A SYNOPSIS ON

SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS

A SYNOPSIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

NAME
PREETAM GHOSAL SAIKAT GHOSH SOURISH BARMAN SOURISH BHOWMIK SOMNATH KHAMARU

ROLL NO.
25300310058 25300310051 25300310022 25300310060 25300310048

SIR J.C. BOSE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING (SUPREME KNOWLEDGE FOUNDATIONS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS)
1-KHAN ROAD, MANKUNDU, HOOGHLY-712139 WESTBENGAL, INDIA NOVEMBER -2013

Acknowledgement ______________________________________________
We are heartily thankful to our supervisor, Mr.Avijit Swarnakar, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sir J.C. Bose School of Engineering whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled us to develop an understanding of the subject matter of the project. We wish to reciprocate in full measure the kindness shown by Mr. Soumen Khatua, Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sir J.C. Bose School of Engineering, who encouraged and inspired us through out.

We owe our deepest gratitude to all the staffs of Electronics and Communication department for their wonderful help and support during our lab access. We would like to offer our regards and blessings to all of those who supported us in any respect during the completion of the project. Finally we must say that no height is ever achieved without some sacrifice made at some end and it is here we owe our special debt to my parents for showing their generous love and support throughout the entire period of time.

Somnath Khamaru
(STREAM: ECE 1; ROLL NO: 25300310048)

Preetam Ghosal
(STREAM: ECE 1; ROLL NO: 25300310058)

Place: Mankundu

Place: Mankundu

Sourish Barman
(STREAM: ECE 1; ROLL NO: 25300310022)

Sourish Bhowmik
(STREAM: ECE 1; ROLL NO: 25300310060)

Place: Mankundu

Place: Mankundu

Saikat Ghosh
(STREAM: ECE 1; ROLL NO: 25300310051)

Place: Mankundu

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Contents ______________________________________________
1. Abstract.Page 1 2. Introduction..Page 2 3. Circuit DiagramPage 4 4. Circuit Explanation. Page 5 5. Current Progress and future worksPage 7 6. Bibliography..Page 8

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Abstract
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Due to a daily increase in population and higher rate of development, the problem of road accident is also increasing rapidly. While driving on highways, motorists should not exceed the maximum speed limit permitted for their vehicle. However, accidents keep occurring due to speed violations since the drivers tend to ignore their speedometers. This speed checker is handy for the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicles speed but also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highways. So the basic concept is to develop a model that can be useful as a security system in the society and can control vehicle speed. The system basically comprises two infrared transmitter-LDR sensor pairs, which are installed on the highway 100 meters apart, with the transmitter and the photodiode sensor of each pair on the opposite sides of the road. The system displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing this 100m distances from one pair to the other with a resolution of 0.01 second.

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Introduction
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India is a developing country and its developing in a healthy rate. In this rate two decimal GDP is not far away from us. The other thing is India is the second largest populated country in the world. Larger population and healthy economy gives a lot of scope for foreign investment. The core part of this development is increase in earning, better accommodation, better communication and transportation. As the rate of well-established people increasing in a healthy rate, the number of vehicle running on the roads also increasing in an exponential rate. A lot of vehicle companies are competing in this field. The quality of roads is also developing as a result high speed vehicles on road are increasing day by day. But the dark side of this development is the increasing rate of road accidents. More than 1, 30,000 people die in road accidents in a year in India. According to W.H.O (World Health Organization) India is the no.1 country in road accidents. So it becomes extremely important for the government to control the accident rate as well as maintain the development. And the question is how to control it? In many European country and other developed countries, they are using Laser and Radar based guns to measure vehicle speed and those are based on the principle of measuring the Doppler shift of reflected radiation. These technologies are used to detect speeding vehicles so that action can be taken against them, thus curbing road accidents due over speeding vehicles. But the major problem to accept these technologies in India is its higher cost. Radar based guns starts with a base price of 250$ while laser based gun starts from the base price of 2000$. And when this technology is imported its cost goes much higher due to different taxation and other overhead. So the thing is, what is the way to measure the vehicle speed, which will be cost effective and which will give exact velocity as other equipment like laser guns. India is a very vast country having more than lakhs of road including highways and other important roads connecting different cities within the country. So it is physically impossible to buy such a number of laser or radar guns and also to use them a human operator need a good training of it. The idea was to develop a robust and inexpensive speed sensor that can sense the speed of vehicle for use in India as well in abroad. The cost of the system should also be taken into consideration while designing the sensor. The concept of LDR-LASER sensors can be implemented to have the exact function described above. So a system can be designed , which will use the property of change in resistive nature of LDR , when light falls on it , and sense any obstruction in the path of the LDR-LASER assembly, thus able to detect presence of any vehicle near the sensor. The timer and controlling mechanism attached to the LDR-LASER sensors measures the time taken by the vehicle to cover the distance between two LDR-LASER sensors and hence speed of the vehicle can be measured .The controlling mechanism fitted to the sensor has a buzzer connected to it so that it can indicate which vehicle speed is more than our desired speed. This speed checker will come handy for the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicles speed but also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highway.
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The system basically comprises two laser transmitter-LDR sensor pairs, which are installed on the highway 100 meters apart, with the transmitter and the LDR sensor of each pair on the opposite sides of the road. The installation of lasers and LDRs is shown in Fig. 1. The system displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing this 100m distance from one pair to the other with a resolution of 0.01 second, from which the speed of the vehicle can be calculated as follows: Speed (kmph) =Distance/Time = 0.1km/ ((Reading*0.01)/3600) Or, Reading on display = (36000/speed) As per the above equation, for a speed of 40 kmph the display will read 900 (or 9 seconds), and for a speed of 60 kmph the display will read 600 (or 6 seconds). Note that the LSB of the display equals 0.01 second and each succeeding digit is ten times the preceding digit. You can similarly calculate the other readings (or time).

