3

F 7N' DI 1

9 1 /4 " I

.IP II.

PROPERTY MEDICAL CENTE U.S. V.A. MEDICAL CENTS1 U.S.V EDICAL LIBRARY MEDICAL LIBRARY M FIELD MANUAL FIELD MANUA! HOUSTON, TEXAS OUSTOR TEXAS

M 3-3 3-3 "kttAi Frl'i Mki A.Nerlocaido_

:

TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT MPt

BTll ta

F IIERBICIOES OF
See Page 2-1 Herbicide Orange - Commercially Available 2,4-D & 2,4,5-T 50:50 mix ********************** See Page 2-2 Herbicide Blue - Commercially Available Phytar 560G *********************** See Page 2-3 Herbicide White - Commercially Available Tordon 101 ************************ See Ground Dissemination Systems Starting on Page 5-4 ************************* Storing, Handling, and Methods of Disposal Starting on Page 6-1

HEADQUARTERS, H E A D Q U A R T E RDSE, PDEPARTMENT ARTM OE FN AT R TM HY E

*

OF THE ARMY DECEMBER 1911 DECEMBER 1971

FOR TRAININg IRAINiNQDEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT US U3 FOR

SKOF1C0144i10.1. erda ,440#41 .14,4414.111-4.1 , Y

Alvin L. Young Collection on Agent Orange

K4, 4 14. ..440111,

Item ID Number, ooose Item 11111mriir: 0oo86 Author Aver

Corporate Author Cormrate beer Department of the Army, Headquarters, Washington, Department of the Army, Headquarters, Washington, D.C. D.C.

fr e cl arierJam) nue Field Tactical Employment Report/Article TftlO ' ' Manual: Manual: Tactical Employment Herbicides of of Herbicides

Journal/Book Title Jeweablult Year Year

Month/Day Mulltpllsy
1971 ^1

December

Color Cder

22 Number of lial nages Mos 22 Not"

Desoripton Notes SOSIWIAMNOtes

Friday, December December 01, 01,2000 Friday, 2000

Page 86 of 91 Page 86 of 91

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

FOREWORD

1_1>

This manual provides planning herbicide operations provides information informationfor foruse usein in planning herbicide operations division, brigade, discussion of advantages at division, brigade, and lower lowerlevels. levels. It Itcontains containsaa discussion of advantages can be be obtained obtained by inin tactical situations. The that can by employing employingherbicides herbicides tactical situations. The agents ORANGE, BLUE, andWHITE physical and andchemical chemical propertiesof of agents ORANGE, BLUE, and WHITE are presented presented with information on agent and disposal methods. are with information agenthandling handling and disposal methods. manual also The manual also discusses air air and andground grounddissemination disseminationsystems, systems,condicondiof herbicides, and guidance forcommand tions influencing influencingthe theeffectiveness effectiveness of herbicides, and guidance for command and control control of herbicide operations. is presented on the and of herbicide operations. Information Information is presented on the downwind drift by A/A45Y-1, PAU-7/B, and downwind drift hazards hazardsproduced produced bythe the A/A45Y-1, PAU-7/B, and spraysystems. systems. conversionchart chart and a glossary of terms AGRINAUTICS spray AA conversion and a glossary of terms are included at the end of the publication. publication.

*FM * FM 3-3 3-3

FIELDMANUAL] FIELD MANUAL

No. 3-3 I NO. 3-3

HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 14' December 1971 WASHINGTON, D.C., 14 December 1971 WASHINGTON, D.C.,

TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OF OF HERBICIDES TACTICAL HERBICIDES

Paragraphs Paragrupbu Page Pegs

CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

Purpose Scope Tactical employment ofof herbicides Tactical herbicides andcomments comments Changes and
HERBICIDE AGENTS 2. HERBICIDE General ORANGE BLUE WHITE 8. CONDITIONS INFLUENCING 3. INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OF HERBICIDES HERBICIDES EFFECTIVENESS General vegetation Target vegetation Selection of ofherbicide herbicide Selection ofapplication application Rate of Growth stage of ofvegetation vegetation Growth AND CONTROL OFOF HERBICIDE COMMAND AND CONTROL HERBICIDE 4. COMMAND OPERATIONS OPERATIONS General General Herbicide operation request Herbicide operation request
OFDISSEMINATION DISSEMINATION 6. METHODS OF 5. Aerial Aerial spray spray systems systems Ground dissemination Ground dissemination systems systems

1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-1 1-3 1-4 1-4 1-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-3

1-1 1-1

, - 2-4

2-4 2-8

2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2

2-3

3-1 3-1 3-2 8-2 8-3 3-3 3-4 3-4 3-5 8-5

8-1 3-1 3-1 3-1 8-2

3-1 3-1 3-2

3 3

o
GLOSSARY

4-1 4-1 4-24-2 oVrl 6-1 5-1 5-2 5-2

4-i 4-1 571 5-4

4-1 4-1

5-4

6. STORAGE, STORAGE, HANDLING,AND METHODS 8. AND METHODS DISPOSAL OF DISPOSAL Storage Handling and and methods methods of ofdisposal disposal Handling APPENDIX A. APPENDIX A. REFERENCES REFERENCES B. CONVERSION CONVERSION CHART CHART

6-1
6-2

6-1

6-1 A-l B-l

6-2 6-1
A-1 B-1 Glossary-1 Glossary-1

* Thli manual manual supersedes iuperi*d*< Chapter 5S ofof TC 9 April 1969. *This Chapter TC 3-16, 3-16, 9 April 1969. TAGO82KOA TACO 3260A

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

11. Purpose Purpose 1-1. isis to provide doctrinal The purpose purpose of ofthis thismanual manual to provide doctrinal guidance for of of herbiguidance for the the tactical tactical employment employment herbilower levels. cides at division, brigade, brigade,and and lower levels. 1-2. Scope Scope 1-2. This manual manual discusses discusses technical technical and This andoperational operational factors governingthe herbicides inmilitary factors theuse useof of herbicides in military operations. It also presents operations. o. Physical Physical and ofof agents agents a. andchemical chemicalproperties properties ORANGE, BLUE, WHITE and information ORANGE, BLUE,and and WHITE and information and methods ofdisposal. on storage,handling, handling, and methods of disposal. b. 6. Informationon ground dissemination onair airand and ground dissemination systems. systems. e. Conditions Conditions influencing the effectiveness of c. influencing the effectiveness of herbicides. for command andand control ofherbid. Guidance Guidance for command control of herbicide operations. 1-3. Tactical Tactical Employment Employment of Herbicides 1-3. of Herbicides

sure of the the enemy's enemy's supply supply depots, depots, base base camps, camps, sure will make make him more vulnerable and other other locations will him more vulnerable strikes and andthe theresultant resultant damage, damage, harrassharrassto air strikes attack may cause himmove to to move ment, and andthreat threatof of attack may cause him area. out of an area. (4) Increases availablefor combat (4) Increases troops troops available for combat and ofbroad defenand reduces casualties. Defoliation of broad defensive fields of fire around around friendly friendly base camps and basecamps and locations, and ofof possible ambush sites locations, anddefoliation defoliation possible ambush sites reduce thethe number of men permits commandersto to reduce number of men required for and convoy guard required forbase base camp campsecurity security and convoy guard troops availa'ble availablefor combat work and makes makes more troops for combat duty. Improved fieldsof of fire Improvedfields wherever located firewherever located ad act as as a deterrent attack and andhelp redeterrent to enemy enemy attack help to reduce friendly the enemy does duce friendlycasualties casualtieswhen when the enemy does attack. attack. (5) (5) Facilitates of of military supFacilitates movement movement military supplies. Defoliation along highways, highways, railroads, railroads, and and main shipping shipping channels movement main channels will facilitate movement of supplies supplies and the number ofconvoy of anddecrease decrease the number of convoy guards required.

Defoliation of by the Defoliation ofheavily heavilyvegetated vegetated areas areas by theuse use herbicides is ofobtaining of herbicides is the theprimary primarymeans means of obtaining visual observation observation ofof enemy forces, visual enemy forces,facilities, facilities, ambush sites, sites, infiltration routes, and other roads, ambush routes, and other enemy locations from the air, ground, or water. locations from the air, ground, or water. o. The The use use of of herbicides herbicides for defoliation a. for defoliation vege(1) Enhances security. Defoliation of vegeDefoliation of Enhances security. (1) tation bordering and overhanging roads, paths, bordering and overhanging roads, paths, waterways, and enhances security trails, waterways, andrailroads railroads enhances security around friendly base airfields, ammunition around base camps, camps, airfields, ammunition dumps, ports, railroads, waterways, waterways, and dumps, ports, along along railroads, and other locations locations by providing defensive fields of of other by providing defensive fields sites. fire and and reducing reducing possible possible ambush ambush sites. (2) (2) Improves intelligence. DefoliaImproves military military intelligence. tion military inintion of of large-area large-area targets targets improves improves military telligence for operations by increasing telligence for plans plansand and operations by increasing vertical and horizontal visibility in heavily vertical and horizontal visibility in heavily forested or areas. Defoliation Defoliation also forested or dense dense jungle jungle areas. also provides data and provides data for for correcting correctingexisting existingmaps maps and for preparing preparing new for newones. ones. (3) (3) Reduces defoliated In defoliated Reduces enemy enemy resistance.In lessenemy resistance resistance than areas, troops will will meet meet less than areas that thathave have not and fewer in areas notbeen beendefoliated defoliated and fewer troops will forfor anan operation. Expotroops willbe berequired required operation. ExpoAGO 3250A AGO 3260A

b. Herbicides Herbicides can also be used to reduce the the can also be used to reduce enemy's food and industrial crops. This could enemy's food and industrial crops. This could cause him himto to combat manpower manpower to production (1) Divert combat to production food. of food. local food resources. (2) Dependon on local food resources. Become more ofof the more stationary stationary because because the (3) Become necessity to cultivate hidden crops. crops. necessity cultivate hidden of munitions. (4) Reduce production production ofwar war munitions.
1-4. Changes Changesandand Comments 1-4. Comments

thispublication publicationare encouraged to submit Users of this are encouraged to submit recommended changes and comments toimprove recommended changes and comments to improve should bekeyed to the the publication. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, and line of the inin specific page,paragraph, paragraph, and line of the text text Reasons willbe which the the change changeis isrecommended. recommended. Reasons will be provided for toto insure understandprovided for each each comment comment insure understandand complete evaluation. Comments Comments should bebe ing and prepared using prepared using DA DA Form Form 2028 2028 (Recommended (Recommended Changes to forwarded direct to to Changes toPublications) Publications)and and forwarded direct Commanding Officer, USArmy Combat Develthe Commanding Officer, US Army Combat DevelChemical-Biological-Radiologiopments Command Chemical-Biological-RadiologiAgency, ATTN ATTN: CDCCBR-DP, Fort Fort McClelcal Agency, : CDCCBRDP, McClellan, Alabama 36201.
5
1-1 1-1

