Konopi I Vezovi

Cables and ropes
Ships technique Kapt. K. De Baere
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Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere
Cables and ropes

1.
2.
3.
Head lines (amarre de lavant) Spring (garde montante) Breast line (traversire)
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Terminology
1. 2.
3. 4.
Working part Tambour actif Storage part Tambour de stockage Warping head la Poupe Gipsy - Barbotin
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Capstan
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Foredeck (gaillard) of a tanker

1. 2. 3. 4.
Warping head La poupe Drum Tambour Bollard Bollard ou bite damarrage Eyes to connect the stoppers oeillet pour attacher la bosse
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Foredeck (gallaird) of a tanker

5. 6.
7.
8. 9.
Fairlead guide roller le guidage Centre lead lcubier de Panama Leadway chaumard Head line ligne davant Foreward spring la garde montante
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Roller fairlead chaumard rouleaux
Fairlead - Chaumard galoches
Panama chock cubier de Panama
Chaumard bittard rouleaux
Chocks and fairleads

Panama chock and roller fairlead Lcubier de Panama et chaumard rouleaux
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Bollard
1. 2. 3.
Guide roller guidage rouleau Nose - nez Stopper eye illet por la bosse
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Cables and ropes

Springs (gardes montantes)
Stored on a whinch drum

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Forerunner (stretcher Allongement de la touline)
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8 strands (torons) on a drum (tambour)
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Primary and secondary lines
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Ropes in the off-shore world
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Application

Cables and ropes are used for: a. to moor the ship and maintain its position and for towing. b. for the cargo gear c. in fishing and dredging The cables mentioned in a. are usually made of rope and called hawsers ((h)aussires) or lines. The cables used in b. and c. generally are steel cables.
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French Terminology

Hawser = amarre ou (h)aussire Rope Filin ou corde Grelin: Gros cordage pour l'amarrage ou le touage (remorquage) d'un navire. Le grelin est compos de plusieurs (3) aussires commises ensemble. Il est donc plus gros et plus rigide l'aussire. Au dessus de onze pouces de circonfrence, il prend le nom de cble Stopper La Bosse (stoppeur)
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Material - ropes

Natural Synthetic fibres. Nowadays, with a few exceptions, most ropes are made from synthetic fibres. The synthetic fibres are manufactured from mineral oil products that have undergone a chemical process.
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Ropes - construction
The rotation of the threads is opposite to the strands, preventing the rope to unlay.
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French Terminology
Fibre - fibre Thread fil de caret Rope yarn- tortis Strand - toron 3-strand rope aussire trois torons
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Rope construction
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Rope types
Stranded or wire rope construction (in strengen verdeeld) Parallel lay Plaited (gevlochten) (tress) Braided (geweven) (tiss) Laid (geslagen) (toronn)(commett) (commettre commettage)
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1
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1. Stranded or wire rope construction 2. Parallel strand strand with mantle 3. Parallel yarn with mantle (Strand >yarn)
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3
3. 4x2 strand plaited (tress) 4. Braided (tiss)
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5.
Laid (toronn) construction
Old and originally made by hand from natural fibres. A twist of 30 or more. gives them structural integrity and they do not need external jackets to hold them together. The most common laid constructions are 3 and 4 strand
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Purpose of the mantle (chemise ou gaine)
To keep the strands in the core together. The strands in the core can be arranged in a parallel fashion: this gives the maximum tensile strength (rsistance la traction). The mantle itself rarely contributes to the tensile strength. The threads in the core need not be resistant to wear (friction) as the mantle provides the wear resistance. Therefore it is important that the wear resistance of the mantle is higher than the wear resistance of the core (noyau fil conducteur).
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Purpose of the mantle

A mantle keeps the cable round and compact, which reduces sensitivity to wear. Some core-types that can be present in core-with-a-mantle-cables:

Braided Stranded Parallel strands Parallel threads
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Construction 3-strand
Example polyester
6 72mm Minimum strength 862 -> 94.000 kg Specific gravity 1.38
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Example polyester
48 80mm Minimum strength 40.000 -> 104.000 kg Specific gravity 1.22
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Example nylon
40 144mm Minimum strength 31.000 -> 351.000 kg Specific gravity 1.14 Octopus
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Example ultra blue fibre
60 72mm Minimum strength 53.000 -> 73.000 kg Specific gravity 0.99
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Construction braided
Example ultra blue fibre 16 72mm Minimum strength 38.500 -> 153.000 kg Specific gravity 1.38
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Construction double braid

