Running Head: LIFE ANALYSIS

The Price and Product of Development

Skyler Clark

Salt Lake City Community College

Life Analysis Human Growth and Development PSY 1100 027 Tues, Thurs 4:00 pm 4/16/2013

LIFE ANALYSIS Life Analysis: The Price and Product of Development

Introduction From humble beginnings I began; a simple zygote, nothing more (Berger, 44). My life on earth could very well be said to have begun at this point, for previous to it, my physical existence was nothing more than puzzle pieces held in different locations. The complex puzzle that is my genetic makeup had been stored by each of my parents, available and waiting to be pieced together, to create me---a veritable masterpiece. I do not say this to sound arrogant or puffed up, but rather in simple awe at my own bodys functioning and processes. It amazes me that an organism, beginning as cells containing genetic code, will later form a muscle that never ceases---ever pumping blood, giving life to the rest of my body. The heart alone is a miraculous, and I value my own greatly, as I value the rest of my body. Being aware that many individuals on this planet do not have a fully functioning or healthy body, I am all the more grateful that I have had the good fortune enough to posses one, and been able to keep it in relatively good shape the past twenty plus years of my short existence. Now, it sounds more like I am describing a car, than my own body when so worded, but I feel that there are indeed some similarities. Every automobile needs fuel to run, parts to move, and lubrication to make the actions run smoothly, as well as an operator. I, the operator, am the one telling this story, and my vehicle has been with me through it all. Pregnancy It seems that conception is the first gamble of life. Against incredible odds, a seemingly random sperm carrying certain chromosomes hits the jackpot; an ovum (Berger, 43). After a successful gamble, my mother became pregnant with me, her jackpot. After having many children before me, six to be exact, she considered her pregnancy to be normal, involving all the usual aches, pains, and exhaustion that comes with the first three months gestation, and then throughout the pregnancy in varying stages. It is common during pregnancy for womens hands and feet to swell, this is often accompanied by a shortness of breath caused by the babies feet pushing against the ribs and causing pressure. She couldnt let herself rest however. She was in her second year of nursing schoolthere was no time for rest. As her body adjusted to the growing baby within her clothes did not. Living on a meager budget attained from the 24 hours Mom worked as an LPN each weekend at nearby nursing home--the Sunshine Terrace--and student loans, maternity clothes became a luxury. Being a little depressed because none of her normal clothes fit; Mother had to wear the same clothes consistently. Without the money to buy more, she had no other choice. The depressing moods that would come were alleviated by the work she had to do. I was a bigger baby at birth, weighing over 8 lbs, and measuring in at 22 inches, and luckily all went well with the birth. Mothers work load increased in many ways with my birth. Not only did she have a newborn to care for, she then had to cook, clean and prepare meals for 14 people, to be 15 after I matured. A short story gives a view of what life was like for my family at the time of my birth. My mother recalls that all the tables and chairs in the house seemed to be broken, and much of the house in disarray. With 12 children living at home this wasnt much of a surprise, but unfortunate nonetheless.

LIFE ANALYSIS My brother, Shawn, was on a mission in Japan, and shortly before I was born, Dad decided that they were going to get rid of all of the tables and chairs, and they would eat sitting on cushions in honor of Shawn, serving the Japanese people. He fashioned a table out of a 4x8 sheet of plywood with a Formica top. He rounded the edges, attached a wooden trim and found cushions for each child. This is how I remember our table growing up. The tabletop sat on cinder blocks in the dining room, the cushions strewn about the house. I always knew where my cushion was, however. I would unscrew the seat of the computer chair and bring it to the table each night. My parents were living in Logan, Utah during my mothers pregnancy with me. Dad was in school working on his PhD in Food Science & Nutrition, and Mom was working to receive her associates in nursing. At the time of my birth there were twelve other children living in the home. With a house chock full of children, one more apparently didnt seem to be too large an addition. Both parents had been previously married and were doing quite well with the many responsibilities they shared. The pregnancy itself may not have been overly complicated at the time, but life at that time was (Berger, 10). First two years