FM FM 3-3

CHAPTER 22 CHAPTER
HERBICIDE AGENTS AGENTS HERBICIDE

WHITE to to correspond correspond with with identifying identifying color color WHITE 2-1. General General 2-1. bands used used on the shipping shipping drums drums and for conconbands on the and for Herbicides are arechemical chemicalcompounds compounds used to to a. Herbicides venience. venience. kill plants (AR They can be kill or damage damage plants (AR 310-25). 310-25). They can be used to dry foliage foliage or to to stimulate stimulate or or inhibit inhibit used to dry 2-2. ORANGE ORANGE 2-2. growth physiologicalprocesses processesin in growth, by by modifying modifying physiological These chemicals chemicals are areclassified contact 50:50 mixture of of: plants. These classified as contact a. Composition. A 50 :50 mixture : as systemic systemic herbicides, herbicides, depending depending on herbicides or as (n-butyl-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate) 2,4-D (n-butyl-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate) way theyaffect the way affectplants. plants. and Contact herbicides. herbicides. Contact Contact herbicides herbicides (1) Contact 2,4,5-T (n-butyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyace(n-butyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyace2,4,5-T desiccants) are areused usedtoto damage planttissue tissue (or desiccants) damage plant tate) by local action the point point of ofapplication application and and by local action at at the Physical and and Chemical Chemical Properties. b. Physical or no no movement movement throughout the the plant. plant. show little little or Liquid atroom room temperature Physical state state Liquid at temperature thisreason, reason, thorough thorough spray spray coverage coverage is is essen- Physical For this essenReddish brown Color Reddish brown tial for for maximum maximum agent agenteffect. After being tial effect. After being inin diesel fueland organic Solubility Soluble diesel fuel and organic sprayed with with a contact a contact herbicide, susceptible sprayed herbicide, susceptible solvents; insoluble insoluble in solvents; in water water plants dry rapidly; rapidjy; this this causes causes leaves leaves fall to from plants fall from Freezing point 45"F Freezing 45F to to46F 46F 10.7 pounds/gallon Weight 10.7 pounds/gallon some plant species, and some plant species, and to to shrivel shrivel but but remain remainon on Effect on Effect on materials: others, others, Metal Noncorrosive Noncorrosive (2) Systemic Systemic herbicides. herbicides. Systemic herbicides Harmful some Harmful to to some Paint are absorbed absorbed at at the the point pointof ofapplication applicationand andmoved moved Natural rubber rubber _ _ Harmful Natural Harmful by of the by the the sap sap stream stream to to other other parts parts of plant. the plant. Harmful Neoprene Harmful Teflon, Viton Teflon, Resistant These chemicals andusually usually These chemicals are growth regulators and Polyethylene Resistant act slower slower than than contact contact herbicides. herbicides. They They damage damage Butyl rubber Resistant both local local and and systemic systemic action, action, causing causing plants by both Physiological Properties. Properties. c. Physiological leaves to fall leaves fall and, and, finally, finally,killing killing the the plants plants when when dose has has been been adequate. adequate. Plants Plants treated the dose treated with with ORANGE is is aasystemic systemicherbicide herbicide thatthat (1) ORANGE sublethal doses doses frequently frequently recover or sublethal recover partially partially or defoliates a wide variety variety of ofwoody and defoliates a wide woody andbroadbroadcompletely. Some highly rere- leaved completely. Someplant plant species species are highly leaved herbaceous It affects grasses, bambamherbaceous plants. plants. It affects grasses, to this thisclass classof of chemicalsand andshow showvery very sistant to chemicals boos, and similar plants plants less. less. Agent Agent ORANGE is is boos, and similar ORANGE little outward outward change. change. Systemic Systemic herbicides herbicides are are absorbed by plant at atthe thepoint point application little absorbed by a plant ofof application most effective woody plants and broad-leaved within a few few hours, hours, and andthe thechemical chemical isis transmost effectiveon on woody plants and broad-leaved within transvegetation in state growth. vegetation in an active state of of growth. located. The components components of of ORANGE ORANGEare are (2) The Note. though herbicides herbicides cause leaves, leaves, plants, plants, Note. Even though and grasses grasses to to turn turnbrown, on and brown, leaves leaves will will remain remain onsome some decomposed by microorganisms and rapidly decomposed by soil microorganisms and and plants, plants, and and grasses grasses will will still still stand. Therefore, trees and stand. Therefore, the chemical chemical usually disappears disappears from soils soils within obtain maximum bebe burned, cut, to obtain maximumvisibility, visibility,plants plantsmust must burned, cut, 1 to 3 months following application. Lateral dis1 to 3 months following application. Lateral disremoved by means, such as bulldozer orlabor labor or removed by other other means, such as bulldozer or tribution of-the agent due to volatility alone is tribution of 'the agent due to volatility alone is force, force. negligible. 6. Various Various commercial commercial chemical chemical compounds compounds b. (8) ORANGE is fish, (3) is low low in in toxicity toxicityto toman, man, fish, used as herbicides have used as herbicides have been been adapted adaptedfor for use use in in wildlife; but butitit willcause causeslight slight skin irritation and wildlife; will skin irritation operations. Authority Authority to touse use these these chemichemimilitary operations. inhalation effects. and minor inhalation effects. channels cals must be obtained through the proper channels ORANGE will ded. Defoliation Defoliation Capability. Capability.ORANGE willdeexplained in in chapter chapter 4. 4.Herbicides Herbicides described described as explained foliate adequately forest vegetation vegetation in foliate in temperate temperate below are nicknamed ORANGE, BLUE, and below are nicknamed ORANGE, BLUE, and 6
CO 5'SCA

2-1 2-1

FM FpA

3-3 3-3

paragraph 3-4 for and tropical regions. regions.See See paragraph 3-4recomfor recomCoconut and more resistant to to Coconut andbetel betelpalms palmsare are more resistant mended rates. Treated Treated grasses grassesand and ORANGE mended application application rates. ORANGE than rubber than citrus citrusand and rubberplants. plants. bamboos may and partial bamboos mayexhibit exhibitbrown brownfoliage foliage and partial top-kill, but top-kill, but they they recover recover rapidly. rapidly. The Thetypical typicalrere2-3. BLUE BLUE 2-3. sponse of woody vegetation to systemic sponse of tropical, tropical, woody vegetation to sygtemic a. Composition. Agent Agent BLUE BLUE currently currently in in use use ORANGE defoliants is progressive. progressive.For Forexample, example, ORANGE commercial, liquid formulation of sodium is a commercial, liquid formulation of sodium applied during the growing growing season season causes causes Phytar560G. 560G. cacodylate called Phytar hardwood foliage toto discolor 2weeks, hardwood discolor in 1 in or 1 2 or weeks, b. Physical Physical and and Chemical Chemical Properties. Properties. todry dryin in22or or33weeks, weeks, and and leaves to Physical state state Free-flowingliquid liquid leaves to to begin to to fall weeks. leaves fallafter after 4 4 weeks. Physical Free-flowing Color Reddish oror brownish brownish Depending upon the type and density vegetaDepending upon the type and density of of vegetaSoluble inin water andand alcohol; Solubility Soluble water alcohol; tion, defoliation after after 1 tion, overall overall defoliation 1month averages averages insoluble in insoluble in oils oils Freezing point 22F Freezing 22F about 50 ranges from 15 to 90 perabout 50 percent percentand and ranges from 15 to 90 perWeight 11.0 pounds/gallon 11.0 pounds/gallon cent. increases and andreaches reaches its itsmaximaxicent. Defoliation Defoliation increases Effect on materials: Effect on materials: mum during the the second secondor or thirdmonth month mum during third in in a a Metals: single-layered canopy or during thethe fourth month single-layered canopy or during fourth month Uncoated mild in aadense, dense,multilayered multilayered canopy. Satisfactory in canopy. Satisfactory steel (soft steel for 3 3 to to 12 12months levels persist persist for months in in a asingle-layered single-Iayered Rapid gray malleable) Rapid initial initial reaction; reaction; gray precipitate precipitate formed canopy but for toto 31/2 months in canopy but for only only 1 1 3^ months in a multia multiRapid chemical reaction and Rapid chemical reaction and Zinc replacelayered canopy. canopy.Thereafter, Thereafter, regrowth regrowthand and replacecolor change; granucolor change; heavy heavy granument vegetation vegetationfrom ground cover may reduce ment from ground cover may reduce precipitate formed formed lar precipitate effectiveness of original treatment.Therefore, Therefore, effectiveness ofthe the original treatment. Aluminum _J Slight initial reaction; white Slight initial reaction; white retreatment is desirable desirable in dense-cover areasto to retreatment dense-cover areas precipitate formed No initial initial reaction; reaction; white white Brass defoliation. extend the the period periodof of defoliation. AnticropCapability. ORANGE effective is is in e. Anticrop Capability. ORANGE effective in control of apthe control of most most broad-leaved broad-leavedcrops cropswhen when applied at the rate rateof of gallon per peracre. acre. Annual crops plied 11 gallon Annual crops can be bekilled by ORANGE when applied at at that can killed by ORANGE when applied stageinclude: include: any growth stage
Beans Cabbage Cotton Gourd Jute Melon Melon Peanuts Peanuts Pepper Pepper Ramie