Example polyester 6 120 mm Minimum strength 887 -> 270.000 kg Specific gravity 1.38
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Braided ropes
Kevlar
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Polyester
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Important Characteristics
MBL. (minimum break load)(charge minimale la rupture) This is the minimum force in kN needed to break the rope. Elasticity. Density. The larger the density, the heavier the rope. It is important to know whether the density is smaller or larger than 1.000 t/m3, in other words: does the rope sink or float. UV-resistance. After several years, sunlight can degrade the rope.
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Wear resistance. Construction. The number of strands and the way that the rope is plaited, the presence of a mantle. Water-absorption, expressed as a weight percentage of the rope. Backlash or snapback. This indicates if, in case of breaking, the rope falls "dead" on the deck, or snaps back. Rubber has a large backlash (contrecoup).
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Creep (kruip grimpement) limit. This is the lengthening of the cable in time under constant tension Chemical durability. This indicates how well the rope can resist (the action of) chemicals. A knot or splice in a cable can reduce the strength by as much as 50%.
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TCLL-value (thousand cycle load level (rsistance la rupture)). This is the cyclic load level as a percentage and as an absolute value of the maximum load under wet conditions. This is the load at which a cable will break when it has undergone the load a 1000 times. For example, if the TCLL-value of a 100 ton. cable is 50%, or 50 tonf, then the cable will break if subjected to a 50 ton load a 1000 times
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SWL = Safe Working Load
The term safe working load, (SWL)(charge de scurit) was the cornerstone of engineering, particularly with regard to load carrying equipment, for many years.It was generally considered to be the breaking load of a component divided by an appropriate factor of safety giving a safe load that could be lifted or be carried.
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SWL = Safe working Load
About 20 years ago, however, the USA ceased using this term, because of legal implications. The European and ISO Standards followed suit a few years later. However, while this was a clean-cut move, for some time there has been indecision as to exactly what replacement terms could be used. Over the past two or three years, both the Americans and Europeans have agreed that working load limit (WLL) should replace safe working load (SWL) in describing the capacity of items such as hooks, slings (sangles) and shackles (manilles) etc.
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A general definition of WLL is: the maximum mass or force which a product is authorized to support in general service when the pull is applied in-line, unless noted otherwise, with respect to the centreline of the product
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At sea SWL is still used every day and is clearly indicated on all lifting gear, hooks, shackles, slings etc. Rules of thumb:
New ropes SWL = MBL/4. Common safety factors are 6 & 8. Old ropes SWL = MBL/10.
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Safety factors Bureau Vritas New ropes
Standing rigging (manuvres dormantes): SWL = MBL/8 Moving rigging(manuvres courantes) : SWL = MBL/10 Intermittent load (shock loads): SWL = 0.06 MBL
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MBLs according Board of Trade (B.O.T.)

Manilla Polyprop Polyester Nylon Viking
: : : : :
BL BL BL BL BL
= = = = =
2 3 4 5 6
D2/300 D2/300 D2/300 D2/300 D2/300
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MBL Polyprop mooring ropes according Lloyds Register
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Comparison
Mooring rope 64mm Table Lloyds Register MBL = 457 kN System B.O.T. 3 x (64)2/300 = 402 kN SWL basis safety factor 8 = 457/8 = 57 kN (+/- 6 ton)
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The following figures and formulae are based on information in the Admiralty "Manual of Seamanship" volumes 2 & 3, and a data sheet from Marlow Ropes. A minimum safety margin of 6 is used. The figures assume that gear is well maintained and in good condition, but the approximations and simplifications are on the safe side. .
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1) Natural Fibre
SWL in kilogram's is 3/4 x D2, where D is diameter of rope in millimetres. 2) Polypropylene, nylon, polyester, aramide & HMPE Double the SWL of natural fibre - 3/2 x D2 - of the same size, or, for new rope, one sixth of the nominal breaking strain as shown in the manufacturer's data sheet.
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SWL of wire rope

How to measure a rope or wire ? The read out = NOM or Nominal value ISO value SWL (ton) = (Diameter inch)2 x 8
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TCLL-values for a number of ropes
Polyprop will break if submitted 1000 times at a fore = 52% of his MBL Dyneema will NOT break if submitted 1000 time at 100% of his MBL
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Common cables
Natural fibres Synthetic fibres Steel cables
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Natural fibres Hemp (Chanvre)