I dont remember much of these years of my life. There is one experience I can recall, but I cant be sure when it occurred. I remember looking down at a weird shape on my bib. I just couldnt figure out what it was, and it puzzled me. Years later I recalled this experience with a jolt as I was digging through our pantry, and discovered that same old bib, a picture of an airplane gracing its front. I recognized the image and immediately the short recollection from years past surfaced in my memory. This is likely my earliest recollection of life. My mother, however, can tell me much more on the subject. Living in a large family, I developed quickly on the social level. Both of my parents were often very busy, but I was well accustomed to being around my older siblings who would play with me or watch me when my parents were otherwise occupied. Mom joined the army as a nurse at this stage in my life, leaving once a month for her drill weekend. Although Mother describes me as a securely attached child, I was at least comfortable to play with my siblings, and was not wary when Mom would leave me (Berger, 143). When strangers would come around I wouldnt cry or get hysterical, but I would shy away, maybe hide behind Moms legs. I wouldnt stray from her with strangers around if I could help it. Although my siblings would care for me, they would often torment me also. My sister, Julie, recalls one experience when she and a brother saw a stick on the ground and told me it was a worm. Now, this normally wouldnt be a traumatizing experience, except that for reasons inexplicable to my family, I was terrified of worms. I would go into hysterics, screaming and shouting, and fleeing the evil wiggling things. Years later I could explain to my mother what the problem was. In the dark, when all the lights are off, it appears that there are little black shapes wiggling around; this in my young mind being worms. I believe that the fear I had of something bad happening to me while I was

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asleep was the root of this fear. Even in daylight, worms would scare me because I had associated them with this possibility of something bad happening. The real fear was that of the unknown, not worms really, but thats how that fear was manifested. I developed in many different ways, sometimes advanced compared to other children of my same age, and sometimes far behind the normal expectancy for development (Berger, 159-95). I was potty trained at 3, but didnt stop wetting the bed until I was 7 years old! I would also seek out creative games. For example, when we would play hide-and-seek I wouldnt pick the usual places, like behind the couch or TV. I quickly progressed to cabinets and cupboards. I once emptied all the towels in a lower drawer and hid myself inside, which brought me so much delight at the effectiveness of the spot that I began to entertain myself by hiding thus almost daily, much to my mothers dismay. Mother tells me I was often getting into trouble. I once fell asleep behind the sofa, resulting in a neighborhood search and police notification before I was found a few hours later, resting peacefully. Early Childhood I began my education during this part of my life. I had previously been involved in some Saturday schooling at a local church, and upon my arrival in kindergarten was able to write my name, count to twenty and recite the alphabet among other minor accomplishments. I learned to ride a bike and soon used this method to get to and from school, and everywhere else. I was also trusted with greater responsibilities at this point in my life. Where before when we would do chores as a family I was a helper; bringing rags, using the miniature carpet sweeper, or bringing diapers for my younger brother, I was now allowed to work on my own, emptying the trash, loading the dishwasher, or sweeping the floor among other tasks, however the work was usually easy; with so many children at home we would have the house cleaned in 30 minutes. Mother reinforced our efforts by giving us each a choice from a basket of candy bars if the chores passed her inspection. My parents were authoritative parents, setting rules, but always understanding and listening to each child as to why they didnt obey or do as directed (Berger, 210). For example, we were supposed to be extremely care pouring milk each night. There was even a promise of a reward that if we didnt spill any milk we would get ice cream on Monday for family night. My parents often used positive reinforcement to condition their children (Berger, 21). Throughout my entire childhood, until I was maybe 8 years old, we didnt go a single night without spilling milk. I can at least say that my parents were forgiving. During this stage of my life I began to abandon certain activities and begin new ones. I had always carried my teddy bear, Tyler, with me wherever I went, often with my favorite blue blanket turned cape. I used to watch a documentary called Tyler, a Real Hero, about a football player who was paralyzed in a car crash, but was very determined and regained the use of his legs. This was my favorite movie; in younger years I watched it sometimes as much as 6 times in a day, and thus the name of my teddy bear. I would even take Tyler with us to our garden plots we had just outside the city to help Dad bring in corn, lettuce, strawberries or other crops. We would also enter our crops in the fair each year and many of us won ribbons and prize money to spend at the fair. At around the age of five, I began to take Tyler

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5 and my cape with me less, and began to carry rubber bands, sticks or other various objects I could get into trouble with. I stopped watching as many movies at home, and playing with my siblings, who were often busy, and instead walked or rode my tricycle to friends houses that lived near-by. I would never go more than a block or two, but it is a sign of the time that I would often go alone. Although, that may be because I would often neglect to inform my parents I was leaving. My parents soon learned to call each of my friends scattered around our neighborhood to find where I had gone. Middle Childhood

