Japanese Internment - Sydnie Muraoka and Vanessa Gerber Bibliography

Primary Sources

Adams, Ansel. Farm, Farm Workers, Mt. Williamson in Background, Manzanar Relocation Center, California. 1943. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington DC. Library of Congress. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. This photograph shows individuals farming in Mt. Williamson, California. Farming was one of the various jobs internees could do around the camps to help out. Many of the detention camps paid internees for their service around the camps, such as farming.

AP Photo, No Japs Wanted Graffiti, Seattle. May 10, 1945. The photograph shows racism in public by the Americans through vandalism. It has the words No Japs Allowed Painted on a broken down house. This shows Americans did not want to socialize and discriminated the Japanese for what they have done. This helped me understand how the Japanese might have been relocated by a racial decision since racism can be presented so strong throughout the public.

Clues Sought to Honouliuli Dark past. 1943. Photograph. Honolulu Advertiser Photos, Honolulu. This picture is showing an internment camp located in Oahu, Hawaii. This is the Honouliuli internment camp were Japanese, German, and Italian internees would stay. These people were sent into camps during World War II. Many of the internees called this camp Hell Canyon because of its harsh conditions.

Challenge to Democracy. N. p. Film. This film is an example of a propaganda by america to get the americans to believe that the Japanese internment was the right thing to do. This helped me understand why people never thought it was so bad to do what they did and why racism was able to escalate so well.

"Densho Oral History - Gordon Hirabayashi." YouTube. 05 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. This video is a interview with Gordon Hirabayashi. In his interview he says that his mother told him he did a good thing about standing up for himself and the Japanese American internees. The mother was just afraid that they would get separated and never see each other again. Hirabayashi felt that it was unnecessary for the Japanese Americans to be interned, when they did nothing wrong to harm America.

"Densho Oral History - Peter Irons." YouTube. YouTube, 14 Nov. 2012. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. In this interview with Peter Irons, Irons talks about how he Korematsu and his case against the United States Supreme Court. After 40 years after the first trial, Irons helped reopen Korematsu case and found evidence to support him.The evidence that helped support his case was that they Japanese Americans did not commit any treason or espionage to the United States. Even though Korematsu's case was overturned, Korematsu helped gain equal rights for Japanese Americans and to prove to America that they were American citizens.

Douglas Aircraft Company. Tokio Kid Say Much Waste of Material Make So-o-o-o Happy! Thank You, 1943. This is an example of a Tokio Kid cartoon poster. The character, Tokio Kid, was commonly used to depict Japanese racially at the time. The character is given round glasses, a kimono,and squinty eyes. Its large teeth and ears give it an animal like characteristic and is usually captioned with Tokio Kid Say.

The Effects of Pearl Harbor, n.d. This site gave general information on the effects of Pearl Harbor. It lead to further research and understanding and was reliable because it was not biased.

"Fred Korematsu - PROTEST." YouTube. YouTube, 27 Dec. 2010. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. In this documentary, a school in Oakland, California, "Korematsu Discovery Academy" wants their students to relate to Fred Korematsu. In the video, Fred Korematsu talks about how he fought against the United States Supreme Court to prove to the United States that he is a loyal American citizen.

Ford, Gerald R. "An American Promise." United States of America. 1 Nov. 2013. Speech. On February 19, 1976, President Gerald R. Ford wrote a speech saying that the internment of Japanese Americans was a wrong thing to do and that the Japanese were loyal American citizens. He also states that all citizens of America should be treated with liberty and justice. All in all, President Ford is saying that this tragedy in history should never occur again.

Gordon Hirabayashi. N.d. Photograph. The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. History Link. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. This is a photograph of Gordon Hirabayashi. He is a Japanese American who denied curfew rules because he believed that the Japanese should have freedom rights. So he became a freedom rights leader and took his case to the United States Supreme court.

Green, Thomas H. Martial Law in Hawaii: The Papers of Major General Thomas H. Green, Judge Advocate Generals Corps, U.S. Army. Univ Pubns of Amer (January 2001), 1941. Print. World War Research Collections. The documents of General Greens experience in World War 2 helped give me an understanding of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its impact to to the start of the Martial Law. This helped with background research as well as in depth research on the topic by giving insight into the topic through the perspective of General Green. It also contained other primary sources which gave detail about internment relocation and how the public were to see what is going on with the internment and martial law.

