Lecture4 Power Flow Analysis

ECE4334
Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

ECE4334
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
Dr. E
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Power Flow (Load Flow) Analysis
A steady-state analysis tool
Applied to three-phase balanced power systems
One-line diagram is used
Input data is the bus data, transmission line data and transformer
data
The transmission system is modeled by a set of buses (nodes)
interconnected by transmission lines (links).
Generators and loads connected to the various buses of the system
inject and remove power from the transmission system.
The purpose is to determine the current state of the network by
determining the complex bus voltages and subsequently computing
the real and reactive transmission line flows.
The power flow function is an integral part of most studies in
system planning and operation and the most common of power
system computer calculations.
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Power Flow Analysis
Each node can represent an individual bus; or a substation that
supplies power to a distribution network.
Aggregated nodes are used widely in power system analysis.
Power flow analysis can be used for transmission or distribution
networks. (Different layers of the system) We will concentrate on
the transmission network because it is the backbone of the overall
system.
There are systems as small as a few hundred buses and as large as
tens of thousands of buses. Effective and fast solution of the
network is always extremely important especially during real-time
operations.
Use of efficient data storage and programming techniques is
extremely important.
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Power Flow Analysis
Demand changes
CAISO
PJM
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Power Flow Analysis
During steady-state operation the consumption varies which
subsequently has an impact on the power system state (i.e. bus
voltages, bus angles, line flows etc). We want to know if there are
any limit violations in the system (Is the system secure?):
Are the voltage magnitudes within acceptable limits?
Are there any lines which are (thermally) overloaded?
Is the steady-state stability margin for a transmission line too small
(i.e. the power angle across the line is too big)?
Is a generator overloaded?
How does the network behave when there is a single (or multiple)
contingency outages (i.e. a line failure, a generator failure etc.)?
In system operation it is desirable to operate the system in such a
way that it is not overloaded in any way nor will it become so in the
event of a likely emergency.
ECE4334
Power Flow Analysis
In system operation and planning it is also extremely important to
consider the economy of operation.
We wish to consider among all the possible allocations of generation
assignments what is optimal in the sense of minimum production
costs (i.e. the fuel cost per hour to generate all the power needed to
supply the loads.)
The objectives (i.e. economy of operation and secure operation)
frequently give conflicting operating requirements and compromises
are often required.
In power system operation to achieve the two objectives we need to
know the relationships between the generation, the demand and the
voltages. These relationships are derived from Kirchhoff's Current
Law and known as power flow equations (power balance
equations).
Before we start with the formulation we will introduce bus
admittance matrix, Y
bus
.
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Thvenins & Nortons equivalent circuits
Equivalent circuits are widely used to reduce the models in
large interconnections.
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Bus admittance matrix
It provides the relationship governing the behavior of the node
voltages and currents.
Widely used in various power system analysis tools.
It finds widespread application in determining the network solution
and forms an integral part of most modern-day power system
analysis
Bus impedance matrix, Z
bus
is the inverse of Y
bus
and mainly used in
fault analysis.
In the bus admittance matrix representation, the injected currents at
nodes of the interconnected network are related to the voltages at the
nodes via an admittance representation.
Y
bus
of an interconnected power system is large and has a large
number of zero entities (sparse matrix). This is because each node
in the physical power system is connected to at most three or five
other buses. However the bus impedance matrix, Z
bus
is a full matrix.
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Per phase bus admittance matrix
In developing this representation the neutral is taken as
the reference node. The relationship between the injected
node currents and the node voltages is
where I
is the vector of injected node currents (from generators
and to loads) and V is the vector of node voltages.
Each component element of the interconnected network is
referred to as a branch (line and xfmr).
For the purpose of modeling we will represent a branch
by the branch admittance, y which is also referred to as
primitive admittance. Sometimes we will also use the
branch impedance, z (primitive impedance).
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Construct Y
bus
Convert the network impedances into admittances
Use Norton equivalent for the generators and the loads
Use Kirchhoffs Current Law to construct the bus Y
bus
Thanks to Dr. Thomas Baldwin, FAMU/FSU for slide content
is the voltage at node I
is the admittance of line ij.
is the current injected to the system at node k.