General
Hempplant (Cannabis sativa) Strongest natural fibre
Properties
Does nor resist water => often tarred .
Use
Heaving lines Sounding lines Log line
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Natural fibres Manil(l)a (manille)

General
Abaca or wild banana (Musa textilis) Most suitable natural fibre
Properties
The surface of the rope is rough and oiled. The colour of this rope is darker when you compare it with the sisal-rope Floats when dry Very flexible and supple
Use
Mooring ropes Hayliards Heaving lines and messengers Clew lines
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Manila rope
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Natural fibres Sisal (sisal)

General Properties Use
Sounding line This rope is made of The surface of the Agaves-plant rope is rough and the rope is almost Cheap inelastic Does not resist water Not as strong as manilla
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Sisal rope
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Natural fibres Coir (fibre de coco)

General Properties Use
Used to fabricate a fender or pudding fibres from the Very light, floats fruits of the coconut even when wet palm, (Cocos nucifera) Very elastic Weakest natural fibre
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Coir
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Natural fibres Cotton

General
Cottonplant
Properties
Very white Absorbs a lot of water Supple even when wet
Use
Decoration Signal halyard Sounding lines
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Cotton
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Synthetic fibres Nylon = polyamide

Properties Use
High strength, Shock Deep water buoy lines absorbent Dangerous when it snaps under Lose 10% of their strength when load wet Nylon is the preferred line for Torque free => Easy to handle towing and dock lines since it Highly elastic and will elongate stretches sufficiently to dampen 10% to 40% the shock of wave action and Excellent abrasion resistance wind <> danger of breaking Does not float out Susceptible to heat and sunlight Very slippery when wet Attacked by acids and paints Multifilament = number of fibres is endless Techniek van het schip - 1ste
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Nylon ropes
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Synthetic fibres Polypropylene

Properties
Polypropylene line is the least expensive of the synthetic lines, It deteriorates quickly from ultra-violet rays and wear. It floats Resistant to alkalies, fat and acids but not to solvents and bleaching agents Weakest synthetic fibre Equal strength wet or dry Transition between mono & multifilament
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Use
General use Ideal as fore- or aftline since it floats Appropriate for dinghy painters, short mooring pendants or other applications where you want to be able to see the line on top of the water. Rescue line
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Synthetic fibres Polyester

Properties
Polyester rope wears better than polypropylene, is almost as strong as Nylon, and retains its strength when wet. It does not stretch as much as Nylon and does not float. Better resistance to acids, oil and organic sollutions than nylon. Multifilament
Use
Mooring ropes Polyester (such as Dacron) is used for running rigging, towing lines and other applications where you don't want line stretch to interfere. It will, however, chafe easily so check it often and protect as necessary.
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Synthetic fibres Polyethylene

Properties
Softens with rising temperatures Monofilament composition Floating Expensive Resistant to acids and alkalis Basis for many modern synthetic fibres. HMPE = High Modulus Polyethylene Dyneema & Spectra
Use
Fore- and aft line
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ARAMID (= KEVLAR, TWARON, TECHNORA)

Aramid fibres such as Kevlar and Twaron are substantially stronger than nylon. They are chemical and thermal stable Aramids will not melt but start to carbonise at temperatures above 425 C. Aramids have excellent tension-tension fatigue resistance and exhibit low creep. The abrasion resistance of these fibres is not good. Since these ropes are nearly always jacketed it is not possible to observe the wear due to abrasion and failure can occur without warning. Technora (Aramid co-polymer) has an improved lifetime in running over pulleys (better abrasian resistance)
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Kevlar - Aramid Introduction

Kevlar aramid fibre is the commercial name for polyphenylene terephtalamide Kevlar is registered trade mark of Du Pont Co. Kevlar is an organic fibre in the aromatic polyamide (aramid) family. Kevlar has high strength, stiffness, toughness, and thermal stability Kevlar is used in a wide range of areas because of unique properties
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General Features of Kevlar Aramid Fibre

High Tensile Strength at Low Weight Low Elongation to Break High Modulus (Structural Rigidity) Low Electrical Conductivity High Chemical Resistance Low Thermal Shrinkage High Toughness (Work-To-Break) Excellent Dimensional Stability High Cut Resistance Flame Resistant, Self-Extinguishing
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Commercial Products of Kevlar Aramid Fibre

