Field Work and Latin Square Design

Chapter 12 - Factorial Designs (covered by ason! " #nteractive e$$ects bet%een &ultiple independent variables Chapter 1' - Field (esearch " )uasi-*+peri&ental Designs " ,rogra& *valuation " Surveys Latin Square Design

)uasi-*+peri&ental Designs
*+peri&ental design in natural environ&ent Nonequivalent control-group design -%o natural groups. &easure pre and post treat&ent/placebo Interrupted time-series designs Within-group. &easure/treat over ti&e

,rogra& *valuation (esearch

*valuating progra&s like 0ead Start *thical issues (ando&i1ed control-group designs Waitlist control group2 treat&ent a$ter serving as control 3onequivalent control-group design Single group. ti&e-series designs ,retest-,osttest design2 %eak

Surveys
Types:Status survey.Survey research Instruments de$ine. pretest and re$ine Questionnarie (phone2intervie% schedule! De&ographic questions ($actual. veri$iable! Content ite&s (opinion. attitude. kno%ledge. behavior! Sampling 3onprobable2 unplanned ,robable2 rando&. strati$ied Con$idence interval2 i&proved %ith heterogeneous Cross sectional design Longitudinal/panel design

Within-Su !ects design: *ach sub6ect given each e+peri&ental condition5: Controls individual di$$erences5:

Sequence Effects 4*+periences %ith earlier conditions e$$ect responses to later conditions4
,ositive and negative practice e$$ects5 Carryover e$$ect5 Example *ach sub6ect plays/interprets 7 &ini-ga&es 489CD*45 #nterpretation o$ *:systematicallyconfounded by all having e+perienced 89CD5

Counterbalancing
Controls sequence e$$ect by &odi$ying order that sub6ects are presented %ith conditions5 "omplete "ounter alancing 8ll possible sequences are tested an equal nu&ber o$ ti&es5 #atin Square Controls sequence e$$ect %ith $e%er sub6ects

Latin Square Design

Sequence 1 Sequence:2 Sequence:' Sequence:; ,layer 1 ,layer:2 ,layer:' ,layer:; 8 9 C D 9 C D 8 C D 8 9 D 8 9 C

<ini-ga&es2 8.9.C.D

Latin Square Designs

Latin Square Designs Selected Latin Squares 3x3 4x4 A B C A B C DA B C DA B C DA B C D B C A B A D CB C D AB D A CB A D C C A B C D B AC D A BC A D BC D A B D C A BD A B CD C B AD C B A 5x5 6x6 ABCDE ABCDEF BAECD BFDCAE CDAEB CDEFBA DEBAC DAFECB ECDBA ECABFD FEBADC

A Latin Square

Definition
A Latin square is a square array of objects (letters A, B, C, ! suc" t"at eac" object a##ears once and only once in eac" ro$ and eac" colu%n& E'a%#le ( ) ' ) Latin Square& ABCD BCDA CDAB DABC

*n a Latin square +ou "a,e t"ree factors .reat%ents (t! (letters A, B, C, ! /o$s (t! Colu%ns (t!
."e nu%ber of treat%ents 0 t"e nu%ber of ro$s 0 t"e nu%ber of colu%s 0 t& ."e ro$(colu%n treat%ents are re#resented by cells in a t ' t array& ."e treat%ents are assigned to ro$(colu%n co%binations using a Latin(square arrange%ent

Example

A courier co%#any is interested in deciding bet$een fi,e brands (D,1,F,C and /! of car for its ne't #urc"ase of fleet cars&
."e brands are all co%#arable in #urc"ase #rice& ."e co%#any $ants to carry out a study t"at $ill enable t"e% to co%#are t"e brands $it" res#ect to o#erating costs& For t"is #ur#ose t"ey select fi,e dri,ers (/o$s!& *n addition t"e study $ill be carried out o,er a fi,e $ee2 #eriod (Colu%ns 0 $ee2s!&

 Eac" $ee2 a dri,er is assigned to a car using rando%i3ation and a Latin Square Design& ."e a,erage cost #er %ile is recorded at t"e end of eac" $ee2 and is tabulated belo$1 6&78 D )&7= 1 ;&)8 F 9&9= / 55&:) C 2 9&:: 1 ;&69 D 55&:< C <&6) F 9&8) / 4ee2 3 ;&9; F 5=&8) C ;&=5 / 55&55 D 55&8= 1 4 <&)8 C 6&7: / 5=&)7 D 5=&7) 1 5:&67 F 5 9&6; / <&79 F <&:; 1 56&=6 C 59&=) D

5 : Dri,ers 8 ) 6

The Model for a Latin Experiment

yij ( k ) = + k + i + j + ij ( k )
i 0 5,:, ,t j 0 5,:, ,t k 0 5,:, ,t yij(k) 0 t"e obser,ation in it" ro$ and t"e jt" colu%n recei,ing t"e kt" treat%ent 0 o,erall %ean

k 0 t"e effect of t"e it" treat%ent i 0 t"e effect of t"e it" ro$ j 0 t"e effect of t"e jt" colu%n ij(k) 0 rando% error

>o interaction bet$een ro$s, colu%ns and treat%ents

 A Latin Square e'#eri%ent is assu%ed to be a three( factor e'#eri%ent& ."e factors are rows, columns and treatments& *t is assu%ed t"at t"ere is no interaction bet$een ro$s, colu%ns and treat%ents& ."e degrees of freedo% for t"e interactions is used to esti%ate error&

The Anova Ta le for a Latin Square Experiment Source .reat /o$s Cols Error .otal S&S& SS.r SS/o$ SSCol SSE SS. d&f& t(5 t(5 t(5 (t(5!(t(:! t: ( 5 ?&S& ?S.r ?S/o$ ?SCol ?SE F ?S.r @?SE ?S/o$ @?SE ?SCol @?SE
#(,alue

The Anova Ta le for Example

Source
4ee2 Dri,er Car Error

S&S&
65&5;77; 9<&))998 ;=&<=)=: <&69856 :=5&=<:9;

d&f&
) ) ) 5: :)

?&S&
5:&;<);: 5;&89599 5;&;:9=5 =&;<9<8

F
59&=9 :5&;< ::&:)

#(,alue
=&===5 =&==== =&====

.otal

Asing S1SS for a Latin Square e'#eri%ent

!o"s #ols

Trts

Select Anal$%e&'(eneral Linear Model&')nivariate

Select t"e de#endent ,ariable and t"e t"ree factors B /o$s, Cols, .reats

Select Model

*dentify a %odel t"at "as only %ain effects for /o$s, Cols, .reats

."e A*+,A table #roduced by S-SS

Tests of $et%een-Su !ects Effects Dependent =ariable2 C>S-ype ### Su& o$ Squares 1?157'@ a 212@5@7@ A?5;;C 7151C? C@5?@; ?57A' 2'2151;' 2@15@?' <ean Square 175?A1 212@5@7@ 1C5'A2 125C?7 1C5C2A 5C?C

Source Corrected <odel #ntercept D(#=*( W**D C8( *rror -otal Corrected -otal

d$ 12 1 ; ; ; 12 27 2;

F 2@5@2B 2AA@52C' 215CBA 1A5@77 2252;'

Sig5 5@@@ 5@@@ 5@@@ 5@@@ 5@@@

a5 ( Squared E 5?72 (8d6usted ( Squared E 5?@7!