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Example Construct Y
bus
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Example Construct Y
bus
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Example Construct Y
bus
Rearrange the KCL equations
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Example Construct Y
bus
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Example Construct Y
bus
Pattern?
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Construct Y
bus
by inspection
In terms of primitive admittances, the steps in developing the
bus admittance matrix or Y
bus
by inspection is as follows
1. Convert all the network impedances into admittances.
2. Y
ii
= Y(i,i), the diagonal term is the self-admittance and it
is equal to the sumof the primitive admittances of all the
components connected to the ith node.
3. Y
ij
= Y(i,j), the ijth element (off-diagonal term) of the
matrix, is equal to the negative of the equivalent
primitive admittance of the components connected
between nodes i and j. ( i j)
4. The Y
bus
is symmetric.
VERY IMPORTANT: The bus impedance Matrix, Z
bus
can
NOT be written by inspection. Z
bus
= [Y
bus
]
-1
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Example Line
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Example Regulating XFMR
Single-line representation of an off-nominal turns ratio xfmr.
The xfmr turns ratio is normalized as a:1 and the non-unity
side is called the tap side.
In the representation the series primitive admittance
(reciprocal of series primitive impedance) of the xfmr is
connected to the unity side.
LTC a is real
PAR a is complex
I
p
a*
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Example Regulating XFMR
I
p
a*

/||
When a is real (LTC xfmr)

?
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Example LTC
I
p
a
/
/
1
x
2
x
1
y/a
1 /
1/
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Example LTC
I
p
a
/
/

/
1
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Example
The parameters for the branch data is provided. The series
impedance and total line charging susceptance for each branch are
in pu on an appropriately chosen base. A generator with emf equal
to 0.90 pu and a reactance of j1.25 pu is connected to bus 1 while
a motor with internal voltage equal to 0.8 70 pu and a
reactance of j1.25 pu is connected to bus 5. Write the nodal
equations.
From To R X B
1 2 0.004 0.0533 0
2 3 0.02 0.25 0.22
3 4 0.02 0.25 0.22
2 4 0.01 0.15 0.11
4 5 0.006 0.08 0
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Example
From To R X B
1 2 0.004 0.0533 0
2 3 0.02 0.25 0.22
3 4 0.02 0.25 0.22
2 4 0.01 0.15 0.11
4 5 0.006 0.08 0
0.80
0.72 90
0.80
0.64 160
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Example
jB
24
/2
jB
23
/2
jB
34
/2

0.72 90
0
0
0
0.64 160
1.4 19.457
1.4 18.657
0

0
0
1.4 18.657
2.16 29.104
0.318 3.975
0.442 6.637
0
0
0.318 3.975
0.636 7.73
0.318 3.975
0
0
0.442 6.637
0.318 3.975
1.692 22.877
0.932 12.43

0
0
0
0.932 12.43
0.932 13.23
1/0.04 0.0533
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Power flow
When analyzing power systems we know neither the
complex bus voltages nor the complex current
injections
Rather, we know the complex power being consumed
by the load, and the power being injected by the
generators plus their voltage magnitudes
Therefore we can not directly use the Y
bus
equations,
but rather must use the power balance equations.
We want to know the voltage profile of the network
that is the nodal (bus) voltages for a given load and
generation schedule.
Thanks to Dr. Tom Overbye, University of Illinois for the content
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Power flow bus types
There three main types of network buses
1. Load bus (PQ bus)
The power injection is known real power, P and
reactive power, Q injections are known
2. Generator bus (PV bus)
The real power (P) injection is known and the voltage
magnitude, |V| is known.
3. Slack bus (swing bus)
Reference bus; voltage angle is set to 0
Takes up the losses in the network.
We will assume that there is one slack bus.
In practice distributed slack and generator
participation factors are in use.
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P
Dk
Q
Dk
Power flow bus types
The power delivered (injected) to bus k is
If there is no generation at bus k, then
1) Load bus (PQ bus)

Input P
Dk
and Q
Dk
Output |V
k
| and
k
2) Generator bus (PV bus)
Input |V
k
| and P
Gk
(sometimes P
Dk
and Q
Dk
)
The maximum and minimum limits of reactive generation
If the Q
Gk
hits the limit, its value is held at the limit and the bus type is
switched to a PQ bus.
Output Q
Gk
and
k
Slack bus (Swing bus)
Input |V
k
| and
k
Output P
Gk
and Q
Gk
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Power flow equations
KCL says that the current injection I
i
in an n-bus system must be
equal to the current flows from bus i into the network:
Since I = Y
bus
V then;
We also know that the power injection is S

i
= V
i
I
i
*

(i
th
row and k
th
column of Y
bus
)
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||
| |
| |
OR Y
ik
is in polar form
| |
||
| |
||
| |
||
)
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||
||
We would like to solve for the voltage magnitudes and angles

