HISTORY Temples of Tamil Nadu - Madurai Meenakshi Temple by V.A.

Ponmelil (All rights reserved by the author) (Feedback) The Madurai Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple is one of the greatest temples of Meenakshi in India. It is also known for its sprawling landscape filled with sculptured halls, pillars and lofty towers with lavish artwork in all forms. Madurai is also the site of the 64 Tiruvilayadalgal of Shiva and one of the 5 Pancha Sabhais of Nataraja. It has Rajata (Velli) Sabhai where Lord Shiva dances with a raised right foot. It is believed that the goddess Sakthi rules the world as Meenakshi in Madurai, as Kamakshi in Kanchi and as Visalakshi in Kasi. According to the legend, the Pandyan king, Malayathuwajan, performed a Yagna seeking the blessing of God for a child. A three year old child with three breasts appeared from the sacrificial fire causing a great anxiety at the ceremony. Then a mysterious voice informed that the third breast would disappear when she met her future husband. Even the instructions that the child be known as 'Thadathagai' and be brought up as if she was a son, were given. Subsequently, the child was brought up giving training in all aspects of royal duties befitting a prince including the art of war. One day she came across a young handsome person and her third breast disappears by which she became aware that she had met her future husband. The young person was none other than Lord Sundareshwarar who had come to take her consort as pre-ordained. The marriage ceremony started and the bride decked with all fineries was taken to the temple where she walked into the sanctum and became one with the Lord. The most striking feature of the temple is the soaring gopuram or

the gateway towers built above the four entrances on the four sides. The most popular entrance being on the east side which is in line with the shrine of Meenakshi leads to the Ashtasakthi Mandapam where the pillars are full of sculptures. The scriptures here depict the different aspects of Goddess Meenakshi and the miracles performed by Lord Siva in Madurai. This hall leads to the Ciththirai gopuram passing through which will lead to a passageway on the eastern end of the Pottramarai kulam having a brass column in the centre. This sacred tank of the golden lotus is older than the temple itself. It is believed to be created by Lord Shiva by thrusting his shoolam into the earth to grant prosperity to all who bathe in it. The statues of Dhananjeya and Kulasekara Pandiya are carved on the pillar on the northern side of the tank. The walls have dilapidated murals, representing the 64 legendary deeds that Shiva performed in and around Madurai. In the Oonjal mandapam, every Friday, Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are put on a swing while othuvars sing the ancient Tamil hymns. The Kilikkoottu mandapam was the place where parrots were used to be kept. The Ashtashakthi Mandapam has a hall projecting outwards from the enclosure wall south of the east gopuram leading straight to the Meenakshi shrine. Eight goddesses or eight forms of Goddess Sakthi and two male donor figures are carved on the columns. The Samagam Meenakshi Naickar Mandapa which is adjacent to Ashta Shakti Mandapam has shops and stores. Built in 1708 by Meenakshi Naickar, this hall contains 110 stone columns, arranged in six rows, each 6.7m high carrying figures in the form of mythical beast yali. There is a doorway surrounded by a brass frame covered with oil lamps at the far end of this hall.

The Thousand Pillared Hall or the Ayirakkal Mandapa is the largest and the most spectacular Mandapa in the temple dating back to the middle of 16th century. Built by Ariyanatha Mudaliyar, this mandapa situated near Veeravasantharayar Mandapam contains 985 beautifully sculptured pillars with each pillar being exquisitely carved out of a single circular block of granite and sounds an arpeggio of musical notes when tapped. These pillars arranged in such a way that from whatever angle one looks from within, they appear to be in rows. There is an idol of Ariyanatha Mudaliar, facing south bestriding a horse erected in 1569 can be seen at the entrance. The large deity of Nataraja or the dancing Siva is located at the far end of the hall and an idol of Lord Sabapati at the centre. The sculptures of Lord Shiva destroying an asura, four armed goddess riding a bird and sculptures of Pichadanar, Dharman, Beeman, Rathi and Veerpathirar, carvings of Agni, Manmadan, Purushamirukam, Arjunan and Mohini, yalis and Hunter, as well as that of two Dwarapalakars, statues of Thiripurandhakar, Nirutha Ganapathy, Lord Muruga on peacock, Nagaraja, and Saraswathy are situated. There is a wheel, representing 60 years in the Tamil calendar on the roof of the entrance. The art museum established in this hall in 1966 has exhibits of temple art and architecture, fine brass, five metal and stone images, friezes and photos, religious icons, antique coins etc.
Meenakshi Temple Madurai travel information Meenakshi Temple in Madurai is the most exquisite example of the Dravidian architecture. It is a master piece and was the center of activity for the promotion of art and culture in Madurai. It is the main attraction of the city and pilgrims come to the