Hoshida, George. Honouliuli- addendum 5.jpg (JPEG Image, 355 229 Pixels) - Scaled (0%). N. p., 1942. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This drawing provides an example of one of artwork made by the internees. This particular drawing was made by a Japanese Internee from Hawaii. This helps provide technology concepts of the internment specifically in Hawaii.

"Internee #1 - Japanese American Internment." YouTube. YouTube, 11 June 2006. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. In this video, officials talk about the attack on Pearl Harbor and how it affected the Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the mainland. These people had to evacuate their homes and leave their businesses. Many of the Japanese Americans were recruited into the army if they were proved loyal and they then became the 442nd and 100th regiment combat team.

Ishigo, Estelle. Baseball Game. N. p., 19424. Print. This image depicts two internees playing a game of baseball. This gives me an example of an activity the internees did in their daily life. This helps me understand what life was like in the camps.

Ishigo, Estelle. Boys with Kites. N. p., 1944. Print. This piece of artwork shows a picture of two boys climbing a fence to with a kite. I think this expressed how Ishigo felt in the camps. She wanted to escape the camps and go beyond the fence back to the outside world and be free like a kite. This helped me understand how the internees felt. It also provides an example of the internees creating artwork as a way of expressing their feelings.

Ishigo, Estelle. Cal Seafood Fish Cannery Trailer Camp for Evacuees. N. p., 19424. Print.

This artwork shows a picture of a trailer with a happy mood to it with its bright colors and flowers. The picture could be from the artists postwar home since Cal Seafood Cannery was the artists postwar occupancy. This shows that the artist was glad to be able to bout of internment and starting their life back up again.

Ishigo, Estelle. Gathering Coal at Heart Mountain Relocation Camp. N. p., 1942. Print. This artwork depicts a group of people that seems to be struggling on a windy day as they try to gather coal for warmth. This shows how tough times got and an example of the struggles the families had to go to to maintain comfort within the camps.

Ishigo, Estelle. Home Heart Mountain. N. p., 1942. Print. This piece of artwork depicts a family in an internment camp home. It is small and the family is rather large. This shows how tough it was to live in the internment camps for the conditions were not as comfortable as they could be.

Izumi-Kai Original Instrumental Group. "Rokudan." Rokudan. Rec. 10 Aug. 2008. Essential Media Group LLC, 2010. MP3. This song is called "Rokudan". This song is instrumental and plays the sounds of the Koto. The Koto is a 13 stringed instrument that plays high and low notes. This type of song is a mix between Japanese and Chinese sounds and instruments.

"Jap Trap" 1941-1945. Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration. Densho Digital Archive. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.

This propaganda depicts the Japanese Emperor Hirohito as a rat with big teeth and glasses in a trap. This propaganda is telling Americans to conserve resources to help contribute to the war and stop the Japanese .

"Japs Keep Moving - This Is a White Man's Neighborhood." 1920. Photograph. National Japanese American Historical Society, n.p. In this picture, there is a woman standing outside pointing to the sign saying "Japs Keep Moving - This is a White Man's Neighborhood." This woman is a member of the Hollywood Protective Association. In this neighborhood, they wouldn't serve or pay any respect to the Japanese soldiers because they were not "American" citizens.

"Japanese Relocation - U.S. Gov't Explanation 1942." YouTube. YouTube, 10 Jan. 2009. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. This video "Japanese Relocation", talks about the relocation of Japanese Americans due to the on going World War II and the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The director of the War Relocation Authority during this time period was Milton S. Eisenhower. This authority let military personnel relocate Japanese Americans into internment camps for the duration of World War II.

Korematsu, Karen. Fred Korematsu. N.d. Photograph. Korematsu Institute. Korematsu Day Honors Oakland Civil Rights Leader. Oakland North, 31 Jan. 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. This is a picture of a civil rights leader, Fred Korematsu. He is a Japanese American who fought for freedom rights for the Japanese people who were interned.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC. This photo displays Japanese Americans waiting in line at the Civil Station to register to be relocated into internment camps in San Francisco, California. The Japanese Americans had to stand in long lines to receive identification cards.