HOW?
In some cases the power flow solution can be solved
analytically because only one of the multiple solutions is
reasonable from power system operation point of view.
However usually it is impossible to solve the power flow
analytically in large networks. We use iterative methods:
I. Gauss-Seidel II. Newton
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Gauss iteration
Assume that we are trying to find the solution of a function f(x).
We have to rewrite the equation in an implicit form: x = h(x).
Then, we first make an initial guess of x as x
(0)
and then iteratively
solve x
(k+1)
= h(x
(k)
) until we reach a value such that .
Example: Solve 1 0
1
1
For the first iteration, k=0 we guess that x
(0)
=1 and we start iterating:
k x
(k)
k x
(k)
0 1 5 2.61185
1 2 6 2.61612
2 2.41421 7 2.61744
3 2.55538 8 2.61785
4 2.59805 9 2.61798
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Gauss iteration

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
k x
(v)
k x
(v)
0 1 5 2.61185
1 2 6 2.61612
2 2.41421 7 2.61744
3 2.55538 8 2.61785
4 2.59805 9 2.61798
x
(0)
x
(1)
x
(2)
1
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Gauss iteration
Stopping criteria is a key problem When to stop the
iteration?
With Gauss iteration we stop when
If x is a scalar; stopping criteria is clear; however, if x is a

vector, that is the problem has multiple variables then we need
to use a norm.

Common norms are the two-norm (Euclid) and infinity norm;

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Power flow Gauss
We have to put the equations in the proper form for Gauss; x=f(x)
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Two-bus example
A 100 MW, 50 MVAr load is connected to a generator through a
line with z = 0.02 + j0.06 pu and line charging of 5 MVAr on each
end. Also, there is a 25 MVAr capacitor at bus 2. If the generator
voltage is 1 pu, find V
2
.
V
1
V
2
S
D2
Z
Line
S
G1
Y
cap
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Two-bus example solution
S
base
=100 MVA
Ratings for capacitors or line charging are given/calculated at |V|=1pu
and S
base
.
0.05 y jb at both ends

25-MVAr shunt capacitor
b 0.25 0.25
Unknown complex voltage at bus 2.
Slack bus is bus 1
10.
Slack bus will pick up the losses.
S
G1
will be calculated at the end once V
2
is determined.
V
1
V
2
S
D2
Z
Line
S
G1
Y
cap
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Determine Y
bus
S
2
= S
G2
S
D2
= 0 S
D2
= 1 j0.5
V
1
V
2
S
D2
=1+j0.5
y
12
S
G1
Y
cap
=j0.25

1
0.02 0.06
5 15

5 15 0.05 5 15
5 15 5 15 0.05 0.25

5 14.95 5 15
5 15 5 14.70
y/2=j0.05 y/2=j0.05
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V
1
V
2
S
D2
y
12
S
G1
Y
cap

5 14.95 5 15
5 15 5 14.70
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V
1
V
2
S
D2
y
12
S
G1
Y
cap

5 14.95 5 15
5 15 5 14.70
0.9622 0.0556 0.9638 3.3

Once the voltages are known; all other quantities can be
calculated such as generation at slack bus; line flows etc.
102.12
23.96
2

25 23.2
1.0212 0.2396
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Power flow
Study Example 6.9 in 5
th
edition.
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Gauss acceleration factor
The procedure for finding a solution to x = h(x)
can be accelerated by using
0
If >>1 or 0 < << 1; the iteration might
diverge.
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Gauss Multivariable
k = 0, 1, 2,
, ,
, ,
, ,
In carrying out the computation we process the equations

from top to bottom.
You can observe that once you obtain
, you can use

this updated value when you calculate
. This
modification is called Gauss-Seidel iteration
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Gauss-Seidel Multivariable
k = 0, 1, 2,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Easier to program.
Faster than Gauss.
Acceleration factor is used.
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Power flow Multi-bus with Gauss-Seidel
Load Bus Generator Bus
Given
|
Find |
and

Load Bus
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Power flow Multi-bus with Gauss-Seidel
Generation Bus
is specified. At each iteration replace |
| by

but
keep the new angle
In each iteration check if
. If
hits one of
the limits. It is assigned to the limit; the bus type is changed to PQ and
the
is not specified and kept constant anymore.