Physiological Properties. Properties. c. Physiological a fast-acting fast-acting contact contact herbicide herbicide (1) BLUE is a that is iseffective effective against broad-leaved herbaceous that against broad-leaved herbaceous woody plants It causes causes or woody plants or grassy grassy vegetation. vegetation. It Root that show the the greatest greatest reduc- rapid Root or or tuber tuber crops crops that show reducrapid browning browning and with accompanying accompanying and drying drying with tion in yields when ORANGE is applied during tion ORANGE is applied during shriveling and of leaves in some woody shriveling and falling falling of leaves in some woody early growth growth stages stagesinclude: include: early species. BLUE is exceedingly effective in the topspecies. exceedingly effective in the topManioc or cassava Taro Manioc or cassava Taro kill of grassy plants to kill grassy plants toinclude includeperennials perennialsduring during Potatoes Potatoes Yams season. At rates of application used for deany season. At rates of application used for deSweet potatoes foliation (para (para 3-4), 3-4), the thechemical chemical exhibits exhibits little little foliation in in Perennial and and woody woodycrop cropspecies speciesvary vary widely widely systemic action plant. or no systemic action within within the the plant. their response todirect directapplications applications of ORANGE. responseto of ORANGE. contact with with soil, soil, BLUE BLUE is (2) In contact isquickly quickly Crops highly susceptible susceptible to toherbicide herbicidedamage damage areare: : deactivated by deactivated by surface surface absorption; absorption;itit is is nonnonJackfruit Jackfruit Papaya affected by by light. volatile and and is not affected light. Kapok apple or or caimito caimito Star apple agents is isreadily readily absorbed absorbed through through (3) This agents skin, and prolonged absorption may cause aa the skin, and prolonged absorption may cause Moderately susceptible are: Moderately susceptiblecrops crops are: distinct garlic odor on the breath. BLUE has a a distinct garlic odor on the breath. BLUE has Mango Pomelo Banana toxicity to animals. very low toxicity to animals. Castor bean Mulberry Castor bean Mulberry Roseapple Pineapple Tea Guava Defoliant Capability. Capability. When applied to susWhen applied to susd. Defoliant septible Citrus and rubber plants plants can septible vegetation vegetation at at the therecommended recommended applicaapplicaCitrus and rubber can be defoliated defoliatedby by tion rate rate(para (para3-4), 3-4), noticeable browning tion noticeable browning or or ORANGE when agent isis applied in quantities ORANGE whenthe the agent applied in quantities discoloration is evident evident in I1day greater than 1. 1gallon per per acre. However, However,thethe discoloration is dayand andmaximum maximum greater acre. trees trees defoliation usually inin 22to weeks. Howdefoliation usually occurs occurs to44 weeks. Howwill usually usually refoliate refoliate within within several severalmonths. months. will 2-2
AGO 5250A 32BOA AGO

Sesame Sesame Soybeans Tobacco Watermelon

precipitate formed No nono solid Noinitial initial reaction; reaction; solid formed precipitateformed gray Noinitial initial reaction; reaction; gray Tin suspension formed suspension formed No significant significant effect on paint, natural rubber, neoNo effect on paint, natural rubber, neoViton, polyethylene, or butyl rubber. prene, Teflon, Teflon, Viton, polyethylene, or butyl rubber.
Copper

3 FM 3 3-3 FM

1)

Effect on on materials: effect defoliation is is ofrelatively ever, the the desired desiredlevel levelof of defoliation of relatively Noncorrosive Metals to that of systemic short duration when compared compared to that of systemic Other materials in Other materials used in dense forests forests with withmultilayered canoagents. In dense multilayered canoNoncorrosive spray equipment equipment Noncorrosive spray pies, of BLUE can be repeated pies, applications applications of BLUE can berepeated in 2 in 2 weeks after to 4 weeks after the the initial treatment to insure initial treatment to insure Physiological Properties. Properties. c. Physiological penetration to lower lower vegetation vegetationlayers layersand and to to penetration to (1) WHITE WHITE is isreadily readily absokbed absorbed by foliage (I) by foliage extend the ofof defoliation. Regrowth of extend theperiod, period defoliation. Regrowth of and the root root system system and and is isquickly quickly transported transported and some perennial grasses, such as elephant grass, some perennial grasses, such as elephant grass, throughout the plant. throughout plant. cogon grass, wild cane, or or cogon grass, islikely occurwithin within is likely to to occur Since soil soil microorganisms microorganisms have have little little (2) Since I 1 to to22months months after after treatment. treatment.This This necessitates necessitates effect on ofof WHITE, agent isis effect on the thecomponents components WHITE, this agent repeated spray spray applications. applications. repeated more persistent in ORANGE orBLUE more insoils soils than than ORANGE or BLUE e. Anticrop Anticrop Capability. Capability. BLUE agentof BLUEis isthe the agent of leaching. by leaching. and losses from soils occur principally by choice for destruction and choice for destruction of of cereal cereal and grain grain crops. crops. vegetated areas, areas,when applied rates In sparsely vegetated applied at rates Effects of 12 12 Effects of the the chemical chemical become becomeevident evidentwithin within used for defoliation, WHITE may persist in soils used for defoliation, WHITE may persist in soils 24 hours, hours, and plants die aa few days. to 24 and plants diewithin within few days. for as long as as11year. year. It subject issubject to only limited for It is to only limited Since should not Since BLUE BLUE is water-soluble, water-soluble, itit should not bebe decomposition by and ultraviolet radiadecomposition bysunlight sunlight and ultraviolet radiaapplied during rain rain or isis predicted. applied orwhen whenrain rain predicted. tion. Tests indicate indicate that that asingledirect directexpoexpoa single (3) Tests 2-4.WHITE WHITE (Tordon 2-4. (Tordon 101) 101) a spray spray of of WHITE WHITE ofnormal sure to a normalconcentraconcentraa. Composition. tion would would not not constitute constitute a a percutaneous percutaneous or tion or 20 percent picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichIoropercent picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloroinhalation hazard. hazard. This Thischemical chemical is is considered considered inhalation picolinic acid) picolinic acid)and and nontoxic and to humans, animals, nontoxic and not hazardous hazardous to humans, animals, percent 2,4-D, in the form of of triiso80 percent 2,4-D, both both in the form triisoor fish. propanolamine salts. salts. propanolamine Defoliant Capability. Capability. WHITE effective is is effective WHITE d. Defoliant b. Physical Physical and andChemical Chemical Properties. Properties. on broad-leaved herbaceous plants and principally on broad-leaved herbaceous plants and Physical Physical state state Viscous liquid Viscous particularly on woody plants. However, effects of particularly on woody plants. However, effects of Dark Color Dark brown develop on woody plants full and Solubility the agent develop slowly on woody plants and full Insoluble in oils; active Insoluble in oils; active components are components aresolusolufor several months after defoliation may may not notoccur occur for several months after water ble in water spi-ay-application. Temperate spray-application. Temperatezone zoneconifers conifersare are 9.6 pounds/gallon Weight 9.6 pounds/gallon also susceptible susceptible to but defoliation ia de- is dealso toWHITE WHITE but defoliation Weight of of active active ingrediingredigrassesand and monocotyledonous plants, layed. Most grasses monocotyledonous plants, ents ents (as (as add acid equivaequivaincluding nipa palm, are resistant to WHITE. including nipa palm, are resistant to WHITE. lent) : : Picloram 0.54 pound/gallon pound/gallon Picioram 0.54 2,44) 2,4-D 2.0 2.0pounds/gallon pounds/gallon Remainder consists water,wetting agent, agent, Remainder consists of of water, and other other inert inert ingredients ingredients and

WHITEis is not not recomCapability. WHITE recome. Anticrop Capability. mended for crops because of of itsits persistence mended foruse useon on crops because persistence in soils.

AGO82 3250 AGO ISO A

2-3

FM 3-3 FM 3-3

CHAPTER 3 3 CHAPTER CONDITIONS INFLUENCING INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES CONDITIONS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES

ORANGE ORANGE is is not not readily readily washed washed off offfoliage foliage and and will will penetrate penetrate waxy-surfaced waxy-surfaced leaves leaves effi- more more effiEffectiveness willbe be determined determined by Effectiveness of herbicides herbicides will by ciently than the the water-soluble water-soluble herbicides. herbicides. type type of of vegetation vegetation in inthe thetarget target area, herbicide area, herbicide selected for use, the rate rate of application, BLUE is a arapid, rapid, short-term short-term defoliant selected for use, of application, and and the the c. BLUE defoliant ofof broad-leaved herbaceous or woody plants or broad-leaved herbaceous or grassy grassy growth growth stage stage of ofvegetation. vegetation. vegetation. 32. Target Target Vegetation Vegetation 3-2. d. ORANGE effective defoliORANGE and and WHITE WHITE are are effective defoliTarget vegetation vegetation will vary from from dense dense tropical tropical ants of broad-Ieaved, broad-leaved, deciduous forests. Target deciduous forests. evergreen forests forests to to open open forests forests consisting consisting of of evergreen Evergreen, conifer conifer forests forests are are more more suscepsuscepe. Evergreen, both both evergreen evergreen and and deciduous vegetation. vegetation. Density tible to WHITE WHITE than than ORANGE. forests may may range rangefrom aa single-layer of of forests from single-layer ofvegevege/. ORANGE ORANGE is is effective effective primarily primarily against against tation tation to to multilayered multilayered canopies canopies and and may consist consist f. of a a single single plant plant species species or many species species of broad-leaved crops can also also be beused usedtoto conbroad-leaved crops but but it can conof or of of many of trol broad-leaved weeds. shrubs, vines, vines, bamboos, bamboos, or palms. Response trees, shrubs, to herbicides herbicides will with the the mixtures mixtures of to will vary vary with BLUE is is effective effective primarly primarly against against cereal cereal g. BLUE species the complexity of the the forest species and and the complexity of forest cover. cover. grain crops. crops. or grain Speciesdiffer differ widely widely in in their their response response or or suscepsuscepthe systemic systemic herbicides herbicides ORANGE ORANGE and and Most spray spray missions missions will be be carried carried out out on on tibility to the h. Most WHITE. The effectiveness of of herbicide mixed forest forest vegetations; vegetations; however, however, WHITE. The long-term long-term effectiveness herbicide targets with mixed treatments will influenced by the proportion of of consist of single, dominant dominant plant treatments willbe be influenced by the proportion targets may consist of a single, resistant Some forest forest vegetation type. Examples resistant species. species. Some vegetation can can be be Examples and andrecommended recommendedherbicides herbicides are : are: effectively defoliated months with effectively defoliatedfor for4 4 to to 12 months with a Nipa palm, palm, frequently found Nipa frequently found with mangroves, of chemical. chemical. Repeat Repeat applications applications single application of provides a a dense dense screen screen along along waterways. waterways. It It provides may be needed neededto tomaintain maintain long-term long-termdefoliation, defoliation, can only can be be controlled controlled successfully successfullyonly by by particularly particularly in multilayered multilayered canopies. Secondary Secondary ORANGE, but responds much much more more slowly ORANGE, but it responds forests or or scrub scrub with with a a single single layer layer may mayshow show forests than other other vegetation. vegetation. damage better canopy penetration penetration and more plant damage Elephant grass grasscancan be controlled be controlled by BLUE by BLUE Elephant than forests with several several layers. layers. than deposited deposited at at high high rates. rates. Bamboos are difficult to to Bamboos of ofvarious varioustypes types difficult are 3-3. Selection Selection ofof Herbicide 3-3. Herbicide control. control. Some Some species species may may be defoliated defoliated by by Information presented help analysts analysts Information presentedbelow below will will help repeated applications of BLUE, but but the plants repeated efficient agent for use inin herbicide select the most efficient agent for use herbicide are not killed, and the clumps clumps of stems stems alone alone are operations. concealment. provide effective concealment. Broad-leaved, annual crop crop plants plants as a as target Broad-leaved, annual a targe a. WHITE WHITE produces produces a defoliation a slower slower initial initial defoliation can be treated treated as asaasingle singlespecies speciessince sincethey they can response response and and a a slower slower rate rate of regrowth of regrowth than than uniformlykilled at are uniformly killedby byORANGE ORANGEapplied applied at ORANGE. Foliage become discolored discolored or or ORANGE. Foliage will will become rates used for defoliation. brown within 4 weeks weeks after after being being sprayed sprayed brown within 2 to 4 with WHITE, WHITE, and and within within 11 week afterbeing being with week after Selection of herbicide herbicide may influenced by by i. Selection may be influenced sprayed with ORANGE. ORANGE. of agricultural agricultural crops crops to tothe thetarget. target. the proximity of
3-1. General General 3-1.

