rentabeloba gaiangariSeba formuliT:
mogeba(wminda)
rentabeloba = ______________________________ X100%;
sabrunavi kapitali
(sabalanso Rirebuleba)

mricxvelSi mocemuli mogeba SeiZleba iyos mTliani an

wminda. vTqvaT, Sefardeba udris 10%s es niSnavs, rom yoveli
erTi laris Rirebulebis produqcia 0.1lars anu 10TeTrs
iZleva.
gayidvebis
rentabelobis
maCvenebeli
mravali
gziT
Seicvleba. saxeldobr:
1)gadideba miiRweva: a)warmoebis xarjebis ucvlelobis
pirobebSi produqciis sarealizacio fasis gadidebiT;
b)sarealizacio fasis ucvlelobis pirobebSi warmoebis
xarjebis SemcirebiT;
2)Semcirebis mizezebia: a)warmoebis xarjebis Seucvlelad
sarealizacio fasis Semcireba; b)sarealizacio fasis
Seucvlelad warmoebis xarjebis gadideba.

125000
rentabeloba = ________________X100=53.2
235000

mogeba(wminda)
rentabeloba = ------------------------------------------------------------- X100%;
aqtivebis RirebulebasTan

rentabelobis saSualo norma gamoiTvleba formuliT:

(m1+m2+m3+........)NN
rentabeloba = __________________X100%;

102

saqonlis
konkurentunarianoba-aris
misi
unari
uzrunvelyos komerciuli warmateba drois mocemul momentSi,
gauZlos analogiuri saqonlis sabazro konkurencias.
mogebis
maCveneblis
garda
konkurentunarianobis
maxasiaTeblebia:
_ gayidvebis (realizebuli produqciis) moculoba Tu
gayidu-li produqciis Rirebuleba ufro swrafad izrdeba,
vidre misi fizikuri moculoba, maSin masze moTxovna diddeba
da piriqiT. rasakvirvelia, aucilebliv gaTvaliswinebuli
iqnas inflacia.
_ mogebis Sefardeba gayidvebis(realizebuli produqciis)
moculobasTan. am maCveneblis gadidebis SemTxvevaSi produqciis konkurentunarianoba izrdeba;
_ gayidvebis (relizebuli produqciis) moculobis Sefardeba
materialur-sasaqonlo maragebTan. Tu aRniSnuli maCveneblis
sidide mcirdeba, maSin maragebis brunvadoba neldeba, rac mza
produqciaze moTxovnis Semcirebas an nedleulis maragebis
gadidebas niSnavs;
_ gaydvebis (realizebuli produqciis) moculobis Sefardeba
debitorul davalianebasTan im komerciuli kreditis (ganvadebis) moculobas gviCvenebs, romelsac firma Tavis momxmarebels sTavazobs. saqonelze moTxovnis zrdis SemTxvevaSi,
ganvadebiT saqonlis gayidva mcirdeba da piriqiT.
_ sawarmoo siZlavreebis datvirTva. mza produqciis gayidvis
siZneleebis warmoSobasTan erTad firmis xelmZRvaneloba
sawarmoo
simZlavreebis
datvirTvis
Semcirebis
gadawyvetilebas iRebs;

(a1+a2+a3+........)NN
sadac: m1,m2,m3 da a.S. aris gansaxilveli periodis yoveli wlis
wminda mogeba;
a1,a2,a3 da a.S._amave TanmimdevrobiT aqtivebis sabalanso
Rirebuleba;
NN__mocemul periodSi welTa raodenoba;
2255+2200+2100+2252+2400 X 5
rentabeloba = ----------------------------------------------------------------- X100
275225+260225+285100+235120+270200 X 5
11207X 5
56035
= _____________ X 100 = ________X100 = 0.84
1325870X 5
6629350
gayidvebis(realizebuli
produqciis)
moculobis
Sefardeba
materialur-sasaqonlo
maragebTan,
anu
materialur-sasaqonlo maragebis brunvadobis koeficienti
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
am
maragebis
brunvis
raodenobas
gviCvenebs. misi Semcireba mza produqciis realizaciis
Semcirebasa da Warb dasaqonlebas niSnavs.
realizebuli
produqciis
RirebulebaSi
warmoebis
xarjebis
xvedriTi
wili,
aseve
kompaniis
saqmianobis
maCvenebelia. bunebrivia, yoveli firma mis Semcirebas
cdilobs, am SemTxvevaSi warmoebis rentabeloba izrdeba da
kompaniis produqciis konkurentunarianoba maRldeba.
gayidvebis(realizebuli produqciis) moculobis Sefardeba
momuSaveTa raodenobasTan_samuSao Zalis gamoyenebas, maT
gamomuSavebas anu Sromis nayofierebas axasiaTebs, romelic
Tavis mxriv warmoebisa da Sromis organizaciis, aseve
avtomatizaciis dones asaxavs.
konkurentunarianobis Sfasebis maCveneblebi:
kompaniis konkurentunarianoba aris misi SesaZlebloba
momxmarebels droulad da SedarebiT misaReb pirobebSi
(fasi, miwodebis sabazro pirobebi, teqnikuri momsaxureobis
organizacia
da
a.S.)
SesTavazos
saWiro
raodenobis
konkurentuli saqoneli.

finansuri mdgomareobis maCveneblebi:

kompaniis finansuri mdgomareoba misi gadaxdisunarianobiTa da kreditunarianobiT ganisazRvreba.
gadaxdisunarianoba-aris gare wyaroebis gareSe firmis
finansuri
damoukideblobis
xarisxobrivi
maCvenebeli,
romlis meSveobiTac igi winaswar SeTanxmebul vadaSi
safinanso valdebulebebs faravs;
kreditunarianoba-aris firmis SesaZlebloba momxmarebels
kreditiT momsaxureba gauwios.

103

firmis safinanso saqmianobas Semdegi maCveneblebi axasiaTebs:

_
sakuTari
kapitalis
struqtura,
romelic
saaqcio
kapitalis, saemisio Semosavlisa da kapitalizebuli mogebis
procentuli Tanafardobaa;
_ sakuTari kapitalis Sefardeba realur ZiriTad kapitalTan.
igi firmis ZiriTadi kapitalis moculobaSi Sida wyaroebis
meSveobiT dabandebuli kapitalis xvedriT wils gviCvenebs.
Tu maCveneblis sidide erTeulze naklebia, maSin ZiriTadi
kapitalis nawili nasesxebi kapitaliT finansdeba, rac firmis
xarjebs adidebs da Sesabamisad mogebas amcirebs;
_ saangariSo periodSi sakuTari saSualebebiT ganxorcielebuli operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi, esaa
mimdinare
operaciebis
TviTdafinansebiT
Semosavlebis
absolituri maCveneblebi wminda mogebisa da amortizaciis
anaricxebis saxiT;
_ mimdinare kapitaldabandebebis TviTdafinansebis koeficienti. igi saangariSo periodSi ZiriTad kapitalSi firmis
operaciebidan miRebuli saSualebebis dabandebis xarisxs
gviCvenebs;
_ dafarvis koeficienti-anu sabrunavi aqtivebis Sefardeba
moklevadian kreditTan firmis kreditunarianobis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi
maCvenebelia,
praqtikaSia
miRebuli,
rom
es
maCvenebeli erTeulze naklebi ar unda iyos;
_ sabrunavi aqtivebis likvidurobis koeficienti. esaa
sabrunav aqtivebSi swrafsarealizacio qaRaldebisa da naRdi
fulis xvedriTi wili, rac metia maTi sidide, miT metia
likvidurobis koeficienti da firmis gadaxdisunarianoba;
_ sabrunavi aqtivebis Sefardeba mTlian nasesxeb kapitalTan.
firmis gadaxdisunarianoba maRalia, Tu misi davalianeba
likviduri saSualebebiT anu sabrunavi aqtivebiT ifareba;