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Example
Find S
1
, Q
2
and
2
using Gauss iteration. Ignore the Q generation
limits at bus 2.
Bus 1 is slack. S
1
will be calculated in the end.
Bus 2 is PV bus: |V
2
| is known and P
G2
is known P
2
is known
Q
G2
is not known; once it is calculated then you can calculate

V
1
=10 V
2
=1
S
D2
= 1 + j0.5
Z
line
= j0.5
S
G1
S
G2
= 0.25 + jQ
G2
S
D1
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Example
V
1
=10 V
2
=1
S
D2
= 1 + j0.5
Z
line
= j0.5
S
G1
S
G2
= 0.25 + jQ
G2
S
D1
Bus 2: PV (Generator) Bus
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Example
V
1
=10 V
2
=1
S
D2
= 1 + j0.5
Z
line
= j0.5
S
G1
S
G2
= 0.25 + jQ
G2
S
D1
Bus 2: PV (Generator) Bus
0.75
2 and
10
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Example
V
1
=10 V
2
=1
S
D2
= 1 + j0.5
Z
line
= j0.5
S
G1
S
G2
= 0.25 + jQ
G2
S
D1
0.75 j0.1459
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Power flow
Study Example 6.10 in 5
th
edition.
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Newton-Raphson
Quadratic convergence
Mathematically superior to Gauss-Seidel method
More efficient for large networks
Number of iterations required for solution is independent of
system size
The Newton-Raphson (NR) equations are cast in natural
power system form
Solving for voltage magnitude and angle, given real and reactive
power injections.
General form of the problem is to find an x such that f() = 0
Use 1
st
order Taylor expansion around a point; x
0

1
2
. . . 0


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NR scalar

NR iterations
f( x
k
) is known as the mismatch and we are trying to
drive it to zero.
The stopping criteria is |f( x
k
)| <
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NR non-linear algebraic equations

. . .
. . .
. . .

h. o. t.
H.o.t. (higher order terms) are neglected.

NR iterations
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NR non-linear algebraic equations
In power flow analysis flat start is used as initial guess; however,
to improve the initial guess a few steps of Gauss-Seidel iteration
may be used.
A disadvantage of NR is the need to update the Jacobian (J) every
iteration. Sometimes we can update less often and still get good
results.
In practice we do not evaluate the inverse matrix. Taking inverses is
computationally expensive and not really needed. Instead we use;
solve for
(Gauss elimination or LU factorization can be used in the solution of A x = b.)


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Example
Given the DC system use the NR method to find the DC bus
voltages and find P
G1
.
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Example
Remember
In DC all the quantities are real numbers

Y
bus
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Example
Bus 1 is slack bus We will concentrate on P
2
and P
3
.
0.5
For NR formulation we need the equations in the form of
f(x)=0. The easiest way is to subtract the left sides from the
right sides and use the slack bus information as V
1
= 1.
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Example
x
1
= V
2
and x
2
= V
3
Now that we have our Jacobian, we start the iteration with flat
profile
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Example
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Example
0.991667
0.993333
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Example
0.991667
0.993333
The accuracy is acceptable. Two iterations are enough! Our
objective to find and x for which f(x)=0 is met.
Now, find P
1
:
P
1
=1.511800
2.011800.
Losses in the transmission system is
0.011800
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NR Application to Power Flow
=
V
x
V
V
V
N N
... , ...
2 2
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
x Q
x P
x f
x Q Q x Q
x P P x P
x Q Q
x P P
Q Q Q
P P P
i
i
i i i
i i i
i i
i i
Di Gi i
Di Gi i
) (
Power system
state vector
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( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
=
+ =
=
=
x Q Q
x Q Q
x P P
x P P
x Q
x Q
x P
x P
x f
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P
N N
N N
N
N
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
...
...
...
...
cos sin
sin cos
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
1

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( ) [ ] ( )
( ) [ ] ( )
( ) [ ] ( )
[ ]
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
= =
=
+
k
i i
k
i i
k
k
k
k
k k k
k k k k k
k k k k
x Q Q
x P P
x Q
x P
V
J
x f x x J
x f x J x x x
x f x J x x
1
1
1
1
The right side represent the mismatch between the
specified values of P and Q and the corresponding values
obtained with the trial value
. As the iteration proceeds,

we expect these mismatched terms go to zero.
We solve for
and find the new
. We
can update the mismatch vector and the Jacobian matrix and
continue iterating.
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( )
( )
k
k
k
k
k k
k k
x Q
x P
V
J J
J J