b. oil-solubleherbicide, herbicide, ORANGE, is more 6. The oil-soluble ORANGE, is more effective effective under under moist, moist, rainy rainy conditions conditions than than the water-soluble herbicides, BLUE. water-soluble herbicides,WHITE WHITE and and BLUE.
AGO AGO 3250A 32SOA

3-4. 34. Rate Rateof of Application Application

Application rate rate as asused usedin inthis this manual a. Application manual is is
9

3-1

FM 3-3 FM

the amount amount of agent, expressed as gallons per per the of agent, expressed as gallons acre (gpa), (gpa), that that mustbe bedispersed toobtain an an acre must dispersed to obtain effective concentration on effective concentration on target targetvegetation. vegetation. Note. To To convert acre toto gallons per per convert gallons gallonsper per acre gallons
example 3.03.0 gpa x X hectare, simply simply multiply multiply gpa gpa by by2.5; 2.5;for for example gpa 2.6 = = 7.5 7.5gallons gallons per per hectare. hectare.Appendix conversion 2.5 Appendix B is a conversion chart.

3-5. Growth GrowthStage Stage of ofVegetation Vegetation 3-5,

b. Tests with ratesof of 1.0 1.0 to to 6.0 6.0 with ORANGE ORANGEat at rates gpa showed showed increased increased defoliation defoliation with with higher higher gpa application rates. rates. Tropical-tione Tropical-zone forests with application forests with multilayered canopies require 3.0 gpa and and multilayered canopies require 3.0 gpa temperature-zone forests adequately de- detemperature-zone forestscan canbe be adequately foliated with 1.5gpa. ratesof foliated with 1.0 to 1.5 gpa.Application Application rates of 1.0 to 1.5 gpa ORANGE on suscepti1.0 gpa of BLUE BLUEor or ORANGE on susceptible crops may be sufficient; however, 3.0 3.0 gpa will sufficient; however, gpa will give higher higher assurance assurance of adequate coverage andand give of adequate coverage results in more rapid onset effects of than 1.0 gpa. results more rapid onset of effects than 1.0 gpa. Therefore, for an application of of Therefore, forgeneral generaluse, use, an applicationrate rate orWHITE is recom3.0 gpa of ORANGE, ORANGE,BLUE, BLUE, or WHITE is recommended for missions; and a arate of of 3.0 mended fordefoliation defoliation missions; and rate 3.0 of ORANGE ORANGEor BLUE isrecommended for for gpa of or BLUE is recommended operations. anticrop operations.

The effectiveness effectiveness of systemic herbicides (plant The of systemic herbicides (plant growth regulators) regulators) is influenced by the growth influenced bygrowth the growth stage of vegetation vegetation in target area. Because stage in the target area. Because agents depend upon movement of of the chemisuch agents movement the chemical from to other plant, cal from the the foliage foliage to other parts of of the the plant, are most mosteffective when applied toactively they are effective when applied to actively vegetation. Forsimilar growing vegetation. similar reasons, reasons, systemic systemic herbicides are effective against young herbicides are effective against youngplants. plants. tropical areas, areas, plants during dry In tropical plants are aredormant dormant during dry seasons when moisture in soils for seasons when moisture in soils insufficient is is insufficient for continued active temperate zones, the continued active growth; in in temperate zones, the same condition condition results from low temperatures. same results from low temperatures. the Therefore, a systemic systemicherbicide herbicideapplied appliedduring during the produce aa signifidormant season season takes takeslonger longer to toproduce signifidormant response and isis not effective as as cant response andgenerally generally not as effective as concentration applied applied during the growthe same concentration the growing season. do not killkill season. Contact herbicides normally do not plants and, in in the perennial woody or orherbaceous herbaceous plants and, the develop in 30 days. tropics, new foliage foliagemay may develop in to 3090 to 90 days. ORANGE and systemic herbicides, ORANGE andWHITE WHITEare are systemic herbicides, herbicide. BLUE is a contact contact herbicide.

3-2

AGO 33250A 32SOA 10

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

CHAPTER 4 4 CHAPTER COMMAND AND ANDCONTROL CONTROLOF OF HERBICIDE OPERATIONS COMMAND HERBICIDE OPERATIONS

General 4-1. General

herbia. National policy policy will will govern govern the the use use of of herbicides in a theater theaterof ofoperations. operations. When When the thedecision decision use these these agents agents has has been been made, made, commanders commanders to use will receive receive the the necessary necessary authority authority through through will Specific guidance for for their use command channels. Specific guidance their use will the level levelof of command that may will include the command that may apapprove herbicide operations. b. 6. The The employment employmentof herbicides forfor military of herbicides military unpurposes must be bejudiciously judiciouslycontrolled. controlled.Many Many unforeseen and undesirable undesirable problems problems may arise foreseen may arise unless the unless the user user is thoroughly thoroughlyfamiliar familiarwith withthe the socioeconomic andpolitical politicalimplications, implications, the type socioeconomic and the type of vegetation attacked, the thebest bestherbicide herbicide to vegetation to be attacked, to use, and the most efficient of dissemination. efficient modemode of dissemination. will produce The user must know know which chemicals will produce the desired ofdefoliation defoliation on vegetation desired level of on vegetation in ain a particular target targetarea. area. particular c. Close staff coordination and planning Closestaff coordination and planning are are es- essential commanderto to sential to to enable enable the the subordinate subordinate commander make the proper proper decision. Akey key staff element make the decision. A staff element is is GS/civil military military operations operations section, section, which which the G5/civil performs the dual functions of civil performs the dual functions ofaffairs civil and affairs and psychological operations psychological operations(PSYOP). (PSYOP).The Thecivil civil affairs function includes all all activities that might might affairs function includes activities that affect the relationship relationship between military, the affect betweenthe the military, the civil government, ofof the area.As civil government,and andthe thepeople people the area. for PSYOP, every action taken by by the thegovernment government military forces forces has has a a psychological and its military psychologicalimpact impact on the the populace populace and bebe considered in all on andmust must considered in all planning activities. PSYOP is an effective tool planning activities. PSYOP is effective tool that can can be be employed employed before, and after before,during, during, and after the conduct conduct of military military operations. operations. When such the When such operations involve involve civilians operations civiliansand andenemy enemyforces, forces, PSYOP can the target popuPSYOP can assist assist by byinforming informing the target popuinin the area, and of of lation of what what can can be beexpected expected the area, and instructions and actions that willminimize minimizestrucstrucinstructions actions that will tural, crop, crop, and plant damage and nonmilitary and plant damage and nonmilitary casualties. To there casualties. To achieve achieve national national objectives, objectives, there will be will be situations situations where where short short range range tactical tacticaladadshould be sacrificed vantages and and expediencies expediencies should be in sacrificed in goals.For example, firepower favor of long range goals. For example, firepower must be used to minimize non- nonmust usedwith with discretion discretion to minimize
nre 220A

combatant casualties. casualties. Employment Employment of combatant ofherbicides herbicides capable of causing and plant capable causing widespread widespreadcrop crop and plant damage can effect on civilian damage can have have a a disastrous disastrous effect on civilian support and and attitudes, attitudes,post post hostility, hostility, rehabilitarehabilitasupport and economic economic recovery. tion, and recovery.