kontraqti aris xelSekruleba, SeTanxmeba or an met pirs

Soris, romelic iTvaliswinebs uflebaTa da movaleobaTa
dadgenas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas.
eqsport-importris ganxorcielebis procedura gulisxmobs:
_ yidva-gayidvis kontraqtis momzadeba;
_ yidva-gayidvis kontraqtis gaformebas;
_ yidva-gayidvis kontraqtis pirobebis Sesrulebas;
saqmianobis sawyis etapze kontrahentis umTavres amocanad
iTvleba misTvis sasurveli partnioris moZieba da SerCeva\,
romelic Zalze rTuli da mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. igi
damokidebulia
iseT
cvladebze(faqtorebze),
rogoricaa:
garigebis sagani da xasiaTi; im qveynis sakanonmdeblo
moTxovnebi da politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri
pirobebi, sadac formdeba da sruldeba kontraqtebi; bazris
tevadoba, koniuqtura da perspeqtivebi; produqciis warmoebis,
momaragebisa da realizaciis strategiisa da taqtikis
ganxorcielebis pirobebi da mravali sxva.
sasurveli kontrahentis SerCevis Semdeg eqsportiori an
importiori kontraqtis gasaformeblad meore mxaresTan
kontraqts
amyarebs.
am
mizniT
saqonlis
eqsportiori
(gamyidveli)
potenciur
myidvels(importiors)
praqtikaSi
gavrcelebuli mravali xerxidan umTavresad winadadebas
(saerTaSoriso terminologiiT @@oferti) atyobinebs, xolo
myidveli gamyidvels SekveTas ugzavnis.
sagareo-ekonomikuri kavSirebis dros gamoyenebuli oferti
gulisxmobs
werilobiT
winadadebas
da
mosalodneli
garigebis
yvela
ZiriTad
pirobas(saqonlis
dasaxeleba,
raodenoba, xarisxi, fasi, miwodebis da gadaxdis pirobebi,
miwodebis vada, miReba-Cabarebis wesi da sxva.) moicavs.
oferti-(laT.OFERTUSwinadadebis
SeTavazeba)
aris
oficialuri ganacxadi sakonkurso vaWrobaSi monawileobis
Sesaxeb.

komerciuli saqmianobis organizacia

sagareo komerciuli urTierToba moicavs calkeul
etapebsa da stadiebs. am procesSi sruldeba konkretuli
amocanebi da saTanado dokumentaciasTan dakavSirebuli
aucilebeli formalobebi.

104

b. erT movaWre qveyanaSi izrdeba saerTo keTildReobis done,

xolo meore movaWre qveyanaSi mcirdeba saerTo keTildReobis
done;
g.
orive movaWre qveyana naxulobs garkveul sargebels;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

t e s t e b i
saganmanaTleblo samagistro programis
sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi

1.

4.regionaluri sabaJo kavSirebi iwveven:

rodesac ori (mdidari da Raribi) qveyana SefardebiTi

upiratesobis safuZvelze zrdian sakuTari mewarmeobebis
specializaciis dones da iwyeben erTmaneTTan vaWrobas,
maSin:

a. savaWro nakadebis gadarTvas sabaJo kavSiris arawevri

qveynidan wevr qveynebs Soris;
b. savaWro nakadebis warmoebas sabaJo kavSiris wevr da
arawevr qveynebs Soris;
g. savaWro nakadebis gadarTvas sabaJo kavSiris wevri
qveynebidan
arawevri qveynebisaken;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia

a.

mxolod mdidar qveyanas eqneba saSualeba gazardos

sakuTari moxmareba vidre es iyo vaWrobis dawyebamde;
b. mxolod Rarib qveyanas eqneba saSualeba gazardos
sakuTari moxmareba vidre es iyo vaWrobis dawyebamde;
g.
Rarib qveyanaSi daiwyeba fasebis zrda, vinaidan
igi awarmoebs ufro naklebs, vidre es iyo vaWrobamde;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

5.saaxelmwifoTaSorisi
miekuTvneba:

a.tarifi, kvota, dempingi, eqsportis nebayoflobiTi SezRudva;

b.Tavisufali savaWro zona, sabaJo kavSiri, saerTo bazari,
sruli savaluto-ekonomikuri kavSiri;
g.sagareo vaWroba, samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia,
kapitalis saerTaSoriso migracia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

2. saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri
statistika
intensiurad
gamoiyenebs
iseT
maCvenebels,
rogoricaa
vaWrobis
pirobebi. rogor gamoiTvleba igi:
a.

esaa mocemuli qveynis saeqsporto produqciis

fasebis saSualo ariTmetikulis Sefardeba amave qveynis
saimporto produqciis fasebis saSualo ariTmetikulTan;
b.
esaa mocemuli qveynis saimporto produqciis
fasebis indeqsis Sefardeba amave qveynis saeqsporto
produqciis fasebis indeqsTan;
g. esaa mocemuli qveynis saeqsporto produqciis fasebis
indeqsis
Sefardeba amave qveynis saimporto produqciis
fasebis indeqsTan;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
3. or qveyanas Soris savaWro urTierTobebis
yovelTvis niSnavs, rom:
a. erTi qveyana ufro mdidaria vidre meore;

regionaluri integraciis formebs

6.II msoflio omis Semdeg daarsebuli saerTaSoriso

organizaciebidan
romeli
maTgani
iyo
gankuTvnili
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
liberalizaciis
da
savaWro
barierebis SemcirebisaTvis:
a.
b.
g.
d.

arseboba

OPEC;
NATO;
gaero;
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

7.tarifebis daweseba niSnavs:

105

televizorebze dawesebuli damcavi

done normalurze ufro maRali:

a.eqsportis subsidirebas;
b.eqsportis nebayoflobiT SezRudvas;
g. importis dabegvras;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

tarifis

faqtiuri

a. rodesac mza produqciaze dawesebuli tarifebi ufro

maRalia vidre makompleqtebel saqonelze dawesebuli
tarifebi;
b. rodesac makompleqtebel produqciaze dawesebuli tarifebi
ufro maRalia vidre mza produqciaze daewsebuli
tarifebi;
g. rodesac makompleqtebel produqciaze da mza produqciaze
dawe-sebuli tarifebi erTmaneTis tolia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia;

8.sagareo savaWro politikaSi gamoyenebuli kvotebi esaa:

a. raodenobrivi SezRudva dawesebuli qveyanaSi importirebul
ucxour
produqciaze;
b. gadasaxadi;
g.
raodenobrivi SezRudva dawesebuli qveynis mier mis
saeqsporto produqciaze;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

12.

