R$ & M$ No$ -..

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I

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MINISTRY OF AVIATION
AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORTS AND MEMORANDA

Design of a Supersonic No !e
"# A$ McCABE, P%$D$

LONDON& HER MA'ESTY(S STATIONERY OFFICE

)*+,
PRICE

15s. 6d.

NET

Design of a Supersonic Nozzle

. I

"# A$ McCABE, P%$D$

T%e Mec%anics of F!ui0s Depar12en13 Uni4ersi1# of Manc%es1er
COMMUNICATED "Y PROF$

N$ H$

'OHANNESEN

Reports and Memoranda No. -../5 March,. )*+.

Summary.-T%is paper presen1s a 2e1%o0 of 0esign of a supersonic no !e 6%ic% incorpora1es recen1 0e4e!op2en1s in co2pressi7!e f!o6 1%eor#$ Con1inuous cur4a1ure of 1%e con1our is ensure0 7# 0efining a con1inuous gra0ien1 of Pran01!8Me#er ang!e a!ong 1%e no !e a9is$ T%e f!o6 in 1%e 1%roa1 6as ca!cu!a1e0 fro2 resu!1s gi4en 7# Ha!! :)*+;<$ A 2a1c%ing 1ec%ni=ue 6as use0 1o 0e1er2ine a 1rip!e1 of 4a!ues for 1%e 1%roa1 ra0ius of cur4a1ure3 1%e f!o6 0ef!ec1ion a1 1%e inf!ec1ion poin1 an0 1%e Pran01!8 Me#er ang!e a1 1%e poin1 on 1%e no !e a9is 6%ere 1%e !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic 1%roug% 1%e inf!ec1ion poin1 in1ersec1s 1%e no !e a9is$ T%e 2a>ori1# of 1%e ne6 6or? is 1o 7e foun0 in 1%e Appen0ices$ Appen0i9 " presen1s a 2e1%o0 of 0e1er 2ining 1%e co8or0ina1es a!ong a par1icu!ar c%arac1eris1ic 7# in4er1ing 1%e resu!1s gi4en 7# Ha!!) :)*+;<$ Appen0i9 C re4ie6s 1%e accurac# of 1%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics an03 Appen0i9 D sugges1s a 2e1%o0 7# 6%ic% i1 2a# 7e possi7!e 1o increase 1%e accurac# 6i1%ou1 resor1ing 1o ca!cu!a1ions 2a0e a1 4er# s2a!! s1ep si es$
CONTENTS
1.

In1ro0uc1ion )$) )$; @enera! In1ro0uc1ion T%e Aues1ion of Mini2u2 Leng1%

;$

T%e Me1%o0 of Design of 1%e In4isci0 Core ;$) ;$; ;$;$. ;$B ;$+ Region I Region II Region I!!a Region I!!7 Region IVa Region IV7

-$ .$

"oun0ar# La#er Correc1ion T%e Manufac1ure an0 Ca!i7ra1ion of 1%e Liner "!oc?s

Appen0i9 A$ E=ua1ions for 1%e F!o6 in 1%e Region of 1%e T roa1 5Rep!aces A$R$C$ ;B ,)+$

LIST

OF CONTENTS-continued

Appen0i9 "$ T%e Ca!cu!a1ion of a C%arac1eris1ic in 1%e T%roa1 Region Appen0i9 C$ E=ua1ions for 1%e Me1%o0 of C%arac1eris1ics Appen0i9 D$ A Me1%o0 1o Re0uce 1%e Error in 1%e Mean S!ope of a C%arac1eris1ic D$) Es1i2a1ion of Mean S!ope a1 a @enera! Poin1 D$; Es1i2a1ion of Mean S!ope Near a "ranc% Line

Appen0i9 E$ De1er2ina1ion of 1%e No !e Con1our 7# In1egra1ing a!ong a C%arac1eris1ic Lis1 of S#27o!s References Ta7!e I I!!us1ra1ions 8 Figures )1o C De1ac%a7!e A7s1rac1 Car0s

1. Introduction. 1.1. enera! Introduction. A!1%oug% 1%e !i1era1ure on 1%e 0esign of supersonic no !es is e91ensi4e 1%ere are 4er# fe6 1a7u!a1e0 or0ina1es a4ai!a7!e for 6or?ing sec1ion Mac% nu27ers grea1er 1%an ;D/$ Man# of 1%e or0ina1es 6%ic% are a4ai!a7!e are 7ase0 on 0esign 2e1%o0s 6%ic% are 1o so2e e91en1 unsa1isfac1or#$ T%e errors in1ro0uce0 are in0ee0 s2a!! 7u1 1%e# are cer1ain!# no1 neg!igi7!e in co2parison 6i1% 1%e 2anufac1uring 1o!erances 6%ic% are i2pose0$ In 4ie6 of 1%e a04ance0 s1a1e of ?no6!e0ge in 1%e fie!0 of co2pressi7!e f!o63 i1 s%ou!0 no6 7e possi7!e 1o 0esign 1%e in4isci0 core of a supersonic no !e =uic?!# an0 sufficien1!# accura1e!# 1o 2a?e 1%e 0esign errors s2a!! co2pare0 6i1% 1%e 2anufac1uring errors$ It 2a# 7e argue0 1%a1 suc% accurac# is no1 re=uire0 in 4ie6 of 1%e uncer1ain1# in1ro0uce0 7# a00ing a ca!cu!a1e0 7oun0ar# !a#er a!!o6ance3 7u1 1%is 0oes no1 see2 sufficien1 reason for in1ro0ucing a fur1%er uncer1ain1# 7# using an inaccura1e 2e1%o0 1o 0esign 1%e in4isci0 core$ A no !e 1o pro0uce a unifor2 s1rea2 of Mac% nu27er -D/ 6as re=uire0 an0 i1 6as 0eci0e0 1o 0esign 1%e in4isci0 core sufficien1!# accura1e!# for 1%e or0ina1es 1o 7e correc1 1o E /D///; inc%es$ T%e %a!f %eig%1 of 1%e no !e a1 1%e 1es1 sec1ion 6as 1o 7e a7ou1 ;DB inc%es3 so 1%a1 1%e %a!f %eig%1 a1 1%e 1%roa1 6as appro9i 2a1e!# /D+ inc%es$ In supersonic no !e 0esign 1%e con4en1iona! 16o80i2ensiona! no !e is usua!!# consi0ere0 1o consis1 of se4era! regions as s%o6n in Fig$ )$ T%ese are&8
:i< 1%e con1rac1ion3 in 6%ic% 1%e f!o6 is en1ire!# su7sonic3 :ii< 1%e 1%roa1 region3 in 6%ic% 1%e f!o6 acce!era1es fro2 a %ig% su7sonic 1o a !o6 supersonic spee03 :iii< an ini1ia! e9pansion region3 6%ere 1%e s!ope of 1%e con1our increases up 1o i1s 2a9i2u2 4a!ue3 :i4< 1%e s1raig%1ening or ("use2a2Fi( region in 6%ic% 1%e cross sec1iona! area increases 7u1 1%e 6a!! $ s!ope 0ecreases 1o ero3 an0
(v)

1%e 1es1 sec1ion3 6%ere 1%e f!o6 is unifor2 an0 para!!e! 1o 1%e a9is$

A goo0 appro9i2a1ion 1o 1%e 1%roa1 %eig%1 can 7e o71aine0 7# one80i2ensiona! f!o6 consi0era1ions$ T%e error is s2a!!3 7eing of 1%e or0er of R 8; 6%ere R is 1%e ra1io of 1%e ra0ius of cur4a1ure of 1%e no !e 6a!! a1 1%e 1%roa1 1o 1%e 1%roa1 %a!f %eig%1F i1 is on!# /D) per cen1 6%en R = BD;$ Fro2 prac1ica! consi0era1ions 1%e !eng1% of 1%e no !e s%ou!0 no1 7e 1oo grea1$ T%ere is3 %o6e4er3 a 2ini2u2 !eng1% 7e!o6 6%ic% i1 is no1 possi7!e 1o 0esign a no !e 6%ic% 6i!! acce!era1e 1%e f!o6 s2oo1%!#$ T%is 2ini2u2 !eng1% is usua!!# regar0e0 as 1%e !eng1% of 1%e no !e 6%ic% %as a s%arp8 e0ge0 1%roa13 1%e f!o6 7eing 1urne0 fro2 a para!!e! sonic s1rea2 1%roug% a cen1re0 e9pansion 6a4e$ So2e 0ou71s %a4e 7een raise0 :Lor0 ; :)*+)<< a7ou1 1%is 7eing 1%e a7so!u1e 2ini2u2 an0 1%e =ues1ion is 0iscusse0 2ore fu!!# in Sec1ion )$;$ Ta7!es of co8or0ina1es of 1%e s%arp8cornere0 no !es are gi4en 7# E0e!2an :)*.C< an0 S%a2es an0 Seas%ore4 :)*.C<$ Ho6e4er3 1%is 1#pe of no !e is i2prac1ica! o6ing 1o 4iscous effec1s in 1%e region c!ose 1o 1%e corner3 an0 e9perience %as s%o6n 1%a1 i1 is a04isa7!e 1o e9cee0 1%e (2ini2u2( !eng1% 7# a7ou1 -/ per cen1$ In )*-)3 "use2ann B ga4e a cons1ruc1ion for a& no !e 1o con4er1 0i4ergen1 ra0ia! supersonic f!o6 in 16o 0i2ensions in1o a unifor2 supersonic s1rea2 of %ig%er Mac% nu27er$ T%is 2e1%o0 6as grap%ica! an0 appro9i2a1e so 1%a1 i1 6as su7>ec1 1o pro1rac1or errors3 an0 affor0e0 no 2eans of 0e1er2ining 1%e !eng1% of 1%e no !e in a04ance$ T%e 2a9i2u2 e9pansion ang!e 6%ic% 6i!! pro0uce a 0esire0 f!o6 in 1%e 1es1 sec1ion 6i1%ou1 re=uiring co2pression 6a4es is one %a!f 1%e Pran01!8Me#er ang!e of 1%e 0esire0 f!o6$ Puc?e11 + :)*.+< poin1e0 ou1 1%a1 s2a!!er e9pansion ang!es 1%an 1%e 2a9i2u2 6ere possi7!e$ T%e resu!1ing no !e 6ou!0 7e !onger 7u1 2ig%1 %a4e a 2ore unifor2 fina! f!o6$ Puc?e11 a!so sugges1e0 1%e possi7i!i1# of assu2ing a unifor2 ra0ia! f!o6 a1 1%e 2a9i2u2 s!ope cross8sec1ion$ On!# 1%e f!o6 region 0o6ns1rea2 of 1%e inf!ec1ion poin1 nee0 1%en 7e ca!cu!a1e03 an0 a s2oo1% cur4e cou!0 7e faire0 7ac? 1o 1%e 1%roa1 fro2 1%e inf!ec1ion poin1$ Using 1%is 1#pe of approac% an ana!#1ic e9pression for 1%e con1our 0o6ns1rea2 of 1%e ra0ia! f!o6 region 6as foun0 7# A1?in 7 :)*.B< an0 7# Foe!sc% 8 :)*.+<$ A1?in con4er1e0 a unifor2 para!!e! !o6 supersonic s1rea2 in1o a 0i4ergen1 ra0ia! f!o6$ T%is ra0ia! f!o6 6as 1%en con4er1e0 in1o a unifor2 para!!e! supersonic f!o6 a1 1%e 0esire0 Mac% nu27er 7# a ("use2ann( or s1raig%1ening con1our$ T%e 0esign 6as co2p!e1e0 7# a0=ing a sui1a7!e ini1ia! con1our$ A si2i!ar 0eri4a1ion of 1%ese ana!#1ica! re!a1ions 6as gi4en 7# Foe!sc%$ Foe!sc% a!so pro4i0e0 a 2eans of 0esigning a sui1a7!e con1our 1o con4er1 unifor2 ra0ia! supersonic f!o6 in1o unifor2 para!!e! supersonic f!o6$ T%is approac% 6as a0op1e0 7# "ec?6i1% an0 Moore * :)*BB<F 1%e# a!so s1ar1e0 6i1% a s1raig%1 sonic !ine a1 1%e 1%roa13 nor2a! 1o 1%e a9is of s#22e1r# of 1%e no !e3 an0 i2pro4e0 1%e 2e1%o0 7# co2pu1ing 1%e con1our 7e16een 1%e 1%roa1 an0 1%e inf!ec1ion poin1 using 1%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics$ A no !e 0esign 6%ic% 0oes no1 0irec1!# e2p!o# 1%e 2a1%e2a1ica! 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics 6as e4o!4e0 7# Frie0ric%s )/ :)*..<$ A series so!u1ion of 1%e non8!inear 6a4e e=ua1ion 6as use03 on!# 1%e !ea0ing 1er2s in 1%e series 7eing re1aine0 in 1%e 0esign proper$ T%is 2e1%o0 6as e9pan0e0 7# Ni!son )) :)*.C< an0 use0 7# "aron ); :)*B.< as a 7asis for 1%e 0esign of a nu27er of no !es$ Prac1ica! re=uire2en1s concerning no !e %an0!ing an0 1i2e 0e!a#s 0uring 1es1 perio0s %a4e 7roug%1 for1% 2e1%o0s 6%ic% per2i1 a =uic? c%ange fro2 one Mac% nu27er 1o ano1%er$ One of 1%e 0e4e!op2en1s %as 7een 1%e pro0uc1ion of 4aria7!e8Mac%8nu27er no !es >ac?8suppor1e0 f!e9i7!e s1ee! s%ee1s$ Ho6e4er3 an inco2pa1i7i!i1# 7e16een 1%e aero0#na2ic an0 s1ruc1ura! re=uire2en1s is in1ro0uce0 if a poin1 of 0iscon1inuous cur4a1ure e9is1s a1 1%e inf!ec1ion poin1$ T%is %as !e0 1o 1%e 0e4e!op2en1 of con1inuous cur4a1ure no !es 6%ic% are necessari!# of !onger !eng1%3 e$g$ see Riise ):)*B.<3 Rosen ). :)*BB< an0 $si4e!!s )B :)*BB<$ E4en 6i1% so!i0 no !es i1 is con4enien1 1o %a4e con1inuous cur4a1ure of 1%e 6a!!s$ "# G1%is 2eans 1%e ra1e of gro61% of 1%e 7oun0ar# !a#er is ?ep1 con1inuous 6%ic% 2a?es i1 easier 1o correc1 1%e in4isci0 con1our for 7oun0ar#8!a#er gro61% an03 1%erefore3 %e!ps 1o pro0uce a 2ore unifor2 f!o6 in 1es1 sec1ion$ In 1%e presen1 0esign i1 6as 0eci0e0 1o fo!!o6 Foe!sc% C3 "ec?6i1% an0 Moore * an0 o1%ers in prescri7ing par1 of 1%e supersonic f!o6 fie!0 1o 7e a region of ra0ia! f!o6$ I1 6as consi0ere0 an a04an1age3 %o6e4er3 1o prescri7e 1%is region 1o !ie 6i1%in 1%e no !e in or0er 1o a4oi0 s1raig%1 seg2en1s in 1%e con1our 6%ic% 2ig%1 !ea0 1o 0iscon1inui1ies in 1%e ra1e of 7oun0ar#8!a#er gro61% on 1%e 6a!!s$ T%e ra0ia!8f!o6 region is s%o6n as region III7 in Fig$ ;3 1ouc%ing 1%e con1our a1 1%e poin1 of inf!ec1ion$ T%e presen1 0esign 2a# 7e consi0ere0 1o 7e a 2o0ifica1ion of "ec?6i1% an0 Moore(s 2e1%o03 accoun1 7eing 1a?en of 1%e 2ore recen1