4-2. Herbicide Herbicide Operation Operation Request Request

command directives prescribe policies, policies, reWritten command responsibilities, and procedures sponsibilities, procedures governing governing the theoperoperational employment employment of for ational ofherbicides. herbicides.Requests Requests for crop destruction destruction or prepared inin crop or defoliation defoliationare are prepared accordance with accordance with these directive directive by byunits units desiring desiring this support. support. The following information should be be this following information should included these requests : included in these requests: a. Overlays Overlays or annotated depicting a. annotated photographs photographs depicting exact area. Figure 4-1 is anexample overlay. an example overlay. the exact Figure 4-1 is list. b. Target list. (1) Description Description of area (to (toinclude include the the of the the area state,section, section, province, province, or or other district, county, state, other political subdivision). political subdivision). coordinates. UTM grid grid coordinates. (2) UTM areaof of the target. Length and width width or or area the target. (3) Length This may be expressed expressed in This inmeters, meters, acres, acres,or orhechectares. (4) Type Type of vegetation crop of vegetation crop (to (to include include planting and harvest forfor crops). planting harvest times times crops). (5) Recommended herbicide. (6) Recommended delivery system. Enemy situation target c. Enemy situation in andnear near the the target area. area. d. Location food crops or other vegetation Locationof of food crops or other vegetation that the the user user of of herbicides does not want damaged that does not want damaged destroyed. or destroyed. Psychological operations For e. Psychological operations considerations. considerations. For information on psychological psychological operations, information operations, techtechniques, and procedures, see FM 33-5. 33-5. niques, /. affairsconsiderations: considerationsdirect directimpact impact on f. Civilaffairs human and of products of plants to to human and animal animal users users of products of plants be damaged or destroyed and indirect impacts on on or destroyed and indirect impacts commerce, fishing, transportation, and other ecocommerce, fishing, transportation, and other economic aspects affected; and acnomic aspectsof ofcommunities communities affected; and actions to be be taken taken during during and and after after proposed proposed tions
11

4-1

FM 3-3 FM 3-3
TARGET OVERLAY: DEFOLIATION TARGET OVERLAY: DEFOLIATION REQUEST NO.TARGETS NO: ONE REQUEST NO. ONE TARGETS NO: 1 & &2 REFERENCE: MAP, VIETNAM, 1:50,000, SHEET 5000, 5010 R E F E R E N C E : MAP, SOUTH V I E TSOUTH NA 1:50,000, M, SHEET 5000, 5010

Village 5km

TOT #1

Town 3km

Unnamed Stream Stream

Citrus Citrus Plantation Plantation 10km fou 96 +01

i''

Village Village 4km 4km

C Copy copies PX 11 of of 3 3copies Sheet 1 1 1 _of s h e eI t sheet Sheet of

INCL 11 INCL
Figure Figure 4-1. 4-1.Example Example target target overlay. overlay.

herbicide operations. operations. The The command command civil civil affairs affairs herbicide staff officer or the commander of of the civil affairs staff officer or the commander the civil affairs area should participate unit responsiblefor for the the area should participate in

facet of of planning because its complexity. this facet planning because of its of complexity. For information on oncivil civilaffairs, affairs,see seeFM FM For detailed detailed information ( 41-10. in

4-2

AGO 8260A 82BOA AGO

12

FM 3-3 FM

CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER METHODS OF DISSEMINATION DISSEMINATION METHODS

5-1.Aerial Aerial Spray Systems 5-1. Spray Systems

Herbicide operations the Herbicide operationsrequiring requiring theuse useof of the the A/A45Y-1 or PAIJ-7113 PAU-7/B spray spray tank must mustbe be coAJA45Y-1 tank coordinated with with the the Air Air Force Force Liaison Officer. ordinated Liaison Officer. A/A45Y-1 Internal Internal Defoliant Dispenser. a. A/A45Y-1 Defoliant Dispenser. (1) Status. Status. Standard, AirForce. Force. Standard, Air A/A45Y-1 defoliant (2) Description. Description. The The A/A45Y-1 defoliant dispenser (fig. (fig. 5-1) 5-1) is isa amodular spray system for for dispenser modular spray system internal carriage carriage in incargo cargo aircraft. It is isused internal aircraft. It used pripriC-123 aircraftbut but can be adapted marily with the C-123 aircraft can be adapted for use use in in the the C-130. C-130. The module consists consists of for The module of a 1,000-gallon tank, a 20-horsepower 20-horsepower gasoline 1,000-gallon tank, a gasoline engine, and on a frame pallet engine, and a a pump pump mounted mounted on a frame pallet equipped with removable wheels. Asingle module equipped wheels. A single module used in the the C--123; C-123; twosuch such modules modules can is used two canbe be used in the C-130, C-130,and andeach each isoperated used operatedfrom fromaa console which and spray rereconsole whichincorporates incorporatespump pump and spray wing booms lease controls. The C-123 C-123 system systemuses uses wing booms boom. Each Each wing wing boom is 22 feet and a tail boom. boom is 22 long feet long and 1.5 1.5 inches inches in regularly and in diameter diameter with with12 12 regularly spaced check valve valve nozzles. nozzles. These These booms extend extend spaced from the engine engine nacelles nacelles toward wing tips. from towardthe the wing tips. The tail tail boom is 20 feet long and 3 inches in diamis 20 feet long and 3 inches in diamwith 4 4 check check valve nozzles nozzles spaced at 6-inch eter with spaced at 6-inch intervals on each end. end. It It isanchored anchoredin inthe the center on each center door. During anan of the fuselage fuselage near nearthe the aft aftcargo cargo door. During operational mission, the operational thesystem's system's gasoline gasolineengine engine started. A A recirculating line permits theengineis started. enginepump combination combinationto tobe be operated without actual operated without actual dissemination. When aircraft isis over thethe tar-tardissemination. Whenthe the aircraft over get, a motor-operated gatevalve in thedisseminatmotor-operated gate disseminating line line is opened that the agent can canflow flow to to ing openedso so that the agent spray nozzles. nozzles. the spray Characteristics. (3) Characteristics.
Weight of tank tank(empty) (empty) Weight Weight of tank filled with: Weight tank filled with: ORANGE BLUE BLUE WHITE Agent capacity capacity Agent Length of of tank tank Length Cradle width width Cradle Flow rate rate Flow 1,420 pounds pounds 1,420 11,585 pounds 11,585 pounds 11,870 pounds 11,870pounds 10,540pounds 10,540 pounds 960 950 gallons gallons 151 inches 161 inches 54 inches 54 inches Variable (100 to 285 Variable (100 to 285 gallons/minute) gallons/minute)

(4) Area coverage. coverage. Using the following Using the following parameters, the A/A45Y-1 A/A45Y-1can can cover a swath a swath parameters, cover about 88 meters oror 1.4 square about meters by by 16kilometers kilometers 1.4 square kilometers (351 (351 acres). acres). kilometers
Aircraft speed speed Aircraft Release altitude altitude Release Flow rate rate Flow 130 knots knots 130 150feet feet 150 230 gallons/minute 230 gallons/minute

achieve predictable predictable deposits agent, spray To achieve depositsof of agent, spray missions should be under to to missions beconducted conducted underinversion inversion neutral atmospheric atmospheric conditions conditions and calm windneutral and calm windshould beinto wind. speed. Direction of offlight flight should bethe into the wind. A/A45Y-1system can be used (5) Uses. Uses.The The A/A45Y-1 system can be used for defoliation defoliation along along lines lines of for ofcommunication, communication, channels, boundary boundary zones, zones, and large canals, river channels, and large forested areas where where improved improved visibility visibility is forested isdedesired. It can also be used to destroy enemy-held sired. It can also be used to destroy enemy-held crop targets. targets. crop 6. PAU-7/B PA U-7/B Spray Tank. b. Spray Tank. (1) Status. Standard, Force. Standard, Air Force. (2) Description. Description. The PAU-7/Btank tank (fig. (fig. The PAU-7/B 5-2) was was designed designed for on high 5-2) forexternal externalcarriage carriage on high performance aircraft. three stainless performance aircraft. It consists consistsof of three stainless sectionswelded together: cone, center steel sections welded together nose : nose cone, center section, and . aft An aluminum tail section, aft hemisphere. hemisphere. An aluminum tail procone, which which houses the theelectrical electricalcomponents, components, protail. Ram airair vides an aerodynamic aerodynamic contour contourto tothe the tail. Ram enters through through a a 2.78-inch 2.78-inch diameter diameter butterfly enters butterfly valve near center section valve near the the forward forwardend endof ofthe the center section and flows flowsthrough throughan an exit port port that uses exit that usesanother another 2.78-inch diameter valve. An aluminum 2.78-inch diameter butterfly valve. An aluminum dissemination boom, with flexible, wiredissemination boom,fitted fitted with flexible, wirereinforced tubing extending from from the exit reinforced tubingand and extending the exit aft section section of tank, islowered 30 30 port in the aft ofthe the tank, is lowered below the agentis isdisseminated. below the horizontal horizontal before before agent disseminated. on-off capability. The tank has an on-off capability. Characteristics. (3) Characteristics.
Weight of tank (empty) (empty) Weight of tank Weight Weight of tank tankfilled filledwith: with: ORANGE BLUE BLUE WHITE Agent capacity capacity Agent Length of tank tank Length 567pounds 56? pounds 2283 pounds pounds 2283 2331 pounds 2331 2106 pounds 2106 pounds 160.4 gallons 160.4 gallons 185 inches 185 inches
13

AGO 3250A AGO

5-1

FM FM 3-3 34

(2) Description. Description. The AGRINAUTICS The AGRINAUTICS (formerly AGAVENCO) spray unit (fig. (fig. 5-3) 5-3) isis (formerly AGAVENCO) spray self-contained and can can be be used self-contained Used in in the theArmy Army UH-UH(4) Area coverage. Using Using the the following following Area coverage. 1B and and UH-1D, UH-lD,the the US NavyUH-1E, UH-1E, and the 12 US Navy and the parameters, the the PAU-7/B PAU-7/B cover a swath parameters, cancan cover a swath US Force UH-1F UH-1F helicopters. helicopters. ItIt can be inUS Air Force can be inabout 52 meters meters by by 7.5 7.5kilometers kilometers 0.4 square stalled about oror 0.4 square stalled in, or removed from, the aircraft in a in, removed from, the aircraft in a kilometer acres). kilometer (97 acres). matter of of minutes minutes because because it is is merely merely "tied "tied matter down" to installed installedcargo cargo shackles, modifino Aircraft speed down" shackles, and and no modifiAircraft 650 knots knots Release altitude altitude 150feet Release 150 feet cations are required required for for its use. sprayer is a cations its use. The The sprayer is a Flow rate rate 360gallons/ gallons/ 360 commercial item that be used to disseminate commercial item that cancan be used to disseminate minute insecticides or herbicides. herbicides. Essential Essential featuresare: are: insecticides features (5) Uses. Uses. The The PAU-7/B spray PAU-7/B spraysystem systemcan can Fiberglass Fiberglass tank tank (200-gallon) (200-gallon) be used used for for small-scale small-scale defoliation defoliation missions, missions, vegevegetation control minefields, control in in base perimeters, perimeters, minefields, amCradle or or support supportstructure structure 4 Xfeet 3.4 feet 10 x10 4X x 3.4 Cradle munition artillerypositions, positions, and andlines lines munition dumps, dumps, artillery of of Externallymounted, mounted, six-blade six-blade windmill pump Externally communication. The system has has also been used communication. The system also been used Spray Spray booms, booms, 32 32 feet long,with withpositions positions for for feet long, small-area crop destruction. destruction. for small-area 56 nozzles. nozzles. AGRINAUTICS Spray System. c. AGRINAUTICS Spray System. (3) Characteristics. Characteristics. (1) Status. Status. Not type-classified (1) type-classified for forherbicides. herbicides. _200 pounds 200 pounds Weight of _ Weight ofsystem system (empty) (empty)