As I matured, so did my interests. I liked jumping on the trampoline, climbing trees, and acting out my favorite characters in TV shows or movies, often Power Rangers or Indiana Jones. Through my adventures and explorations, my zone of proximal development expanded (Berger, 174). I learned much about life just by living it. I learned to read sometimes spending entire days reading book after book. I acquired skills in mathematics and began to excel there as well, although in later years I slowed down a lot in that aspect. I was involved in my churchs children program, called Primary; and there learned behavioral skills, ethics and morals, as well as social and creative development and even singing! Quarrels were commonplace with my next older sister, Rebekah. Our sometimes acrimonious debate about Power Rangers being cool, or whether or not I could eat another hotdog often left me in a bad mood and prone to argue with my younger brother Jonathan as well, teasing him as brothers often do (Berger, 354). Although I am a member of a blended family, both of my own parents are still married, and happily together. This means that the majority of my siblings are half brothers and sisters; each with a parent not my own. Around the age of seven we became a nuclear familyat least within the homeas my last half brother, Mac left for his LDS mission at this time (Berger, 284-85). With only four children left at home I can imagine a lot of stress had been relieved for my parents. Not only were many of the children out of the house, but we had moved, (when I was 4) and were close enough to the school of each child so that they could get to school on their own. We were a relatively harmonious family, and the lessened financial burdens as well as parenting responsibilities made life simpler for my parents as well as the children. Mom was long finished with nursing school, and Dad with his doctorate in Food-Science, and Nutrition. Both were working jobs providing financial stability, and were able to live a little more comfortably. We began to build a house in 1998, finishing a year and a half after the initial digging. We then moved again, but this time not as far. I spent four years of my life in our house in Logan and four years in the house in Brigham city, and was now about to move a few blocks away into the house where I would spend the rest of my youth until I left the home. I can remember this being an important part of my life, as we were moving in next to a girl from school that would play with me a lot. Our play consisted of chasing each other around, and me reenacting the monkey Raffiki from the Lion King movie when he slams the back of his fist into the face of a hyena. This differed greatly from the games a played with my male counterparts, where we would pretend to be Jedi Knights or bank robbers or games of that

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sort. Play became different with girls. This is the point where I more consciously differentiated between boys and girls and who I wanted to be my friends. Girls were not cool at this point but still fun to play with, which may be the reason for the chasing (Berger, 207; 221). I was fortunately never bullied growing up, and got in few fights, also not being much of bully myself except to my younger brother at times (Berger, 294). I began be a little more involved with the friends I made at school sometime during this period. While occasionally going to a friends house that was outside of the circle of regular friends I was always with within the vicinity of my house, I mostly stuck to my close friends nearby. We would often get into trouble together. I remember one experience when the city began to dig out our favorite park to make a large basin for emergency flooding. My friends and I were furious that they were digging up our park and vowed to stop them. We formed a pact to do all we could to cease the digging being done. We would sneak into the construction site and hide at the top of the heaping mounds of dirt, pretending we were spies on a mission, and throwing dirt clods at the workers and machinery below. We even sabotaged a few of the tractors one day after the workers had left; smearing a tube of left behind grease on the windows and seats--something none of us would have done alone. We all had a subconscious understanding of social cognition; if we were caught, we were in big trouble, but a risky-shift occurred when we were together causing us to alter our normal actions to impress one another (Alder & Elmhorst, 266; Berger, 357). Adolescence Things began to change dramatically during adolescence. Not only was my body doing things I wasnt used to, but I began to want to have girls around. Rather than thinking girls were un-cool, I became somewhat frightened of them. I wasnt scared they would do anything to me; I would simply become nervous around them. I wanted to have them around, yet being around young women was uncomfortable. I became scared of saying or doing the wrong thing. I just wanted girls to like me, which would also help me gain recognition and status in the eyes of my peers. With hormones newly raging in my body, this was a new period of discovery. The memory of my admitted pride at finding my first armpit hair whilst visiting my Mother in Germany who was stationed there at the time is somewhat humorous when I reflect upon it. I was unsure of exactly what would happen to me at what time, but I knew what puberty was, and I was very excited to become a teenager. It seemed to me that teenagers were the coolest people in the world. They got to play sports, drive cars, go on dates, and go to high school. They were bigger, cooler and better and I wanted to be like that. The changes in the young women around be were apparent, with breasts developing and a majority of girls trying to look attractive my friends and I began to date the girls. The drama in the relationships of teenagers can be quite humorous. When I was twelve years old I had my first girlfriend, Brooke Draper. We would write notes in school, talk after school, and I would occasionally go over to her house, but that was it. (Berger, 310)