Lange, Dorothea. Japanese American Children Pledging Allegiance. 1942. Photograph. US Library of Congress, Washington DC. In this picture, Japanese American children are pledging alligence to the American flag. This shows that they are loyal to the United States and that they think of themselves as citizens of American, rather than citizens of Japan. These children are in San Francisco, California in an internment camp for the duration of World War II. Lange, Dorothea. I Am American. 1941. Photograph. Web. This picture shows the emotion of the Japanese Americans during World War II. The picture shows a Japanese American store that was sold a day after the attack since they were being evacuated into detention facilities. This helped me understand how the Japanese Americans were treated because of their ethnicity.

Lodge, R. H. Honouliuli-addendum.jpg (JPEG Image, 453 293 Pixels) - Scaled (0%). Photograph. This photo depicts the Honouliuli Camp looking into the gulch. The photo contains a long building in the middle next to a hillside in which is now the Board of Water Supply

today. This source helped me gain a better understanding of what the internment camps looked like and how it is different from the average living. The mood of the picture seems very down showing how the internees did not get to live the life others had as their tiny homes are fenced off and the land is contains no action whatsoever. It also shows how that area is different from today, for example, with the placement of the Board of Water Supply.

Lodge, R.H. Honouliuli- addendum 4.jpg (JPEG Image, 698 382 Pixels) - Scaled (0%). N. p. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This image captures the barracks at Honouliuli. This image helped me understand the living of the internees. For example, you can see they lived in small, fenced off homes and had nothing to do. You can also see people in the background working, so they you can see they were to keep busy with work. It also gave me a specific understanding of the internment particularly in Hawaii. I can see how it was similar from internment on the mainland because they were given small, fenced homes.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Quotes. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n/d. Web. 23 August 2013. These are a few quotes written by the famous civil rights activist, Martin Luther King, Jr. explaining that everyone in this world should be treated the same. He wrote these quotes when the African Americans were being discriminated from the white people. During this time, the African Americans were being treated harshly, just like how the Japanese Americans were being treated by the Americans.

McCabe, Norman. Tokio Jokio. Looney Toons. N. p., Television. This is an example of an american propaganda film in which racism was brought against Japan. The Cartoon contains many poor depiction of the Japanese by representing them as a rooster or giving them big teeth and glasses and other over exaggerated features as a caricature. The film also shows the Japanese to be foolish. One of the many ways this was shown was during a segment in the show where the Japanese head to the fire prevention headquarters where they find it is too late as everything has been burned down. This helped me understand the racism and propagandas the Americans prepared as a way to show the public that the Japanese are foolish and will be done with quick in the war. It also tell the public that the Japanese are not good people and what America is doing to them is right.

Our Enemy, The Japanese. Short FIlm, Propaganda Film, 1943. This film is a propaganda film shown to the military to motivate them to win the war by depicting the Japanese is racist ways. I used this to provide an example of a racist film presented to the military.

Okazaki, Steven. The Coram Nobis Cases. 1983. Photograph. Farallon Films. Fred T. Korematsu Institute. 19 Jan. 1983. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. This is a photo of Gordon Hirabayashi, Min Yasui, and Fred Korematsu. They are all Japanese Americans who challenged the United States Supreme Court. They believed that they were treated disrespectfully, so they took their cases to the supreme court to help the other Japanese Americans who were incarcerated.

President Roosevelt. 1941. Photograph. Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection ( Library of Congress). Washington, DC. This photo interprets how President Roosevelt had signed the document that declared war between the United States and Japan. The men surrounding President Roosevelt are his cabinet members.

Roosevelt, Franklin D. Day of Infamy Speech, 1941. Library Digital Archive. This is the speech that President Roosevelt gave immediately after the bombing of pearl harbor. This was useful to show how war was declared as an effect of pearl harbor which also supported the signing of Executive Order 9066 as background information.

Soga, Yasutaro. Life behind Barbed Wire. Honolulu: 2008. Print. This book is about the life of Yasutaro Soga and how his family lived through the life of internment and how he faced racial discrimination. They also explain in this book about the conditions of the camps and how unclean the facilities were.