9.wminda eqsporti ewodeba:

proteqcionozmis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom tarifebi,

saimpirto kvotebi da sxva savaWro barierebi aucilebelia,
raTa:

a.

gavaumjobesoT
qveynis
mosaxleobis
momarageba
mravalferovani produqciiT;
b. xeli SevuwyoT axalgazrda adgilobrivi kadrebis dinamiur
ganviTarebas;
g. gavzardoT qveynis ekonomikaSi konkureciis done;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a.qveynis eqsportsa da imports Soris sxvaobas;

b.qveynis reeqsports;
g.. qveynis reeqsportsa da imports Soris sxvaobas;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
10.saimporto tarifis dawesebisas:

13. saerTaSoriso kartelis mier msoflio fasze moxdenili

gavlena miT ufro Zlieria;

a. adgilobrivi momxmareblebi igeben vinaidan isini ixdian

ufro dabal fass da moixmaren ufro met produqcias;
b. adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi zaraloben vinaidan axdenen
ufro meti produqciis realizacias ufro dabal fasad;
g. adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi igeben vinaidan isini axdenen
ufro meti raodenobis produqciis realizacias ufro dabal
fasad;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a.

rodesac
kartelis
mier
saeqsportod
realizebul
saqonelze moTxovnis elastiuroba erTs utoldeba
b. rac ufro maRalia moTxovnis elastiuroba kartelis mier
saeqsportod realizebul saqonelze;
g.
rac ufro naklebia moTxovnis elastiuroba kartelis
mier saeqsportod realizebul saqonelze;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

11. vTqvaT, saqarTvelo awarmoebs televizorebs, romlebic

Zlier konkurencias ganicdian importuli produqciisgan.
vTqvaT
saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam
gadawyvita
televizorebze
da
mis
makompleqtebel
nawilebze
satarifo ganakveTebis SemoReba. ra SemTxvevaSi iqneboda

14.

dempingis dafiqsirebis SemTxvevaSi

organizaciis (wTO) mier nebadarTulia

msoflio

a. qveyanam Sewyvitos ucxouri kapitaldabandebani;

106

savaWro

sabaJo tarifebisagan.
gansxvaveba:

b. qveyanam mimarTos sakuTari eqsportis subsidirebas;

g. qveyanaSi dawesdes antidempinguri baJi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

kerZod

raSi

mdgomareobs

es

a.

saimporto kvota sabaJo tarifisagan gansxvavebiT

amcirebs importis moculobas da amiT zrdis mis fass
mocemul qveyanaSi;
b.
saimporto kvota sabaJo tarifisagan gansxvavebiT
zrdis saerTo keTildReobis dones mocemul qveyanaSi;
g. saimporto kvota sabaJo tarifisagan gansxvavebiT zrdis
importuli produqciis fass da amiT amcirebs mis
moculobas mocemul qveyanaSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

15. savaWro balansi warmoadgens Semdeg nawils;

a. kapitalis moZraobis balansis;
b. qveynis sagareo valis;
g. qveynis biujetis;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
16.

ama Tu im qveynis mier sakuTari sasoflo-sameurneo

produqciis proteqcionistuli dacvis donis gasazomad
gamoiyeneba e.w. `dacvis normaluri koeficienti, anu `dnk.
rogor gamoiTvleba igi? esaa;

19.

a. mocemuli qveynebidan eqsportirebuli sasoflo-sameurneo

produqciis saimporto fasebis `indeqsisSefardeba amave
qveyanaSi importirebuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis
saimporto fasebis indeqsTan;
b. erTi saxis sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis Sida fasis
Sefardeba igive saqonelze Camoyalibebul msoflio
fasebTan;
g. erTi saxis sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis msoflio fasis
Sefardeba igive saqonelze Camoyalibebul Sida fasTan;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
17)

a. SeRavaTiani kreditebis gacemas ganviTarebad qveynebze;

b. saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi
arsebuli
problemebis
daregulirebis mizniT arasatarifo saSualebebis aqtiur
gamoyenebas;
g. saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebis liberalizacias;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia
20.

rodesac ama Tu im qveynis xelisufleba finansur

mxardaWeras uwevs sakuTari saeqsporto warmoebis dargebs,
adgili aqvs:
a.
b.
g.
d.

msoflio savaWro organizaciis (WTO) amocanaa xeli

Seuwyos:

vTqvaT braziliis xelisuflebas surs yavis mwarmoebeli

erovnuli fermebis konkretuli poziciebi msoflio
bazarze gaaZliera. sagareo savaWro politikis romeli
instrumentis gamoyeneba SeiZleba am miznis misaRwevad?
a.
b.
g.
d.

eqsportis dabegvras;
eqsportis diskriminacias
eqsportis subsidirebas;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia

21.

18. sagareo vaWrobis Teoriidan cnobilia, rom, saimporto

kvotis moqmedebis meqanizmi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

saimporto kvotebis;
sabaJo tarifebis
saeqsporto barierebis;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia
Tuki ori qveynidan erT-erTs SeuZlia yvela saxis
saqoneli awarmoos ufro dabali absoluturi xarjebiT
vidre meore qveyanas, maSin:

a. ar arsebobs aranairi SefardebiTi

obieqturi
safuZveli
savaWro
dasamyareblad;

107

upiratesoba da
urTierTobebis

Tuki am qveynebs Soris iwyeba savaWro urTierTobani,

maSin Rvinoze fasi maudTanSedarebiT:

b.

vaWroba
iqneboda
momgebiani
dabali
absolituri
xarjebis mqone qveynisTvis, magram ara meore qveynisTvis;
g. TviToeul qveyana eqneboda saSualeba moexdina sakuTari
resursebis
koncentracia
im
saqonlis
gamoSvebaze,
romelSic maT gaaCniaT SefardebiTi upiratesoba da
damyarebuli vaWroba urTierTmomogebiani iqneba;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi araSworia.

a.
mcirdeba saqarTveloSi, izrdeba ruseTSi;
b.
mcirdeba orive qveyanaSi;
g. izrdeba saqarTveloSic da ruseTSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

25.

saqaTvelos danaxarjebis erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos

an 50 metri maudi, an 100 litra Rvino, an nebismieri
wrfivi kombinacia maT Soris. xolo ruseTs danaxarjebis
erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos an 300 metri maudi, an 400
litra Rvino, an nebismieri wrfivi kombinacia maT Soris.
Tuki cnobilia, rom maudis yoveldRiuri eqsporti
Seadgens 500 metrs, maSin msoflio bazarze SesaZlo fasis
gaTvaliswinebiT romeli monacemi Seesabameba sinamdviles:
Rvinis YyoveldRiuri eqsporti Sadgens:
a. 800 litrs saqarTvelodan;
b. 550 litrs ruseTidan;
g. 1100 litrs saqarTvelodan;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

22 saqarTvelos danaxarjebis erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos an

100 metri maudi an 300 litra Rvino, xolo ruseTs
danaxarjebis erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos an 150 metri
maudi, an 200 litra Rvino, Tuki saqarTvelosa da ruseTi
Soris daiwyeba vaWroba, maSin ruseTi moaxdenda:
a. Rvinis eqsports da maudis imports;
b. Rvinis imports da maudis eqsports;
g. ar moaxdenda arc erTi produqtis eqports an imports;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

23. saqarTvelos danaxarjebis erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos an

60 metri maudi, an 120 litra Rvino, an nerismieri wrfivi
kombinacia maT Soris. xolo ruseTs SeuZlia danaxarjis
erTeulze awarmoos an 150 metri maudi, an 200 litra Rvino,
an nebismieri wrfivi kombinacia maT Soris. gaaCnia Tu ara
saqarTvelos:

26.

a. absoluturi upiratesoba Rvinis warmoebaSi;

b. SefardebiTi upiratesoba Rvinis warmoebaSi:
g. Sefardebiti upiratesoba maudis warmoebaSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
24.

saqarTvelos danaxarjebis erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos

an 50 metri maudi, an 100 litra Rvino, an nebismieri
wrfivi kombinacia maT Soris. xolo ruseTs danaxarjebis
erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos an 150 metri maudi, an 200
litra Rvino, an nebismieri wrfivi kombinacia maT Soris.
imisaTvis, rom mocemul qveynebs Soris damyardes savaWro
uTierTobebi aucilebelia, rom:

a. sagareo vaWrobebidan miRebuli sargebeli Tanabrad iqnes

ganawilebuli orive qveyanas Soris:
b. sagareo vaWrobidan miRebuli
sargebeli SesaZloa
araTanabradac iqnes ganawilebuli qveynebs Soris;
g. sagareo vaWrobidan erTi qveyana unda darCes sargebelSi,
xolo meore qveyana zaralSi
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

saqarTvelos danaxarjebis erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos

an 100 metri maudi, an 200 litra Rvino, an nebismieri
wrfivi kombinacia maT Soris. ruseTs danaxarjebis
erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos an 150 metri maudi, an 200
litra Rvino, an nebismieri wrfivi kombinacia maT Soris.