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As the years went on into middle school I started dating girls more seriously. I kissed a girl for the first time when I was 14. She was a year older than me, and I thought I was about the coolest guy in the world, because it was her first kiss too. My body image was actually helped by this relationship also (Berger, 317). I was initially very self-conscious of my body because of a large growth spurt (Berger, 319). I had always been tall, but after the growth spurt I became even taller, and leaner. With lanky arms, long legs and large feet, I felt awkward and was embarrassed about my body. I would consistently wear jackets to hide my thin arms, which was also more comfortable as I was almost always cold, likely because of low body fat, and continued energy expended in growth and development of my already awkward body. This was surely a sign of adolescent egocentrism, as I was always thinking that someone was looking at me and thinking how funny I looked. While dating this young woman, Anndee, I began to gain more self confidence. I thought, If this girl likes me, maybe Im not so bad after all (Berger, 330). Sports had been a part of life for a long while, but when I was 15 they became even more important, as I could finally participate in high school sports. The adolescent invincibility fable is one theory that I proved in my life. Even before puberty I had often engaged in risky endeavors. My mother reports that she lost count of the bones I had broken, as I would often after some event end up with some injury. From a leg broken whilst skiing when I was 9, to fingers, thumbs, and arms at regular intervals throughout adolescence, I was constantly proving my belief of invincibility wrong. I didnt seem to learn my lesson, as I consistently injured myself with football, skateboarding, snowboarding, or some other activity at least once a year until I was 18. Initially, spurred by bad influences from less desirable friends, I didnt really excel at my education (Berger, 370). After middle school, which included the freshman year of high school in my city, I began to concentrate more on academics and was met with success. I finished each year of high school with progressively better grades, taking many college courses to enable a quicker education in the future. My grade point average progressed each year, from a 2.7, to a 3.4, then a 3.8 in my junior year and 4.0 in my final year of high school. My participation in sports became limited because of poor attendance however. I was often of the attitude that if I could not go to school and still get all my work done and get good grades, I shouldnt have to go. In my junior year I cleared up the restrictions I had on my athletic participation and began to compete on the track team, becoming a valued team member and competing at the state level both years of participation. I was lucky to have been able to be involved in other sports as well, going snowboarding each Saturday in Park City with my close group of friends. Skateboarding was also an activity on which I spent a lot of my time outside of my work and schooling and dating. I began working off and on at 15, starting at Taco Time, then briefly at a call center and then at Quiznos Subs for the rest of my time in high school. The money I earned helped support my dating habits, recreation, and save for my future intended service on an LDS mission. Throughout high school I dated many young women, but mostly kept one steady girlfriend from the beginning of my sophomore year of