Diameter of Diameter oftank tank Flow rate rate

22.5 inches 22.5 inches 360 gallons/ minute

Figure A/A45Y-1 internal internal defoliant dispenser. Figure 5-1. 5-1. 41445Y-1 defoliant dispenser.

c
AGO 11210A 8260A

5-2

14

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

Figure PAU-7/Bapray tank. Figure 5-S. 5-2. PAU-71B spray tank. Weight Weight of tank tank filled filled with: with: ORANGE BLUE WHITE WHITE ' Agent capacity: capacity: Agent Maximum capacity Maximum capacity Operating capacity Operating Maximum flow rate rate Maximum

essential to secure full full advantage of the is essential secure advantage ofherbithe herbicide cide and and to prevent prevent possible possible damage damage to tocrops crops or or other desirable desirable vegetation the target. target. other vegetation near near the The T following guidelines have have been been developed for the following guidelines developed for the A/A45Y-1 systems : A/A45Y-1 systems: 195 gallons gallons 110 110gallons gallons (1) Missions should should be be accomplished accomplishedunder under 175 gallons/ 175 gallons/ inversion conditions with with inversion or neutral neutral atmospheric atmospheric conditions minute air temperature not to exceed 85 F if possible. air temperature not to exceed 85F if possible. coverage. Using Using the the following following (4) Area Area coverage. These conditions conditions usually usually occur occurin early morning in early morning parameters, the AGRINAUTICS AGRINAUTICS spray spraysystem system parameters, hours. lapse conditions will hours. Spraying Spraying under under lapse conditions will re-remeters by by1000 meters sult in upward movement can cover a swath swath about about 30 30 meters 1000 meters of fine drops with conseof fine drops with conseor 30,000 square square meters meters (7 : (7 acres) acres): ofof deposit. quent drift and and reduction reduction deposit. Helicopter speed50 Helicopter speed-50 knots knots (2) Winds knots atat Winds should should not notexceed exceed10 10 knots Release altitude50 Release altitude-50 feet feet ground ground level. 175 Flow rate rate 175 gallons/minute (3) Spray shouldbe be released altitudes Sprayshould released atat altitudes of of ofof the UH--1 -series Because of the themaneuverability maneuverability the UH-1-series 200 feet or less. or less. used helicopters, the AGRINAUTICS normally normallyis is used (4) The spray should be coarse to reduce the the spray should be coarse to reduce on small, small, irregular irregular targets targets requiring several several on requiring proportion of small drops that may drift off tarproportion of small drops that may drift off tarpasses to to achieve achieve complete complete spray spray coverage. coverage. get. (Mass (Mass median median diameter of of spray get. diameter(MMD) (MMD) spray(5) Uses. spray system 300 to 350 Uses. The TheAGRINAUTICS AGRINAUTICS spray system 350 microns.) microns.) can defoliation missions, missions, can be be used used for for small-scale small-scale defoliation Flightpaths pathsshould shouldbe beoriented asnearly (5) Flight nearly vegetation control control in base vegetation base perimeters, perimeters, minefields, minefields, as possible into the wind when there is no tactical into the wind when there is no tactical ammunition dumps, and lines ammunition dumps, artillery artillerypositions, positions, and lines reason reason or advantage advantage for forcrosswind crosswinddelivery delivery (f(/(2) (2) communication. The system can also be used of communication. The system can also be used below). small-area crop crop destruction destruction missions. missions. for small-area should not not be bemade made Spray applications applications should (6) Spray d. Field Field Expedients. Expedients. A of of field expediAnumber number field expediwhen it it is israining raining when rain is predicted. when oror when rain is predicted. ent (jerry-rigged) (jerry-rigged) devices devices have have been been developed developed ent /. Spray Drift. Drift. f. Spray use in in helicopters helicopters to spray spraysmall areas areas suchas as for use such fields fields of of fire fire around around perimeter perimeter defensive defensive areas, areas, from herbicide missionsmay may (1) Spray drift from and crops. devices helicopter landing sites, sites, and crops. These Thesedevices helicopter problem when food crops of friendly personbe a problem when food crops of friendly personrange from drumequipped equippedwith with spray from a a 55-gallon 55-gallon drum spray nel are near target. Principal factors factors influencnear the the target. Principal influencbar for temporary temporary mounting bar mounting across across the theskids skids of of a a ing drift drift distance distance are are:: droplet droplet size, height of ing size, height of UH-1B/D UH-1B/D helicopter helicopter to toaa400-gallon 400-gallon metal metal tank tank release, windspeed, and release, and other other atmospheric atmosphericcondicondi500-gallon collapsible fuel fuel bladder withwith poweror 500-gallon collapsible bladder powertions. Under Under the worst worstdelivery delivery conditions, conditions, drift drift tions. driven transfer pump andimprovised improvised boom driven fuel fuel-transfer pumpand boom from herbicide spray spray should not cause damage to to from should not cause damage for use on CH-47 CH-47 aircraft. aircraft. for broad-leaved crops greaterthan than those those broad-leaved crops at atdistances distances greater 5-1. These include buffer listed in table 5-1. These distances include a buffer Guidelines for The e. Guidelines forDelivering DeliveringAerial AerialSpray. Spray. The crops. zone between the the area area being being sprayed sprayedand and crops. basic basic consideration consideration in in spraying spraying herbicides herbicidesfor for general, drift hazard hazardcan reduced vegetation control control is on (2) In general, canbe be reduced vegetation is to deposit deposit them them precisely precisely on target.Exact Exact placement placement of the spray ways:: the selected target. spray in the following following ways
1377 pounds 1377 pounds 1410 1410 pounds 1256pounds pounds 1256
AGO AGO 8250A 3250A

15

5-3

3-3-

...Ie.?. ;

Figure spray system. Figure 5-8. 5-S. AGRINAUTICS AGRINAUTICS spray system.

defoliants at lower at lower altitudes.altitudes. Disseminate defoliants 5-2. Ground GroundDissemination Dissemination Systems Systems the crosswind direction. the crosswind direction. Deliver inin a. Power-Driven, Decontamination Decontamination Apparatus Perform missions when thethe windspeed windspeed is low is low Power-Driven Perform ( PDD A). (PDDA), vegeor the wind blows away from desirable desirable vege(1) Description. The The PDDA PDDA isis truck aa truck or or tation. trailer mounted, self-contained spray system and mounted, self-contained spray system and ll Table Drift Distance Kilometers" Table 5-1. 5-1.Downwind Downwind Drift Distance in in Kilometers * is intended of decontaminating intended for dissemination disseminationof decontaminating material. usedto to dissemimaterial. These units can also also be be used dissemisystem * Average Delivery system Release altitude windspeed nate herbicides. Several different EDDA models herbicides. Several different PDDA (knots) A/A45Y-1 PAG-7/11 AGR1NAGTICS PAU-7/B AGRINAUTICS A/A46Y-1 (feet) (feet) are able and and all are avai available all are are adaptable adaptable for for use useon on 8 ' 50 8 _ ... 2 vegetation-control problems. problems. Tank Tank capacities capacities of vegetation-control of 3 50 16 8 the different models vary from 200 to 400 or 600 the different vary from 200 to 400 or 600 8 8 6 _ .. 2 75 76 gallons. The The larger larger models have have power-take-off gallons. models power-take-off 75 16 8 3 7 driven capable of driven pumps capable ofdelivering deliveringherbicides herbicidesat at 8 7 4 8 7 100 16 9 5 100 8 the rate gallons per minute at pump rate of of85 35to to60 60 gallons per minute at pump 7 8 8 8 8 150 pressures pounds per pressures up to 800 800pounds per square square inch. inch. De160 16 10 10 150 livery with adjustable livery is is through through two twohoses hoses with adjustable 8 8 _. 9 200 nozzles. (Refer to TM 3-4230-208-12 andand TMTM nozzles. to TM 3-4230-203-12 200 16 . 12 8-4230-209-12 for information on PDDAs.) 3-4230-209-12 for information on FDD As.) 1 1 (2) Use. Measured from from downwind oftarget. target. 'pleasured downwind edge edge of ear used with herbiUse. PDDA PDDA units can bebe used with herbi1 Crops should shouldnot notbe be damaged damaged at at drift drift distances distances given given inin table. table. I Grope cides to control control vegetation vegetation on on minefields, minefields, perimperim9 Delivery parameters: Aircraft Aircraft speed speed Flow Flow rate rate Length Length of swath of swath DeNvery parameters: (gai/min) (gal/min) (km) (knots) eter defenses, and For local androadsides. roadsides. For application local application (km? 100-285 about 16 A/A46Y-1 ISO 150 100-285 about 16 of herbicides, BLUE and WHITE can be diluted herbicides, and WHITE can be diluted 550 560 about 7.5 PAtM/B 550 360 about 7.5 FAD-7/D 50 175 *boat with gallons of of water. water. with 2 gallons gallons of of agent agent in in50 50 gallons AGRINAUTICS 60 176 about 1 AGRINADTICS 5-4
AGO I250A AGO 3260A

