Anion analysis: Dilute Sulphuric acid Test: Take a small quantity of the mixture in a test tube and warm

it with a little dilute Sulphuric acid. Identify the gas evolved and draw conclusion from the following table: Preliminary observation CO32A colourless, odourless gas evolved with brisk effervescence-CO2 Confirmatory Test Lime water Test (Perform in a gas passing tube) Pass the evolved gas through, lime water. If lime water turns milky, carbonate is confirmed.

MgSO4 Test Take a small quantity of salt solution and add a few drops of MgSO4 solution, a white ppt. is formed confirming carbonate. 2S Pb(OAc)2 Test A colourless gas Pass the colourless gas through lead acetate solution, H2S turns lead with a smell of acetate black, confirming sulphide. rotten eggs - H2S Take a little salt solutiont and add a few drops of Pb(OAc)2 solution. A black precipitate confirms sulphide. Nitroprusside Test Take a small quantity of salt solution and add a little freshly prepared sodium nitroprusside solution. A Violet or purple colour confirms sulphide. 2SO3 Dichromate Paper Test Burning sulphur, Pass the evolved gas through dichromate solution, colour of solution pungent smelling changes to green confirming sulphite. colourless gas -SO2 BaCl2 Test Take a small quantity of salt solution and add a few drops of BaCl2 solution, a white ppt. is formed. Add a few drops of dil HCl solution, precipitate dissolves. To the clear solution add KMnO4 solution, pink colour of KMnO4 is decolourized, confirming sulphite. NO2 FeSO4 Test A reddish brown To a small quantity of salt solution, add a freshly prepared solution coloured as; turns of FeSO4. Add few drops of acetic acid, black brownish precipitate FeSO4 solution is obtained confirming nitrite. brown or black NO2

Conc. H2SO4 Test: Take a small quantity of the mixture in a dry test tube and add a few drops of conc. H2SO4 and draw conclusion form the following table: Preliminary observation ClHCl- colourless gas having a pungent smell and fuming in air; the gas produces dense white fumes with NH4OH. BrBr2-Reddish brown fumes. II2 -Violet vapour : turn starch paper deep blue due to formation of starch-iodine complex. NO3NO2 - Light brown fumes ; the fumes increasing on adding copper turning or a paper pellet CH3COOSmell of vinegar (CH3COOH vapour) Confirmatory Test

AgNO3 Test Take a little salt solution and add a little AgNO3 solution. A white ppt. soluble in NH4OH confirms chloride.

AgNO3 Test Take a little salt solution and add a little AgNO3 solution. A pale yellow ppt. partially soluble in NH4OH confirms bromide. AgNO3 Test Take a little salt solution and add a little AgNO3 solution. A yellow ppt. insoluble in NH4OH confirms iodide.

Ring Test Take at least 1mL of water extract, acidify with add 1mL fresh FeSO4 solution. Now add conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube. A brown ring at the junction of two liquids confirms nitrate.

Rubbing Test Rub a little mixture with oxalic acid. Smell of vinegar confirms acetate. FeCl3 Test Take a little salt solution and add FeCl3 solution. A reddish brown app. confirms acetate. BaCl2 test: To salt solution, add BaCl2 solution. A white precipitate confirms sulphate. Lead acetate test: To salt solotiont, add Pb(OAc)2 solution. A white white precipitate confirms sulphate. Ammonium molybdate test: To salt solution add few drops of conc. HNO3 and ammonium molybdate solution. A deep yellow colour or precipitate confirms PO43-.

Sulphate (SO42-):

Phosphate (PO43-):

Reactions: Dilute Sulphuric acid Test: CO32CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2 Lime water Test Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O Milkiness MgSO4 Test Na2CO3 + MgSO4 MgCO3 + Na2SO4 White ppt S2Dry Test: Na2S + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2S H2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbaS + 2 CH3COOH Black Wet Test: Nitroprusside Test Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] Purple colour SO32Dry Test: Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O Dichromate Test K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3(O) SO2 + H2O + (O) H2SO4 Wet Test Barium chloride test: Na2SO3 + BaCl2 BaSO3 + 2NaCl White ppt Na2SO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + SO2 NO2NaNO2 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 +HNO2 3HNO2 HNO3 + H2O + 2NO 3NaNO3 + 3H2SO4 3NaHSO4 + HNO3 + H2O + 2NO 2NO + O2 2NO2 Colourless Brown fumes Ferrous Sulphate test NaNO2 + CH3COOH CH3COONa + HNO2 3HNO2 HNO3 + H2O + 2NO

FeSO4 + NO FeSO4 . NO (Dark brown ppt) CONC. H2SO4 TEST C l- : Dry Test: 2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl HCl + NH3 NH4Cl white fumes Wet Test: AgNO3 + Cl- AgCl + NO3White ppt AgCl + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2Cl Soluble Br- : Dry Test: 2NaBr + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HBr 2HBr + H2SO4 2H2O +Br2 + SO2 Reddish brown Wet Test: AgNO3 + Br- AgBr + NO3Pale yellow ppt AgBr + 2NH3(aq) Partially soluble I- : Dry Test: 2NaI + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HI 2HI + H2SO4 2H2O +I2 + SO2 Violet I2 + Starch blue complex Wet Test: AgNO3 + I- AgI + NO3Yellow ppt AgI + 2NH3(aq) Insoluble NO3- : Dry Test: NO3- + H2SO4 X2SO4+HNO3 e.g. KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4+HNO3 4HNO3 + C 2NO2 + CO2 + H2O Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 Wet Test: Water extract + FeSO4 (sol) + Conc H2SO4 Deep brown ring appears

CH3COO-: Dry Test 2CH3COONa + H2SO4 2CH3COOH + 2Na2SO4 Wet Test Salt + oxalic acid + 1-2 drops of water Vinegar like smell FeCI3 Test Salt Solution + FeCl3 Reddish brown ppt Phosphate (PO43-): 2K3PO4 + 3(NH4)2MoO4 2(NH4)3PO4 + 3K2MoO4 K2MoO4 + 2HNO3 H2MoO4 + 2KNO3 H2MoO4 MoO3 + H2O 12MoO4-+ (NH4)3PO4 + 24H+ (NH4)3PMo12O40 + 12H2O OR (NH4)3PO4. 12 MoO3 yellow ppt.(phospho-molybdate ion) Sulphate (SO42-): Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl White ppt Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbaSO4 + 2 CH3COO Na White ppt