a04ances for 1%e ca!cu!a1ion of 1%e f!o6 in 1%e 1%roa1 region$ A1 1%e sa2e 1i2e 1%e oppor1uni1# %as 7een 1a?en 1o inc!u0e a 2a1c%ing region IVa3 6%ic% 7# 2ain1aining con1inui1# of 1%e a9ia! 4e!oci1# gra0ien1 ensures con1inui1# of 1%e no !e cur4a1ure a1 poin1 H3 a 0esira7!e fea1ure 2issing in 2an# no !e 0esign 2e1%o0s$ T%e o1%er 2a1c%ing region I!!a 6as co2pu1e0 7# 1%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics s1ar1ing fro2 ?no6n Dcon0i1ions a!ong HB, !"P an0 PL To ?eep "P s%or1 an0 1o 2ain1ain con1inui1# of 6a!! cur4a1ure i1 is 0esira7!e 1%a1 7o1% Mac% nu27er Man0 Mac% nu27er gra0ien1 7e con1inuous a1 poin1s "an0 P$ T%e Mac% nu27er gra0ien1 in 1%e ra0ia! f!o6 region is a func1ion of Mac% nu27er on!#3 6%ereas 1%e Mac% nu27er gra0ien1 a1 " is s1rong!# 0epen0en1 upon R. T%e gra0ien1s in 7o1% cases are s%o6n in Fig$ - for 4arious 4a!ues of r" an0 R respec1i4e!#3 6%ere r" represen1s 1%e 0is1ance 7e16een 1%e 4ir1ua! origin of 1%e ra0ia! f!o6 an0 1%e sonic circ!e$ Since 1%e ana!#1ic 1%eor# use0 in 1%e 1%roa1 region is on!# 4a!i0 o4er a s2a!! sec1ion i1 is c!ear 1%a1 perfec1 2a1c%ing3 i$e$ 6i1% B an0 P coinci0en13 is no1 possi7!e un!ess 1%e 0esign Mac% nu27er is c!ose 1o uni1#3 an0 1%us3 a co2pro2ise is usua!!# re=uire0$ In 1%e presen1 case R 6as c%osen 1o 7e e=ua! 1o B3 C) 1o 7e )+8,/I #r" J -8.;,CB< an0 a para7o!ic 0is1ri7u1ion of M 6as assu2e0 7e16een B an0 P$ In genera!3 i1 6ou!0 7e 2ore con4enien1 1o 6or? in 1er2s of $ ra1%er 1%an M since $ is use0 in 1%e c%arac1eris1ic ca!cu!a1ions$ For 1%is reason 1%e e=ua1ions in 1%e ne91 sec1ion are gi4en in 1er2s of 4$ )$;$ The %uestion o& Minimum 'en(th. T%e a9ia! 0is1ri7u1ion of $ 7e16een poin1s B an0 P 2us1 7e c%osen in suc% a 6a# 1%a1 !i2% !ines 0o no1 occur in 1%e f!o6 fie!0 insi0e 1%e no !e$ So2e consi0era1ion of 1%e =ues1ion %as 7een gi4en 7# Lor0 2 :)*+)< 7u1 precise cri1eria are no1 a4ai!a7!e an0 i1 appears 1o 7e =ues1iona7!e 6%e1%er or no1 precise cri1eria can 7e gi4en$ A reasona7!e3 a!1%oug% in0irec13 cri1erion is 1o ensure 1%a1 1%e in1ersec1ion of 1%e 7ranc% $ !ine5 6i1% 1%e c%arac1eris1ic DJ :Fig$ 2) !ies on or ou1si0e 1%e no !e con1our$ T%is cri1erion appears 1o %a4e 7een sugges1e0 7# Frie0ric%s )/ :)*..<1 7u1 as %is paper is no1 rea0i!# a4ai!a7!e 1%e =ues1ion is 0iscusse0 7e!o6$ In 1%e specia! case 6%en 1%e sonic !ine is s1raig%1 1%e 2ini2u28!eng1% no !e occurs 6%en 1%e ini1ia! e9pansion region on 1%e con1our is re0uce0 1o a s%arp corner a1 1%e 1%roa13 of ang!e 4n );3 an0 1%e "use2ann or s1raig%1ening par1 of 1%e con1our e91en0s fro2 1%e 1%roa1 1o 1%e 1es1 sec1ion$ An# s1rea2!ine 6i1%in 1%is (principa!( no !e 0efines a possi7!e no !e con1our 7u1 1%e singu!ari1# a1 1%e cen1re of 1%e e9pansion 6a4e in0ica1es 1%a1 1%e cen1re of 1%e e9pansion 2us1 !ie on or ou1si0e 1%e 7oun0ar# of 1%e f!o6 fie!0$ T%us3 i1 is c!ear 1%a13 a s1rea2!ine ou1si0e 1%e principa! no !e canno1 7e 0efine0$ K%en 1%e sonic !ine is cur4e0 1%e 2ini2u28!eng1% no !e 7eco2es 2ore 0ifficu!1 1o 0efine$ If 1%e princi pa! no !e is 0efine0 1o 7e 1%e s1rea2!ine passing 1%roug% 1%e in1ersec1ion of 1%e 7ranc% !ine 6i1% 1%e rig%1 running c%arac1eris1ic 1%roug% D, as s%o6n 7# Fig$ .3 1%en 1%e fo!!o6ing argu2en1 sugges1s 1%a1 1%is 0efines 1%e 2ini2u28!eng1% no !e of 1%is par1icu!ar fa2i!#$ If i1 can 7e assu2e0 1%a1 a s1rea2!ine can 7e 0efine0 ou1si0e 1%e principa! no !e3 1%en 1%e !i2i1 6i!! 7e reac%e0 6%en 1%e f!o6 possesses a singu!ari1#3 i$e$ 6%en 16o c%arac1eris1ics in1ersec1 as a1 A in Fig$ .$ T%en 1%e !i2i1ing s1rea2!ine 6ou!0 7e )8) 1%roug% A3 an0 A 6i!! represen1 a s%arp8e0ge0 corner in 1%e con1our$ T%e rig%18running c%arac1eris1ic 1%roug% A an0 Dis $ + (} J )n, an0 1%e !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic 1%roug% A can 7e 0efine0 as $- #* J +, 6%ere + > /$ Hence3 1%e Pran01!8Me#er ang!e an0 1%e f!o6 0ef!ec1ion a1 A are M4n + C< an0 1:4n 8$C< respec1i4e!#$ T%e f!o6 in 1%e 1es1 sec1ion 2us1 7e unifor2 an0 para!!e! 1o 1%e no !e a9is3 1%us 1%e con1our 1o 1%e rig%1 of A 2us1 7e s%ape0 so 1%a1 no ref!ec1ions occur$ A!so3 sec1ion ADC 2us1 1a?e 1%e for2 of a one of si2p!e 6a4es3 7ecause 1%is is 1%e on!# f!o6 1%a1 can 7e 2a1c%e0 1o a unifor2 para!!e! f!o6$ A si2p!e 6a4e is suc% 1%a1 &Fi$)) f!o6 proper1ies a!ong 1%e !ef18running c%arac1eris1ics are unifor23 an0 since i1 is un0esira7!e for prac1ica! reasons 1o %a4e co2pression 6a4es in 1%e no !e 1es1 sec1ion3 1%e si2p!e 6a4e 2us1 7e an e9pansion 6a4e an0 %ence con1our AC 2us1 7e conca4e 0o6n6ar0s$ Hence3 a!ong AC 1%e Pran01!8Me#er ang!e 2us1 increase an0 1%e f!o6 0ef!ec1ion 2us1 0ecrease$ For a co2pre%ensi4e accoun1 in4o!4ing 1%e 0eri4a1ion of 1%e e=ua1ions go4erning 1%e 7e%a4iour of 7ranc% !ines an0 !i2i1 !ines 1%e rea0er is referre0 1o LMo0ern De4e!op2en1s in F!ui0 D#na2ics& Hig% Spee0 F!o6L3 :C!aren0on Press< p$ ;B*$ 4

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'M< $ T%e func1ion is 0efine0 7# e=ua1ion :A$;-< in 1%e 4icini1# of poin1 " an03 in : O4 y.O O4 y.O Fig$ -3 i1 %as 7een p!o11e0 agains1 $ for 4arious 4a!ues of R.