The Untold Story: Internment of Japanese Americans In Hawaii. Dir. Ryan Kawamoto. Sen. Dan Inouye, Grace Fukunaga, Jack Tasaka, Harry Urata. Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii, 2012. DVD. This film talked about first hand experiences in the internment camps in Hawaii. The people featured in the film were either interned in the camps or had relatives in them.

These people were all Japanese Americans. One of the people who were featured in the documentary was Daniel Inouye. Inouye was a soldier in the 442nd combat team.

United States Information Service, Jap Trap, World War II Propaganda Poster. 194145. This is an example of a propaganda poster in which the the Japanese are depicted as a rat. The picture is labeled, Rat Trap, and it gives an example of racism by the U.S..

U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii. Honouliuli-addendum2.jpg (JPEG Image, 322 182 Pixels) Scaled (0%). Photograph., 1941. This image shows how the internees lived in small tents when the camps first opened. This particular picture is located in Sand Island. This helped me understand the poor living conditions the Internees had to go through.

U.S. Office of War Information. Japanese Relocation. N. p., 1943. Film. This film provided an example of a propaganda film on the Japanese relocation. It convinced the public to think that the United States Action to relocate the Japanese were right in order to keep from further attacks and that the Japanese are not to suffer. It also gave factual information on some things the Japanese did in the camps which helped further explain life in the camps. Yamaichi, Kaneichi. 1941. Urasoe Art Museum on Okinawa. Stars and Stripes. 24 June 2013. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. This wooden name plate was made by Kaneichi Yamaichi. On the plate says his name in Japanese. During the war, the soldiers used to use identification numbers

to identify the person instead of a name. Yamaichi tried to prove a point that he was a person with a name.

Youre a Sap Mr. Jap.Popeye the Sailor. U.S.A.: Paramount Studios, August 7, 1942. This cartoon episode of Popeye the Sailor shows how racism was depicted through cartoons. The Japanese are depicted all the same resembling the commonly used Tokio Kid character. This was useful in providing an example of a racial cartoon because they called the Japanese Americans Japanese and they advertised the Japanese men with big teeth, kimonos, and big round glasses.

Secondary Sources

americaslibrary.gov. Depression & WWII (1929-1945). Depression and WWII, n.d. This site gave important dates and events of the Depression and WWII period of history. This source helped me get basic insight to what was going on during that time period leading to the attack and internment. I also found this source reliable for it had had no biased information.

A Pearl Harbor Attack. NPR. 7 December 2004. Web. 28 August 2013. In this article, the Japanese Americans are being evacuated into internment camps because of the bombing on Pearl Harbor. Many of the Japanese Americans are mad and sad because they have to burn all of their Japanese possessions so they can prove to the

Americans that they are American. The author of this article wants to let Americans know that Japanese Americans are citizens of America and should not be discriminated because of their nationality.

Beyond the movie: Pearl Harbor. National Geographic, 2001. Web. 28 August 2013. This is an article about Commander Kimmel and General Short. These officers were blamed for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The two men were receiving messages that there may be a surprise attack on Oahu. Many of the Americans were mad because the citizens of Oahu could prepare for the attack since they knew it may have been coming.

Bookmice. Japanese-American Internment Camps, n.d. This site gave important dates and events of the Depression and WWII period of history. This source helped me get basic insight to what was going on during that time period leading to the attack and internment. I also found this source reliable for it had had no biased information

Calisphere - JARDA - Relocation and Incarceration of Japanese Americans During World War II. Accessed September 27, 2013. This site gave lots of information on how the Executive Order 9066 may have been heavily influenced on racism. This is seems to be a reliable source because it is based on strictly facts with citation.

"Celebrating the Life and Work of Gordon Hirabayashi." American Friends Service Committee.

American Friends Service Committee, 6 January 2012. Web. 27 September 2013. This article is about Gordon Korematsu and his case against the United States Supreme court. Korematsu felt that Japanese Americans should not be discriminated and should have equal rights. The Americans accused the Japanese Americans of espionage and sabotage.

Chin, Steven A. When Justice Failed. New York: Steck-Vaughn, 1993. Print. This is a biography about Fred Korematsu and how he took his case to the United States Supreme Court. Korematsu felt that Japanese Americans should be treated like Americans and not as alien residents. Korematsu refused to be evacuated into a internment camps since Japan bombed Oahu. Korematsu was mad, and felt that he was an American citizen, even though he was Japanese.