Filament form-KEVLAR 29,49,68,100, 119, 129, 149. Kevlar 29 -Representative, Rubber Reinforcing, Personal protection vests, Reinforcement for hard armor, helmets, Spall Panels, electronic housing protection Kevlar 49 - High modulus type, Composite, marine sporting goods, and aerospace applications Kevlar 68 - Medium type between 29 and 49 Kevlar 100 - Colored Kevlar, Gloves, Protective Apparel Kevlar 119 - High durable, Tire, V-belt, Hose, C-belt Kevlar 129 - High tenacity type, Ballistic vest, Rope, Tire Kevlar 149 - Ultra high modulus type, Composite, Rope
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Ropes and Cables of Kevlar Aramid Fibre
Ropes and Cables with Kevlar Fibre: High Strength, and Light Weight Extensive development and applications in Ropes and Cables Using of Product: Kevlar 29 and 49 yarns Applications:Antennae Guide Wires, Fish line, Industrial and Marine utility ropes, Lifting Slings, Emergency Tow Lines, Netting and Webbing
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New materials
Vectran = Liquid crystal polyester
The actual strength in ropes are no higher than with aramid and the lifetime in tension-tension fatigue is about equivalent. However there are claims of a good performance in cycling over sheaves.
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New materials
Steelite

Dyneema High Modulus Polyethylene Stronger than steel wire Alternative for steel wire MBL 64mm 276t Polyester multifilament MBL 64mm 89t Nylon multifilament MBL 64mm 81t Techniek van het schip - 1ste
Flexline

Atlas

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Ropes construction
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Ropes construction
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Ropes overview - fibres
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Ropes breaking strength
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New synthetic fibres overview

The very classic wire rope construction is apparantly still the best for pulley-block work (cycling over sheaves) Parallel yarn ropes have the best strength-diameter relation. HMPE & steel resist best to abrasian Many modern fibres are suspectible to kinking Many modern fibres are stronger than steel Many modern fibres are heavy Steel is still the least elastic material Nylon is very strong but the more modern fibres are lighter
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Wire ropes
Steel cables or wire ropes have advantages and disadvantages. They are strong, cheap, have little elongation under tension, have a high wear resistance, but they are heavy, and they rust. They are used where the circumstances allow or demand it, for instance for hoisting and lifting wires in cranes, mooring wires for tankers and bulk carriers, anchor wires in dredging and offshore, towing wires for fishing and tugboats. In case of fire they are not immediately destroyed.
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Wire ropes

Steel wires are available in numerous constructions, depending on the requirements. The basic element of wire rope is the wire - usually round, but sometimes shaped. Most wire is made out of one of three grades - Improved Plow Steel (IPS), Extra Improved Plow Steel (XIP) with 15% greater tensile strength than (IPS) and Extra, Extra Improved Plow Steel (XXIP) which has a 10% greater tensile strength than (XIP). When the wire has a natural finish, it is called bright. Otherwise, it is plated , galvanized, or may have some other surface treatment for special applications.
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Wire ropes
Cables are made of a number of strands (torons), turned in a long spiral around a core (ame). The strands consist of a number of usually galvanised wires (fils) (6 to 60). For flexible wire, the core is rope (textile), and when flexibility is not necessary, the core is steel. A steel core makes a stronger wire. Rope core when oiled, lubricates the wire, but allows deformation under stress and bending.
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Strands
Strands (torons) are composed out of steel wires (fils) layed around a central core (ame)(rope(textile) or wire(acier)) 2 ways laying: cross lay (commettage crois) and equal lay (commettage gale)

MBL of equal lay is 14% > MBL of cross lay Equal lay has less internal friction because the wires do not cross each other
Cross lay is less popular