:a4<

1.5. Re(ion III a. Ini1ia!!#3 1%e 7oun0ar# con0i1ions of 1%is region 2us1 7e specifie0 n0 1%ese canno1 7e c%osen ar7i 1rari!#$ T%e Pran01!8Me#er ang!e $ 2us1 7e con1inuous a1 "an0 'FQ an0 for con1inui1# of 6a!! cur4a1ure
F&2us1 7e con1inuous$ A!ong 1%e no !e a&&s a =ua0ra1ic 4aria1ion of $ is 1%e si2p!es1 6%ic% sa1isfies 1%ese con0i1ions$ T%is can 7e 6ri11en in 1%e for2

5:;$;< Ki1% 1%is 4aria1ion of $ 1%e !eng1% "P is gi4en 7#

(2.3)

T%e f!o6 con0i1ions a1 P an0 1%e c%arac1eris1ic PI3 6%ic% separa1es regions I!!a an0 III73 can 7e ca!cu!a1e0 0irec1!# fro2 1%e ra0ia! f!o6 e=ua1ions gi4en in Sec1ion ;$.$ T%e f!o6 in region I!!a 6as ca!cu!a1e0 7# 1%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics3 an0 1%e 2ain e=ua1ions re!e4an1 1o 1%is 2e1%o0 of ca!cu!a1ing 16o 0i2ensiona! s1ea0# f!o6 are se1 ou1 in Appen0i9 C$ An a11e2p1 %as 7een 2a0e 1o assess 1%e errors in%eren1 in 1%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics3 an0 a sugges1ion %as 7een a04ance0 6%ic% 6ou!0 re0uce 1%e or0er of 2agni1u0e of 1%e errors an0 cu1 0o6n a2oun1 of !a7our in4o!4e0 in 1%e ca!cu!a1ion of a c%arac1eris1ic ne16or? 1o o71ain a gi4en accurac#$ T%is 0iscussion is se1 ou1 in Appen0i9 D$

;$.$ Region I!!6. A p!ane ra0ia! f!o6 is 0efine0 as one in 6%ic% a!! 1%e 0epen0en1 4aria7!es are a func1ion on!# of 1%e 0is1ance r fro2 a fi9e0 poin1 in 1%e p!ane$ T%us3 in region III73 1%e Mac% nu27er 0is1ri7u1ion is gi4en 7#
3 r R ) N ;

r"

#O!

fVn

S)O#8M;T U
; $

:;$.<

5In 1%e presen1 0esign 1%is e=ua1ion 6as use0 in 1er2s of M. T%e 4aria1ion of M a!ong 1%e a9is 6as M J /D*+--CO/D-;-;.9O/D//+/*9 ; A!so3 9 8 = /D-*//) -&n0 Xp-X = )DBC-., +

Since 1%e s1rea2!ines in region III7 are s1raig%1 1%e 7oun0aries PI an0 IC can 7e co2pu1e0 6i1%ou1 ca!cu!a1ing 1%e region con1aine0 6i1%in 1%ese c%arac1eris1ics$ T%e co8or0ina1es of an# poin1 A a!ong PI are co2pu1e0 as fo!!o6sF 1%e f!o6 ang!e Bq is use0 as a para2e1er3 an0 fro2 1%e geo2e1r# of 1%e f!o6 1%e fo!!o6ing re!a1ions are es1a7!is%e0

:;$C<

:;$*< T%e 1er2s 6i1%in 1%e 7rac?e1s in e=ua1ion :;$C< !oca1e 1%e origin of 1%e ra0ia! f!o6 a1 poin1 /3 see Fig$ ;$ T%e 4a!ue of #r7r"-8 is o71aine0 fro2 e=ua1ipn :;$.< an0 $8, 6%ic% is gi4en 7#

fro2 1%e con0i1ions e9is1ing a!ong PL T%e co8or0ina1es of a poin1 R a!ong IC are co2pu1e0 fro2 e=ua1ions :;$C< an0 :;$*< 6i1% su7scrip1 A rep!ace0 7# !, an0 $R is 0efine0 7#

T%e 4a!ues of "p an0 C1 are fi9e0 7# 1%e 0esign Mac% nu27er an0 o1%er proper1ies of 1%e co2p!e1e no !e as 0escri7e0 in 1%e ini1ia! par1 of 1%is su7sec1ion$ 1.5. Re(ion 9)a. T%e secon0 2a1c%ing of 1%e a9ia! Mac% nu27er gra0ien1 in region IVa is of1en o2i11e0 in 0esigns$ Ho6e4er3 if 1%e si2p!e 6a4e f!o6 is app!ie0 i22e0ia1e!# 0o6ns1rea2 of 1%e inf!ec1ion poin1 I 0iscon 1inui1ies of cur4a1ure occur in 1%e no !e con1our a1 I an0 H3 an0 1%e purpose of region IVa is 1o e!i2ina1e 1%ese 0iscon1inui1ies$ T%e si2p!es1 process 1o ensure con1inui1# is 1o 0efine a =ua0ra1ic 0is1ri7u1ion of $ a!ong 1%e no !e a9is 6%ic% sa1isfies 1%e con0i1ions

an0 :F&< e as 0efine0 7# e=ua1ion :;$B<$ T%e fo!!o6ing 0is1ri7u1ion is sui1a7!e t

:;$)/<

1in 1%e presen1 0esign M 6as use0 as a 4aria7!e in region'Va$ T%e 0is1ri7u1ion of M 7e16een poin1s C an0 D 6as
M = 8;D,,..*O/D*)-)B98/D/-+)/9 ;

A!so3 Xe = ))D+/CB. an0 9 / 8Xe = )D/-CC,

C

an0 1%e correspon0ing !eng1% CD is :;$))<

T%e 0is1ri7u1ion of4 0efine0 7# e=ua1ion :;$)/< an0 1%e pre4ious!# co2pu1e0 para2e1ers a!ong 1%e Mac% !ine IC pro4i0e sufficien1 infor2a1ion 1o ca!cu!a1e 1%e re2ain0er of region IVa 7# 1%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1er is1ics$ Poin1 ' is 0e1er2ine0 7# nu2erica! in1egra1ion of 1%e 2ass f!o6 across c%arac1eris1ic 'D$ T%e process of in1egra1ion is 0escri7e0 in Appen0i9 E$ 1.6. Re(ion 9)6. To o71ain unifor2 para!!e! f!o6 a1 1%e no !e 1es1 sec1ion3 1%e par1 of 1%e con1our 0o6ns1rea2 of poin1 ' 2us1 7e s%ape0 1o pre4en1 1%e ref!ec1ion of e9pansion 6a4es 6%ic% origina1e a1 1%e 6a!!s of 1%e firs1 par1 of 1%e 0i4ergen1 con1our$ "ecause i1 is a0>acen1 1o a region of unifor2 para!!e! f!o63 region IV7 2us1 7e 0escri7e0 7# a si2p!e 6a4e f!o6$ T%us3 !ef18running c%arac1eris1ics are 7# 0efini1ion s1raig%1 an0 1%e f!o6 proper1ies a!ong suc% a c%arac1eris1ic are cons1an1$ T%erefore3 if S is a poin1 on 1%e c%arac1er is1ic 'D3 6%ic% is 1%e ups1rea2 !i2i1 of 1%e si2p!e 6a4e f!o63 an0 T is 1%e poin1 6%ere 1%e !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic 1%roug% S in1ersec1s 1%e no !e 6a!! :;$);< :;$)-< 6%ere !sT is 1%e !eng1% ST$ "# con1inui1# 1%e 2ass f!o6 across S' 2us1 7e e=ua! 1o 1%e 2ass f!o6 across ST3 i$e$ $
'

s2
s

'

pady
. (

$
()) =

:-

;s 8s !sT s2 :s

Hence
&#Ms- N i<s
0

dy
.

!sT Jsin :

:!8s<8 M&#M-sin#:-#--

:;$).<

6%ere f :M< is 1%e one80i2ensiona! area ra1io func1ion gi4en in e=ua1ion :;$.< an0 1%e in1egra1ion is a!ong DS$ T%e para2e1ric e=ua1ions 0efining 1%e fina! par1 of 1%e con1our 'N are 1%erefore gi4en 7# su7s1i1u1ing for !sT in e=ua1ions :;$);< an0 :;$)-<$ 5. /oundary 'ayer Correction. T%e no !e 0esign ine1%o0 0escri7e0 in sec1ion ; can 7e use0 1o ca!cu!a1e 1%e (po1en1ia! ou1!ine($ Ho6e4er3 in rea! f!ui0s i1 is necessar# 1o a!!o6 for 1%e gro61% of 1%e 7oun0ar# !a#er a!ong 1%e 6a!!s of 1%e 1unne!$ T%is is 0one 7# 0isp!acing 1%e po1en1ia! ou1!ine a6a# fro2 1%e 1unne! cen1re !ine3 1%e correc1ion 7eing app!ie0 fro2 a ?no6!e0ge of 1%e 0isp!ace2en1 1%ic?ness of 1%e 7oun0ar# !a#ers$ T%ere are se4era! appro9i2a1e 2e1%o0s 1o pre0ic1 1%e 1a1e of 7oun0ar#8!a#er gro61% a!ong 1%e cur4e0 6a!!s$ T%ese %a4e 7een su22arise0 7# Rogers an0 Da4is )C :)*B,<$ In 1%e presen1 0esign 1%e 7oun0ar# !a#er 1%ic?ness a1 1%e 1%roa1 6as ca!cu!a1e0 using an e9pression gi4en 7# Si7u!?in )* :)*B+<$ T%e ra1e of gro61% 0o6ns1rea2 of 1%e 1%roa1 6as assu2e0 1o 7e cons1an1 since 1%is is ?no6n 1o 7e appro9i2a1e!# 1rue an0 1%e 4a!ue of 1%is cons1an1 6as 1a?en fro2 Rogers an0 Da4is( paper$ *

A!1%oug% 1%e assu2p1ion is of1en 2a0e 1%a1 1%e 7oun0ar#8!a#er 1%ic?ness a1 1%e 1%roa1 is ero3 1%e 0i2ensions of 1%e 1%roa1 p!a# an i2por1an1 par1 in 1%e 0e4e!op2en1 of 1%e f!o6$ An e9pression for 1%e 7oun0ar#8!a#er 1%ic?ness a1 1%e 1%roa1 is gi4en 7# Si7u!?inF 1%is can 7e re6ri11en in 1er2s of 1%e 0is p!ace2en1 1%ic?ness as cB51%roa1 8h 6%ere a" h Re."