CIA. Intelligence Throughout History: The Impact of Pearl Harbor Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed August 30, 2013. This site gives very useful specifically about the attack on pearl harbor and how it affects the US until now as well as how it has influenced the national security act. This site can be deemed useful because it is written by an official government organization, the Central Intelligence Agency of the USA.

Committee, Japanese American Citizens League National Education. A Lesson in American History: The Japanese American Experience: Curriculum and Resource Guide.

This book gave very useful information on how Executive 9066 was unconstitutional and the specific rights and violations made through thorough analysis. This is a reliable source because it refers directly to the constitution and provides reasonable and factual evidence to support their claim.

Creative Differences. Attack on Pearl Harbor: Attack on Pearl Harbor. National Geographics, n.d. This video gave great insight to what exactly happened on December 7 which gave me a much deeper understanding of the event. It also included various interviews with people who had experienced the Attack. I found this source reliable because it contained many primary sources and showed great detail about what happened. It can also be deemed reliable because it has interviews from witnesses who were actually taking part in Pearl Harbor in 1941.

David White and Daniel P. Murphy Hawaii Under Martial Law - World War II. Accessed September 27, 2013. This site is about life under the martial law and how the martial law made a social effect through the different lifestyle. It also showed how it made an economical effect through currency as well as how the martial law invaded privacy through listening to others communication. This is a reliable source because it is based on pure facts on was not biased.

Dusselier, Jane E. Arts and Crafts in Camp, n.d.

This source gave great detail about the intellectual effects of the internment and how the Japanese made various arts and furniture as well as how the education was affected. I found this source reliable because it was not biased and it contained lots of insightful detail. I also used this source a lot for information on the intellectual/technological effects.

Ernst, Cheryl. The Internment camp in West Oahus backyard. MALAMALAMA. University of Hawaii, 31, Oct 2011. 26, Aug 2013. This is about one of the five internment camps on the Hawaiian Islands which is Honouliuli. This internment camp was also known as Hell Canyon because of the horrible conditions and hot weather. Honouliuli is located in Sand Island, Oahu,

but volunteers are trying to find remainders of the camp till this day.

Executive Order 9066: The President Authorizes Japanese Relocation. Accessed September 27 This site contains general information on Executive Order 9066 itself. This was useful for giving general background information on the topic. This is a reliable source because it is unbiased and is based on factual evidence.

"Frank Knox." Home. Densho Encyclopedia, 19 Mar. 2013. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. In this article, Frank Knox was a wartime secretary for the Navy, a journalist, and a vice presidential candidate. Knox was also an advocate for mass removal and detention of Japanese Americans in Hawaii and on the West Coast of the United States. Knox also wrote an false accusation after the bombing of Pearl Harbor which said "I think the most effective Fifth Column work of the entire war was done in Hawaii with the exception of

Norway". Knox was saying these false statements because he wanted to deflect attention from the the military preparation in Hawaii.

Freidel, Frank, and Hugh Sidey. "Franklin D. Roosevelt." The White House. White House Historical Association, 2006. Web. 21 September 2013. A biography about Franklin D. Roosevelt and how he served a president during World War II. Roosevelt contributed to the approval of interning Japanese Americans. President Roosevelt was a one of the major individuals in the internment because he was the person who started the Japanese internment camps and the discrimination against Japanese Americans.

Gidoni, Goldstein Ofra. 1998. Packaged Japaneseness: Weddings, Business, and Brides. The Curzon Press and the University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI. This book is about the traditions and customs the Japanese celebrate like New Years and marriage customs. One of the customs the Japanese celebrated was New Years. The Japanese Americans would pop fireworks and eat many different types of dishes. One of the dishes was Ozoni soup. In the old days, Japanese farmers used to eat this to give thanks to God or the Buddha for a great harvest. They also wanted to hope for a good, happy future. The fireworks were to help scare away bad spirits from entering their new year. The Issei were sad because they did not get to celebrate any Japanese traditions in the internment camps.

Goat Locker. PEARL HARBOR December 7th, 1941, n.d.

