Alexys Boonkokua P.6 Davis Lucky P.

Primary Annotated Bibliography Addams, Jane. "Efforts to Humanize Justice." The Survey 1 Dec. 1929: 275-78. Unz. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/TheSurvey-1929dec01-00275>. Jane Addams expresses her opinion that justice was not going by its definition in the 1920s. While explaining her opinion, she provides Sacco and Vanzettis case as an example of an unjust situation provided by the American government. This article allowed us to review how the justice system in America was corrupt during the time of Sacco and Vanzettis case.

Alley in the Memphis Commercial Appeal. "The New National Figure." Cartoon. Red Scare (1918-1921). Baruch EDU, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/library/alumni/online_exhibits/digital/redscare/H This political cartoon revealed how oppressive the United States government was oppressively shutting down ideas controversial to theirs. During the war, the Sedition Act prevented people from expressing negative views about the government.

Authority of Congress. "The Statutes at Large 1917-1919." Constitution.org. US Law, n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2013. <http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/040_statutes_at_large.pdf The Sedition Act of 1918 prevented Americans from expressing opposing views toward their government. This unconstitutionally took away peoples right of free speech. The Act contributed to Judge Thayers and the jurys prejudice against Sacco and Vanzetti.

Baldwin, Mary W. "Swiss Echoes of Sacco and Vanzetti." Editorial. The Outlook [Springfield, Massachusetts] 21 Sept. 1927: 80. Unz. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/Outlook-1927sep21-00080>.

Mary Baldwin clarifies how the antiquated legal system of Massachusetts was corrupt towards the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. She blatantly attacks the state government by ridiculing their ways of control. Baldwin, Roger N. "The Capital of the Men Without a Country." Editorial. Survey 1 Aug. 1927: 460-67. Sacco and Vanzetti Commemoration Society. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <saccoandvanzetti.org>. In The Capital of the Men Without a Country Roger Baldwin speaks of how the French society is fallin apart due to their government. Along with this idea, he brings into place similiraties happening in the United Sates with the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. This newspaper article allowed us to look at the trial with a more broad perspective on its social impact.

Beffel, John N. "The Sacco-Vanzetti Verdict." Editorial. New Republic 10 Aug. 1921: 299-300. Unz. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/NewRepublic1921aug10-00299>. At first, John Beffel gives a brief overview of the Sacco and Vanzetti case. Then, Beffel goes in depth when he talks about Judge Thayers statements during the case and how they show prejudices toward the two Italians.

Bent, Silas. "Checking Up the Vanzetti Story: An Interview with the Chief of Counsel for the Defense." Editorial. Outlook and Independent 7 Nov. 1928: 1099-101. Unz. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/Outlook-1928nov07-01099>. In Silas Bents article in the Outlook and Independent, he discusses the importance of the Medeiros confession to the case. Not for its level of truth, but the fact that the motion for retrial was denied even with a confession.

Berle, A.A., Jr. "Commonwealth Vs. Sacco and Vanzetti." The Survey 1 Sept. 1927: 489. Unz. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/TheSurvey-1927sep0100489>. The opinion of the author is parallel to that of many others such that the Massachusetts law did not support the verdict that the jury and judge came to.

Through this, we were further convinced that the Sacco and Vanzetti case was unjust.

"Boston Post Cartoon." Cartoon. The Massachusetts Judicial Branch. Supreme Judicial Court, 26 Apr. 2010. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. http://www.mass.gov/courts/sjc/saccovanzetti-14.html The Boston Post Cartoon depicts watershed moments during the trial. It pokes fun at the flimsiness of some of the prosecutions testimonies, further attributing to the fact that there was an obvious biased opinion in the jury. Cannon, James P. "Death, Communication, or Freedom?" Editorial. The Labor Defender July 1927: 99-100. Marxists. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/labordefender/v1n07-jul-1926-labordefender.pdf>. Through his diction, Cannon expresses a feeling of contempt towards the vultures of capitalism responsible for the conviction and execution of Sacco and Vanzetti and two other men in a different trial. It can be inferred that this man saw that the government unjustly and maliciously sentenced these men to death.

Coffman for the International Feature Service. "About Time." Cartoon. Red Scare (19181921) : About Time. Baruch EDU, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/library/alumni/online_exhibits/digital/redscare/HT MLCODE/CHRON/RS095.HTM>. This is another political cartoon displaying the force in which the government used to get rid of people, especially Italians, that they thought might be socialists or communists. The government even went as far as to deport suspected persons out of the country.