/D/;+ 8 Re

#R 1

:-$)<

In or0er 1o e4a!ua1e Re, i1 is firs1 necessar# 1o assign a reasona7!e 4a!ue 1o 45$ T%e 1e2pera1ure an0 1%erefore 1%e 0ensi1# an0 4iscosi1# 4ar# across 1%e 7oun0ar# !a#er$ T%e pressure3 %o6e4er3 re2ains cons1an1 an0 re0uces 1%e pro7!e2 of c%oosing appropria1e 2ean 4a!ues p an0 $ 1o one of c%oosing T. As 1%e fif1% roo1 of 1%e Re#no!0s nu27er occurs in e=ua1ion :-$)< i1 6ou!0 appear reasona7!e3 in 2os1 cases3 1o assu2e 1%a1

T J RT3R! =>T>?
; 6%ere T) = !oca! 1e2pera1ure a1 e0ge of 7oun0ar# !a#er T? J 6a!! 1e2pera1ure I1 is 0ifficu!1 1o 0eci0e conc!usi4e!# 6%e1%er or no1 1%is assu2p1ion is sa1isfac1or#$ Si7u!?in co2pare0 1%e resu!1s of %is nu2erica! e9a2p!es 6i1% resu!1s o71aine0 fro2 o1%er 1%eories$ Ho6e4er3 %is co2parisons 6ere on!# 7e16een 1%eories of 4ar#ing 0egrees of appro9i2a1ionF conse=uen1!# 1%e a0e=uac# of 1%e 1%eor# cou!0 no1 7e sa1isfac1ori!# >u0ge0$ Accor0ing 1o Fig$ . of 1%e paper 7# Rogers an0 Da4is 1%e 2ean ra1e of gro61% of 1%e 7oun0ar#8!a#er 0isp!ace2en1 1%ic?ness !ie<5#I 0o6ns1rea2 of 1%e 1%roa1 for a 0esign Mac% nu27er of -D/ is
-= /D/),
I

MicB5 l

To co2pensa1e for 1%e 7oun0ar# !a#ers on 1%e si0e 6a!!s Rogers an0 Da4is sugges1 1%a1 1%e effec1i4e (0isp!ace2en1 of 1%e con1our s%ou!0 7e h=? 1i2es 1%e 0isp!ace2en1 1%ic?ness3 WB53 on 1%e cur4e0 6a!!3 ? 6%ere ? represen1s 1%e 6i01% of 1%e 1unne!$ T%us3 in 1%e presen1 case3 1%e effec1i4e 0isp!ace2en1 of 1%e po1en1ia! ou1!ine s%ou!0 7e /D/)*. inc%es per inc% run3 gi4ing a 7oun0ar#8!a#er 1%ic?ness of a7ou1 /D;C$ inc%es a1 1%e run8ou1 posi1ion$ @. The Manu&acture and Ca!i6ration o& the 'iner /!ocAs. T6o se1s of !iner 7!oc?s 6ere p!anne0 in 1%e no !e 0esign progra22e$ I1 6as 0eci0e0 1o 2anufac1ure ini1ia!!# a pair of 6oo0en !iners 6%ic% 6ou!0 7e use0 1o c%ec? 1%e 7oun0ar#8!a#er a!!o6ance an0 for carr#ing ou1 pre!i2inar# e9peri2en1s$ T%e 2anufac1uring 1o!erances in 6oo0 fa7rica1ion are una4oi0 a7!# !arger 1%an 1%e 0esira7!e 1o!erancesF a secon0 se1 of 2e1a! !iner 7!oc?s3 6i1% sa1isfac1or# 1o!erances are in 1%e s1age of 2anufac1ure a1 1%e 1i2e of 6ri1ing$

IO

T%e 6oo0en con1ours 6ere s%ape0 fro2 s1raig%1 graine0 o7ec%e 6%ic% 6as !eng1%6ise !a2ina1e0 1o 2ini2ise s%rin?age$ Co8or0ina1es of a s1ee! 2as1er 1e2p!a1e 6ere specifie0 for a9ia! in1er4a!s of /DB inc%es an0 or0ina1es 1o 1%e neares1 /D/) inc%es$ Af1er pre!i2inar# car4ing 1%e 7!oc?s 6ere scrape0 1o fi1 1%e 1e2p!a1e$ T%e finis%e0 surface 6as c!ear 4arnis%e0 an0 ru77e0 0o6n 1o gi4e a co2p!e1e0 surface 6%ic% 6as 7o1% s2oo1% an0 %ar0$ To 2ini2ise 6arping 1%e !iners 6ere 2oun1e0 on iinc% 2i!0 s1ee! p!a1es running 1%e 6%o!e !eng1% of 1%e 7!oc?s$ T%e ca!i7ra1ion e9peri2en1s on 1%ese !iners s%o6e0 1%a1 1%e appro9i2a1e a!!o6ance 2a0e for 1%e 7oun0ar#8!a#er gro61% 6as sufficien1 :see Sec1ion -< an0 1%e Mac% nu27er 0is1ri7u1ion in 1%e 6or?ing sec1ion 6as reasona7!# unifor23 iiM %a4ing a 2a9i2u2 of 1%e or0er of /D/)$ T%e no !e ca!i7ra1ion is s%o6n in Fig$ +$ S1a1ic pressure 2easure2en1s 6ere 2a0e on 1%e p!ane si0e 6a!! a!ong 1%e no !e a9is an0 i1 can 7e seen 1%a1 1%ere is goo0 agree2en1 7e16een 1%e e9peri2en1a! an0 1%eore1ica! resu!1s$ Sc%!ieren p%o1ograp%s of 1%e f!o6 in 1%e 1es1 sec1ion 0i0 no1 s%o6 an# 6a4e!e1s crossing 1%e 1unne!$ T%e specifica1ion of 1%e 2e1a! !iners is 2u/% 2ore rigorous for 1%e carefu! use of an accura1e 0esign 2e1%o0 is 1o no a4ai! if 1%e 2anufac1uring 1o!erances are grea1!# in e9cess of 1%e aero0#na2ic 1o!erances$ Due 1o 1%e significance of 1%e s!ope a1 a poin1 on 1%e con1o4r upon 1%e proper1ies of 1%e f!o6 a!ong 1%e c%arac1eris1ic origina1ing fro2 1%a1 poin13 e91re2e care in 2anufac1ure is necessar# 1o pro%i7i1 6a4iness3 or3 in 1%e case of 4er# s2a!! cur4a1ure of 1%e con1our3 1%e for2a1ion of s1eps$ A si2p!e 2eans of re0ucing 1%is 1#pe of error is 1o 1i!1 1%e !iner 7!oc?s 1%roug% a fini1e ang!e so 1%a1 a!! par1s of 1%e con1our are inc!ine0 a1 an apprecia7!e ang!e 1o 1%e 2i!!ing cu11er$ T%e 2e1a! !iners are 7eing fa7rica1e0 fro2 a!u2iniu2 a!!o# 1o a 2a9i2u2 1o!erance of E/D///; inc%es$ Ta7!e I gi4es 1%e co8 or0ina1es of 1%e 7oun0ar#8!a#er correc1e0 no !e$ T%e surfaces of 1%e co2p!e1e0 con1ours are 1o 7e s2oo1% 2i!!e0 an0 %an0 finis%e03 an0 as 1%e supersonic 6in0 1unne! uses 0r# air as a 6or?ing f!ui0 i1 %as 7een 0eci0e0 1o !ea4e 1%e !iners free of pro1ec1i4e 1rea12en1$
,cAno?!ed(ements.

T%e au1%or 6ou!0 !i?e 1o 1%an? Dr$ I. M$ Ha!! for 1%e %e!p an0 encourage2en1 offere0 in 1%e pre para1ion of 1%is repor1 an0 1%e Depar12en1 of In0us1ria! $an0 Scien1ific Researc% for 1%e pos1gra0ua1e s1u0en1s%ip 6%ic% ena7!e0 1%is 6or? 1o 7e carrie0 ou1$

11

APPENDIX A E8uations &or the B!o? in the Re(ion o& the Throat E9pressions for 1%e 4e!oci1# 2agni1u0e3 8 an0 1%e f!o6 0irec1ion #- in 1%e 1%roa1 region of a no !e are gi4en 7# Han) :)*+;<$ !f a non80i2ensiona! 4e!oci1# 2agni1u0e q is 0efine0 7# D 88 J 8 J )=8( a" 6%ere a" is 1%e cri1ica! spee0 of soun03 Ha!!(s resu!1s can 7e 6ri11en in 1%e for2
(A.2) (A.1)

:A$-< 6%ere R is 1%e ra1io of 1%e ra0ius of cur4a1ure a1 1%e 1%roa1 1o 1%e 1%roa1 %a!f8%eig%1$ T%e =n(s an0 :<n(s are func1ions of y an0 C, 1%e !a11er 7eing a s1re1c%e0 3 co8or0ina1e 0efine0 7#

(A.4)

T%e firs1 1%ree coefficien1s of eac% series are gi4en in Ha!!(s paper an0 are repro0uce0 7e!o6$ T%ese are&

(A.$)

(A.%)

-+;# ; O)+;*#O--B, + )*.#; O*/*#O),-, . =- J );*+/ y ;B*; y O CB.# ; O -C+,# O +*-* O );*+/ y ;+# ; O,B#O;CB . ;CC y OC N )-.# O.;*#O),.-U O .-;/ O
;

,-;# ; O 5515y O ;;CC, ;,;)+/ O ;+# ; O,B#O;)- ; ).. y O

=C2

2 -- y + 8;

8)C-U -+

C 5 N;# ,; 8--#O*U
);

:A$,<

an0
1
3

e!J -y 6

--y=yC 6

(A.8)
-

e R
; 8

;;#O.B s -+/ y

y= =C
1y + + N 9

-5@<
-

B#O)B

-.#O)+B )/C/

1y + + U

:A$*<

e R
- 8

+B,.# O)*;B,# O )C+-* 7 )C)../ y 8 ;;B.# O DE1Ey O C,-* B ;B*;/ $ y O

;

B/;+# O;)+-*#O;C*), O ,,,+/ y ,5D0y 1 O .;,-B# O ,.C), B..-;/ y= -+;# ; O*B,#O))/, B ;)+/ y 8
1

=C N

1E@y

O 60Ey O ,))
+.C
2

y O

CB.# O-;)*#O-,C*U O +.C/ y O

;

OC

F16y =5y-15
144

16y =1Dy=E U y 8 ).. y O

-

=C- N--y=-! y U

:A$)/<

If 8 is ca!cu!a1e0 fro2 e=ua1ion :A$;< 1%e Mac% nu27er M, 1%e Mac% ang!eY an0 1%e Pran01!8Me#er ang!e $ can 7e co2pu1e0 fro2

(A.11)

:A$);< )-

an0 ) 4 J F&1an8 ) :3)$co1Y<81an8

(cot)
)

:A$)-<

6%ere

$$)$; J

#O !
)
t 1t '

For Mac% nu27ers 4er# c!ose 1o uni1# i1 is so2e1i2es 2ore con4enien1 1o ca!cu!a1e 4 fro2
v - #y=!- 8
&

; I 1y- B 58 =----u!8

(2

11y 8;C#

));

+ -*

(3

+ ....