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Cross lay and equal lay

Cross lay Commettage crois
Equal lay Commetage gale
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Strands
It is possible that all of the wires do not have the same diameter
Seale (S) Filler (FS) Warrington (W) & Warrington Seal
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Seale (S)
2 or more layers of different diameters laid around a central core 6 stands of 19 wires (6 torons de 19 fils)
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Filler (FS)
Space between the wires is filled with wires of a smaller diameter Filler Seal 6 strands of 19 wires (6 torons de 19 fils)
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Warrington (W) + Warrington Seal (WS)
The outer layers are composed out of 2 kinds of wire with different diameters The small diameter wire falls between the lays of the wires underneath the big diameter wire comes on top of this layer
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Cores (mes)
Wire rope cores are usually one of three types: 1. Fibre rope core - either natural sisal fibre (FC), or man made fibre such as polypropylene (PPC). This core, though not as strong allows for better bending characteristics of the wire rope. 2. Wire rope core (IWRC) (Independent Wire Rope Core)- This is basically an independent wire rope made up of numerous strands. 3. Strand Core (SC) - This core is made up of a single strand with several wires.
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Construction of a steel wire
3 different types can be distinguished
Ordinary or Cross lay (kruisslag)(commettage crois)

Wires in the strands and the strands are laid in the opposite direction
Lang lay (Langs slag)(commettage de lang)

Wires in the strands and the strands are laid in the same direction
Mixed lay & non-rotating lay
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Direction of the strands

Only outer layer is considered Z or right handed laid wire rope S or left handed laid wire rope
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Wire rope construction
A wire rope is constructed out of different layers The direction of the outer layer is decisive to call the wire rope left or right handed
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Ordinary or cross lay
Like ordinary rope, there are right hand and left hand laid cables. Analogue to synthetic rope, the direction of rotation of strands and wires is opposite, called 'ordinary lay or cross lay
Z = right S = left
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Cross lay cblage croix

zS =cross lay left sZ = cross lay right z or s laying of the wire in the strands Z or S is the laying of the strands Cross because stands and wires are laid in the opposite direction
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Cross Lay or Ordinary lay

Combination of inner and outer layer On the left side RHOL Right handed ordinary lay On the right side LHOL Left handed ordinary lay RHLL Right handed lang lay LHLL left handed lang lay
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Langs lay
Wire and strands are twisted in the same way Wire is more flexible and has better wear and tear properties Disadvantage: the wire kinks faster Limited applications
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Lang lay cblage Lang

zZ =cross lay left sS = cross lay right z or s laying of the wire in the strands Z or S is the laying of the strands Lang lay because stands and wires are laid in the same direction
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Lang lay
Combination of inner and outer layer On the left side RHLL Right handed lang lay On the right side LHLL left handed lang lay
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Mixed lay & non-rotating lay

Combination of ordinary and Langs lay Non-rotating lay f.i. elevator cables or hoisting cables of a crane
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4 important steel wire constructions

Round strands Multi strands Flattened strands Rotation free constructions
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Round strands

Example 6x37+1 6 strands of 37 wires each 1 = rope core 37 = 1+6+12+18 All wires have the same diameter
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Multi-strands

18x7+1 steel core 18 x 19 + 1 steel core Multiple layers of strands to obtain a minimal tendency to twist
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Flattened strands

Strands have a triangular shape Outer surface becomes smoother and better resistant to wear 6x25WS+1 (rope core)
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Rotation resistant steel wire

Vb. CASAR starlift Used on cranes with only 1 hoisting wire
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Examples Wire Ropes Steel core
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Examples Wire Ropes
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Examples Wire Ropes Fibre Core
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Examples Wire Ropes Rotation Resistant Wire Used As Hoisting Rope
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Handling of a wire rope on board

Most important is to avoid kinking of the cable When unwiding a coil

Use a turning table Or unwind on the floor (see to it that the ground is clean)
When unwinding from a drum

Use a turning table Unwind on the floor Reel block

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Winding of a wire rope on the drum of the winch

Basis principle is that a wire rope has the tendency to open under tension. The direction of the wire on the drum must be choosen to oppose this tendency On a drum with one single layer the direction of the wire rope has to be opposite to the direction of winding on the drum
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Winding of a wire rope on the drum of the winch

On a reel with multiple layers the pitch changes per layer The direction of laying of the wire rope has to be selected in function of the direction of of the most frequent used layer on the drum
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How to determine the direction of a cable reel

Start at the point of securing the wire rope on the reel Follow the cable windings with your finger If your finger turns clockwise we have a right-handed reel consequently we need a left layed wire rope
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Fig a: right drums with left wire ropes Fig b: left drums with right wire ropes
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Inspection of a wire rope
5 criteria
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
Damaged fibres Reduction of diameter Wear and tear Corrosion Deformations
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Damaged fibres