Earle, Edward M. "As the Record Leaves It." The Outlook 10 Apr. 1929: 539. Unz. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/Outlook-1929apr10-00589a02>. Earle explains that when the transcripts of the trial were made public, reviewers of the case, who were unrelated to it, determined that there was a reasonable doubt

of guilt. This article allowed us to step back and view the case from a non-partial point of view.

Evans, Elizabeth G. "Sacco and Vanzetti." Unz. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/TheSurvey-1926jun15-00364>. This includes a general overview of the case, but specifically targets the denials for retrial of the defense. Judge Thayer denied these motions even though, in public and in the defenses mind, there was sufficient evidence to support a motion for retrial.

Evans, Elizabeth G. "The Sacco and Vanzetti Cases." The Nation 15 June 1921, 112th ed., sec. 2919: 842-43. Unz. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/Nation-1921jun15-00842>. In the opening paragraph of Evens article, she supports the common idea that Sacco and Vanzetti were set up by the government. Elizabeth also states that the evidence regarding their involvement and their arrest were highly speculated if the evidence was there at all.

Fox, Curtis, prod. "A Journal for MultiMedia History Review of a Radio Program, "Sacco and Vanzetti" (produced as Part of the Series, "The Past Present: History for Public Radio")." Sacco and Vanzetti. Jan. 1999. A Journal for MultiMedia History Review of a Radio Program, "Sacco and Vanzetti" (produced as Part of the Series, "The Past Present: History for Public Radio"). The Journal for MultiMedia History. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. Through the public eye, Sacco and Vanzetti were given an unfair trial. However, this majoritys opinion did not sway the views of Judge Thayer and the jurors. This program debates what rights and responsibilities Sacco and Vanzetti actually had.

Fraenkel, Osmand K. Braintree Crime Scene. Digital image. The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti: Maps. UKMC, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.

<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/mappage.html>. The map of the crime scene gives us an idea on where the witnesses claim they were at the time of crime. This plays an important role when some of the witnesses recant their testimonies and admit the prosecution forced them to say what they did.

Fraenkel, Osmand K. The Sacco-Vanzetti Case. The American Journal of Police Science. 6th ed. Vol. 2. N.p.: Northwestern University, 1931. 550+. Jstor.org. JSTOR. Web. 16 Sept. 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1147349?uid=3739560>. Fraenkels writings discuss, in depth, the opposing sides of the case. It brought together the public opinion and that of the participants of the trial. This helped us by providing a clear, unbiased opinion of both sides arguments.

Frankfurter, Felix. "The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti." Editorial. The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti [Boston, Massachusetts] 1 Mar. 1927: n. pag. The Atlantic. The Atlantic. Web. 12 Sept. 2013. <http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1927/03/thecase-of-sacco-and-vanzetti/306625/>. Felix Frankfurter, the most respected critic of the case, provided full information about the trial and the evidence presented by both sides. This editorial gave us critical information, teaching us about the case.

Goodwin, Frank A. "Sacco-Vanzetti and the Red Peril." Speech. Lawrence Kiwanis Club. 30 June 1927. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/AmRad/saccovanzettired.pdf>. Although Frank Goodwin did not support Sacco and Vanzetti cause, he states that 474,482 individuals signed a petition and gave it to the governor of Massachusetts. These petitioners all were convinced that the courts of Massachusetts and the fairness of the trial were without integrity.

Kurlansky, Harry. "Testimony of Defense Witness Harry Kurlansky." Interview.

Testimony of Defense Witness Harry Kurlansky. UMKC, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/kurlansky.html>. After the original trial concluded, Kurlansky admitted to a false statement, allowing the defense to move for a retrial. However, it was denied. This statement reveals to us that Kurlansky had been forced to provide his original statement.

"Massachusetts the Murderer." The Nation 31 Aug. 1927: 192-93. The Nation. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.thenation.com/article/massachusetts-murderer#>. The article describes how the decision of guilt outraged and bewildered many foreign and domestic persons. This information gave us a wider range of opinions on the case.