:A$).<

Inser1ing 1%e series e9pansion for o71aine0&

8 in

e=ua1ions :A$))<3 :A$);< an0 :A$)-<3 1%e fo!!o6ing e9pansions are D :A$)B<

:A$)+<

N#O!U1N 1 1+ ....U
*R

R1

!-

:A$),<

6%ere :A$)C< :A$)*< :A$;/<

:A$;)<

:A$;;<

In 1%e 2a1c%ing of region II 1o region I!!a 1%e func1ion : &< 7e con4enien1!# 6ri11en

< = /

%as 7een use0$ T%is can

a4< :O4

y.O

J d dq OG
).

d$ d: :o=< #dCy.O

dx

:A$;-<

6%ere

:&F<#JO
d$ d : d:

1++; N8 8!yHI* +
) N)-.# O.;*#O),.- ,#8)C 1y -55y=E U ; O R.-;/ O8)8C8 O ;. z
; 1

:A$;.<

:A$;B<

8)

:A$;+<

dq
:A$;,< T%e r&a1io3 Q, of 1%e 2ass f!o6 1%roug% 1%e 1%roa1 1o 1%a1 ca!cu!a1e0 7# assu2ing sonic 4e!oci1# a1 1%e p!ane of 1%e 1%roa1 is a!so gi4en 7# Ha!! ) :)*+;<3

Q J !8C

J )8y O ) NRMR R 1y O *
R; */

--.# O 1D05y O ;,-- U *.B$R O -./;//R ;

:$A$;C<

)B

APPENDIX "

The Ca!cu!ation o& a Characteristic in the Throat Re(ion

T%e 4a!ues of e an0 $ a1 se!ec1e0 poin1s >us1 0o6ns1rea2 of 1%e 1%roa1 cou!0 7e ca!cu!a1e0 fro2 1%e e=ua1ions gi4en in Appen0i9 A an0 1%ese 4a!ues use0 1o s1ar1 1%e ca!cu!a1ion of region I!!a$ In genera!3 %o6e4er3 1%ese 4a!ues 6ou!0 no1 7e roun0e0 nu27ers an0 in1erpo!a1ion of 1a7!es 6ou!0 7e necessar# a1 eac% s1age of 1%e ca!cu!a1ion$ A 2ore con4enien1 approac% is 1o in4er1 1%e e=ua1ions so 1%a1 1%e co8or0ina1es of a poin1 a1 6%ic% specific 4a!ues of() an0 v %a4e 7een c%osen can 7e o71aine0 0irec1!#$ If sui1a7!# roun0e0 4a!ues of() an0 v are 1a?en i1 is possi7!e 1o use e9is1ing 1a7!es of c%arac1eris1ic s!opes 0irec1!#$ T%e process of in4ersion 1o o71ain y an0 z as func1ions of v an0 #- is no1 s1raig%1for6ar0$ T%e series for $ gi4en in e=ua1ion :A$),< is no1 con4ergen1 near 1%e sonic !ine3 e$g$ = 1 occurs in 1%e 0eno2ina1or of e=ua1ion :A$;;<$ A1 firs1 sig%1 i1 appears 1%a1 1%is 0ifficu!1# can 7e sur2oun1e0 7# using e=ua1ion :A$;< in p!ace of e=ua1ion :A$),< an0 e9pressing y an0 C as func1ions of q an0 e. T%is in4ersion isDs1raig%1for6ar0 in princip!e an0 1%e 2e1%o0 of so!u1ion 6as i0en1ica! 1o 1%a1 0e1ai!e0 7e!o6$ Unfor1una1e!#3 1%e series e9pressions o71aine0 6ere no1 con4ergen1 in 1%e region of 1%e 7ranc% !ine$ A poin1er 1o 1%e 2e1%o0 e4en1ua!!# use0 6as foun0 7# in4es1iga1ing 1%e reasons un0er!#ing 1%e 0ifficu!1# occurring in 1%e firs1 a11e2p1$ In 1%is case 1%e o7>ec1ion arose fro2 1%e incorrec1 e9pansion of $ near 1%e sonic !ine$ In 1%e 4icini1# of 1%e sonic !ine i1 is possi7!e for $ 1o 7e rea! e4en 1%oug% 4 ) is i2aginar#$ T%is sugges1e0 1%a1 1%e func1ion 1J J $ 1 2ig%1 7e 2ore appropria1e since i1 is a rea! an0 uni=ue func1ion of 8 a1 7o1% su7sonic an0 supersonic spee0s$ T%e series for #- an0 11 6ere in4er1e0 as fo!!o6s$ S=uaring e=ua1ion :A$).< an0 su7s1i1u1ing for 8 fro2 e=ua1ion :A$;< gi4es

(B.1)

6%ere

(B.2)

(B.3)

(B.4)

T%us3 1%e e=ua1ions 1o 7e in4er1e0 are :A$-< an0 :"$!<$ To a firs1 appro9i2a1ion3 1%ese e=ua1ions re0uce 1o
R 11
5

ryi#y,C- J :#O!<

(B.$)

8 1 #y,C-

R!e J :#O!<(1
1%

(B.%)

T%e rig%1 %an0 si0es of 7o1% e=ua1ions :"$B< an0 :"$+< are cons1an1 an0 ?no6n =uan1i1ies$ I1 is con4enien1 1%erefore 1o in1ro0uce ; an0 % 6%ere
9R 1!

Q J ' .:#O!<
#$%%%, #y= )<L
"i()

U1

A fur1%er su7s1i1=1ion3 !( t=z-+

re0uces e=ua1ions :"$B< an0 "$+< 1o

1

-y =t
;

:"$,<$

:"$C< fro2 6%ic% t can 7e e!i2ina1e0 1o gi4e a cu7ic e=ua1ion for y, i$e$
(B.,)

T%e nu27er of rea! roo1s of 1%is e=ua1ion 0epen0s upon 1%e sign of 1%e 0iscri2inan1$ A func1ion & 6%ic% is propor1iona! 1o 1%e 0iscri2inan1 is gi4en 7#

:"$)/<

Hence3 1%e so!u1ion of e=ua1ion (B.,) can 7e gi#en in one of 1%e fo!!o6ing 6a#s3 0epen0ing on 1%e sign of &. :i< 2 >/3 i$e$

-.- > $. T%ere is on!# one rea! roo1 6%ic% is gi4en 7#

:"$))<

6%ere 1%e posi1i4e roo1 of 2 is use0$ If ; is posi1i4e 1%e correspon0ing poin1 in 1%e 3, y p!ane !ies in 1%e !o6er %a!f p!ane 7e16een 1%e sonic !ine an0 1%e !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic fro2 1%e sonic poin1 on 1%e a9is3 as s%o6n in Fig$ ,$ For nega1i4e # 1%e so!u1ion !ies in 1%e correspon0ing seg2en1 in 1%e upper %a!f p!ane i$e$ 1%e 2irror i2age in 1%e 98a9is$ :ii< & J /3 i$e$

-.- J

$. T%ere are 16o coinci0en1 rea! roo1s an0 one 0is1inc1 rea! roo1$ T%e !a11er is

y J O;A1 an0 1%e 0ou7!e roo1 is

y

:"$);<

JEA1

:"$)-<

),

6U$)ere 1%e upper signs are 1a?en 6%en Pis posi1i4e3 an0 1%e !o6er 6%en Pis nega1i4e$ T%e 0ou7!e roo1 correspon0s 1o a poin1 on 1%e 7ranc% !ine an0 1%e sing!e roo1 1o a poin1 on 1%e !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic 1%roug% 1%e sonic poin1 on 1%e 98a9is$ :iii< & W /3 i$e$ Me!W $. T%ere are 1%ree 0is1inc1 rea! roo1s gi4en 7# y J ;AMcos:eO );/i< 6%ere 5; :"$)B< cos e J 8 A1 ; 1%e posi1i4e s=uare roo1 7eing 1a?en in 7o1% e=ua1ions$ K%en ; is posi1i4e3 16o of 1%e so!u1ions !ie in 1%e upper %a!f p!ane on 1%e sa2e rig%18running c%arac1eris1ic3 one on ei1%er si0e of 1%e 7ranc% !ine$ T%e 1%ir0 roo1 !ies in 1%e !o6er %a!f p!ane in 1%e narro6 sec1or 7e16een 1%e !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic 1%roug% 6%en 1%e sonic poin1 on 1%e 98a9is an0 1%e !ine = /$ T%e !oca1ions of roo1s for a!! 1%ree cases ; > / are i!!us1ra1e0 in Fig$ ,$ It s%ou!0 7e no1e0 1%a1 an# roo1s 6%ic% !ie ou1si0e 1%e range I/0 > )D/ are 4a!i03 7ecause 1%is 0iscussion is essen1ia!!# 2a1%e2a1ica! an0 0oes no1 recognise 1%e prac1ica! !i2i1s i2pose0 7# 1%e no !e con1our$ Se4era! 1a7!es are a4ai!a7!e 6%ic% ena7!e 1%e roo1s of e=ua1ion :"$*< 1o 7e foun0 0irec1!#$ For e9a2p!e3 if 1%e 1a7!es gi4en 7# Neu2ar? ;/ :)*+;< are use0 1%e e=ua1ion %as 1o 7e 6ri11en in 1%e s1an0ar0 for2
(B.14)

.s - 8-s J i1( 6%ic% re=uires 1%e su7s1i1u1ion

T%e para2e1er i1(, agains1 6%ic% roo1s are 1a7u!a1e03 is gi4en 7#

It is no6 assu2e0 1%a1 1%e so!u1ions of e=ua1ions :"$,< an0 :"$C< are y 0 an0 t 0. T%e co2p!e1e so!u1ions can 7e 6ri11en in 1%e for2

:"$)+<

:"$),< 6%ere y 1, !i, .... t )3 t 1 , K... are con4enien1!# e9presse0 in 1er2s of <o an0 t 0K Pairs of si2u!1aneous e=ua1ions for <i an0 ti can 7e o71aine0 7# e9pan0ing e=ua1ions :A$-< an0 :"$)< an0 co!!ec1ing 1%e coefficien1s of eac% po6er of R. T%ese are of 1%e for2& :"$)C<

:"$)*<

)C

6%ere

Z;

.1

<I

C; C) ti #-1+1 C; C) CC; CC; C#; +2 C1; =y1t1+y.+t=<1-ay=t1---at=+5

a!! 1er2s 7eing e4a!ua1e0 a1 (y 0, t 0 -. T%e so!u1ions of si2u!1aneous e=ua1ions :"$)C< an0 :"$)*< are
. J 48 ) N e$ C)()) >N. CC)U <

( +t

( +t

:"$;/<

13$J48) NNDCC)R e$C)(P)U L+y L+y

6%ere
" J:C)(P)<

:"$;)<

+y

:CC)< R :CC)< :Cr# )< o +t o +y o +t o

:"$;;<

For i J ) 1%e so!u1ions of e=ua1ions :"$;/< an0 :"$;)< 7eco2e y + - C# + )B 2 1y U /1 J <o N8 * 88<o 8)B to :"$;-<

:"$;.< In 4ie6 of 1%e co2p!e9i1# of 1%e a!ge7ra i1 6as 0eci0e0 1o ca!cu!a1e # ; an0 t; nu2erica!!# for a par1icu!ar 4a!ue of y. For y = )D.3 1%e resu!1s are D # ; J 3 / N:/D/;B. #+8/D;.,+<O1 /:8/D)BB. y6= O/D,+;;<O/DCC.- 1+U 1 ; J : 8/D/;+; y' O /D/,.+ <ii O /D//*C<O O1 /:8/D/),+ yti=0M1556 Y+8/D;.,C<O :"$;+< O t6# 8/D;,.C <6 O/DB),,< O/D-B/B t5 For1%ese i =) an0 ;3 1%e V %as6%ere 7een e91rac1e0 fro2no1 1%earise$ nu2era1or 1%a1 1%e =ues1ion of func1ions in fac1or 1%e region t0 A!ongso 1%e 7ranc% !ine t 0 Jof con4ergence %o6e4er3 $:"$;B<

yH

<H,
;

0oes
=

an0 1%e pro7!e2 is 1ri4ia! in so!u1ion 7ecause 7+7

$.