place in the search of spirituality and peace. The temple is dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi and Lord Sundareswarer. Meenakshi Amman Temple is located centrally in Madurai and the lotus-shaped city surrounds it completely. It claims the distinction of being the largest and the oldest temple in Madurai. Meenakshi temple was originally built by Kulasekarer Pandya. But the credit for the present look of the temple goes to the Nayakas, who ruled Madurai from 16th to 18th century. The temple has huge Gopurams which can be seen from a far off distance. There are total twelve gopurams, but the tallest four stand on the outer walls, each facing one direction. Amongst the four gateways, the south one is the tallest. It is about 50 m high and can be climbed to have a view of the entire city. This gateway contains the twin temples of Goddess Meenakshi and Lord Sundareswarer. These temples are again separately surrounded by four smaller gopurams. Meenakshi Amman Temple can be entered from any of its five entrances. The eastern entrance is usually preferred, as it opens in front of the Meenakshi Sannadhi (shrine), the reigning deity of the twin-temple. This is the only entrance which does not have a towering gopuram. Ashta Shakti Mandapam (mandapam hall) is the first attraction on this side of the temple. It was built by Thirumalai Nayakar's wives. This hall was once used to distribute food to the devotees who came from far off places. The pillars in the hall are carved with Lord Siva's Tiruvilayadals (miracles) and the life story of Meenakshi, as the princess of Madurai. There are a number of other halls and towers in the temple which are worth watching for their sculptures, carvings and designs. Each one is different from the other, in one aspect or the other. The 'Mandapam' of the temple consists of 985 pillars. Each pillar is unique. Some of the pillars are

music pillars, which produce music when tapped. The special feature of these pillars is that they are carved out of a single granite stone block. The temple also has an art museum. It contains icons, drawings and photographs which date back to the 1200 - year - old history of Indian temple architecture in the south. A lot of information can be extracted on the Hindu pantheon and related legends from this splendid museum. Various kings renovated the temple, leaving a distinct impression of their artistic taste. A number of complex corridors, magnificent sculptures and a heavenly abode suitable for Goddess Meenakshi, include the additions to the temple that were done by different kings. Her image is said to be carved out of a single emerald. According to mythology, the marriage of Meenakshi and Shiva actually took place in Madurai. It is still celebrated every year with great pomp and show.

Temples of Tamil Nadu - Rameshwara Temple by V.A.Ponmelil (All rights reserved by the author) (Feedback) The Rameshwara temple is one of the holiest shrines of India having one of the twelve Jyotirlingams. It is a huge temple situated in the island of Rameshwaram at about 160 km southeast of Madurai which can be reached through the Pamban Bridge across the sea. Also referred to as the Banaras of the south, the Rameswaram temple has long ornate corridors, towers and 36 theerthams. The water of the theerthams is said to have the medicinal properties. According to the Hindu epic Ramayana, Lord Rama himself had installed the Shiva Lingam in this place. The Dhanushkodi in the same island of Rameshwaram is also considered meritorious to take a dip in the sea off the coast of Dhanushkodi. The temple which was originally a small thatched hut was later converted into the present state by many additional constructions