Standards are laid down in DIN 15020 2nd sheet Number of damaged wires has to be counted over a length of 6 x and 30 x Maximum number of broken is wires is function of the classification of the installation, number of external strands and direction of construction of the wire rope
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Breaking of a wire rope
a) b) c)
Overloading Combination of axial and diagonal loads & d) Fatigue phenomena

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Reduction of diameter & wear

If the reduction is > 15% due to structural changes the wire rope has to be changed A steel wire rope subjected to wear, internal and external. If the reduction in diameter is > 10% due to wear the wire has to be changed
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Corrosion & deformations
Corrosion Standard for changing the wire is also 10% reduction in diameter Corkscrew Does not necessarily result in a weakening of the wire rope. Increased friction. If the deformation is > 1/3 wire rope should be changed
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Deformations

Cages and loops Entail both a changing of the wire rope
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Deformations
Loose wires wire has to be changed if caused by wear or corrosion
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Deformations
Knots and constrictions - change wire
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Deformations
Flattening, kinking and twisting If pronounced change wire Wire exposed to high temperatures (>300C) have to be changed
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Load testing equipment
All equipment intended to be used in lifting gear needs to be certified. Regulations for lifting equipment and testing are internationally harmonized. This means that material qualities are cheched, workmanship is judged and that a load test has to be carried out under the supervision of a regulating body. For ships this is normally the Classification Bureau.
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All the items in hoisting gear must be covered by a certificate, stating an identification and a test. The load test is carried out to guarantee a Safe Working Load (SWL) or the Working Load Limit (WLL). A crane as a complete unit is tested by lifting a weight, and carrying out the normal movements like hoisting, lowering, slewing and topping. When the power to the crane is interrupted, the brake has to hold the load. The weight for testing is heavier than the WLL. For the smallest cranes this means 25 % overweight, for the biggest cranes it is 5 tons more than the WLL.
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Individual small items belonging to the crane, such as the hook, shackles, etc. are normally tested at twice the WLL.
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Test weights can be steel weights with a known mass, the modem variant is a water bag, which can be filled with water till the required mass is reached. A certified load cell indicates the weight. Water bags are available up to 35tons.
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Various parts
Various parts explained on these pages:

End connections Shackles Turnbuckles or Bottle screws Thimbles Sockets
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End Connections
1) 2)
3)
4) 5) 6) 7)
Gaff socket with rolled connection Cast spelter socket Rolled eye terminal Thimbled talurit eye Spliced eye with thimble Thimbled flamish eye, swaged Wedge socket (not allowed in hoisting).
Talurit clamps
A Talurit clamp, is an aluminium bush, which is pressed under high pressure at the position where normally a splice would be, replacing the time-consuming splicing. The pressing makes the original oval shaped bush into a cylindrical clamp, with the strength of the replaced splice. A Talurit clamp is not to be used in bending situations
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Talurit-clips
The loop is made by means of an aluminium ferrule standard or conical. Slings are made ashore and delivered to the ship together with a certificate stating testing- and nominal breaking load.
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Splicing by hand

Time consuming Require great skill Will reduce the strength of the wire till 80% of its nominal breaking strength If formed with less skill the wire will break at 50% of the N.B.L.
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Bulldog-clips
Allow eyes to be formed by unskilled persons A perfect eye around a thimble will hold at 90 -> 100% of the N.B.L. Of the wire
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Bulldog-grips applications
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Right and wrong
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Bulldog-grips recommendations
Not less than 3 grips at each eye (4 for wires 20mm ->32mm & 5 for wires 32 > 38mm a.s.o.) Bulldog grips have a grooved surface and are suitable for a standard wire RH 6 strands. Before cutting the wire to length whip or tape both ends The first grip must be close to the thimle. The other grips must be 6 rope diameters apart (f.i. 96mm on a 16mm diameter wire)
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Bulldog-grips recommendations
THE GRIPS MUST FACE ALL IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND MUST BE FITTED WITH THE SADDLE APPLIED TO THE HAULING END AND THE U BOLT APPLIED ON THE TAIL/DEADEND
All bolts must be tightened and re-checked regularly
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Wrong bulldog eyes
2 grips applied wrongly the third one is positioned correctly Distance between the grips is not correct The cut end is not whipped Slippage is likely to occur at 0.4 NBL
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Wrong bulldog eyes
All 3 grips applied in the wrong direction End is not taped or whipped The cut end is not whipped Slippage is likely to occur at 0.5 NBL
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Steel wire clamps
A steel wire clamp can be used to quickly make an eye in a cable. The U-bolt of the clamps should be attached to the part of the cable that is free from pulling forces. The bolts should be attached to the dead part, where no pulling forces are acting on the cable. Steel wire clamps may not be used for lifting purposes, with an exception for guys and keg sockets to make sure that the cable does not slip.
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Kegsockets
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Shacles
Shackles can be divided into bow shackles and D-shackles. These can both come with or without a locking pin. Their general purpose is to connect certain parts to each other or to the ship. The Safe Working Load (SWL) can vary from 0.5 to 1000 tons
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D- and Bow shackles