Fig 1: This very basic sensor can precisely measure speed of vehicle and also identify over speeding vehicles .Thus this device is very handy for traffic situations like India and it can be a very useful replacement of costly speed sensors used in Europe and America.

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Circuit Diagram
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Equipment List
Type Semiconductor IC1-IC5 IC6-IC9 NE555 timer CD4026 (decade counter) IC10 CD4011(NAND) Description Type resistor R1,R4 R2,R5,R6 R8,R10,R11 R12,R15 1 K 470 470 K 100 K 10 K

Fig 2:
Description Type capacitor C1 C2,C4,C6, C8,C11 C5 10 F,25V S1,S2 Push-to-on switch 100 F,25V 0.01 F ceramic Description Type miscellaneous PZ1 LDR1, LDR2 Piezo buzzer LDR Description

IC11

7812(12Vregulator)

R3,R7,R13,R16R19

C3,C13,C15

0.1 F ceramic

S3

ON/OFFswitch

D1,D2

1N4148

R9

C7

0.47 F,25V

X1

230V AC transformer

D3-D6 LED1 LED2, LED3 DIS1-DIS4

1N4007 Green LED Red LED LTS543

VR1,VR2 VR3 R14

100 K preset 20 K preset 10 K

C9 C10 C12 C14

0.2 F ceramic 1 F,25V 47 F,25V 1000 F,35V

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Circuit Explanation
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The circuit of the speed checker has been designed assuming that the maximum permissible speed for highways is either 40 kmph or 60 kmph as per the traffic rules. The circuit is built around five NE555 timer ICs (IC1 through IC5), four CD4026 counter ICs (IC6 through IC9) and four 7-segment displays (DIS1 through DIS4). IC1 through IC3 function as monostable multivibrator, with IC1 serving as count-start mono, IC2 as count-stop mono and IC3 as speed-limit detector mono, controlled by IC1 and IC2 outputs. Bistable set-reset IC4 is also controlled by the outputs of IC1 and IC2 and it (IC4), in turn, controls switching on/off of the 100Hz (period = 0.01 second) astable timer IC5. The time period of timer NE555 (IC1) count-start monostable multivibrator is adjusted using preset VR1 or VR2 and capacitor C1. For 40kmph limit the time period is set for 9 seconds using preset VR1, while for 60kmph limit the time period is set for 6 seconds using preset VR2. Slide switch S1 is used to select the time period as per the speed limit (40 kmph and 60 kmph, respectively). The junction of LDR1 and resistor R1 is coupled to pin 2 of IC1. Normally, light from the laser keeps falling on the LDR sensor continuously and thus the LDR offers a low resistance and pin 2 of IC1 is high. Whenever light falling on the LDR is interrupted by any vehicle, the LDR resistance goes high and hence pin 2 of IC1 goes low to trigger the monostable. As a result, output pin 3 goes high for the preset period (9 or 6 seconds) and LED1 glows to indicate it. Reset pin 4 is controlled by the output of NAND gate N3 at power-on or whenever reset switch S2 is pushed. For IC2, the monostable is triggered in the same way as IC1 when the vehicle intersects the laser beam incident on LDR2 to generate a small pulse for stopping the count and for use in the speed detection. LED2 glows for the duration for which pin 3 of IC2 is high. The outputs of IC1 and IC2 are fed to input pins 2 and 1 of NAND gate N1, respectively. When the outputs of IC1 and IC2 go high simultaneously (meaning that the vehicle has crossed the preset speed limit), output pin 3 of gate N1 goes low to trigger monostable timer IC3. The output of IC3 is used for driving Piezobuzzer PZ1, which alerts the operator of speed-limit violation. Resistor R9 and capacitor C5 decide the time period for which the Piezobuzzer sounds. The output of IC1 triggers the bistable (IC4) through gate N2 at the leading edge of the count-start pulse. When pin 2 of IC4 goes low, the high output at its pin 3 enables astable clock generator IC5. Since the count-stop pulse output of IC2 is connected to pin 6 of IC4 via diode D1, it resets clock generator IC5. IC5 can also be reset via diode D2 at power-on as well as when reset switch S2 is pressed.IC5 is configured as an astable multivibrator whose time period is decided by preset VR3, resistor R12 and capacitor C10. Using preset VR1, the frequency of the astable Multivibrator is set as 100 Hz. The output of IC5 is fed to clock pin 1 of decade counter/7-segment decoder IC6 CD4026.IC CD4026 is a 5-stage Johnson decade counter and an output decoder that converts the Johnson code into
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a 7-segment decoded output for driving DIS1 display. The counter advances by one count at the positive clock signal transition. The carry-out (Cout) signal from CD4026 provides one clock after every ten clock inputs to clock the succeeding decade counter in a multidecade counting chain. This is achieved by connecting pin 5 of each CD4026 to pin 1 of the next CD4026.