)*

APPENDIX C
E8uations &or the Met hod o& Characteristics

T%e 2ain e=ua1ions necessar# for 1%e so!u1ion of a 16o80i2ensiona!3 isen1ropic3 s1ea0# supersonic f!o6 7# 1%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics are se1 ou1 7e!o6$ T%e c%arac1eris1ics are 0efine0 7# 1%e fo!!o6ing e=ua1ions
dy d3 J1an:YO C< dy d3 (C.1)

81an:Y8C<

(C.2)

for !ef18running an0 rig%18running c%arac1eris1ics respec1i4e!#$ A!ong a !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic

$ 8+ J oc J cons1an1 (C.3)

an0 a!ong a rig%18running c%arac1eris1ic $ O + J &5 J cons1an1

(C.4)

Fig$ C s%o6s a s?e1c% of a 1#pica! c%arac1eris1ic 2es%$ It is assu2e0 1%a1 con0i1ions a1 co8or0ina1es :9 )3 3 )< an0 (x 1, 3 ;< are ?no6n an0 :9 -3 3 -<3 6%ic% !ies a1 1%e in1ersec1ion$ of 1%e c%arac1eris1ics v O + J ( 1 an0 $-+ J oc )3 is 1%e poin1 1%a1 i1 is 0esire0 1o co2pu1e$ Using 1%is figure3 e=ua1ions (C.1) an0 (C.2) can 7e rep!ace0 7#

(C.$)

(C.%)

6%ere 2 13 an0 2 23 are 2ean 4a!ues of 1an:YO C< an0 1an:Y8C< sui1a7!# 0efine0 in 1%e re!e4an1 in1er4a!sF a 0iscussion on 1%e 7es1 4a!ues 1o use is gi4en 7e!o6$ E=ua1ions (C.$) an0 :C$+< can easi!# 7e so!4e0 for 9 - an0 y 5K It appears3 %o6e4er3 1%a1 1%e e9pressions gi4en in 2os1 1e917oo?s are no1 in 1%eir 2os1 sa1isfac1or# for2$ T%e fo!!o6ing sc%e2e is sugges1e0 since fe6er significan1 figures nee0 7e use0 in 1%e ca!cu!a1ionsF
'i3 J 3 1 89 ) 'iy J <1-<1 (C.7) (C.8) (C.,)

)!

J m15=m15

'iy=m 15 'i3

g)42g X-JX )Of'

<5 J /1 =m15&J (C.10) (C.11)

20

In genera!3 1o es1i2a1e m 15, 1%ree si2p!e 2e1%o0s are reco22 n0e05$ T%ese are

:i< :C$);< 6%ic% correspon0s 1o rep!acing 1%e e9ac1 c%arac1eris1ic 7# a circu!ar arc3 :ii< 6%ic% is e=ui4a!en1 1o in1e[3ra1ing e=ua1ion :C$)< using 1%e 1rape iu2 ru!e3 an0 :iii< 6%ere 1%e Dsu7scrip1 of *+* refers 1o 1%e 4a!ue of(, 8) a1 1%e poin1 6%ere :C$).< :C$)-<

T%e !as1 2e1%o03 sugges1e0 7# Te2p!e ;) :)*..<3 is 1%e 2os1 con4enien1 in so2e respec1s3 an0 1ria! ca!cu!a1ions using 1%e e9ac1 so!u1ion for a ra0ia! source f!o6 as a co2parison s%o6 1%a1 i1 appears 1o gi4e s!ig%1!# 7e11er resu!1s 1%an 1%e o1%er 16o$ In 2a1%e2a1ica! 1er2s3 %o6e4er3 1%e 1%ree es1i2a1es are a!! of 1%e sa2e or0er of accurac# an0 1%ere is noD -.io.i reason 6%# an#one of 1%e2 s%ou!0 7e 1%e 2os1 appropria1e in an# par1icu!ar case$ E=ua1ion :C$);< canno1 7e use0 in con>unc1ion 6i1% 1a7!es of c%arac1eris1ic s!opes (an0 is 1%erefore 0iscar0e0 a1 1%is s1age$ Fur1%er consi0era1ion of 1%e o1%er 16o es1i2a1es is gi4en 7e!o6$ Es1i2a1es of 1%e 2ean 4a!ue of 1an:YO 8) 7e16een 1%e poin1s (x1* y 1) an0 :9 -3 Y-<3 in Fig$ C3 can 7e o71aine0 7# in1egra1ing e=ua1ion :C$)< using s1an0ar0 fini1e 0ifference for2u!ae$ Pu11ing
&#3-

J 1an:YOC< J 1an6 J

:C$)B<

e=ua1ion :C$!< gi4es

/3 -y1

0f
XX1

(x)dx

:C$)+<

:C$),< 6%ere :C$)C<

:C$)*< an0 3 s%o6s is 1%e ari1%2e1ic 2ean 3 as 9 -$7# T%e 0eri4a1i4es areis 1a?en 1%e c%arac1eris1ic$ E=ua1ion 1 an0 1%a1 1%e error in of m 15 gi4en e=ua1ion :C$)-< O:o a!ong < or3 1o 7e 2ore precise3 /.
;

5A si2i!ar argu2en1 a!so app!ies 1o 2 ;- $ ;)

An a!1erna1i4e approac% is 1o re6ri1e e=ua1ion :C$)+< as

Y- 8/1 J

4
:'

(#F5-dF5

:C$;/<

f')

6%ere (#F5- J &#3- dF5 J 1an6 dF5 Hence3 :C$;;< 6%ere :C$;-< an0 &5m is 1%e ari1%2e1ic 2ean of N-) an0 N--$ T%e 4aria7!es 3 an0 F5 c n 7e re!a1e0 7# :C$;.< 6%ere su7scrip1 LmL refers 1o 4a!ues 1a?en a1 &5mM E=ua1ion :C$;;< can 7e re86ri11en :C$;B< 6%ere :C$;+< E=ua1ion :C$;B< s%o6s 1%a1 1%e error in 2 )- as gi4en 7# e=ua1ion :C$).< is a!so of 0(o1
-.

dx

dx

:C$;)<

;;

APPENDIX D
, Method to Reduce the Error in the Mean S!ope o& a Characteristic

2.!. Estimation o& Mean S!ope at a enera! ;oint .. It %as 7een s%o6n a7o4e 1%a1 for gi4en 4a!ues of 9 ) an0 9 - 1%e error in y 5 is 0(% -<$ In prac1ice3 9 - is un?no6n an0 is 0e1er2ine0 fro2 1%e s1ar1ing con0i1ions a1 (5 )3 # )< an0 (5 ; 3 y 1 -. It is easi!# seen3 %o6e4er3 1%a1 1%e resu!1an1 errors in 9 - an0 <5 are < s1i!! 0(% - F a 0e1ai!e0 0iscussion is$gi4en 7# Ha!! ;; :)*B+<$ In 2an# cases 1%ese errors are s2a!! enoug% 1o 7e of no i2por1ance 7u1 1%e# can 7e =ui1e significan13 par1icu!ar!# 6%en 1%e Mac% nu27er is c!ose 1o uni1#$ K%en 1%e errors are 1%oug%1 1o 7e significan1 1%e s1an0ar0 2e1%o0 of c%ec?ing is 1o repea1 1%e ca!cu!a1ion 6i1% a s1ep si e e=ua! 1o %a!f 1%e origina! one3 an0 1o (repea1 1%e process un1i! successi4e ca!cu!a1ions gi4e 1%e sa2e resu!1 1o 1%e accurac# re=uire$c!$ Ho6e4er3 1%is process is ra1%er unsa1isfac1or# 7ecause i1 con4erges on!# s!o6!#$ Ha!4ing 1%e s1ep si e appro9i2a1e!# =ua0rup!es 1%e nu$27er of s1eps in 1%e c%arac1eris1ic 2es% so 1%a1 1%e fina! error is on!# s!ig%1!# !ess 1%an %a!f 1%e origina! one$ It 6ou!0 see2 6or1% 6%i!e3 1%erefore3 1o 0e4e!op a 2e1%o0 6%ic% 6ou!0 re0uce 1%e or0er of 2agni1u0e of 1%e errorF 1%is %as 7een 0one 7# co27ining 16o of 1%e es1i2a1es for 2 )- in suc% a 6a# 1%a1 1%e 1er2s of 0(%-< are e!i2ina1e0$ To co27ine e=ua1ion :C$),< an0 :C$;B< a func1ion 12! is in1ro0uce0 6%ic% is $0epen0en1 upon 1%e con 0i1ions 1%a1 e9is1 a!ong a par1icu!ar c%arac1eris1ic$ Mu!1ip!#ing e=ua1ion :C$),< 7# :)8\<3 e=ua1ion :C$;B< 7# N; an0 a00ing 1%e resu!1s gi4es

y 5 -y 1 J

N:!

8$33

$O$<1an6 )O1an6 - $O$ U O$331an62 ;

(6.1)

T%erefore3(if

N;

is c%osen so 1%a1 :)8WP'<LOWP'M J /

:D$;<

an es1i2a1e of2 )- can 7e o71aine0 6%ic% is in error 7# 0(%. < 3 i$e$

:D$-<

Su7s1i1u1ing in e=ua1ion :D$;< fro2 e=ua1ions :C$)*< an0 :C$;+< gi4es3 af1er so2e re0uc1ion3
/

:D$.<

6%ere f:9< J 1an ? an0 1%e 0eri4a1i4es are e4a!ua1e0 a1 1%e 2i08poin1 7f 1%e in1er4a!$ In genera!3 ca! cu!a1ions are 2a0e a1 e=ua! in1er4a!s of &5 so 1%a1 1%e 0ifferen1ia! 1er2s can 7e easi!# e4a!ua1e0$ A!ong an# c%arac1eris1ic i1 can 7e s%o6n 1%a1
d3

d&5

)1an ; : O 44 ; 8) ; $ , 1 8)
;-

:D$B<$

an0
d 1? d751

1anYsec ; Y:1an ; := A$ ;< ;:8);8)<;

:D$+<

T%us3 func1ions 0epen0en1 upon e=ua1ions :D$B< an0 :D$+<3 e$g$ an0

dH,

can 7e e4a!ua1e0 6i1%ou1

?no6ing 1%e space co8or0ina1es of a c%arac1eris1ic 2es%$ T%e ca!cu!a1ion of 1(5. increases 1%e 1i2e re=uire0 for eac% s1age of a c%arac1eris1ic 2es% 7u1 1%is is offse1 1o so2e e91en1 7ecause re!a1i4e!# !arge s1ep si es 2a# 7e use0$ I1 is es1i2a1e0 1%a1 1%e 1o1a! 1i2e re=uire0 1o co2pu1e a c%arac1eris1ic ne16or? 1o a gi4en accurac# can 7e as !i11!e as one si91% of 1%e 1i2e re=uire0 6%en 1%e firs1 appro9i2a1ion tom )- is use0 $$

2.1. Estimation o& Mean S!ope near a /ranch 'ine.

In cases 6%ere a 7ranc% !ine e9is1s in 1%e f!o6 fie!0 a!!o6ance can 7e 2a0e in 1%e co2pu1a1ions 7# $ using a si2i!ar proce0ure 1o 1%a1 0escri7e0 a7o4e$ If 1%e 7ranc% !ine is a !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic no a!!o6ance is necessar# a!ong !ef18running c%arac1eris1ics$ Ho6e4er3 2 ;- %as a 2a9i2u2 on eac% rig%1 running c%arac1eris1ic 6%ere i1 crosses 1%e 7ranc% !ine an0 1%e 2ean 4a!ue gi4en in sec1ion 6.1 is inappropria1e$ Consi0er a sec1ion of 1%e c%arac1eris1ic ne16or? as s%o6n in Fig$ C 7u1 suc% 1%a1 1%e )8- c%arac1eris1ic is no6 a 7ranc% !ine$ T%en3 7ecause 8;- %as a 2a9i2u2 a1 (5 -3 3 -<3 ]

:D$,<

Hence3

y 5 -y1 RJ

3
-

&#3-d3

:D$C<

:D$*<

6%ere

"u13

(6.10)

so 1%a1 1%e 1er2 of O:Ci -< in e=ua1ion :D$*< can 7e e!i2ina1e0 gi4ing

:D$))< ;.