LIFE ANALYSIS high school, Brooke Hirschi. We made a deal that we would also date other people during high school, and I made many friends and memories through those experiences and throughout this period of my life (Berger, 350). Emerging Adulthood During my senior year of high school, as I was dating other girls, as before mentioned, I met a young lady named Megan Marble. We didnt date very much during high school, but after high school was over, and Brooke and I ended our relationship upon her departure for college, we started dating more seriously. In October of 2010 we began to see each other regularly and soon began a more serious relationship with one another. However, this relationship was to become long distance. After filling out the required paperwork, I received my call to serve an LDS mission in German-speaking areas of Switzerland, Germany, and Austria for two years at my own expense. I received this call in November, and left to prepare for my mission at a training school in December of 2010. My mission was the most influential learning period of my life apart from my development in early childhood, when I was learning basic motor skills and cognitive processes. I learned how to interact with people on a much deeper level. I had opportunity to enjoy good relationships and work with great people, and opportunities to learn how to tolerate others despite differences, and was encouraged to love them for these differences. I enjoyed my time and my experiences very much, most rewarding of which was to see the impact I had on others to guide them to a way of happy existence. I am grateful for the friends I made through this experience and especially the fellow missionaries I was able to work with. I learned much from each of them, and each has become a life-long friend, on whom I can count on and trust. The people with whom we discussed principles of belief also became friends, regardless of whether they chose to join the church and religion I was representing. The people with whom I had contact during that time will continue to influence my life throughout its course, even if only in memory. From this experience I feel I learned how to be truly happy, and to help others to do likewise. (Berger, 348) Shortly before my return from my mission, I received notice from my mother that they had moved from Brigham City to South Jordan Utah, and that my mother had applied for me to attend school at the local community college. I arrived in the United States on the fourth of January, and started my classes on the fourteenth; a little more than a week later. I registered for a total of 18 credits, and began my studies, not quite knowing what I should declare as my major. In the end, I kept the major my mother had previously listed, Biology, and tried to discover what I wanted. I had always planned on attending medical school, and am aware that a certain degree does not qualify you more than another, rather the particular classes taken, the workload, and the extra-curricular activities. I started to think that majoring in Communications would be interesting for a medical school acceptance board, and also to learn, but soon changed interests and decided that a major in Genetics would be more suitable and promising. To date, only four months after starting classes at the college, I have not yet officially changed my major, but intend to do so. Upon my return from my mission, Megan and I almost immediately began our relationship where it had left off, and have been dating since that time. We are very excited to be engaged to be married on the fourth of May, 2013. Life has been very busy the past four months as well as rewarding.

LIFE ANALYSIS In the week preceding our wedding I will have to take finals for my classes as well as submit all my final projects to each class. I am thankful that I will soon be done, and hoping to receive the grades I will need to receive acceptance to medical school. I have worked very hard throughout the semester to achieve this goal and am confident that I will indeed accomplish that which I have set out to do. Immediately following the semester, Megan and I will leave to enjoy a short honeymoon before departing for Maryland, where I have summer employment selling security systems. Within the next few years, Megan and I will enjoy our life together. We will attend school, work, and prepare for our future, as well as the family that will be ours. We are very excited for the joys as well as trials of parenthood, and the adventures that life presents that we will be able to share together. We are planning to attend school at Brigham Young University after transferring from Salt Lake Community College and continuing our lives and education there. This will be the biggest part of our lives for the next 3 years, after which we may have our first child, and will submit applications to medical school. (Berger, 385) Middle Adulthood

Life at this period can only be described as busy. I will be attending medical school, and Megan and I will likely have at least one child at home, and throughout the period more will be born. At the beginning of this period we will most probably need to move far away from family and friends to attend school. Because of low income, high tuition, and living expenses for a small family we will be on a tight budget, forced to be careful of how we live and what we purchase. The road will be long and tiresome, but most rewarding when we have finally accomplished our goal. During this period of life it is highly likely that my father will pass away, if not soon afterward. It will be very difficult for me as well as my wife, but we will hopefully be able to take comfort in the fact that he has seen our first child and the beginning of our lives together. Our religious values will make the grieving process much easier, and we will be at peace because of our beliefs. After this occurrence, it could be that we will be caring for my mother until her death (Berger, 474). There will likely be major political reforms in the future taking effect during this period, possibly causing changes in the expectations of medical school students as well as future job prospects, and earnings. We will also need to be prepared for these changes. It could very well be that nothing changes from the current system however, and we will also need to be prepared for that eventuality. Along with possible political changes, we will have another worry about finances, as it is likely that until the age of 30 neither of us will be able to sustain a full-time job with benefits, meaning that insurance will be one more worry among others, again barring political changes which would eliminate this worry, whether for better or worse. Like many adults this will be also be a period of reflection, self-examination, and evaluation of our lives up to that point. However, Megan and I are not likely to experience what is known as a mid-life crisis (Berger, 461). A mid-life crisis is not a typical event, but rather depends much more on personality, development, and character. Thankfully, neither Megan, nor I possess such traits as to make such a crisis an eventuality. It will also be interesting to see what sort of social convoy Megan and I develop (Berger, 464). We will likely live further away from most of our family members and old friends we met during