over the years. Sethupathys of Ramanad and Kind Parakrambahu were significantly responsible for the construction of the temple. The temple spread over an area of 15 acres has lofty gopurams, massive walls and a colossal Nandi. The longest corridor has over 4000 pillars which are carved and mounted on a raised platform. The eastern Rajagopuram towers to a height of 126 feet and has nine levels. The Western Rajagopuram of about 78 ft high is also quite impressive. The temple has several mandapams with mini shrines to other deities. There is a huge Nandi measuring 12 feet in length and 9 feet in height with the idols of Viswanatha Naicker and Krishnama Naicker in front of the moolsthanam. The lingams are housed in the inner section of the Ramalingeshwara. There are high walls enclosing the temple, forming a rectangle with huge pyramidal gopura entrances on each side. In the fierce battle between Rama and Ravana, Ravana was defeated and killed by Lord Rama. When Rama and Sita returned to the island of Rameswaram, which was then called the Gandhamadana malai on their way back to Ayodya, the sages advised Rama that as he had killed Ravana, a Brahmin, he should atone for his sin of brahmahatya by performing a purification rite in front of a Lingam. But there was no lingam available and Rama asked Hanuman to obtain one from Lord Shiva himself from Mount Kailash. Hanuman went to Mount Kailash and sat in prayer to Lord Shiva requesting for a Sivalingam. When the days passed without Hanuman returning and as the auspicious time was approaching Sita moulded a Sivalingam out of sand and Rama performed his purification rite in front of this Lingam. Later, Hanuman arrived with another Lingam given by Lord Shiva and was dejected to find that his efforts were in vain. Lord Rama seeing his dejection told him to throw away the Lingam made out of sand and to install the Lingam given to him. When Hanuman tried to lift the Sivalingam already installed

he could not move it. So, Rama advised him to install his Sivalingam near the one already there and requested all his followers to worship this Lingam first before worshipping the Lingam installed by him. So this practice continues till today. The important festivals of the temple are the Mahasivarathri, the Brahmotsavam, the Ramalinga pradhistai, the Thirukkalyanam, the Navarathri, the Kanthasashdi and the Aaruthra Dharisanam.
Rameshwaram Temple travel information

Ramanathaswamy Temple is an important pilgrimage site for the followers of Hinduism. It is believed that a visit to this temple washes away one's sins and brings salvation (moksha). Located on an island off the Sethu coast of Rameshwaram, Ramanathaswamy Mandir can be reached via Pamban Bridge across the sea. Being situated in Rameswaram, the shrine is popularly known as Rameshwaram Temple. Rameswaram is a town in Ramanathpuram district of Tamil Nadu. The town is particularly famous for its religious shrine of Ramanathaswamy. The nearest airport to Rameshwaram is located at Madurai, which lies at a distance of 163 kms. One can easily reach Rameshwaram by taking regular tourist buses or by hiring taxis from all the major cities of Tamil Nadu including Madurai, Chennai and Trichy. The construction of this temple began in the 12th century; nonetheless it was completed much later, during the reign of various rulers. Rameshwaram Temple is famous for embracing one of the twelve Jyotirlingas (lingam of light) of Lord Shiva. The temple is also accredited for being the southern most 'jyotirlinga' of India. It is believed that at this place Lord Rama offered his gratitude to Lord Shiva.

The Lingam of Ramanathaswamy is the presiding deity of Rameswaram Temple. The religious significance of this shrine has made it, one of the most visited temples of India. Rameshwaram (South) is one of the four major pilgrimage sites of Hindus, the other being Puri (East), Dwarka (West) and Badrinath (north). The main shrine adores the idols of Viswanatha Naicker and Krishnama Naicker. In the inner section of the Ramalingeshwara, Ramalingam and Vishvalingam are placed side by side. Preserving the words of Lord Rama, Vishvalingam is worshipped before Ramalingam. Maha Shivarathri, Thirukalyanam, Mahalaya Amavasai and Thai Amavasai are the major festivals that are celebrated with gusto and fervor. Legend Ramanathaswamy Temple is closely linked with the great epic Ramayana. As per the legend, it is believed that Lord Rama worshipped Lord Shiva here, on his victorious return from Sri Lanka. As the legend goes, Sages (Rishis) counseled Lord Rama (along with Sita and Lakshmana) to install and worship the 'Shivalingam' at this place, to compensate the sin of Brahmahatya (killing of a Brahmin). Lord Rama approved the idea and fixed a favorable time for the installation of Shivalingam. He sent Lord Hanuman (Anjaneya) to bring a 'lingam' from Mount Kailash. Lord Hanuman could not return in time and it was getting late. Apprehending the situation, Sita herself made a 'linga' of sand and Lord Rama installed the same. When Hanuman came back with the 'linga', the formal procedures of installation were over. Lord Rama consoled the disappointed Hanuman and installed his lingam (Visvalingam) next to Ramalinga. He enhanced the sanctity of lingam by ordaining that the rites would be made first to the Visvalingam. Twenty Two Wells Ramanathswamy Temple has twenty two wells in its complex. Being the main attraction of this temple, the wells are also recognized with their