McAnarney, Jeremiah J. "Summation of Jeremiah J. McAnarney in the Sacco-Vanzetti Trial." Argument of Jeremiah J. McAnarney. UKMC, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/mcanarneysumm.html>. Jeremiah McAnarneys final statement further argues that the prosecutions case was built on a bias. This contributes to our knowledge that Sacco and Vanzetti were unfairly tried for the crime.

Medeiros, Celestino F. "Interview of Medeiros in Connection with His Confession in the Sacco-Vanzetti Case." Interview. Interview of Medeiros in Connection with His Confession in the Sacco-Vanzetti Case. UMKC, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/medeirosint.html>. Five years after the conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti, Celestino Medeiros wrote a letter to a local newspaper explaining that he was present during the crime and that Sacco and Vanzetti were not. Even after this confession, Judge Thayer refused to hear the case again. This provides further evidence of the biased opinion of Judge Thayer.

Medeiros, Celestino F. "The Sacco and Vanzetti Trial: A Summary of Key Evidence." Letter to The Editor of the Boston American. 15 Apr. 1920. Evidence and

Conclusions Concerning the Madeiros Confession. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. The Sacco and Vanzetti Trial: A Summary of Key Evidence. UKMC. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/madeiros.html>. This the letter Medeiros sent to the editor of the Boston American disclosing his confession of the Braintree crimes. Medeiros confession was pivotal in the move for a retrial for Sacco and Vanzetti. After the letter the website displays a chart comparing the Sacco and Vanzetti theory and the Medeiros theory.

Millay, Edna St. Vincent. Justice Denied in Massachusetts. Assumption.edu. N.p., 1927. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. <http://www1.assumption.edu/users/McClymer/his394/sacco and vanzetti/Millay,JusticeDenied.html>. Justice Denied in Massachusetts, a poem by Edna St. Vincent Millay, exemplifies the public sympathy for Sacco and Vanzetti. Not only did the public see that Sacco and Vanzetti received and unfair trial, writers all over the world communicated a common view of displeasure at the way the Sacco and Vanzetti case was tried.

Millay, Edna V., St. "Fear." The Outlook 9 Nov. 1927, 147th ed., sec. 10: 293-95. Unz. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/Outlook-1927nov09-00293>. In her poem, posted in The Outlook, Millay displays great sympathy towards Sacco and Vanzettis cause and also contempt for that of the government who she that murdered these men. It is very clear that she was against the governments decision and thought Sacco and Vanzetti deserved a fair trial. Minor, Robert. "Learning to Hate American Imperialism." The Murder of Sacco and Vanzetti. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 339-40. Unz. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. http://www.unz.org/Pub/Communist-1927sep-00338 Robert Minor states, We know that the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti was one of the most conscious and deliberate acts of the American bourgeoisie. He fully supports the idea that the American government was corrupt in the 1920s

Morgan in the Philadelphia Inquirer. "Put Them Out & Keep Them Out." Cartoon. Red

Scare (1918-1921). Baruch EDU, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/library/alumni/online_exhibits/digital/redscare/HT MLCODE/CHRON/RS073.HTM>. This picture depicts the acts of the United States government during the war plain and simply. The title Put Them Out & Keep Them Out explains that the government wanted little to no intercourse with anarchists. Our knowledge of the amount of restrictions throughout the United States during this time was greatly influenced by this picture.

Norwin, W. P. "The Lowell Committee and Its Report." The Notorious Case of Sacco and Vanzetti. N.p.: Haldeman-Julius Monthly, n.d. 49-59. Hathitrust. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080477774;view=1up;seq=52>. In this book, Norwin provided us with a different perspective of the case. He explained that, in fact, the evidence had been reviewed and was fairly examined by Governor Fuller. However, most claim that Governor Fuller did not fairly review the evidence due to his disposition towards the defendants.

"Ought to Hang" Affidavit Filed. 1923. Photograph. Boston, Massachusetts. Supreme Judicial Court. By The Boston Daily Globe. The Massachusetts Judicial Branch, 23 Apr. 2010. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. <http://www.mass.gov/courts/sjc/saccovanzetti-18.html>. This picture of the article found in the Boston Daily Globe in 1923 is a headline about the Ripley-Daly Motion made in court in October of that year. The defense stated that the jury foreman had formed an opinion of Sacco and Vanzettis guilt before the trial with his statement, Damn them, they ought to hang anyway. This further exemplifies the prejudices toward Sacco and Vanzetti of the people working the case.