Shackles come in several shapes, sizes and strengths of material. Two shapes commonly used for general cargo lashing purposes are D-shackles and bow-shackles
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Bow-shackle
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Dee-shackle
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Shackles
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Safety Hooks
A safety hook prevents the load from falling out of the hook, even if the load is resting. The hook can only be opened by pressing the safety pin.
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Turnbuckles
1. House
2. Thread
3. Gaff 4. Eye
Turnbuckles are used to connect and tension steel wire or lashing bars. The bottle screw consists of two screws, one with a left screw thread, and the other with a right screw thread. These are connected by a house.
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Timbles
A timble is made out of galvanised steel. Its function is to protect the eye of the cable from wear and damage
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When lifting objects, often slings are needed. A sling is a wire with at each end an eye spliced or clamped. The eye can be long or short, all depending on the purpose. When the item to be lifted has lugs welded on it, a sling with talurits and shackles can be used. In other cases long eyes are more versatile. These eyes can be taluritclamped, but better is a Flamish eye, with a swaged clamp. The strongest sling is the grommet. A grommet is very flexible and very strong. The heaviest grommets, for offshore lifts, reach a calculated MBL of 7500 tons. Testing is not possible, but the MBL of the individual wires is a known filgure, found from a breaking test of a sample.
Slings
Modem slings are fabric. Woven from modem fibres very light and strong bandtype slings are made, with one disadvantage: they can easily be damaged by sharp items. But strength-weight ratios can be extremely high, when modem fibres as Dyneema, Aramide, or other carbons are used. Very flexible and soft slings are made from Dyneema in long straight threads, not laid, inside a canvas tubing. This type of sling is very friendly to machined or polished steel objects.
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Forces and stresses

Some definitions Safe Working Load (SWL) or Working Load Limit (WLL) is the maximum acceptable bad on an item (shackle, hook, wire, derrick, crane, etc.).
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Minimum Breaking Load (MBL) is the guaranteed minimum load at which an item, when tested to destruction as a sample for a large number of identical items, will fail. So, on average, most items will fail at a higher load. The load-stretch diagram below shows that the tested chain actually failed at a higher load than the MBL. The diagram also shows that proof loading by the manufacturer is done to 2.5 times the safe working bad. For a recertification test, the proof bad will be 2 times the SWL.
Forces and stresses
Normally used figures for the ratio WLL/MBL (or SWL/MBL) are:
For chains: For steel wires and shackles: For ropes:
1:4 1:5 1:6 or 1:7
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Forces and stresses
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6.000 tons hook Shackles ready for testing
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Cables and ropes

Ships technique Kapt. K. De Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Cables and ropes

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Foredeck (gaillard) of a tanker

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Foredeck (gallaird) of a tanker

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Roller fairlead chaumard rouleaux

Fairlead - Chaumard galoches

Panama chock cubier de Panama

Chaumard bittard rouleaux

Chocks and fairleads

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Cables and ropes

Stored on a whinch drum

Forerunner (stretcher Allongement de la touline)

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

8 strands (torons) on a drum (tambour)

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Primary and secondary lines

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Ropes in the off-shore world

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

3. 4x2 strand plaited (tress) 4. Braided (tiss)

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Laid (toronn) construction

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Purpose of the mantle (chemise ou gaine)

Purpose of the mantle

Braided Stranded Parallel strands Parallel threads

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

Construction double braid

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

SWL = Safe Working Load

SWL = Safe working Load

SWL = Safe working Load

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

SWL = Safe working Load

Techniek van het schip - 1ste kan. N.W. - kapt. K. de Baere

SWL = Safe working Load

MBLs according Board of Trade (B.O.T.)