108

30.
27.

saqarTvelolos
danaxarjebis
erTeulze
SeuZlia
awarmoos an 100 metri maudi, an 200 litra Rvino, an
nebismieri wrfivi kombiacia maT Soris. xolo ruseTs
danaxarjebis erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos an 150 metri
maudi, an 200 litra Rvino, an nebismieri wfrivi kombinacia
maT Soris. Tuki am qveynebs Soris damyardeba Tavisufali
savaWro
urTierTobebi,
maSin
maudis
fasma,
RvinoSigamoxatuli, SeiZleba Seadginos daaxloebiT:

31.

saqarTvelolos
danaxarjebis
erTeulze
SeuZlia
awarmoos an 24 metri maudi an 32 litra Rvino, an
nebismieri wrfivi kombiacia maT Soris. xolo ruseTs
danaxarjebis erTeulze SeuZlia awarmoos an 27 metri
maudi, an 24 litra Rvino, an nebismieri wfrivi kombinacia
maT Soris.
Tuki TiToeuli qveyana daspecializdeba
SefardebiT upiratesobis principis safuZvelze, maSin
vaWrobis pirobebi Sadgens:
a. 1 metri maudi 2 litra Rvinoze;
b. 1 litra Rvino 2 metr maudze:
g. 1-dan 1 1/3-mde litra Rvino 1 metr maudze:
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

gamokvlevas,

romelma ekonomikurma skolam

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
problemebis sistemuri Seswavla:

daiwyo

pirvelad

a .merkantilisturma:
b. fiziokratulma:
g. klasikurma;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi araswori

28.

ewodeba

im

a. importze didi moTxovnaa msofio bazarze;

b. eqsportze didi moTxovnaa msofio bazarze;
g. zemoT CamoTvlili orive pasuxi sworia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia

a. 1 metri maudi 1,7 litr Rvinos orive qveyanaSi;

b. 1 metri maudi 1,5 litr Rvinos saqarTveloSi da 1 metri
maudi 1,3 Rvinos ruseTSi;
g. 1 metri maudi 2,15 litr Rvinos orive qveyanaSi
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

29. leontievis
paradoqsi
gamovlinda, rom:

rodesac ori qveyana vaWrobs, vaWrobis pirobebi

qveyanas datovebs ufro met sargebelSi romlis:

32.

a.

dauSvaT, rom msoflioSi iwarmoeba mxolod 2 saqoneli

xorbali da maudi. dauSvaT agreTve, rom saqarTvelos
sagareo savaWro urTierTobebi ara aqvs damyarebuli
danarCen
msofliosTan.
maSin
qvemoT
mocemuli
danaxarjebis
Sefardebebidan
romlebi
iqnebian
gansazRvruli
urTiorTsasargeblo
savaWro
urTiorTobebis dasamyareblad:

saqarTveloSi xorblis warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis

Sefardeba
saqarTveloSi maudis warmoebaze gaweul danaxarjebTan;
b. saqarTveloSi xorblis warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarejebis
(maudis metrebSi gamoxatuli) Sefardeba sxva qveynebSi
xorblis warmoebaze gaweul danaxarjebTan ( aseve maudis
metrebSi gamoxatuli);
g. saqarTveloSi xorblis warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis
Sefardeba saz-RvaegareT xorblis warmoebaze gaweul
danaxarjebTan;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

roca

a. aSS Sromatevadi produqciis wminda importioria;

b. aSS kapitaltevadi produqciis wminda importia;
g. gaizarda aSS-dan samuSo Zalebis emigracia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

109

33.

fritrederoba gulisxmobs:

a.

arakvalificirebuli
samuSao
Zalis
anazRaurebis
Semcirebas,
xolo
kvalificirebuli
samuSao
Zalis
anazRaurebis zrdas;
b. arakvalificirebuli samuSao Zalis anazRaurebis zrdas,
xolo kvalificirebuli samuSao Zalis anazRaurebis
Semcirebas;
g.
rogorc
kvalificirebuli,
ise
arakvalificirebuli
samuSao Zalis anazRaurebis zrdas;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a. samuSo Zalis migraciis SezRudvas;

b. tarifebisa da kvotebis Tanabarzomier gamoyenebas sagareo
savaWro politikaSi;
g. Tavisufali vaWrobis SezRudvas qveynebs Soris:
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
34.

SefardebiTi
upiratesobis
Camoyalibebul iqna:

principi

Tavdapirvelad

37.
a
b.
g.
d.

pol samuelsonis mier;

devid rikardos mier;
adam smitis mier;
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

35.

rogorc cnobilia ama Tu im qveynis mier danarCen

msoflisTan Tavisufali savaWro urTierTobebis damyareba
misi mosaxleobis erTYnawils tovebs sargebelSi, xolo
meores zaralSi, imis gasarkvevad, Tu Tavisufali vaWroba
warmoebis
faqtorebis
Semosavlebze
rogor
gavlenasmoaxdens,
gaiTvleba
maTi
saeqsporto
specializaciis
maCveneblebi.
qvemoT
moyvanili
maCveneblebidan romeli Seesabameba sinamdviles:

SefardebiT
upiratesobaze
dafuZnebuli
warmoebis
specializacia iwvevs:
a. msoflioSi warmoebis saerTo moculobis Semcirebas;
b. iwvevs warmoebis SefardebiTi xarjebis zrdas;
g. xels uwyobs qveynebis produqciiT TviTuzrunvelyofis
zrdas;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

38.

a. sargebelSi darCebian warmoebis is faqtorebi, romelTac

saeqspor-to specializaciis dabali anu uaryofiTi done
gaaCniaT;
b. sargebelSi darCebian warmoebis is faqtorebi, romelTac
saeqsporto specializaciis nulovani maCvenebeli gaaCniaT;
g. sargebelSi darCebian warmoebis is faqtorebi, romelTac
saeqsporto specializaciis maRali anu dadebiTi done
gaaCniaT;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
36.

davuSvaT qveyana awarmoebs mxolod or produqts Rvinos

da yvels. vTqvaT 1 litri Rvinis warmoeba iTxovs 5
erTeul samuSao Zalas da 2 erTeul miwas. xolo 1 kg.
yvelis warmoeba iTxovs 3 erTeul samuSao Zalas da 7
erTeul miwas. am monacemebidan gamomdinare, romeli
gancxadeba Seesabameba sinamdviles:

a. yveli aris Sromatevadi produqti da Rvino aris miwatevadi

produqti;
b Rvino aris Sromatevadi produqti da yveli aris miwatevadi
produqti;
g. rogorc Rvino, ise yveli warmoebis faqtorebs erTnairad
moiTxovs;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
39. warmovidginoT, rom msoflio Sedgeba ori qveynisagan _ X
qveynisagan da V qveynisagan. TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia
warmoebis mxolod ori faqtori _ miwa da Sroma. awarmoeben
ori
dasaxelebis
produqts
_
xorbals
(romelic

iseTi
qveynisTvis,
romelsac
Warbad
gaaCnia
maRalkvalificirebuli
samecniero-teqnikuri kadrebi,
aqtiur sagareo-savaWro urTierTobebSi CarTva gamoiwvevda:

110

b. rodesac importuli produqciis Semotana xdeba ucxouri

qveynidan;
g.
rodesac mocemul dargSi monopolizaciis done maRalia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia

Sromatevadia) da mauds (romelic Sromatevadia). X qveyanas

Warbad gaaCnia miwa, xolo V qveyanas samuSao Zala. Tuki
daiwyeba maT Soris Tavisufali vaWroba, maSin HhekSerolinis Teoriidan gamomdinare grZelvadian periodSi
sargebelSi darCebian:
a.
b.
g.
d.