16

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

c. Field Expedients. Any combination of of o. Field Expedients. Any combination spraynozzles nozzlesmounted mountedon pumps and and spray on any anyvehicle vehicle can transport transportthese these items and the herbicide that can items and the herbicide to to Caution: After using using the FDD A for for herbicide the PDDA herbicide site of ofapplication application can can be be used used as ground field the site ground field operations, agent must be be thoroughly thoroughly removed removed operations, agent must expedients. These expedient systems be expedients. These expedient systems can canalso also be from the tank, tank,pumps, pumps, hoses, hoses, and nozzles. from and nozzles. Fail- Fail-used to spray spray diesel diesel fuel flammable subfuelor orother other flammable subure herbicide will will result in in stances to ure to remove remove residual residual herbicide result to burn burn treated treated vegetation. vegetation. damage to rubber rubber seals, seals, hoses, and pumps. Once damage hoses, and pumps. Once Guidelines for Using Ground Dissemination d. Guidelines for Using Ground Dissemination. PDDA has been used for herbicide the PDDA herbicide operations, operations, Systems. ground-based systems Using ground-based systems allowsexexSystems. is no no longer safe for for carrying carrying water water for drinkit is for drinkact placement of herbicide on the target and minitarget and minior showering. showering. The The PDDA should should be betagged tagged ing or mizes downwind drift of agent. Applications mizes downwind drift agent. Applications a warning warning note and and a awarning warning note note entered entered with a not 10knots, should not be made madeififwindspeed windspeedexceeds exceeds 10 knots, in the the decon's decon's logbook. it is israining raining or orrain rain isis predicted.The The major or if it predicted. major 6. Hand-Operated Hand-Operated Devices. Several hand-operb. Several hand-operdisadvantages of for spray disadvantages of ground-based ground-basedsystems systems for spray ated and pressure pressure devices devices are are available available to to ated pump and application are are: thetarget target area must occupied be application : the area must be occupied disperse limited limited amounts amounts of herbicide. Normal disperse of herbicide. Normal and controlled controlled by friendly friendly troops troops;; the the terrain terrain and application is a 1 :10 1:10 ratio of herbicide to diluting must be traversable application ratio of herbicide to diluting traversable by spray apparatus; and curspray apparatus; cursolution (water (water or fuel). these derent systems systems have have only only a a limited limited standoff capasolution or diesel diesel fuel).Since Since these derent standoff capaare issued for insect control control purposes, purposes, they bility. A A 500-meter buffer distance should bemainvices are for insect they bility. buffer distance should be mainmust be thoroughly cleaned after being used to must thoroughly cleaned after being used to tained to to avoid avoid damage damage to todesirable desirable vegetation vegetation tained that food or commercial spray herbicides so that foodcrops crops or commercial near the the target. target. near

fuel fuel at the ORANGE can can be bemixed mixedwith with diesel diesel at the rate 5 gallons gallons of ofof diesel fuel. fuel. of 5 of agent agentto to50 50gallons gallons diesel Applications can of 50 to 100 Applications can be bemade madeat atvolumes volumes of 50 to 100 gallons of spray spray solution solution per per acre acre required gallons as as required to to completely wet the completely the foliage.

plants will not be be damaged damaged when ia plants will not whenthe thedevice device is again again used to spray spray insecticide. insecticide.

J
17
AGO 8260A 8260A AGO

5-5

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

CHAPTER 66 CHAPTER STORAGE, HANDLING, HANDLING,AND AND METHODS OF DISPOSAL STORAGE, METHODS OF DISPOSAL

possible by by washing washing the the surfaces with diese as possible surfaces with diesel 6r-1. 61. Storage Storage or other other light light petroleum petroleum oils and and then then rinsing fuel or rinsing a. Herbicides Herbicides are are delivered delivered inin 55-gallon 55-gallon steel steel thoroughly with clear clear water. water. them thoroughly drums marked marked with identifyingcolor colorband band drums with an identifying (6) Loading Loading and and storage storage areas areas whe (b) where ORANGE, BLUE, WHITE. Drums Drums may may ORANGE, BLUE, or WHITE. bebe ORANGE ORANGE has been spilled spilled repeatedly repeatedly may may be be dedehas been stored in in either either aahorizontal horizontal vertical position. stored or or vertical position. contaminated by flushing them them several several times timeswith with contaminated Under prolonged prolonged storage, storage,stockpiles stockpilesshould should Under be be diesel fuel. The used diesel fuel should be drained fuel. The fuel should be drained checked periodically to determine the the condition condition checked to determine ofof settlingbasins basins or or so will it into settling pits pits so that it willthat be incorcontainers; leaking leakingor ordamaged damaged drums should the containers; drums should porated into the the soil soiland and decomposed the actio porated decomposed byby the action removed.ORANGE, and WHITE WHITE are are be removed. ORANGE,BLUE, BLUE, and soil microorganisms microorganisms and and sunlight. sunlight. IfIf possible of soil possible, stable chemicalswith with 'a storage life of several stable chemicals 'a storage life of several heavily contaminated contaminated soils or settling settling bas heavily soils or basins The chemicals chemicals may mayoutlast outlast their metal conyears. The their metal conshould be deep-plowed deep-plowed to to work workthe the agent into should agent into the tainers in inprolonged prolongedstorage. storage. aid in in leaching, leaching, decomposition, decomposition, oror deactiva soil to aid deactivaCaution: Drums containedherbicides herbicides tion. Drums that have have contained MUST to hold potable or agriculContainers should removed from from MUST NOT NOTbe be used used to hold potable or agriculshould be be removed (c) Containers tural water; water; preferably the drums should be be areasfrequently frequentlyto to avoid damage haz tural preferably the drums should loading areas avoid damage or or hazard to to nearby nearby sensitive sensitive crops crops byby concentrated destroyed orhave have holes holes punched them. ard concentrated destroyed or punched in in them. chemicals or by improper improper use use of ofthe the Loading pumps hosesused transfer vapors of the chemicals b. Loading pumps and and hoses used to to transfer in agricultural areas. Used conempty containers in agricultural areas. Used constorage or or aircraft tanks herbicidesfrom from drums drums to storage aircraft tanks surplus quantities quantities of ORANGE should tainers and surplus ORANGE should should be free of ofdirt dirt or other should be kept kept clean clean and and free or other buried in at locations where there will be deep pits at locations where there will material that that could clog clog or or impair the airforeign material could impair the airbe the least possibility of agent leaching into water of agent leaching into water craft spray spray system. system. Transfer Transferequipment equipment should should be be or cultivated crop areas. areas. supplies or cultivated crop flushed thoroughly use or flushed thoroughly with with water water after after each use or after changing changingfrom chemical to toanother. another. after from one chemical 6. BLUE. BLUE. b. Handling. (1) Handling. 6 6-2. Handling and and Methods of Disposal 2. Handling Methods of Disposal (a) BLUE can be safely safely handled handled using using or(a) ORANGE. dinary sanitary sanitary precautions precautions to toavoid avoid prolonged a. ORANGE dinary prolonged Handling. (1) Handling. contact with skin contact with skin or or clothing. clothing.Spillage Spillageshould shouldbebe avoided flushing avoided but but can be be removed removed by byliberal liberal flushing (a) (a) ORANGE ordiORANGEmay may be be handled with ordinary sanitary precautions; however, however, this agent this agent on on clear water. water. with clear (ft) The The formation formation of precipitate precipitate some in in some or clothing clothing or or in the eyes should be removed skin or in the eyes should be removed (b) promptly by rinsing rinsing copiously copiously with clear clear water water tolots of agent agent BLUE BLUEhas has caused caused difficulties. Drums promptly to difficulties. Drums should be checked checked to to insure insurethat that precipitate, irritation. Contaminated clothing should prevent possible irritation. Contaminated clothing precipitate, if should be washed washed before before reuse. reuse. present, is not not pumped pumped into into the the spray system. should present, spray system. (6) Exposure of rubber rubber or neoprene neoprenehose hose should not not be be used usedin in spray system BLUE should aa spray system eithereith (b) to ORANGE ORANGE results results in indeterioration. deterioration.Transfer Transfer before or after after WHITE WHITE unless unless the thetank tank and before and sys- sys have been been thoroughly thoroughly flushed with with water. water.AA hoses, pump seals, and and other otherequipment equipmentparts subparts subtem have mixture of these these two twoagents agentsresults results in formathe form jected to continued continued contact contact with with this chemical this chemical jected to mixture in the a precipitate precipitate consisting consisting of ofthe thesodium sodium salt should be checkedoften deterioration unless tion of a salt should be checked oftenfor for deterioration unless (componentof When an agent of 2,4-D (component of WHITE). When an agent they have have been been made madefrom materials they from resistant resistant materials be changed, changed, the the tanks tanksor or spray system should or Viton. is to be spray system should such asTeflon Teflon or Viton. (2) Methods ofof disposal. leasthalf half full and the the (2) be filled at at least full with with clean clean water water and Methods disposal. system exhausted exhausted of agent Spillage or or spray spraydeposit depositon on aircraft system (a) Spillage aircraft ofliquid liquid before beforethe the new new agent and painted painted surfaces should be removed removed as assoon soon is added. and 18
AGO 3250A 8250A AGO