distinct properties. All of these wells have water of different taste, temperature, salinity and have curative properties as well. It is said that these wells were made by Lord Rama himself, when he fired arrows in the sand. Architecture Stretched over a vast area of 15 acres, Rameswaram Temple is the typical specimen of Dravidian style of architecture. The skyscraping gopurams (spires) truly dominate the skyline of Rameshwaram. The shrine is acknowledged for having the largest temple hallway in India. This pillared corridor extends to 4000 feet in length, embracing more than 4000 pillars. Erected on a raised plinth, granite pillars are intricately carved with beautiful images. A hard fact about this corridor reveals that the rock doesn't belong to the island and it was imported from somewhere across the sea. Encompassing nine levels, the eastern Rajgopuram (spire) soars to the height of 126 feet. However, the western 'gopuram' is not as high as the eastern 'gopuram', still it is equally captivating. The temple comprises numerous 'mandaps' having small shrines, dedicated to other deities. The colossal image of Nandi (Lord Shiva's Bull) captures the attention, due to its sheer size. It measures 12 feet in its length and 9 feet in its height. High fortifications encircle the temple, making a rectangle along with big pyramidal 'gopura' doorways on every side.

Temples of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu State Information Capital: Chennai

Districts: 30 Languages: Tamil, English Introduction to Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has glorious past, a vibrant culture, a rich history, and natural bounty in the form of blue beaches and clear skies. One can enjoy on the Marina beach, go cruising in the theme parks, or let the mind search for peace in the midst of magnificent temples. Alternatively, one can relish the mouth-watering dosas, savor the refreshing filter coffee, or enjoy the Bharatnatyam performances. Tamil Nadu is not about the past only, but it has set it's site on the future. The state is developing rapidly on all the fronts whether it is economy, social, human resource, culture, and so on. Tamil Nadu is one of the top three Indian states, which receive highest foreign investment in the sectors like automobiles, information technology, power, telecommunication, and others. On the social front, the state has a high per capita income, there is easy availability of social resources to people, and it produces quite a large number of trained manpower to increase the productivity. No wonder that the past and present in Tamil Nadu has a harmonious coexistence. Geography of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu, located in south India, is bounded on the north by Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, on the south by the Indian Ocean, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, and by Kerala on the west. Point Calimere and the Mudumulai Wildlife Sanctuary mark the eastern and western limits of the state respectively. The northernmost limit is the Pulicat Lake while the southernmost tip, defining the end of the Indian landmass, is Cape Comorin or Kanyakumari. The land can be divided into five major physical divisions - the Kurinji or mountainous region, the Mullai or forest