40.

42. ra SemTxvevaSia optimaluri tarifis done nulis toli:

X_ qveynis miwis mesakuTreebi da V muSebi;

X_ qveynis rogorc muSebi ise miwis mesakuTreebi;
X_ qveynis muSebi da V_ qveynis miwis mesakuTreebi;
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a. rodesac ucxoelebis mier Cveni qveynis bazarze

importirebuli produqciis miwodebis elastiuroba
usasrulod maRalia;
b. rodesac ucxoelebis mier Cveni qveynis bazarze
importirebuli produqciis miwodebis elastiuroba
usasrulod dabalia;
g. rodesac ucxoelebis mier Cveni qveynis bazarze
importirebuli produqciis miwodebis elastiuroba 1-is
tolia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi sul ufro

aqtualuri
xdeba
calkeuli
qveynebis
sxvadasxva
regionalur sabaJo kavSirebSi gaerTianeba. ekonomikuri
integraciis Teoriidan gamomdinare, sabaJo kavSirSi
axlad gawevrianebuli qveynis sargebeli, erTi konkretuli
saqonliT vaWrobis magaliTze, miT ufro metia:

a.

rac ufro naklebad elastiuria mocemul qveyanaSi

importirebul
saqonelze moTxovna;
b .rac ufro mcirea gansxvaveba am saqonelze Camoyalibebul
erovnul
fassa da partniori qveynis fass Soris;
g. rac ufro mcirea gansxvaveba partniori qveynebis fassa da
am
saqonelze msoflio bazarze Camoyalibebul fass Soris;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

43. tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelsekrulebis (GATT)

erT-erT ZiriTad princips warmoadgens is rom;
a.

Tuki erTi qveyana moaxdenda garkveuli moculobiT

sakuTaro produqciis eqsportirebas xelSekrulebis wevr
meore saxelmwifoSi, amas unda gamoewvia meore qveynidan
mis
teritoriaze
igive
moculobis
produqciis
importireba;
b. erT qveyanas SeeZlo gaezarda sakuTari tarifebi manam,
sanam ardarwmundeboda, rom xelSekrulebis sxva wevr
qveynebsac SeeZlo ganexorcielebina igive politika;
g. Tuki erTi qveyana dawevda tarifebs, mas hqonda safuZveli
xelSekrulebis sxva wevri qveynebisagan, rom maTac
Tanabarzomierad daewiaT tarifebi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

41. rogorc viciT garkveul pirobebSi ama Tu im produqciaze

saimporto kvotebis dawesebas SeuZlia ufro meti ziani
moutanos qveynis saerTo keTildReobis dones, vidre
sabaJo tarifebis dawesebam. kerZod rodis moxdeba es:

44.
a.

rodesac mocemul dargSi didi raodenobiT adgilobrivi

mwarmoeblebi hqmnian konkretul bazars;

111

rogorc cnobilia importirebul saqonelze tarifis

daweseba iwvevs qveynis wminda danakargebs, romlis erTerT
Semadgenel
nawils
warmoadgens
e.w.`tarifebis

sawarmoo efeqti, ra ganapirobebs

efeqtisagan gancdil zarals;

tarifis

47. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberalizaciis procesSi erTerT ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens is, rom:
a. vaWrobis liberalizaciis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli
aWarbebs gancdil zarals, magram sargebelSi darCenilebi
ar axdenen dazaralebulebis kompensirebas;
b. vaWrobis
liberalizaciis
Sedegad
aravin
rCeba
sargebelSi;
g. vaWrobis liberalizaciis Sedegad gancdili zarali
aWarbebs sargebels;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

sawarmoo

a. danakargi warmoiSoba iqidan, rom importis SezRudvasTan

erTad mcirdeba erovnuli warmoeba
b. danakargi warmoiSoba iqidan, rom erovnuli warmoebis
gafarToeba
xdeba
Sida
zRvruli
danaxarjebis
gadaWarbebiT msoflio fasTan SedarebiT;
g. danakargi warmoiSoba iqidan, rom tarifis dawesebis
Sedegad qveynis Sida fasis gadaWarbeba msoflio fasTan
SedarebiT amcirebs moxmarebas;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
45.

48. samrewvelo warmoebis produqciaze dawesebuli saimporto

kvota:

qvemoT
CamoTvlili
sazogadoebrivi
jgufebidan
Cveulebriv romlebi rCebian sargebelSi sagareo vaWrobis
liberalizaciis Sedegad;

a. eqsportior qveyanaSi gazrdis am saqonelze Camoyalibebul

fass;
b. gazrdis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis moculobas;
g.
impotrirebul
qveyanaSi
Seamcirebs
saqonelze
Camoyalibebul fass;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a.

importTan konkurirebad erovnul dargebSi dakavebuli

muSamosamsaxureebi;
b. eqsportiorebi;
g. adgilobrivi firmebi, romlebic iReben monopoliur
mogebas qveynis Sida bazarze;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

49.

46. ekonomikurad CamorCenili qveynis problemebze momuSave

ekonomistebis
erTi
jgufi
asabuTebs,
rom
e.w.
importCanacvlebadi
industrializaciis
erT-erTi
ZiriTadi upiratesobaa is rom,
a.

importCanacvlebadi
industrializacia
amcirebs
ra
erovnul
valutis
kurss,
zrdis
qveynis
eqsports
saerTaSoriso bazarze;
b. importCanacvlebadi industrializacia zrdis qveynis
SigniT moTxovnis dakmayofilebis dones;
g. importCanacvlebadi industrializacia xels uwyobs qveynis
mosaxleobaSi teqnikuri codnis amaRlebas;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a.

saxelmwifo sagareo savaWro politikaze erovnuli

mewarmeobis lobisturi gavlenis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad
gvevlineba e.w. `sabaJo tarifebis mcocavi Skala~. raSi
mdgomareobs igi:

imaSi, rom makompleqtebel produqciaze dawesebuli

tarifebis saSualo done ufro maRalia, vidre mza
produqciaze dawesebuli tarifebis saSualo done;
b.
mza
da
makompleqtebel
produqciaze
dawesebuli
tarifebis saSualo doneebi emTxveva erTmaneTs;
g. mza produqciaze dawsebuli tarifebis saSualo done
ufro
maRalia,
vidre
makompleqtebel
produqciaze
dawesebuli tarifebis saSualo done;

112

d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

50.
a.

b.
g.
d.

53. Tuki romelime qveynis valutis kursi izrdeba dolarTan

mimarTebaSi, es niSnavs, rom:
a. es
gaaZvirebs
amerikeli
turistebiTvis
am
qveynis
daTvalierebas;
b. es
SezRudavda
mocemuli
qveynis
moqalaqeebis
SesaZleblobas, SeeZinaT amerikuli warmoebis produqcia;
g. zemoT CamoTvlili orive pasuxi sworia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

moTxovna-miwodebis meqanizmi saerTaSoriso savaWro

bazars moiyvans wonasworobaSi:L
rodesac saeqsperto produqciaze moTxovnis moculoba
gadaaWarbebs
saeqsporto
produqciis
moTxovnis
moculobas;
rodesac sagareo savaWro fasi ufro dabalia, vidre
Sida fasi;
rodesac Sida miwodeba aris ufro naklebi, vidre Sida
moTxovna;
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

54. rodesac ama Tu im qveynis valutis kursi gansazRvrulia

ara savaluto bazris mier, aramed saxelmwifos mier, am
valutis kursis zrdas ewodeba:
a. inflacia;
b. devalvacia;
g. deflacia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

51.

sagadasaxado balansis Sedgenis meTodikis mixedviT

qvemoT CamoTvlili moqalaqeTa jgufebidan romlebi
CaiTvlebian aSS-s rezidentebad
a. amerikis moqalaqeebi, romlebic xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi msaxuroben evropaSi ganlagebul samxedro
bazebze;
b. meqsikis moqalaqeebi, romlebic aralegalurad Sevidnen
aSS-s teritoriaze da damxmare muSebad emsaxurebian
amerikel fermerebs;
g.