6%ere :D$);< T%us3 1o a firs1 appro9i2a1ion 2 ;- J

N1an6 ; O;1an6 -U

:D$)-<

To o71ain 1%e re!e4an1 for2 of LTe2p!e(s 2e1%o0L accoun1 is 1a?en of 1%e fac1 1%a1 1%e c%arac1eris1ic co8or0ina1e oc %as a 2ini2u2 a1 9 - i$e$

:D$).< Kri1ing f:9<

=

F:oc<

:D$)B< 6%ere

e=ua1ion :D$).< can 7e use0 1o gi4e f:9< J F:oc-<O :98;9-<; # 9 < - :& < - O

+:9 9-<- :
Hence3

9 < - #O --

+ 0(84)

:D$)+<

:D$),< If a cons1an1 : :/ W ( W )< is in1ro0uce0 suc% 1%a1 F:oc - O /) J F:oc-)+

/ (6 )

- O/:L

<

:D$)C<

:D$)*<

;B

1%en e=ua1ion :D$),< can 7e 6ri11en

O & :

X < - #O --

:)8. <OO:7s<

:D$;/<

T%e 1er2 of 9(0-< can 7e e!i2ina1e0 7# c%oosing

1 -

so 1%a1 :D$;)< 6%ere

ML R > 1> :0 oc< #dB-

:D$;;<
doc

72 d3 5

Hence3 1o a firs1 appro9i2a1ion3 :D$;-< In a si2i!ar 2anner 1o 1%a1 0escri7e0 a7o4e 1%e 16o firs1 appro9i2a1ions can 7e co27ine0 so 1%a1 1%e error 1er2s of 1%e %ig%es1 or0er are e!i2ina1e0$ In1ro0ucing l(!, in p!ace of 1%e origina! func1ion 1(!, an i0en1ica! proce0ure gi4es
2; -

1-(#0' 1anro O ;1anro ) O(f ( 1

; -

3P 3

NP1

+ ;KU

:D$;.<

an

6%ere
d 5?
d3 5

i2!

J :-ro
5

d? :-

oc
5

:D$;B<
=

d3 =doc d3

1%e 0eri4a1i4es 7eing e4a!ua1 0 a1 1%e 7ranc% !ine$ Since doc

d3

/ a1 1%e 7ranc% !foe3 1%is e=ua1ion

re0uces 1o
i2! J8

:D$;+<

T%erefore e=ua1ion :D$;.< 7eco2es :D$;,<

;+

APPENDIX E
2etermination o& the NoCC!e Contour 6y Inte(ratin( a!on( a Characteristic

T%e no !e con1our in regions I!!a an0 IVa is 0e1er2ine0 7# e=ua1ing 1%e 2ass f!o6 across a c%arac1er is1ic 1o 1%e 2ass f!o6 1%roug% 1%e 1%roa1$ T%e 2ass f!o6 across a c%arac1eris1ic3 2a0e non8 0i2ensiona! 7# 0i4i0ing 7# 1%e 2ass f!o6 ca!cu!a1e0 fro2 one80i2ensiona! consi0era1ions3 is Ai 6%ere Ai:#< J

Pdy

:E$!<

an0 a!ong a rig%18running c%arac1eris1ic3

P J pacosec#:-0p"a" (E.2)

An e=ui4a!en1 for2 6%ic% is 2ore con4enien1 for ca?u!a1ion is P J 'Mf(M) sin:Y8e<U8i 6%ere f (M) is 1%e one80i2ensiona! area ra1io 0efine0 7#
&#M:E$-<

<

J &;& '
M

)O #8)M;<U #O! ;

;[($$$

:E$.<

an0 1a7u!a1e0 in 0e1ai! 7# Riise ;- :)*B-< an0 o1%ers$ T%e func1ion P can 7e e4a!ua1e0 a1 eac% poin1 of 1%e c%arac1eris1ic ne16or? an0 Ai can 7e o71aine0 a1 1%ese poin1s 7# nu2erica! in1egra1ion$ In genera! 1%e 1rape iu2 ru!e is no1 sufficien1!# accura1e for 1%e e4a!ua1ion of Ai fro2 e=ua1ion :E$!< an0 recourse 2us1 7e 2a0e 1o 2ore refine0 in1egra1ion for2u!ae$ So2e sui1a7!e for2u!ae for une=ua! in1er4a!s of /iy %a4e 7een 0eri4e0 7# Har1!e# ;. :)*B-<F 1%e re=uire0 for2u!a 6%en Kis gi4en a1 Yi3Y an0 3 - is

0f
Y!

Pd<. Y'8Yi NHiKi =Q 1 71 =Q 5 + 75 U

:E$B<

6%ere

Kr=2-r
QC

:E$+< :E$,< :E$C<

J ;OrOr8i

an0
:E$*<

27

An e=ui4a!en1 for2u!a for ca!cu!a1ing 1%e in1egra! o4er one in1er4a! of /iy can 7e 0eri4e0$ T%is is

/0

5 Pdy J < <C NHiKi =Q1P1=Q5P5*

:E$)/<

<1

6%ere3 6i1% 4 0efine0 as a7o4e

HiJ 888 )O)

" 1 J )OQ
-

r2

(E.11) :E$);<

5=1IL
:E$)-<$

)Or T%e ra1io of 1%e 2ass f!o6 1%roug% 1%e 1%roa1 1o 1%e 2ass f!o6 o71aine0 7# one80i2ensiona! con si0era1ions is Q, 6%ere Q is gi4en 7# e=ua1ion :A$;C<F for R J BD/

Q = /D***))

:E$).<

T%erefore3 y 0, 1%e 4a!ue of y a1 1%e poin1 6%ere 1%e c%arac1eris1ic in1ersec1s 1%e no !e con1our is gi4en :E$)B< T%e 4a!ue of <? is foun0 7# in1erpo!a1ionF again3 grea1 care 2us1 7e 1a?en 1o a4oi0 a significan1 !oss of accurac#$ Suppose3 for e9a2p!e3 1%a1 Ai a11ains 1%e re=uire0 4a!ue 7e16een poin1s S an0 Ton 1%e c%arac1eris1ic$ T%en y,%i an0

=i

= Kare ?no6n a1 7o1% poin1s3 ena7!ing a cu7ic 4aria1ion of y 6i1%

Q 1o 7e 0efine0 in 1%e in1erpo!a1ion region$ T%e e=ua1ion 1o 1%is cu7ic can 7e 6ri11en

:E$)+< 6%ere

:E$),< an0

(E.18)

In 1%e region near 1%e 1%roa1 Kis appro9i2a1e!# e=ua! 1o uni1# an0 i1 is con4enien1 1o 6or? 6i1% 1%e func1ion 8 6%ere A = 1-> ;C :E$)*<

T%is s1ep re0uces 1%e nu27er of significan1 figures in eac% ca!cu!a1ion$ Using 1%is func1ion3 e=ua1ion :E$)< 7eco2es
y?

<?-%i#<?- J Ady

0
/

(E.20)

Ano1%er func1ion % 1 is 0efine0 7#

%1 =
0

Ady = yPdy
0

'

(E.21)

T%erefore3
(E.22)

an0 dA d1%1 dy d%& = (1-?)It is 1%erefore possi7!e 1o use 1%e ?no6n 4a!ue of Q1 an0

:E$;-<

prescri7e a cu7ic 4aria1ion of % 1 as a func1ion of Ai an03 %ence3 1o fin0 1%e 4a!ue of % 1 a1 6%ic% @ ) J /D***))$ If ei1%er of 1%e poin1s S or T !ies on 1%e 7ranc% !ine a fur1%er con0i1ion can 7e s1ipu!a1e0$ A!ong an# rig%1 running c%arac1eris1ic3 $ %as a 2ini2u2 a1 1%e 7ranc% !ine$ Fro2 e=ua1ion :E$-< i1 can 7e s%o6n 1%a1 1%e func1ion A a!so %as a 2ini2u2 a1 1%is poin1$ Hence3 e=ua1ion :E$;-< s%o6s 1%a1 a1 1%e 7ranc% !ine 1%e 4aria1ion of Q1 6i1% Ai %as an inf!ec1ion poin1$ T%is ena7!es a =uar1ic 4aria1ion of Q 1 as a func1ion of Ai 1o 7e prescri7e0 an0 Q1 0e1er2ine0 a1 1%e poin1 6%ere Ai = /D***))$

d6

a1 eac% en0 of eac% in1er4a! 1o

29

SYM"OLS
9

Spee0 of soun0 Cross8sec1iona! area Func1ion 0epen0en1 upon 0iscri2inan1 of e=ua1ion :"$*< T%roa1 %a!f %eig%1 Define0 7# e=ua1ion :E$)*< Dis1ance 2easure0 a!ong no !e a9is 7e16een 1%roa1 an0 no !e run ou1 posi1ion Leng1% a!ong a c%arac1eris1ic in 1%e si2p!e 6a4e f!o6 region

,
& h

Define0 7# e=ua1ion :C$)*< Define0 7# e=ua1ion :D$);< Mean 4a!ues of 1an (A+ti) an0 1an (A-ti)

M M*

respec1i4e!# Define0 7# e=ua1ion :C$;+< Define0 7# e=ua1ion :D$;;< Mac% nu27er Define0 7# e=ua1ion :"$)C< R1e #y= !U1

Ve!oci1# 2agni1u0e Define0 7# e=ua1ion :A$)<

' +B )) t

q,q*
Q

Ra1io of 1%e 2ass f!o6 1%roug% 1%e 1%roa1 1o 1%a1 ca!cu!a1e0 7# assu2ing sonic 4e!oci1# a1 1%e p!ane of 1%e 1%roa1

Ra1io of 1%e 2ass f!o6 across a c%arac1eris1ic 1o 1%a1 ca!cu!a1e0 7# assu2ing sonic 4e!oci1# a1 1%e p!ane of 1%e 1%roa1 Define0 7# e=ua1ion :E$;)< Ra0ia! 0is1ance fro2 source poin1 in ra0ia! f!o6 Ra1io of ra0ius of cur4a1ure a1 1%roa1 1o 1%e 1%roa1 %a!f %eig%1 Re#no!0s nu27er y ;A1

z-6

ro
P 3, y

Ki01% of supersonic 1unne! Define0 7# e=ua1ion :E$;< T6o80i2ensiona! Car1esian co8or0ina1es

-/

S<M/O'S-continued
Ari1%2e1ic 2ean of 9 ) an0 x 5

N#&!U G
Cons1an1 of in1egra1ion for a !ef18running c%arac1eris1ic Cons1an1 of in1egra1ion for a rig%18running c%arac1eris1ic Ra1io of specific %ea1s Define0 7# e=ua1ion :E$*<

&5

4
(!

3 5 83 1a 2easure of 1%e s1ep si e in a c%arac1eris1ic ne16or? 5; 8;A1

Define0 7# e=ua1ion :"$;;< "oun0ar# !a#er 1%ic?ness "oun0ar# La#er 0isp!ace2en1 1%ic?ness )8A F55 8#3 ) a 2easure of 1%3e s1ep si e in a c%arac1eris1ic ne16or?
y%l

#O!
()

F!o6 0ef!ec1ion re!a1i4e 1o no !e a9is Define0 7# e=ua1ion :"$)*< 4 ; 3 0efine0 7# e=ua1ion :"$!< F!ui0 0ensi1# Mac% ang!e Pra 01!8Me#er ang!e Inc!ina1ion of a c%arac1eris1ic 1o 1%e no !e a9is Define0 7# e=ua1ion :D$.< Define0 7# e=ua1ion :D$;B<

11
-

: v
(!)