Pease (The Newark News). "Swat the Fly, but Use Common Sense." Cartoon. Red Scare (1918-1921) : Swat the Fly. Baruch EDU, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.

<http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/library/alumni/online_exhibits/digital/redscare/HT MLCODE/CHRON/RS132.HTM>. This political cartoon, portraying Uncle Sam hitting himself with a hammer trying to swat a fly on his forehead, ridicules the governments tactics on trying to rid the country of flies, or reds. The way the government handled this so-called problem, proved to be detrimental to the status of the government in the eyes of the public.

Pelser, Lewis. "Testimony of Prosecution Witness Lewis Pelser." Interview. Testimony of Prosecution Witness Lewis Pelser. UKMC, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/pelser.html>. Lewis Pelser was another witness for the prosecution who recanted his original testimony after Sacco and Vanzettis conviction. This is another example of how untruthful the prosecution was when gathering witnesses.

"Sacco and Vanzetti Put to Death Early This Morning; Governor Fuller Rejects Last-Minute Pleas for Delay After a Day of Legal Moves and Demonstrations." Editorial. The New York Times [New York City, New York] 16 Aug. 1927: n. pag. On This Day. The New York Times. Web. 12 Sept. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0823.html#article>. This helped us gather first-hand information about the trial when we knew little about the topic. After their death, the case was brought to the forefront of public attention by this article. It also detailed how the processions and events occurred that day.

"Sacco and Vanzetti 85 Years Later." Dedham Tales. Dedham Tales, 23 Aug. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2013. http://dedhamtales.wordpress.com/2012/08/23/sacco-and-vanzetti85-years-later/ The front page of The Boston Daily Globe notifies the reader of the deaths of Sacco, Vanzetti, and Medeiros on Tuesday August 21, 1927. This is the digital image of a newspaper that will be used on our website.

Sacco and Vanzetti's Firearms. N.d. Photograph. Sacco and Vanzetti. Tripod. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. <http://native770.tripod.com/id10.html>. The firearms of Sacco and Vanzetti were a major piece of evidence for both the prosecution and the defense. The number of bullets fired from each gun was a point of controversy in the case and may have been one of the small, but contributing, factors that affected the jurys decision.

"Sacco-Vanzetti to Die!" Editorial. Industrial Worker [Seattle, Washington] 13 Aug. 1927, IX ed., sec. 32: n. pag. PNAC ATTACK. Word Press. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. <http://pnacattack.wordpress.com/2012/10/14/c24re6vtc43wae53b/>. This newspaper reports a front-cover story explaining how Judge Thayer did not allow Sacco and Vanzetti to have a fair trial. While in motion for retrial, the defense was denied, even after Department of Justice agents swore they played a part in the conspiracy to get rid of the two anarchist Italians.

Shachtman, Max. Sacco and Vanzetti Labor's Martyrs. New York: International Labor Defense, 1927. 3-4. Marxists.org. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1927/saccovanz.pdf>. Max Shachtman goes in depth of not only the wrong doings with the Sacco and Vanzetti case, but also the many faults in the American government up to that point. He pinpoints how the United States government had deliberately and unjustly operated their country with a wide range of events. Schachtman provided us an in-depth look at how corrupt the United States government truly was.

Shahn, Ben. The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti. 1932. Whitney Museum. The Atlantic Online. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. http://www1.assumption.edu/users/McClymer/his394/sacco%20and%20%20vanz etti/Shahn%20Passionsacco_vanzetti.jpg. Ben Shahns painting of the burial of Sacco and Vanzetti portrays the lack of sentiment the government felt towards anarchists, specifically Sacco and Vanzetti.

Shahn, Ben. The Sacco-Vanzetti Protest Poster. Digital image. The Sacco-Vanzetti Case. Assumption.edu, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. <http://www1.assumption.edu/users/McClymer/his394/sacco and vanzetti/default.html>. This poster contains a quote from Sacco and Vanzetti stating how even though they were convicted, they stood for something bigger than their alleged crime: a stand for tolerance towards all people.

Sinclair, Upton. "Boston." Hathi Trust Digital Library, 1928. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. <http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073390984;view=1up;seq=8>. Boston by Upton Sinclair is a novel that criticizes the United States system of justice through characters and stories resemble those from the Sacco and Vanzetti case. His criticism of the case is just another indication of how the majority of people thought the defendants were treated unfairly.