iaponeli
turistebi,
romlebic
xanmokle
imyofebian niu-iorkSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

55.

a.
b.
g.
d.

vizitiT

56.
52.

rodesac romelime qveynis valutis kursi izrdeba

dolarTan mimarTebaSi, es niSnavs, rom
a. Cven gvWirdeba meti dolarebi, raTa SeviZinoT mocemuli
qveynis valuta;
b. Cven
gvWirdeba
naklebi
dolarebi,
raTa
SeviZinoT
mocemuli qveynis valuta;

calkeuli qveynebis erovnuli valutebis sacvleli

kursebis
gansazRvrisas,
mecnier-ekonomistebi
xSirad
iyeneben
msyidvelobiTunarianobis
paritetis
Teoris.
romeli ekonomistis mier iqna SemuSavebuli es Teoria:
pol samuelsonis mier;
bertil olinis mier;
gustav kaselis mier;
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
msyidvelobiTunarianobis paritetis Teoria amtkicebs,
rom or qveyanas Soris Camoyalibebuli valutis sacvleli
kursi:

a. grZelvadian periodSi ganisazRvreba am qveynebis fasebis

doneebis gansxvavebebis mixedviT;
b. grZelvadian periodSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier
unda iqnes gansazRvruli;

g. mocemuli qveynis valuta xdeba naklebad Zviri;

d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

113

g. grZelvadian periodSi saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis

mier unda iqnas gansazRvruli;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

60. mocemuli qveynis savaWro balansis deficits aqvs adgili

rodesac:

57.

Tuki
gvaqvs
xorblis
efeqturad
funqcionirebis
liberaluri msoflio bazari da erTi centi xorblis
fasi amerikaSi aris 7,5 dolari, xolo SveciaSi 30 krona.
Tuki satransporto xarjebs pirobiTad gautolebT nuls,
maSin msyidvelobiTunarianobis paritetis Teoriis mixeviT:

a. am qveynis valutis kursi aris dadgenili Zalian dabal

doneze;
b. am qveynis importi gadaaWarbebs am qveynis eqsports;
g. am qveynis eqsporti gadaaWarbebs am qveynis imports;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a.
b.
g.
d.

erTi kronis Rirebuleba unda iyos 20 centi;

erTi kronis Rirebuleba unda iyos 25 centi;
erTi kronis Rirebuleba unda iyos 37.5 centi;
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

61.

rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi saqonlis importi

mkveTrad sWarbobs saqarTvelodan gatanili saqonlis
eqsports, es niSnavs, rom:

a. qveyanaSi Semodis ufro meti samuSao Zala, vidre qveynidan

gadis;
b. qveynis kapitalis moZraobis balansi aris deficituri;
g. qveynis erovnuli bankis oqro-valutis rezervebi izrdeba;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

58. Tuki mocemul qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempi aris

gacilebiT ufro maRali, vidre danarCen msoflioSi, maSin:
a. am qveynis valutis kurss eqneba dacemis tendencia;
b. ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempi valutis kursze aranair
gavlenas ar moxdens;
g. am qveynis valutis kurss eqneboda zrdis tendencia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

62. vTqvaT, msoflioSi arsebobs oqros standartis savaluto

sistema da moxda oqros sabadoebis didi raodenobiT
aRmoCena,
ramac
mkveTrad
gazarda
oqros
miwodeba
saerTaSoriso bazarze. es gamoiwvevda:

59. Tuki aSS-s fasiani qaRaldebi iZlevian 10% Semosavals

weliwadSi, xolo didi britaneTis fasiani qaRaldebi 15%
Semosavals weliwadSi, maSin:

a. fasebis saerTo donis zrdas msoflios qveynebSi;

b. aranair gavlenas ar moaxdenda fasebis saerTo doneze
msoflios qveynebSi;
g. fasebis saerTo donis Semcirebas msoflios qveynebSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a. didma britaneTma unda moaxdinos sakuTari valutis

devalvacia;
b.
girvanqa
sterlingis
kursi
gaizrdeba
dolarTan
mimarTebaSi;
g. girvanqa sterlingis kursi daecema dolarTan mimarTebaSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

63.

114

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

breton-vudsis konferenciam:

1944

wels

gamarTulma

a.
b.
g.
d.

daafuZna saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi;

SemoiRo mcuravi savaluto kursebis sistema;
zemoT CamoTvlili orive pasuxi sworia;
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

eqsportiori. davuSvaT gavrcelda informacia navTobis

msfoflio
bazarze
fasebis
mosalodnelimkveTri
Semcirebis Sesaxeb.Ees gamoiwvevda:
a. rusuli rublis kursis zrdas amerikul dolarTan
mimarTebaSi;
b. rusuli rublis kursis Semcirebas amerikul dolarTan
mimarTebaSi;
g. aranair gavlenas ar moaxdenda rusuli rublis kursze
dolarTan mimarTebaSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

64. breton-vudsis saerTaSoriso-savaluto sistemam ganicada

kraxi, rodesac:
a. `OPEC~-is qveynebma gazardes naTobis fasi
bazarze;
b. Camoyalibda evropis saerTo bazari;
g. aSS-ma moaxdina dolaris devalvacia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

65.

msoflio

68. davuSvaT Tqven xedavT, rom rusuli estradis varsklavebi

sul ufro popularulebi xdebian saqarTveloSi. Ees
zrdis rusi momRerlebis gastrolebis ricxvs da maTi
gramCanawerebis realizaciis moculobas Cvens qveyanaSi.
rogor gavlenas moaxdenda es faqti laris kursze
rublSi gamoxatuli:

termini `binZuri curva~ gamoiyeneba raTa gamosaxos:

a. mocemul qveyanaSi ucxouri valutis Savi bazari;

b. mocemuli qveynis mier sakuTari valutis mcuravi kursidan
fiqsirebul kursze gadayvana;
g. mocemuli qveynis mier sakuTari valutis curva drois
mxolod garkveul, xelsayrel periodSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.

a. laris miwodeba da rusul rublze moTxovna gaizrdeba

savaluto bazarze, rac gamoiwvevda laris kursis zrdas
rusul rublSi gamoxatuli;
b. laris miwodeba da rusul rublze moTxovna Semcirdeboda
savaluto bazarze, rac gamoiwvevda laris kursis
Semcirebas rusul rublSi gamoxatuli;
g. laris miwodeba da rusul rublze moTxovna gaizrdeba
savaluto bazarze, rac gamoiwvevda laris kursis
Semcirebas rusul rublSi gamoxatuli:
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

66. Tuki Tqveni mSoblebi anazRaureben Tqvens ganaTlebas aSSSi da gadaricxes 10 000 dolari amerikis universitetis
angariSze, es airicxeba rogorc:
a. saqarTvelos mimdinare operaciaTa balansis sadebeto
statia;
b. amerikis mimdinare operaciaTa balansis sadebeto statia;
g. saqarTvelos mimdinare operaciaTa balansis sakredito
statia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela pasuxi arasworia.
67.