A high reset signal clears the decade counter to its zero count. Pressing switch S2 provides a reset signal to pin 15 of all CD4026 ICs and also IC1 and IC4. Capacitor C12 and resistor R14 generate the power-on-reset signal. The seven decoded outputs a through g of CD4026s illuminate the proper segment of the 7-segment displays (DIS1 through DIS4) used for representing the decimal digits 0 through 9. Resistors R16 through R19 limit the current across DIS1 through DIS4, respectively. The power supply required for the circuit is also explained in details. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver the secondary output of 15 volts, 500 mA. The transformer output is rectified by a bridge rectifier comprising diodes D3 through D6, filtered by capacitor C14 and regulated by IC11 to provide regulated 12V supply. Capacitor C15 bypasses any ripple in the regulated output. Switch S3 is used as the on/off switch. In mobile application of the circuit, where mains 230V AC is not available, it is advisable to use an external 12V battery. For activating the lasers used in conjunction with LDR1 and LDR2, separate batteries may be used.

Before operation, using a multimeter check whether the power supply output is correct. If yes, apply power supply to the circuit by flipping switch S3 to on. In the circuit, use long wires for connecting the two LDRs, so that you can take them out of the PCB and install on one side of the highway, 100 meters apart. Install the two laser transmitters (such as laser torches) on the other side of the highway exactly opposite to the LDRs such that laser light falls directly on the LDRs. Reset the circuit by pressing switch S2, so the display shows 0000. Using switch S1, select the speed limit (say, 60 kmph) for the highway. When any vehicle crosses the first laser light, LDR1 will trigger IC1. The output of IC1 goes high for the time set to cross 100 meters with the selected speed (60 kmph) and LED1 glows during for period. When the vehicle crosses the second laser light, the output of IC2 goes high and LED2 glows for this period. Piezobuzzer PZ1 sounds an alarm if the vehicle crosses the distance between the laser set-ups at more than the selected speed (lesser period than preset period). The counter starts counting when the first laser beam is intercepted and stops when the second laser beam is intercepted. The time taken by the vehicle to cross both the laser beams is displayed on the 7-segment display. For 60kmph speed setting, with timer frequency set at 100 Hz, if the display count is less than 600, it means that the vehicle has crossed the speed limit (and simultaneously the buzzer sounds). Reset the circuit for monitoring the speed of the next vehicle.

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Recent development & future work

We have thoroughly read all the theoretical document related to this project. We are trying to develop this project on Multisim software. The schematic development of the project is almost complete, and within few weeks we would be able to run the schematic through Multisim and observe the behavior of the circuit practically. Then we would implement this project through hardware and physically handle the device which we are going to develop. Then practical trials of the device would be conducted and efficiency of the device would be measured. In the near future we would like to add some more feature to this device. We would like to implement this device using piezoelectric sensors which will use the concept of piezoelectric effect and will be able to detect the speed of vehicle passes over it. The basic idea is to put two strips of piezoelectric sensors on the surface of road at a fixed distance, the distance between them can be set to any desired value .When a vehicle passes over the 1st array of piezoelectric sensor or 1st strip a voltage generates. When the vehicle passes over the 2nd array or strip of piezoelectric sensor another pulse generate due to piezoelectric effect. These voltages can be used further to activate and deactivate the timer in our original circuit. Hence we can find out what is the exact time taken by the vehicle to cross from one array of sensors to another. Now the velocity can be found out by doing some mathematics in the microcontroller itself. As velocity V= D/T; Where D= distance between the two arrays. ; T= time taken by the vehicle to cross the arrays. If the observed velocity will be greater than a specific velocity then an alarming condition will be generate which will activate a buzzer. And hence we can be sure that the velocity of crossed vehicle is more than the desired speed. Hence this model can be implemented as a security system to control speed of vehicles in the society.

Fig 3:

Fig 4:
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Bibliography
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[1] Roy Choudhury & Jain, New Age International publication, Linear Integrated Circuits, ISBN-9788122430981 [2] Bentley john p. principle of measurement systems. Pearson education. 4th edition 2009 [3] Chattopadhyay D., Rakshit P. C. New Age International, Electronics Fundamentals and Applications, 2008 [4] http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp?sno=1309=789&tt= [5] http://www.aarewah.com/uploads/Technot/AstronomyClubReport.doc [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki [7] http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/26860/TI/CD4026B.html

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