This site contained data on the pearl harbor attack including data on casualty numbers as well as data on specific battleships. This was also useful for finding more resources on the topic for further research. This is a reliable source because it is created by a military organization and contains plenty of cited resources.

Goldstein, Richard. Fred Korematsu,86, dies; Lost key suit on Internment. The New York Times. 1, Apr 2005. 19 August 2013. This is article This is article is about Fred Korematsu, who was a civil rights activist and a Japanese American internee. Toyosaburo Korematsu was Freds Japanese name. He wanted to help the Japanese have the same rights as the other Americans. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he refused to go into an internment camp. Korematsu was arrested for illegally remaining in California. On November 10, 1983, Korematsus case was overturned in San Francisco, California.

Goldstein, Richard. "Gordon Hirabayashi, World War II Internment Opponent, Dies at 93." New York Times 2 January 2012: A16. Print. This article in the New York Times talks about the death of Gordon Hirabayashi and how he went through the struggle to gain self respect for his race. During World War II, Hirabayashi thought disobeyed curfew times and thought they were not needed. When he was released from jail, he became an American sociologist. He then got married to his wife and had twin daughters. Hirabayashi was later awarded the Medal of Freedom. Many of the Japanese American internees respected Hirabayashi because he was trying to gain self respect and freedom for the Japanese Americans.

Grapes J. Brian. Japanese Internment camps. Library of Congress: 2001. Print. This book is about first, second, and third generation Japanese Americans and their life in internment camps. Issei were the first generation Japanese that were born and raised in Japan. The Nisei are second generation Japanese which were born in the United States and Sansei are the third generation Japanese. Many of the Nisei felt that they were natural born citizens of America because they spoke, wrote, and celebrated all of Americas customs. The Issei were very sad because they had to burn or hide their belongings that they had kept in the past from Japan. This period of time was very emotional for the 1st generation Japanese.

History Learning Site. Pearl Harbor 1941, n.d. This website gave detail on the attack on pearl harbor and the damage done. This source helped me learn more about what happened and why it was so huge and important. This source was reliable because was not biased and strictly factual.

"Internee #1 - Japanese American Internment." YouTube. YouTube, 11 June 2006. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. In this video, officials talk about the attack on Pearl Harbor and how it affected the Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the mainland. These people had to evacuate their homes and leave their businesses. Many of the Japanese Americans were recruited into

the army if they were proved loyal and they then became the 442nd and 100th regiment combat team.

Japanese Americans at Manzanar. National Park Service. 28, August 2013. 27, Aug 2013. The article is about the amount of money internees made in each month while working at the camps. Jobs included doing chores around the camp or harvesting fruits and vegetables. The money the internees had made in the internment camps were a very small amount compared to the minimum wage today.

"July 4th." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 27 September 2013. This short article explains about one of Americas holidays, Independence Day. Independence Day on July 4 and celebrates the day when we adopted the Declaration of Independence and declared independence from the United Kingdom.

Matar, Sharif and Weissmueller, Zach. Hawaiis Forgotten Internment camps. Reason.tv. 5 June 2013. 28 August 2013. This video is about internment camps in Hawaii that many people do not know about. Many people did not know that there were internment camps located on Oahu and the other Hawaiian Islands. One of the internment camps is Honouliuli located on Oahu.

"Middle East Conflict." BBC News. BBC, 08 February 2013. Web. 27 September 2013.

In this article on BBC News, it explains that the Middle East and the Palestinians are fighting because of freedom, religion, water rights, etc. This helps me understand about the events that are happening now and how it related to the past wars.

Niiya, Brian. History of the Internment in Hawaii. World War 1 Internment in Hawaii. 4 June 2010. Web. 9 August 2013. This is an article about the internment camps located around this Hawaiian Islands. Many of the internees said that the Honouliuli internment camp was the worst and called the camp Hell Canyon because of the horrible living conditions and the humidity at the camps.

"Quakers." BBC News. BBC, 3 July 2009. Web. 25 September 2013. This article I read was about Quakers and their religion and customs. This article was relevant to my research because Gordon Hirabayashi is a Quaker. Quakers originated from Christian roots in the 1650s and they believe that the light of god is in every person.