22 21
12 11
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
ij ij ij ij i
j
i
ij 22
ij ij ij ij j i
j
i
ij 21
ij ij ij ij i
j
i
ij 12
ij ij ij ij j i
j
i
ij 11
cos B sin G V
V
x Q
J
sin B cos G V V
x Q
J
sin B cos G V
V
x P
J
cos B sin G V V
x P
J

=
+ =
=
+ =
=
=
i j
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
1 k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
1 k
i i
cos B sin G V V x Q
sin B cos G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
Partition the Jacobian into block sub-matrices.

||

||
i
th
and j
th
bus
(ith row and jth column)
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( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
i ii
i
i
i
i
ii 22
2
i ii i
i
i
ii 21
i ii
i
i
i
i
ii 12
2
i ii i
i
i
ii 11
V B
V
x Q
V
x Q
J
V G x P
x Q
J
V G
V
x P
V
x P
J
V B x Q
x P
J
=
=
=
=
+ =
=
=
i = j
( )
( )
k
k
k
k
k k
k k
x Q
x P
V
J J
J J

22 21
12 11
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
1 k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
1 k
i i
cos B sin G V V x Q
sin B cos G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
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PV buses
As long as the reactive power generated at the bus is
within the reactive power limit specified at the bus, we do
not solve for the |V
i
| since |V
i
| is specified.
This reduces the dimensions of the problem.
We exclude the voltage magnitudes of the PV buses from
the state vector, corresponding entries in the Jacobian
matrix and the mismatch vector.
If during an iteration a PV bus violates the reactive power
limit at the bus, then the reactive power is held at the
limit, and the bus is treated as PQ bus. The voltage
magnitude has to be reintroduced to the state vector and
the corresponding entries have to be reintroduced to the J
and the mismatch vector.
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( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
ij shunt ij i j i ij j i ij j i ij
i ij j i ij j i ij j i ij
b B V B G V V x Q
V G B G V V x P
,
2
2
cos sin
sin cos
+ =
+ =

Once the voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus is
known, the slack bus power injections and the line flows
can be calculated. For line flows the following equations
can be used:
Line losses can be easily calculated as follows:
ECE4334
Example
Find
2
, |V
2
|,
3
, S
G1
and Q
G2
. All the transmission line impedances
are same and j0.1 and the shunt admittances are same and j0.01.
Ignore the generator reactive limits at bus 2.
Bus 1: Slack
10
Bus 2: PV bus
Bus 3: PQ bus
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Example

unknowns knowns
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Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
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Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
ECE4334
Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
ECE4334
Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
ECE4334
Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
We are ready to start iterating.

0.6661

2.8653

1.2244
Initial guess Flat start
For angles:
0
For voltage magnitude:
1
ECE4334
Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
Big mismatch!
ECE4334
Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
After 1 iteration:
Better mismatch!
ECE4334
Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
After 2 iterations:
Sufficient mismatch!
STOP
ECE4334
Example
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
k i ik k i ik k
N
k
i i
B G V V x Q
B G V V x P

=
+ =
=
=
cos sin
sin cos
1
1
Now; calculate S
G1
and Q
G2
1.6396
ECE4334
NR in power flow analysis
Advantages
fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to
solution
large region of convergence
Disadvantages
each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel
iteration
more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common in
power flow analysis
ECE4334
Power flow control
A major problem with power system operation is
the limited capacity of the transmission system
lines/transformers have limits (usually thermal)
no direct way of controlling flow down a
transmission line (e.g., there are no valves to close to
limit flow)
open transmission system access associated with
industry restructuring is stressing the system in new
ways
We need to indirectly control transmission line
flow by changing the generator outputs
ECE4334
Real-sized Power Flow Cases
Real power flow studies are usually done with
cases with many thousands of buses
Buses are usually group in to various balancing
authority areas, with each area doing its own
interchange control
Cases also model a variety of different automatic
control devices, such as generator reactive power
limits, load tap changing transformers, phase
shifting transformers, switched capacitors,
HVDC transmission lines, and (potentially)
FACTS devices
ECE4334
Indirect Transmission Line Control
What we would like to determine is how a change in
generation at bus k affects the power flow on a line
from bus i to bus j (Sensitivities).
The assumption is
that the change
in generation is
absorbed by the
slack bus
System
i
j
P
G-k
P
ij
ECE4334
Power flow simulation before
One way to determine the impact of a generator change
is to compare a before/after power flow.
For example below is a three bus case with an overload
Z for all lines = j0.1
One Two
200 MW
100 MVR
200.0 MW
71.0 MVR
Three 1.000 pu
0 MW
64 MVR
131.9 MW
68.1 MW
68.1 MW
124%
ECE4334
Power flow simulation after
Z for all lines = j0.1
Limit for all lines = 150 MVA
One Two
200 MW
100 MVR
105.0 MW
64.3 MVR
Three
1.000 pu
95 MW
64 MVR
101.6 MW
3.4 MW
98.4 MW
92%
100%
Increasing the generation at bus 3 by 95 MW (and hence
decreasing it at bus 1 by a corresponding amount), results
in a 31.3 drop in the MW flow on the line from bus 1 to 2.
ECE4334
More
There are different types of power flow under certain
assumptions based on NR:
Decoupled Power Flow
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
DC Power Plow
Sensitivities are calculated by using DC power flow
Contingency analysis
ECE4334
Homework 6.1 (due Thursday, 10/27)
Find one of the roots of the equation