69. davuSvaT saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis xelmZRvanelobam

gadawyvetileba miiRo inflaciis tempis Sesamcireblad
gaataros ufro mkacri fulad-sakrediro politika. Ees
gamoiwvevda:
a. laris miwodebis Semcirebas savaluto bazarze da
Sesabamisad misi kursis Semcirebas sxva valutebTan
mimarTebaSi;

rogorc cmobilia, SeerTebul Statebi aris navTobis

msxvili importiori, xolo ruseTi navTobis msxvili

115

b. laris miwodebis zrdas savaluto bazarze da Sesabamisad

misi kursis zrdas sxva valutebTan mimarTebaSi;

73. rogorc cnobilia, TiTqmis XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi

amerikulidolaris
kursi
girvanqa
sterlingTan
mimarTebaSi izrdeboda. es iyo gamowveuli imiT, rom:

g. laris miwodebis zrdas savaluto bazarze da Sesabamisad

misi kursis Semcirebas sxva valutebTan mimarTebaSi;
d.. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

a. did britaneTSi inflaciis tempi da ekonomikuri zrdis

tempi iyo ufro maRali vidre aSS-Si;
b. did britaneSi inflacii tempi iyo ufro maRali, xolo
ekonomikuri zrdis tempi iyo ufro dabali vidre aSS-Si;
g. did britaneTSi inflaciis tempi da ekonomikuri zrdis
tempic iyo ufro dabali vidre aSS-Si;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

70. rogorc cnobilia aSS yovelwliurad mravalmilionian

daxmarebas uwevs saqarTvelos. am Tanxebis gadmoricxva
aRiricxeba rogorc:
a.
b.
g.
d.
71.

amerikis mimdinare operaciaTa balansis sakredito statia;

amerikis mimdinare operaciaTa balansis sadebeto statia;
amerikis kapitalis moZraobis balansis sakredito statia;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.
saqarTveloSi mosalodneli ekonomikuri
Semosavlebis mkveTri Semcireba gamoiwvevda;

krizisi

a. qarTuli laris kursis Semcirebas, vinaidan

moculoba mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeboda;
b. qarTuli
laris
kursis
zrdas,
vinaidan
saprocento ganakveTebi gaizrdeboda;
g. zemoT CamoTvlili orive pasuxi sworia;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

74.

da

vTqvaT,
saqarTvelos
axalma
xelisuflebam
miiRo
gadawyvetileba ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis mizniT
gaataros libealuri fulad-sakredito politika, ris
Sedegadac miviReT:

a. laris kursis zrdas da fasebis saerTi donis zrdas

qveyanaSi;
b. laris kursis Semcirebas da fasebis saerTo donis zrdas
qveyanaSi;
g. laris kursis Semcirebas da fasebis saerTo donis
Semcirebas qveyanaSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

importis
realuri

75. qvemoT CamoTvlili operaciebidan, romeli ar Caiwereba

saqarTvelos mimdinare operaciaTa balansSi;

72. davuSvaT amerikaSi aRmoaCines navTobis didi sabadoebi,

ris Sedegadac am qveynis erovnuli Semosavali da
dolaris kursi mkveTrad gaizarda. es gamoiwvevda imas,
rom amerikis moqalaqeebi Seisyididnen;

a.

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros mier germaniaSi

samxedro teqnikis Sesyidva iaf fasebSi;
b. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi biznesmenebis mier ruseTSi
dabandebul kapitalze miRebuli dividendebi;
g. laris kursis SenarCunebis mizniT erovnuli bankis mier
bankTaSoris savaluto birJaze dolarebis gayidva;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi arasworia.

a. ufro met Zvirfas avtomobilebs, romelTa mniSvnelovani

nawili iqneboda ucxouri warmoebis;
b. ufro met Zvirfas avtomobilebs, romelTa mniSvnelovani
nawiliiqneboda adgilobrivi warmoebis;
g.
ufro
nakleb
Zvirfas
avtomobilebs,
romelTa
mniSvnelovani nawili iqneboda adgilobrivi warmoebis;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

116

76.

a.
b.
g.
d.

Tuki rusuli rublis kursi dolarSi gamoxatuli

Seicvala Semdegnairad-iyo 1 dolari udris 33 rubls da
gaxda 1 dolari udris 28 rubls, esniSnav rom:

a.
b.
g.
d.

rogorc dolaris ise rublis kursi daeca;

dolaris kursi daeca, xolo rublis kursi gaizarda;
dolris kursi gaizarda, xolo rublis kursi daeca;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

80. erovnuli valutis gaufasureba wamgebiania:

77. davuSvaT gvaqvs oqros standarti da qveyana axdens meti

produqciis
eqsportirebas
vidre
importirebas.
es
gamoiwvevda;
a. qveyanaSi oqros modinebas;
b. qveynidan oqros gadinebas;
g.
ar
moaxdenda
aranair
gavlenas
arsebul
moculobaze;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.
78.

a.
b.
g.
d.

Semcirdeba 1,50 dolari;

gaizrdeba 11 dolariT;
Semcirdeba 5,50 dolariT;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

a.
b.
g.
d.

qveyanaSi myofi ucxouri rezidentebisaTvis;

eqsportiorebisaTvis;
importiorebisaTvis;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

81.

davuSvaT, rom ruseTSi inflaciis tempi weliwadSi 100

%-ia,
xolo
evrokavSirSi
sul
5%.
msyidvelobiTi
unarianobis
paritetis
Teoriis
Tanaxmad
rogor
Seicvleboda evros kursi rublTan mimarT?
gaizrdeboda 1,9-jer;
Semcirdeboda
5-jer;
gaizrdeboda
20-jer;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

oqros
a.
b.
g.
d.

vTqvaT
or
qveyanas
aqvs
damyarebuli
intensiuri
ekonomikuri urTierTobebi erTmaneTTan, romelTagan erTi
didi moculobis saxelmwifoa, xolo meore mcire.
davuSvaT didi qveyana saxelmwifo xarjebis gazrdiT
iwyebs aqtiur sabiujeto politikis ganxorcielebas. mcire
qveyanaSi, romelsac gaaCnia mimdinare operaciaTa balansis
nulovani saldo, es gamoiwvevda:

82. sagadasaxdelo balansis Semadgeneli nawili mimdinare

operaciaTa balansi ar Seicavs:
a. sasaqolo eqsports;
b. ucxoeTis qveynebidan miRebul finansur daxmarebas;
g. investiciebisagan miRebul wminda Semosavlebs;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

ekonomikuri zrdis tempis Semcirebas;

eqsportis zrdas;
Sida investiciebis zrdas;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia;

83. erovnuli valutis devalvaciis Sedegad izrdeba wminda

eqsporti.
rogor
zemoqmedebs
devalvacia
erovnuli
danazogebis sidideze Tu Sida investiciebis sidide
ucvlelia?
a. erovnuli danazogebi izrdeba;
b. erovnuli danazogebis sidide ucvlelia;
g. erovnuli danazogebi mcirdeba;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

79. vTqvaT saqarTveloSi iwarmoeba magnitofonebi, romelTa

nawilis eqsportirebac xdeba aSS-Si. davuSvaT, rom
qarTuli laris kursi amerikul dolarebSi gamoxatuli
daeca 1 lari udris 0,50 dolaridan 1lari udris 0,45
dolaramde, maSin saqarTveloSi 150 larad warmoebuli
magnitofonis fasi amerikaSi:

117

84.

a.
b.
g.
d.

Tu fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis reJimis dacvisas

ruseTSi inflaciis done ufro maRali iqneba vidre sxva
qveyanaSi, maSin:
ruseTis eqsporti gaizrdeba, xolo importi Semcirdeba;
ruseTis eqsportic da importic Semcirdeba;
ruseTis eqsporti Semcirdeba, xolo importi gaizrdeba;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

88. inglisur girvanqa sterlingze moTxovnis mrudi marjvniv

gadainacvlebs, Tuki:
a. inglisSi realuri saprocento ganakveTebi SedarebiT
dabalia, xolo inflaciis done SedarebiT maRali (vidre
sxva qveynebSi);
b. inglisSi realuri saprocento ganakveTebi SedarebiT
maRalia, inflaciis done ki SedarebiT dabali (vidre sxva
qveynebSi);
g. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela sworia.
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

85.

Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebis ganxorcieleba sul ufro metad gulisxmobs
mmarTvelobiTi da marketinguli kontraqtebis Sesrulebas,
vidre safinanso kapitalis nakadebis zrdas. ratom gaCnda
aseTi tendencia?
a. arasrulyofili konkurenciis arsebobis gamo;
b. eqspropreaciis SesaZleblobis SiSis gamo;
g. transnacionaluri kompaniebis safinanso SesaZleblobebis
SezRudulobis
gamo;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.
86. Tuki
saqarTveloSi
mTliani erovnuli
produqtis
moculoba mcirdeba, maSin Tavisuflad mcuravi savaluto
kursebis pirobebSi:
a. importis
moculobac
gaizrdeba
da
laris
kursic
gaizrdeba;
b. importis moculoba Semcirdeba, xolo laris kursi
gaizrdeba;
g. importis moculobac Semcirdeba da laris kursic
Semcirdeba;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

89. saqarTveloSi fuladi masis zrdis neli tempi (ruseTTan

SedarebiT) gamoiwvevs:
a. inflaciis gaZlierebas ruseTSi;
b. rusuli
rublis
kursis
zrdas
qarTul
larTan
mimarTebaSi;
g. inflaciis gaZlierebas saqarTveloSi;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.
90.

a.
b.
g.
d.

87. erovnuli valutis devalvacia Cveulebriv iwvevs wminda

eqsportis
zrdas.
rogor
zemoqmedebs
igi
Sida
investiciebis
moculobaze
Tu
ucvlelia
erovnuli
danazogebis sidide?
a.
b.
g.
d.

91.

a.
b.
g.
d.

Sida investiciebi mcirdeba;

Sida investiciebi ucvlelia;
Sida investiciebi izrdeba;;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

118

davuSvaT saqarTvelos gaaCnia sagadasaxado balansis

deficiti 55 mln laris moculobiT weliwadSi. Eerovnuli
bankis xelmZRvaneloba amis sapasuxod atarebs imgvar
fulad-sakredito politikas, rom fulis masa qveyanaSi
izRudeba anu mcirdeba 40 mln laris moculobiT. rogor
fiqrobT, ras akeTebs erovnuli banki?
moqmedebs ,,TamaSis wesebis mixedviT;
axdens deficitis sterilizebas;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela sworia.
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.
Tuki TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris damyarebulia
Tavisuflad mcuravi savaluto kursebis reJimi da
izrdeba moTxovna Turqul liraze, esniSnavs, rom:
Turquli lirebis miwodeba Semcirdeba;
Turquli lirebis kursi (evroSi gamoxatuli) daecema;
vros kursi (Turqul lirebSi gamoxatuli) Semcirdeba;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

92. Tuki izrdeba iaponuri ienis realuri gacvliTi kursi,

maSin:
a. importuli saqoneli iaponeli moqalaqeebisaTvis xdeba
SedarebiT ufro Zviri;
b. iaponiis wminda eqsporti izrdeba;
g. xels uwyobs iaponuri produqciis konkurentunarianobis
zrdas msoflio bazarze;
d. zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.
93.

a.
b.
g.
d.

ganTavseba, kveba, transporti da miznobrivi momsaxureba;

d). arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
97. ra tipis sastumroebi arsebobs?
a). luqsi;
b). saSualo done, luqsi;
g).ekonomklasi, saSualo done;
d). luqsi, saSualo done, aparat-otelebi da
ekonomklasi.
98. romelia sastumros saqmianobis efeqtianobis
maCvenebeli?
a). sastumros Semosavlebi;
b).sastumros gasavlebi;
g) sastumros datvirTva;
d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori
99.
aras niSnavs subsidia?
a) mogebis miRebas;
b) zaralianobas;
g) saxelmwifo daxmarebas;
d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori
100. saqarTveloSi ramdeni turistuli regionia?
a) 10 turistuli regioni;
b) 11 turistuli regioni;
g) 12 turistuli regioni;
d) 13 turistuli regioni.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, qveyanas erTdroulad hqondes

savaWro balansis deficiti da mimdinare operaciebis
balansis dadebiTi saldo?
SesaZlebelia;
ar aris SesaZlebeli;
aseTi mdgomareoba SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod mcire,
Ria ekonomikis mqone qveynaSi;
zemoT CamoTvlili pasuxi yvela arasworia.

94. ra sargebeli SeiZleba moutanos turizmis ganviTarebam

qveynis ekonomikas?
a) degradaciamde miiyvanos;
b) gaaumjobesos socialuri pirobebi;
g) gaaumjobesos qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba;
d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
95. ra aris turistuli industria ?
a) sastumroebis an sxva ganTavsebis adgilebis,
satransporto saSualebebis, szogadoebrivi kvebis, garTobis,
Semecnebis, saqmiani, gamajansaRebeli, sportuli da sxva
daniSnulebis obieqtebis erToblioba;
b) sportuli da sxva organizaciebi, romlebic ewevian
sarqskursio momsaxurebas;
g) satransporto saSualebebiT momsaxureoba;
d) organizaciebi, romlebic axorcieleben turoperatorul
saqmianobas.
96. ra aris turistuli industriis ZiriTadi produqti ?
a). turistuli momsaxureba;
b). kveba;
g). turistuli momsaxureobaa, romelTaganac
umniSvnelovanesia:

119

terminologiuri

pasuxebi

1.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

a
g
g
a
b
d
g
a
a
d
a
d
g
g
a
b
g
a
g
d
g
b
b
g
a

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

b
a
g
a
b
a
b
d
b
g
a
b
b
a
a
g
a
g
g
b
g
g
d
g
d

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

b
a
d
d
d
a
d
a
b
b
d
g
a
g
g
a
b
a
d
d
d
a
a
b
g

76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

leqsikoni

WTO () - 1994
. ()
, 104-
, ( - . ),
1995 1 ;
2. -
;
3.

;
4.

;
5.
.
6. -
.
7.
.- .
8.
.
9. ,
()
()
() .
10. (. ,, , )
. 80-
.
11. , , , ,
,
.

b
a
b
d
g
a
b
a
g
b
b
a
a
d
a
g
b
a
g
a
g
d
g
g
g

120

23. - ,
-
;
24. - ;
25. - ;
26. - .
27. deporti - aris safondo birJaze garkveuli vadiT
spekulaciuri garigeba, romelic isaxavs fasiani qaRaldebis
kursis xelovnur dawevas da am gziT sxvaobis miTviserbas.
28 .importi - aris qveyanaSi ucxouri warmoebis saqonlis
Semotana.
29.e qsporti - aris sazRvargareT saqonlis an kapitalis
gatana.
30. eqspansia - aris saxelmwifos miswrafeba axali bazrebis
dapyrobisa da ekonomikuri gavlenis sferos gafarToebisaken.
31. fraxti - aris yvela saxeobis transportiT tvirTis
gadazidvaze safasuri (gansakuTrebiT sazRvao transportze.
xSirad TviT tvirTsac fraxts uwodeben).

12. -
- a.
;
13. -
,
;
14. W - () 1960
. .
15. () -
, 1988 - .
1994 .
16. - ,
, ;
17. -
, i
;
18. -
,
;
19. - ,

;
20. f ,

;
21. f

,
,
;
22. - ,
;

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m.

sasoflo-sameurneo
saqmianobis
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pol.
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ekonomika, Teoria da politika; qarTuli Targmani. Tb.
2000
16. levSini f. msoflio bazrebi 1990w.
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a.
ognivcevi
s.
msoflio
ekonomika
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sasoflo-sameurneo
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kanoni
`saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb.~
20. saqarTvelos
kanoni
`fasiani
qaRaldebis
bazris
Sesaxeb~.
21. saqarTvelos
kanoni
`salizingo
saqmianobis
xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~.
22. saqarTvelos
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis
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122