6-1 6-1

FM 3-3 3-3

(2) Methods disposal. (2) Methods ofof disposal. (a) Equipment Equipmentused usedto to apply apply BLUE BLUE should be thoroughly thoroughly cleaned cleanedbefore before being being stored stored should be discarded. Several with oror deor discarded. Severalflushings flushings withsoap soap detergent water to which ammonia has hasbeen beenadded added tergent should be by aa clear rinse. For Formost most should befollowed followed by clear rinse. systems, a diesel fuel may spray systems, a final final rinse rinse with with diesel fuel may rust orsediment. sediment. prevent the the accumulationof of rust or (b) spillage of BLUE load(6) Excessive Excessive spillage of BLUE in in loading or or storage storage areas areas should should be by ing be removed removed byaa thorough washingwith with clear clear water water and anddiluted diluted thorough washing ammonia. If runoff or or excess waterconconammonia. If possible, possible, runoff excess water taining diluted dilutedBLUE BLUE should be diverted pits should be diverted intointo pits or settling basins for for incorporation incorporation into soil. soil. Used Used containers and residual residual chemicals should should buried bebe buried whenever possible. whenever WHITE. c. WHITE. (1) Handling. Handling. (I) (a) precautions used used forany any (a) Ordinary Ordinary precautions for common argicultural common argicultural chemical chemicalare arerecommended recommended for WHITE. This This agent agentmay maybe be mildly for handling handling WHITE. mildly skin and eyes eyes on irritating to skin onprolonged prolongedcontact, contact, and spillage spillage on be rinsed with and onthe the skin skin should should be rinsed with

clear clear water. water. Contaminated Contaminated clothing clothing should should be be washed before reuse. (b) and spray should (b) Tanks Tanks and spray systems 'systems should bebe thoroughly flushed of of thoroughly flushedwith withwater water before beforeaaperiod period disuse or before using agent agent BLUE (b (b(1) (1) above). above). (2) (2) Methods Methods ofof disposal. disposal. (a) The picloram ispersistent persistent picloram in WHITE WHITE is in spray soil. Thus, spray equipment, equipment, containers, containers, and and soil. Thus, full full decontaminationof ofequipment equipment and and areas areassubsubject to spillage spillage is is extremely extremely difficult. A vigorous difficult. A vigorous cleaning cleaning with with soap soap and and water, water, ammonia ammonia water,water, and clear rinses and flushings is necessary. necessary. EquipEquipment used used for not be used forfor ment for WHITE WHITE should should not be used other purposes purposes such as applying applying fertilizers fertilizers or or othgr such as insecticides. insecticides. (&) Loading Loading and and storage storage areas areas subject subjectto to (b) chemical spillage may maybe bepartially partially decontaminated chemical decontaminated by repeated with ammonia water and repeated washings washings with ammonia water flushings flushings with with clear clear water. water. Runoff Runoff water water from from such shouldbe be diverted diverted into into settling such flushings flushings should settling basins not likelyoverflow to overflow basins or restricted restricted areas areas not likely to onto crop land.

6-2

AGO AGOmoA $UOA

19

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

APPENDIX AA APPENDIX REFERENCES

A-l. Army Regulations (AR) (AR) A-1. Army Regulations Dictionary States Army Terms (AD). 310-25 Dictionary of United United States Army Terms (AD). 310-50 and Brevity Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes. Codes. A-2. Field Field Manuals Manuals A-2. (FM(FM ) ) Chemical, Biological and Radiological Radiological (CBR) Support. 3-1 Chemical, Biological and (CBR) Support. 33-5 Operations Techniques Techniques and and Procedures. 33-6 Psychological Operations Procedures. 41-10 41-10 Civil Affairs Operations. Affairs Operations. A-3. Technical Manuals Manuals (TM) (TM) A -3. Technical Decontaminating Apparatus, Power-Driven, Power-Driven, Truck Truck Mounted, 400-Gallon, Decontaminating Apparatus, Mounted, 400-Gallon, 3-4230-203-12 M9. 3-4230-209-12 Decontaminating Apparatus, Power-Driven, Power-Driven,Skid-Mounted, Skid-Mounted,Multipurpose, Multipurpose, Nonintegral, 500-Gallon, 500-Gallon,M12A1. M12A1. A -4. Tables A-4. Tablesof of Organization and and Equipment (TOE) Organization Equipment (TOE) 3-500 Chemical Service Service Organization, Teams Teams FB and PA.

20
AGO 3260A 3260A AGO

A-1 AI

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

APPENDIX B APPENDIX B CONVERSION CHART CHART

X
100 1000
10 200 = 60 600 10 SOO 40 400
ti

0.1 0.t

0.2

30( 300

0.3 0.9

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE= 1. 3010 Sot 10mph mph en on X X stale icalo 1.

0.4
9 teal*

200

2. Ahem Alln* through through point point it 3. 22d K.ad 16 kmph V 16 lemph an on Y stall*

0.5 0.3

0.6
0.8 0.11

100

1 1

80

60 50 S 0
40 40 30
3 2

20 f

3 3

10 I =_ :I.

4 7 :

+=$

8 $ 10 10

t'u 13
4. 3

20

30 40

E ..

50
60

J 1 1
0.8 0.11

Y X NUMBER 111MIEM1122:U1
mph mph mph mph kmph kampli kmph limph kmph litespit knotl knots knoll knots notolrlbist motori/ioc milt. smiles milos miles kllomottri lellantoters motors motors kilogram* kilograms gallon! (U.S.) gallon:N.5.1 o c /11,1 rot at

80 SO 00 100

6 6
3

0.6
0.5 0.4
'0.3 '0.3

8 a
5 1 1 7 4 10 10 12 12 9 6 5 s 12 11 13 13 2

0.2

kmph 1mph knoli knots moton/ioc meters/see lt/..c ft/set knotl knots motori/ioc motors/see ft/IOC Itiser motori/ioc mottos:/sat litisoc It/.oc lt/.< ft/sec kllomotori kilometre nautical mills miles nautical nautical miles milos nautical loot Foal pounds (avdp) pounchAavdp) litors liters hoctaroi erectors:

coo ROO
300

400
500 300

600

too 200
000 1000

0.1

21
AGO 3250A 3250A

B-l

FM 3-3 3-3 FM

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY

CanopyThe system ofof branches and leaves CanopyThe system branches and leaves formed by woody formed woody plants plants at atsome some distanceabove above ground. the ground. Cereal cropPlants grain is isderived derived Cereal cropPlantsfrom fromwhich which grain for human human consumption consumption (e.g., (e.g.,wheat, wheat, barley, barley, for rye). oats, rye). ConiferCone-bearing tree or shrub. shrub. Conifers Conifers ConiferCone-bearing tree or evergreens such spruce. are mostly evergreens such aspine pine or or spruce. Contact herbicideA herbicide that kills or or damContact herbicideA herbicide that kills damplant tissue at at the thepoint point of ofapplication. application. ItIt ages plant exhibits little or nomovement plant. exhibits movementwithin withinthe the plant. DecompositionThe breaking down of of a subDecompositionThe breaking down a substance into other other substances. substances. stance DefoliantAn agent DefoliantAn agentwhich, which, when when applied appliedto to causesthem plants, kills or damages damagesthem them or or causes them to to their leaves. shed their DesiccantA substance thathas hasaffinity an affinity for for DesiccantA substance that an water. When When used used as asdefoliants, defoliants, desiccants desiccants reremove water dry move water from from plant planttissue tissue causing causing it it to dry and shrivel. and EvergreenA plant loses leaves EvergreenA plant which which bears bearsand and loses leaves continuously throughout year. continuously throughoutthe the year. which Flash pointThe pointThelowest lowesttemperature temperatureat at whichaa substance off enough combustiblevapors vapors substance givesoff enough combustible to produce momentary momentaryignition ignition when whena aflame flame is is applied under controlled controlled conditions. FoliageThe mass ofof leaves of plants. FoliageThe mass leaves of plants. Herbaceous plantA soft, green plant that conHerbaceous plantA soft, green plant that contains little little woody woody tissue. tissue. tains Inversion atmospheric Inversion conditionThe conditionThe atmosphericcondition condition in which the air temperature increases air temperature increaseswith withinincreasing height above the ground. There are are creasing height above ground. There natural convection convection currents; no natural currents; therefore, therefore,the the atmosphere is normally isconsidered atmosphere isstable stableand and normally is considered be the the most most favorable favorable for agentdisseminadisseminato be for agent tion.

Lapse conditionThe conditionThe atmospheric in in Lapse atmosphericcondition condition which the the air air temperature temperature decreases which decreases with with inincreasing height height above above the ground. Strong concreasing ground. Strong convection currents currents are are formed. vection formed. This This condition conditionis is unstable and isis considered to to bebe the unstable andnormally normally considered the unfavorable for agent dissemination. dissemination. most unfavorable for agent LeachingThe process soluble compoLeachingThe process whereby whereby soluble components in the soil are dissolved out or filtered/ nents the dissolved out or filtered/ e.g., rainraindiffused downward water action, diffused downwardby by water action, e.g., fall. fall. Mass median median diameterThe diameter of of the Mass diameterThe diameter the median particle population ofdroplets. median particle sizeof ofaa population of droplets. MicroogranismAn organism of microscopic or or MicroogranismAn organism of microscopic ultramicroscopic size. ultramicroscopic MiscibleCapable of being mixed. MiscibleCapable of being mixed. MonocotyledonousPertaining to of plants MonocotyledonousPertaining toaclass a class of plants whose seeds cotyledon (leaf whose seeds have have a a single single cotyledon (leaf formed directly formed directly from fromthe theseed). seed).These Theseplants plants are further further characterized characterized by are byleaves leaveshaving having ofof the stems parallel veins; the thevascular vascularbundles bundles the stems scattered and closed. are scattered closed. Neutral conditionThe in in Neutral conditionTheatmospheric atmosphericcondition condition approximately which the ground ground temperature temperatureis is approximately that of of the the lower air. This the same same as as that lower layers layersof of air. This condition is but not opcondition isconsidered consideredsatisfactory satisfactory but not optimum for agent dissemination. dissemination. timum for agent NonvolatileNot readily normal NonvolatileNot readily vaporized vaporizedat at normal temperatures. temperatures. Perennial plantA for several seaPerennial plantA plant plantliving living for several seasons and and normally normally flowering fruiting sons floweringand and fruiting at at. least in the second and andsubsequent subsequentseasons. seasons. Systemic herbicideA herbicide upSystemic herbicideA herbicide that,after after upthrough roots the take through roots or orfoliage, foliage,moves moveswithin within the parts of the the plant from from plant remote remote plant affecting affecting parts the point of application. application. Translocated herbicideSee systemic herbicide. Translocated herbicideSee systemic herbicide.

j
AGO 8260A 3260A AGO

22

Glossary-1 Glossary-1

FM 3-3 FM

Order of Secretary of of the the Army: Army: By Order of the the Secretary W. C. C. WESTMORELAND, WESTMORELAND, General, United Army, General, United States States Array, Chief Chief of Staff.

Official:: Official VERNE L. L. BOWERS, BOWERS, VERNE Major Army, Major General, General, United United States Army, The Adjutant The Adjutant General. General.
I

Staff.

of

Distribution: Distribution : distributed in accordance DA Form Form 12-11 requirements for Chemical and Biologic To be distributed accordance with with DA 12-11 requirements for Chemical and Biological Weapons Weapons Employment.
'I
it *

U. PRINTING OFFICE : U. R. S. GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT PRINTINC OFFICE 197S : 60-90S/3250 1873 4,1 0.06/33S0

AGO 3250A AGO 3260A

23