9 4 0
by using Gauss iteration. You can assume the initial guess
for x
(0)
= 2. Observe the number of iterations.
Upload your file to the assignment area.
Name your file as ECE4334_HW6_1_lastname.m
ECE4334
Homework 6.2 (due Tuesday, 11/1)
A. Repeat Homework 6.1 by using an acceleration factor of
1.25.
B. Repeat 6.1 by using an acceleration factor of 2.
C. Repeat 6.1 by using an acceleration factor of 0.1.
Upload your file(s) to the assignment area.
ECE4334
Homework 6.3 (due Tuesday, 11/1)
Solve the class (Slide 46) example using Gauss-Seidel and an
acceleration factor.
Find S
1
, Q
2
and
2
. Ignore the Q generation limits at bus 2.
V
1
=10 V
2
=1
S
D2
= 1 + j0.5
Z
line
= j0.5
S
G1
S
G2
= 0.25 + jQ
G2
S
D1
ECE4334
Homework 7.1 (due Thursday11/3)
Use the Newton-Raphson method to solve
1 0
1 0
A.
1
B.
1
Exact solution is x
1
= x
2
= 1.618 and another solution is
x
1
= x
2
= -0.618.
Observe the number of iterations in both cases.
Upload your file to the assignment area.
ECE4334
Homework 7.2 (due Tuesday 11/8)
In the following network;
a) Find V
2
exactly (take the larger of two possible values) Hint: Use
power circle
b) Find V
2
by Gauss iteration and use flat start for initial condition. If
you use hand calculation; stop after one iteration. If you use
MATLAB; please provide your code (print-out).
c) Find S
1
.
V
1
=10
V
2
S
D2
= 0.3 + j1.0
Z
line
=j0.4
S
G1
jQ
G2
= j1.1
S
D1
ECE4334
In the following network S
D1
=1.0, S
D2
=1.0 j0.8 and S
D3
= 1.0+j0.6.
Z
line
= j0.4 for all lines and line charging susceptances are neglected.
P
G2
= 0.8 and |V
2
| = 1.0
Bus 1 is slack.
Use Gauss-Seidel to find V
2
and V
3
. Use flat start for iterations.
If you do hand calculations do one iteration only. If you use
MATLAB please provide your code (print-out).
1 2
3
ECE4334
For the system on Slide 69, assume that P
G2
= 0.3, |V
2
|=0.95 and
S
D3
=0.5+j0.2. Use flat start for the iterations. Carry out one NR
iteration and find
and |V
3
|
1
. Evaluate the mismatch vector
after single iteration.

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ECE4334

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

is the voltage at node I

is the admittance of line ij.

is the current injected to the system at node k.

When a is real (LTC xfmr)

If there is no generation at bus k, then

1) Load bus (PQ bus)

We also know that the power injection is S

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

We would like to solve for the voltage magnitudes and angles

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

If x is a scalar; stopping criteria is clear; however, if x is a

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

0.05 y jb at both ends

0.9622 0.0556 0.9638 3.3

In carrying out the computation we process the equations

, you can use

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

is specified. At each iteration replace |

In each iteration check if

is not specified and kept constant anymore.

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

(Gauss elimination or LU factorization can be used in the solution of A x = b.)

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

In DC all the quantities are real numbers

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

. As the iteration proceeds,

and find the new

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