Siek, Stephanie. "Remembering Gordon Hirabayashi, Japanese-American Civil Rights Hero. Web. 25 September 2013. This article is about Gordon Hirabayashi and his life. During his life, he won a Presidential Medal of Freedom because of his hardwork throughout the years of 1941. He tried to help the Japanese Americans gain their freedom and civil rights. Hirabayashi recently died on January 2, 2012.

Martial Law in Hawaii | Densho Encyclopedia. Accessed September 27, 2013 This site is about life under the martial law and why the martial law was issued. It also contained useful background information which also lead to further questions. This was a reliable source because it contains factual evidence and was cited.

Military Service and Legal Challenge, print. This book was about the life under martial law in Hawaii and its social effects. This was a reliable source because it was not biased and factual. This book has shown factual evidence about the Attack on Pearl Harbor and how it caused the Japanese Americans to be interned.

Myers, Daniel J. Pearl Harbor 50 Years Later, print. This book is about the aftermath of Pearl Harbor and its effects still shown today. It also gave information about the involvement of France and the declaration of war. I did not really use this book because the information was not valuable to my research. It was reliable because it was not biased.

National Park Service. World War II Valor in the Pacific, n.d. This site gave general information on the Pearl Harbor memorial and was good for background research. I did not really use this site in my paper because the information were not as valuable to my paper. This is a reliable source because it is factual

Newsgroup. CNN. Cable News Network, 6 January 2012. Web. 26 September 2013. This article is explaining about how Gordon Hirabayashi died at ninety-three years old. This article explains about his past life and how he affected the change in how Japanese Americans were treated with respect again.

Person Justice Denied. Accessed September 28, 2013. This online book gives lots of valuable information on Executive Order 9066, the events leading up to it, and how racism occurred before WWII. This was a reliable source because it is based on facts and was not biased.

Rosenberg, Jennifer. Pearl Harbor Facts. Pearl Harbor Facts, n.d. This site gave general information on the bombing of pearl harbor which lead to further research on the topic and gave me a better understanding of what was going on. This is a reliable source because it is not biased.

Sparknotes. WORLD WAR II (19391945). Sparknotes, n.d. This site gave information on important events and people. This was useful because it gave basic background information. I found that it was reliable because it was very factual and not biased.

Speidel, Jennifer. After Internment: Seattles Debate Over Japanese Americans Right to Return Home, n.d.

This site gave an interesting perspective on the rights of the Japanese-Americans. It brought up many points to why it was need as well as why it was wrong and violated the rights of the Japanese. This source was reliable because it gave points from both perspectives without being biased.

Takami, David. "Hirabayashi, Gordon K. (1918-2012)." HistoryLink.org. The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, 17 February 1999. Web. 24 September. 2013. This article was found in an encyclopedia about Gordon Hirabayashi. Gordon grew up in Auburn, Washington. He then had to go into the internment camps because he was a Japanese American. In this article, it talks about Hirabayashi past life, how he was affected in the internment camps, and his life after being interned.

The Road to Pearl Harbor: The United States and East Asia, 19151941 | EDSITEment. Accessed August 30, 2013. This site gave important dates leading to the day of infamy. This was useful because it gave background information to help me understand the basic concepts. It also allowed me to find more topics to research to narrow my research.

Thinkquest. Japanese Internment Camps and Their Effects, n.d. This source gave many ways the Japanese-Americans were affected by the internment including many social and economic points. This source was reliable because it showed lots of information about the attack and the camps.

Yamato, Sharon. Civil Liberties Act of 1988. Web. 19 March 2013. 19 August 2013. An article about the Civil Liberties Act and how it affected the Japanese American citizens who were placed in internment camps. The Civil Liberties Act was signed by Ronald Reagan and granted every citizen $20,000 for surviving through the internment camps. Even though many of the internees had passed away, they gave the money to their families.

Yardley, William. "Bob Fletcher Dies at 101; Helped Japanese-Americans." The New York Times 6 June 2013, A24 sec.: n. pag. 7 June 2013. Web. 24 September 2013. This article is about Bob Fletcher who died at the age of 101. Fletcher helped the Japanese Americans maintain their homes and farms while they were relocated to internment camps. If Fletcher was not there to maintain the homes and pay their bills, the three families would have been homeless because the government sold off internees homes that were behind on payments.