03 The MoonWalk AUGUST 2009

T
he more you get
involved into, the
more baffling it becomes.
Someone has correctly said that the black holes
are stars that the world could not see. The
properties of space and time are changed in
black holes in a most perplexed manner; they get
coiled into what resembles a funnel, with a
boundary deep inside it beyond which time and
space break down into quanta. The black holes
hides in its depths, over the edge of this
'gravitational abyss' 'of no escape', astonishing
physical process and manifests new laws of
nature.
Supermassive black holes are black holes
5 10
with mass of about 10 to 10 solar masses
and are present in almost all the galaxies at
their centre. Movement of galaxies close to
each other may eventually lead their
supermassive black holes to interact, either
through a direct collision, or by spiraling
inward until they eventually merge as well.
And that's when things get interesting..! It
turns out the interaction depends a lot on
the amount of hot gas surrounding each black
hole. As they start to interact, this gas exerts a
frictional force on the black holes, slowing
down their spin rate. Once they get within the
width of our solar system, they should start
emitting gravitational waves, which continues
to extract energy from the system. This causes
them to continue coming together, and
eventually merge.
KICKING OF BLACK HOLES
According to simulations made by G.A. Shields
from the University of Texas, Austin, and E.W.
Bonning, from Yale University, the result is
often powerful recoil. Instead of coming
together nicely, the forces are so extreme that
one black hole is kicked away at a tremendous
velocity. Simulations of binary black hole
mergers show large recoil velocities (kicks) of
the final merged black hole resulting from
anisotropic emission of gravitational radiation.
Campanelli predicted a maximum recoil
velocity of 4000 km s-1 for equal mass black
holes with maximal spin in this configuration.
For a binary supermassive black hole (~108 solar
mass) formed during a galactic merger, the kick
may displace the black hole from the galactic
nucleus or eject it entirely. For a recoil
occurring in an active galactic nucleus (AGN)
with an accretion disk, the inner disk will remain
bound to the black hole, providing fuel for
continued AGN activity.
CROSSING of EDDINGTON LIMIT
The sudden change in the black hole velocity
leads to an increase in the energy of the large
mass of the gas in an accretion disk that remains
bound to the black hole, evaluated in the
reference frame of the
moving black hole. The kick
velocity gives the disk material a boost in
energy, relative to the moving hole, that will in
substantial part be dissipated in shocks within a
few orbital periods as the more weakly bound
material rejoins the moving disk. This can lead
to a brief but powerful release of large amount of
energy in shocks in short time, leading to a flare
in thermal soft X-rays and other forms of
radiation with a luminosity reaching the
Eddington limit (the point where the
gravitational force inwards equals the
continuum radiation force outwards, assuming
hydrostatic equilibrium and spherical
symmetry. When exceeding the Eddington
luminosity, a star would initiate a very
intense continuum driven stellar wind from
its outer layers. Since most massive stars
have luminosities far below the Eddington
luminosity, however, their winds are mostly
driven by the less intense line absorption.)
The flare lifetime is shorter for higher recoil
velocities, but the luminosity is higher and
the X-rays harder. The X-ray luminosity will
photoionize the infalling material approaching
the shock. Subject to the redshift and absorption
by the surrounding material, this radiation could
be observable.
Observational detection of such an event would
provide an important confirmation of the
occurrence in nature of high velocity recoils.
The researchers estimate that there could be as
many as 100 of these recent recoil events
happening within 5 billion light-years of the
Earth.

The ultimate source –SUN ;Omnipresent but hidden!

One of the historic moment of century took place on 22nd
July, 2009 with total solar eclipse of magnitude 1.080,
lasting for a maximum time of 6 minutes and 39 seconds.
The phenomenon was easily speculated by the people of
India with totality at Surat, Vadodara,Bhopal, Varanasi,
Patna, Gaya,Dinajpur, Siliguri, Guwahati, Tawang in Eclipse
Indi , Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar and China. as seen at
Varanasi
Japan's Ryuku islands and curves southeast through the
Pacific Ocean were the next in the series.
The thinning of Sun's disk provided a kind of euphoria
among masses. With the brilliant flash of diamond ring Photographs
taken by
signalling the commencement of the total eclipse, the Chandrayan 1
horizon darkened and the flash of sunlight through the during the
eclipse.
Moon's last valley transformed into a magnificent flower
of corona.
The Terrain Mapping Camera in the Chandrayaan-1
lunar mission was used to image the earth during the
eclipse
The next such eclipse wont come before June 2132. So,
those who missed, lost a marvellous opportunity
revealing nature's fantacies.