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years of undergraduate school, and possibly even during medical school, which means it is likely that the friends we will have will all be involved in our lives through either our church or work responsibilities. Our marriage will undoubtedly grow stronger throughout this period as we experience all of the hardships associated with childbirth and parenthood, as well as financial difficulties, social and political changes, and occurrences within our families. It is likely that our sex roles will become more similar, even to the point where unisex personalities are developed as we are together longer and raising children, also adding to the possibility of functioning and cooperative with one another better than before (Berger, 463). There are also health concerns to consider. Megan, who has been experience slight difficulties with her eyesight, will likely require glasses at some time during this period of our lives. Ideally, we will both be able to pay for laser surgery to fix our vision more long term, and be able to forego the ongoing care and expenses that glasses or contact lenses require. Megan has also had problems with her hip and knee since her teenage years, brought on my flat-footedness, which may also cause her to need surgeries to fix these problems during this period of life. This will cause a lull in my own work activities as I care for her during this period, as well as the children. Children will grow, attend school, get married, and begin their own lives, leaving us with an empty nest (Berger, 469) This will be a drastic change from the previously experienced life, creating some uncertainty for us both for a period of time. At the end of this period, I will also retire, true to the social clock, causing greater uncertainty for both my wife and I (Berger, 457). For a time we may not know what to do, but we will soon work things out, and find hobbies, or fulfill wishes and dreams from previous years. We may travel, learn new skills, or simply become devoted grandparents. Late Adulthood Ageism may be difficult for us to deal with (Berger, 497). After having been young, it is strange to have to admit the fact of being old. As history has shown the case to be true, it is likely that ageism will be even more severe by the time Megan and I reach late adulthood. Society will continue to change, and it is likely that the changes will not be to our liking, much as it was for both of our parents before us. When we are young-old we will still be very active together, enjoying intimacy, travel, deeper religious conviction, and hobbies together, with old as well as new friends (Berger, 499; 541-42). We will see our children and their families often, and remain mentors for them, as well as grandparents to their children. As we age further, and experience loss of body and mind, we will care for one another, and make up for the weaknesses the other has developed. As a team we will move through this stage also; not necessarily with ease, but indeed with success. Megan and I are healthy individuals, eating a good diet, and exercising regularly, which may delay the illnesses common to others in the same age group, also enabling us both to live long lives, unless some event results in unanticipated death (Berger, 330). Our brains will slow and so will we, but with the time we have each day we will be suited to take the time we need for each task before us. True to activity theory we will remain engaged in our families, our friends and religious associates even at a late period of life (Berger, 534). This will create greater satisfaction for both Megan and me. When we are in the very final stages of life, the oldest old, having hopefully surpassed the average life expectancy and come close to our maximum life span, we will deteriorate and then pass away (Berger, 499; 508). We will live happily until this point, and die happily, knowing that we may not

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have done or seen everything there is to see, but that we were happy with what we did see, and in our experiences together. Death Undoubtedly Megan and I will die at separate times. I will likely die first, as is common, leaving her to a few years of life on her own. She will, like many older women do after their period of grief, will expand her social connections, become increasingly involved in family affairs and friends, likely also widows, who will comfort her, and she them as they all live out the rest of their lives together. She may also move in with one of our children, possibly contributing to a beanpole family situation, in which many members of the family live near to one another (Berger, 547). As Megan also begins to struggle increasingly with the activities of daily life, she will require the care that her children can give her. It is also possible that she will be sent to live in a hospice home, or assisted-living center, but I do hope that our children will care for her themselves, which I believe they will. Although sad to be parted temporarily, death wont be depressing or disturbing for Megan or I, but rather, a release. A point where we can let go on past cares and move on into what we feel will be the next part of our existence. We will be passing from one phase to the next and taking all of the experience we learned in our previous life with us into the next. We will be remembered by family, and still-living friends, but even when they are gone, our memory will live on in our offspring. Megan and I will provide a will, as well as a Living Will to our children in case we have unexpected deaths, or questions regarding our wishes arise postmortem (Berger, 580).

LIFE ANALYSIS References Alder, R. B. & Elmhorst, J. M. (2010) Communicating at work. (pp. 266) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

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Berger, K. S. (2010) Invitation to the life span. (pp. 21, 43-44, 143, 159-195, 174, 207, 210, 221, 284-85, 294, 310, 317, 319, 330, 348, 350, 354, 357, 370, 457, 474, 461, 463,469, 497, 499, 534, 541-42, 547, 580) New York, NY: Worth Publishers