Sinclair, Upton. Letter to John Beardsley. 29 Aug. 1929. Libcom.org. Libcom, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. <http://libcom.org/files/UptonSinclair.fr%20moore%20ltr.pdf>. In this letter to John Beardsley, Upton Sinclair describes his change of view on the Sacco and Vanzetti case. He states in his letter that the accusations these men were convicted of were not the reason they were put to death. This proves even more that Sacco and Vanzetti were destined to be sent to death either way because of their political positions.

Tensions of the Early 1920s. Digital image. Ms Underhills History Corner. Ms Underhill, 16 Feb. 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. <http://underhillhistorycorner.wordpress.com/2011/02/16/usii-tensions-of-theearly-1920s/>. The political cartoon, made in the 1920s, shows Americas hesitant and sometimes irrational objection to emigrants from Europe trying to immigrate to the United States. This ties in to the hostile atmosphere regarding immigrants actions and especially the Sacco and Vanzetti case.

Thayer, Webster. "Quotes." Interview. Quotes. Cal Tech, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~meghan/quotes.html>. Judge Thayer bluntly told the jury that he didnt care if Sacco or Vanzetti committed the crime they were convicted of; they deserved it anyway because of their opposing views of the government.

Thayer, Webster. "1916-1927: The Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti." Interview. Libcom.org. Libcom, 17 Sept. 2006. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://libcom.org/history/articles/saccovanzetti>.MLCODE/CHRON/RS104.HTM>. This site contains multiple quotes from Judge Thayer. These quotes show clearly how cruel Judge Thayer was regarding Sacco and Vanzetti being anarchists. The quotes further exemplified our knowledge of the prejudices of the court and its members.

The Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committee. Sacco and Vanzetti, 1921. Digital image. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Gilder Lehrman, n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/roaringtwenties/resources/sacco-and-vanzetti-1921>. This picture agrees with the many sources dealing with Judge Thayer being prejudiced against Sacco and Vanzetti. It also states that the red hysteria played a major role in deciding the verdict of the case.

"The Sacco-Vanzetti Case and Public Opinion." The Outlook 11 May 1927: 38. Unz. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/Outlook-1927may11-00038>. This article identifies a public opinion concerning the Sacco and Vanzetti case during the time it was popularly believed that the Medeiros confession was never truly reviewed by the court of Massachusetts. Even though later on it was considered to be a trivial piece of evidence, the fact that it was not reviewed thoroughly incites the publics outrage toward the handling of the trial.

The Sacco-Vanzetti Trial. N.d. Photograph. The Sacco-Vanzetti Trial. Authentic History, 13 July 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. <http://www.authentichistory.com/19211929/4-resistance/1-sacco-vanzetti/>. This photograph is of Sacco and Vanzetti in court. It will contribute to the visuals of our project.

Thompson, W.G. "Vanzetti's Last Statement: A Record by W.G. Thompson." Editorial. The Atlantic [Boston, Massachusetts] Feb. 1928: n. pag. Vanzetti's Last Statement. The Atlantic Online. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. <http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/oj/thompf.htm>. This excerpt from W.G. Thompson was a last account of Sacco and Vanzetti on the day of their death. It depicted how they acted and the events that took place during that day. Thompson states that his view of Vanzettis innocence has only been strengthened throughout the years.

"Voices from Prison." Editorial. Labor Defender 23 May 1926: 114-15. Marxist. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. <http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/labordefender/v1n07-jul1926-labor-defender.pdf>. In this article, a letter exchanged from Vanzetti to Sacco states that the defendant himself knew he was given an unfair trial. He tells Sacco that they were set up in what he called a plotted judicial murder. This made it obvious to us that Vanzetti felt that he and his partner in crime were set up for guilt from the very beginning of their debacle.

1926. Photograph. Boston, Massachusetts. Supreme Judicial Court. The Massachusetts Judicial Branch, 12 May 2010. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. <http://www.mass.gov/courts/sjc/sacco-vanzetti-20.html>. This photograph is of a group of Italians protesting for Sacco and Vanzettis innocence. One of the signs in particular says Ghastly Miscarriage of Justice explaining the publics reaction to the outcome of the case and how it was

conducted.