T%e fo!!o6ing s#27o!s are use0 1o represen1 poin1s in 1%e f!o6 fie!0 an0 a!so as su7scrip1s 1o 0eno1e 1%e 4a!ue of a f!o6 4aria7!e a1 a par1icu!ar poin1& "3P3C3D I In1ersec1ion poin1s of cer1ain !ef18running an0 rig%18running c%arac1eris1ics 6i1% 1%e no !e a9is Con0i1ions a1 1%e inf!ec1ion poin1 Ups1rea2 an0 0o6ns1rea2 en0 poin1s3 respec1i4e!#3 on a ra0ia! f!o6 s1rea2!ine :Fig$ ;< Ups1rea2 an0 0o6ns1rea2 en0 poin1s3 respec1i4e!#3 of a c%arac1eris1ic crossing 1%e si2p!e 6a4e f!o6 region :Fig$ ;< -)

A3R
S3T

S<M/O'S-continued su7scrip1s &

? m
superscrip1&

Con0i1ions a!ong 1%e con1our Ari1%e2e1ic 2ean Con0i1ions a1 1%roa1

REFERENCES No. ) I. M$ Ha!! ; K$ T$ Lor0 $$ - @$ M$ E0e!2an ,uthor#sTit!e, etc. Transonic f!o6 in 16o80i2ensiona! an0 a9ia!!#8s#22e1ric no !es$ Auar1$ '$ Mec%$ App$ Ma1%s$3 )B3 par1 .3 pp$ .C,8B/C3 No4e27er )*+;$ A 1%eore1ica! s1u0# of annu!ar supersonic no !es$ A$R$C$3 R & M -;;,3 )*+)$ T%e 0esign3 0e4e!op2en1 an0 1es1ing of 16o80i2ensiona! s%arp8 cornere0 supersonic no !es$ Me1eor Repor1 No$ ;; :M$!$T$<3 Ma# )*.C$ @as Tur7ine La7ora1or#3 @ui0e0 Missi!es Progra2e$ Design 0a1a for grap%ica! cons1ruc1ion of 16o 0i2ensiona! s%arp8e0ge81%roa1 supersonic no !es$ NACA RM No$ EC');$ TI"$P)*/-$ Han07uc% 0er E9peri2en1a!8p%#si?3 .3 p$ ./,3 )*-)$ Supersonic no !e 0esign$ '$ App$ Mec%anics3 )-3 No$ .3 pp$ A;+B8A;,/3 Dece27er )*.+$ T6o80i2ensiona! supersonic c%anne! 0esign$ Par1 I. A$R$C$3 R & M ;),.3 )*.B$ A ne6 2e1%o0 of 0esigning 16o80i2ensiona! La4a! no !es for a para!!e! an0 unifor2 >e1$ N$A$A$ Repor1 NA88.+8;-B3 )*.+$ An accura1e an0 rapi0 2e1%o0 for 1%e 0esign of supersonic no !es$ N$A$C$A$ TN --;;3 )*BB$ T%eore1ica! s1u0ies on 1%e f!o6 1%roug% no !es an0 re!a1e0 pro7!e2s$ App$ Ma1%s Pane! C;8IR3 AM@8NYU No$ .-3 Ne6 Yor? Uni4er si1#3 Apri! )*..$ Ana!#1ic correc1ion of a 16o80i2ensiona! no !e for unifor2 e9%aus1 f!o6$ U$A$C$ Me1eor Repor1 No$ )B3 )*.C$ -;

. H$ S%a2es an0 F$ L$ Seas%ore B A$ "use2ann + A$ E$ Puc?e11 , A$ /$ L$ A1?in

C H$ Foe!sc%

..

* I. E$ "ec?6i1% an0 '$ A$ Moore )/ H$ /$ Frie0ric%s

11 E$ Ni!son

REBERENCES-continued No. ,uthor#sTit!e, etc.

); '$ R$ "aron $$

Ana!#1ic 0esign of a fa2i!# of supersonic no !es 7# 1%e Frie0ric%s 2e1%o0$ K$A$D$C$ Tec%nica! Repor1 B.8;,*3 'une )*B.$ F!e9i7!e8p!a1e no !e 0esign for 16o80i2ensiona! supersonic 6in0 1unne!s$ '$P$L$ Repor1 No$ ;/8,.3 C$!$T$3 'une )*B.$ T%e 0esign an0 ca!i7ra1ion of a 4aria7!e Mac% nu27er no !e$ '$ Aeronau1$ Sci$3 ;;3 No$ ,3 pp$ .C.8.*/3 )*BB$ Design of 16o80i2ensiona! con1inuous8cur4a1ure supersonic no !es$ '$ Aeronau1$ Sci$3 ;;3 No$ )/3 pp$ +CB3 +*;3 )*BB$ ^urn U7ergang 4on Un1ersc%a!!8 u U7ersc%a!!gesc%6in0ig?ei1en in D!isen$ ^e11 ange6 Ma1% Mec%3 )*$ No$ +3 pp$ -;B3 --,3 )*-*$ An in1erfero2e1ric s1u0# of supersonic c%anne! f!o6$ Re4$ of Sci$ Ins1$3 ;/3 No$ .3 )*.*$ A no1e on 1ur7u!en1 7oun0ar# !a#er a!!o6ances in supersonic no !e 0esign$ A$RC$ C$P$ ---3 )*B,$ Hea1 1ransfer 1o an inco2pressi7!e 1ur7u!en1 7oun0ar# !a#er an0 es1i2a1ion of %ea181ransfer coefficien1s a1 supersonic no !e 1%roa1s$ '$ Aeronau1$ Sci$3 ;-3 No$ ;3 pp$ )+;8),;3 )*B+$ So!u1ion of cu7ic an0 =uar1ic e=ua1ions$ R$A$E$ TN Aero ;C.-3 Oc1o7er )*+;$ T%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics in supersonic f!o6 A$RC$ ! & M ;/*)3 'anuar# )*..$ T%e accurac# of 1%e 2e1%o0 of c%arac1eris1ics for p!ane supersonic f!o6$ Auar1$ '$ Mec%$ App$ Ma1%s$3 *3 p1$ -$3 pp$ -;/3 ---3 )*B+$ Func1ions of Pran01!8Me#er ang!e for supersonic no !e 0esign$ '$P$L$ Pu7!ica1ion No$ ;+3 C$!$T$3 Dece27er )*B-$ A$RC$ )+3,C/3 )*B-$ Supersonic 6in0 1unne!s81%eor#3 0esign an0 perfor2ance$ UTIA Re4ie6 No$ B3 )*B;$

)- H$ N$ Riise $$

). '$ Rosen )B

'$ C$ Si4e!!s

)+

H$ @or1!er $$

), )C

D$ "ers%a0er E$ K$ E$ Rogers an0 Miss "$ M$ Da4is M$ Si7u!?in $$

)*

;/ ( S$ Neu2ar?

$$
;)

@$ Te2p!e

;; M. D. Ha!!

;;. ;B

H$ N$ Riise $$ D$ E$ Har1!e# '$ Rup1as% $$

--

TA"LE I
/oundary-'ayer Corrected NoCC!e Co-ordinates
)

x*
x*

,!! 2imensions in Inches 3L BDB/// BDB*B, BD+C;BD,C); BD*/*+ +8/)B* +8).-C +8;C*; +8.;*) +8B,BB +8++-+ +8C-;. +8*.*,D/C/. ,D-;C,DB//C ,DBC/, ,D,;+B ,DC.).

y* ;D+-+/ ;D./*, ;D)C.C )D*+)C )D,.). )DB;.C )8-)-C )8))), /D*;.) /D,+)+ /D,--+ $ /D,/,B /D+C-B /D++)* /D+.;C /D+;+B /D+)-) /D+/;* /DB*+/

yL
/DB*;. /DB*+; /D+/-/D+);; /D+;C* /D+.,C /D+,., /D,/CB /D,.-. /D,C-+ /DC/C; /DCB,. /DC*;. /D*--/ )D/)/. )D/+.B )D/C*, )D)-B, )D),)*

3L
CD/B+) CD-.CC CDB+)B CD*/)* *D;,B* *D+C+B )/8)-,)/D+-;; ))8),B))D,,)+ );D.;+; )-8).., )-8*--* ).DC//+ )BD,B;* )+8,**+ ),D*B/. )*D;)++ ;/D/-)+

y*

/D//// /DB/// )D//// )DB/// ;D//// ;DB/// -D//// -DB/// .D//// .DB/// .D+/// .D,/// .DC/// .D*/// BD//// BD)/// BD;/// -D-/// BD.8///

)D;-*B )D-;*. )D-*;C )D.C*, )DBC*)D+*)) )D,*.+ )DC**; ;D//.; ;D)/CC ;D;))* ;D-);;D./C+ ;D.**; ;DBC)* ;D+B.B ;D,).; ;D,B,, ;D,,B*

--------:,._,-CONTOUR

&1

&'I
SUBSONIC

I I I

,.

8
#

##
#

1.;;B

INITIAL EXPANSION

'euSEMANN. REGION

SUPERSONIC

FI@$ )$ T%e principa! regions of a supersonic no !e$

,. ,.

,. #

3$

,.
#

VIR_TiUA_L_O-Rl ! IN:::"_-#--$#- -----,,#----##-----%,,.- &'---------( O) RA*IAL. )LO+

FI@$ ;$ T%e par1icu!ar regions re!e4an1 1o 1%e no !e 0esign$

50.0
/

&

10

12

14

1%

IS

;/

FI@$ -$

o$:O4

in 1%e 1%roa1 an0 in 1%e ra0ia! f!o6 p!o11e0 agains1

$.

y.O

-B

- - - - - -

-1

F!IGCIFA< G9HH<E

L8/J_

CEGE!E6 EXFAGII9G J!9M A.

FI@$

.$

S?e1c% of s1rea2!ines an0 c%arac1erisMics re!e4an1 1o 0iscussion on 2ini2u28!eng1% no !e$

;/

,&
. 1$

R
10 10 1$

/ /
10

1$

;/

FI@$

B$

Cur4es of #* agains1 $ 1o ai0 1%e se!ec1ion of R, $ p an0

e,.

B/

./

-/
--

THEORY.

SECOND MATCHING OF GRADIENTS.

ACTUAL CALIBRATION.

20

10

/
); 1% K

;/

;.

FI@$

+$ Varia1ion of Pran01!8Me#er ang!e a!ong no !e a9is$

-+

;BI

+ DQo$ DD]D
*</

!ei<$$3$

e :J) O. 1 e.. 1!1 ....,.

LK(>M7 .L.L. 1N1.BB-..

/</

!"#$a

F2$ ,$

S?e1c% i!!us1ra1ing !oca1ions of roo1s of e=ua1ion :"$*<$ # Q /$

F2$ C$ S?e1c% of a 1#pica! c%arac1eris1ic 2es%$

Prin1e0 in Ka!es for Her Ma>es1#(s S1a1ioner# Office 7# A!!ens :Car0iff< Li2i1e0 D0$);BC,. HB

-,

%. " &. No$ 3''0

Cro?n copyri(ht )*+,

Pu7!is%e0 7#
HER MA'ESTY(S STATIONERY OFFICE

To 7e purc%ase0 fro2 .* Hig% Ho!7orn3 Lon0on 6$c$! .;- O9for0 S1ree13 Lon0on 6$! )-A Cas1!e S1ree13 E0in7urg% ; I /* S1$ Mar# S1ree13 0fr0iff "ra ennose S1ree13 Manc%es1er ; B/ Fairfa9 S1ree13 "ris1o! I -B S2a!!7roo?3 Ring6a#3 "ir2ing%a2 B ,8)) Linen%a!! S1ree13 "e!fas1 ; or 1%roug% an# 7oo?se!!er

R$ & &. No$ 3''0

S$O$ Co0e No$ ;-8-../