region, the Palai or arid region, the Marudham or the fertile plains and the Neidhal or coastal region. The Eastern and Western Ghats meet in Tamil Nadu and run along its eastern and western boundaries. The Cauvery River, originating in the Coorg district of the neighboring state of Karnataka, is the lifeline of the state. The lush Coromandal plains are irrigated by the Cauvery and its Thanjavur-Nagapattinam delta is called the granary of Tamil Nadu. Palar, Pennar, Vaigai, and Tamiraparani are the other rivers of the state. Brief History of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu was ruled by three major dynasties-the Cholas in the east, the Pandyas in the central area and Cheras in the west. This was during the Sangam Age - the classical period of Tamil literature-that continued for some 300 years after the birth of Christ. The Pallava dynasty was influential particularly in the 7th and 8th centuries, testimonies to which are the monuments at Mamallapuram. In the 13th century, with threats of Muslim invasions from the north, the southern Hindu dynasties combined and the empire of Vijayanagar, which covered all of South India, was firmly established. However, by the 17th century, due to the disintegration of the Vijayanagar Empire, various small rulers like the Nayaks ruled southern India. By the middle of the 18th century, there were frequent conflicts between the British, French, Danes, and Dutch due to their interest in these areas. The British were finally victorious, while small pockets like Pondicherry and Karaikal remained under French control. Under the British rule, most of south India was integrated into the region called the Madras Presidency. In 1956, the Madras Presidency was disbanded and Tamil Nadu was established. Government of Tamil Nadu Muthuvel Karunanidhi is one of the founder members and the

present leader of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) political party in the state of Tamil Nadu. He took over as the Chief Minister on 13 May 2006 after his coalition defeated his main opponent J. Jayalalithaa in the May 2006 elections, He currently represents the constituency of Chepauk in Central Chennai in the Tamil Nadu state Legislative Assembly. He holds the record of winning every election that he fought in his political career spanning over 60 years. Districts of Tamil Nadu The state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India is divided into 30 districts : Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, Kanchipuram, Kanyakumari, Karur, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Thoothukudi, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli, Tiruvallur, Tiruvannamalai, Tiruvarur, Vellore, Viluppuram and Virudhunagar Economy of Tamil Nadu There are a number of hydel power stations in Tamil Nadu. The atomic power plant is located at Kalpakkam, in the Chengalpattu MGR district. The major minerals found in this state are limestone, magnetite, mica, quartz, feldspar, salt, lignite, gypsum, and bauxite. The major industries include cotton textiles, chemicals, fertilizers, paper and paper products, printing and allied industries, diesel engines, automobiles and parts, cement, sugar, iron and steel, and railway wagon and coaches. The state is an important exporter of leather and leather products, cotton goods, tea, coffee, spices, tobacco, etc. The state's economy is largely agriculture-based and 70% of the population is involved in this industry. The principal food crops are rice, maize, jowar, bajra, ragi, and pulses. The cash crops include cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds, coffee, tea, rubber, and chilies. About 17% of the state's

total land area is under forest cover. Tamil Nadu Travel Information Tamil Nadu is a land of varied beauty. It is mostly famous for its numerous Hindu temples based on the Dravidian architecture. The temples are of a distinct style, which is famous for its towering Gopuram. Popular temple towns include Madurai, Trichy, Tanjore, Kanchipuram, Palani, Tiruvallur and Mahabalipuram. The most famous temple is the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur that is about 1000 years old and is on the UNESCO's World Heritage Site list. Tamil Nadu also has the Navagraha temples that are a popular pilgrim circuit. Kanyakumari, the southern most tip of peninsular India, is famous for its distinct and beautiful sunrise, Vivekanda Rock Memorial on the mid-sea, Thiruvalluvar statue and has some very green hilly landscape and picture-postcard perfect sceneries around the district and Nagercoil. Hill stations like Kodaikanal and Nilgiris boast some of the stunning landscapes in India. The Nilgiris also has one of the two mountain Railways in India and is being evaluated for the UNESCO's World Heritage Site list. The Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary located in Gudalur near the border of Karnataka known for its elephants, tigers and deer and the Pitchavaram Mangrove forests located in Chidambaram are two of the many eco-tourism spots of importance. Tamil Nadu, the cradle of south Indian temple architecture, is a living museum of styles that originated in the seventh century and matured in the huge temple complexes studded with towering gatewaysGopuram-that soar on the skyline of almost every town in the state. Rivers of Tamil Nadu The rivers of the state flow eastward from the western ghats and are entirely rain-fed. The perennial river fed by both the

monsoons is the Cauvery, which flows across Tamil Nadu cutting the state in to two halves. The perennial rivers are Palar, Cheyyar, Ponnaiyar Kaveri, Meyar, Bhavan, Amaravati, Vaigai, Chittar and Tamaraparni. The non-perennial rivers are the Vellur, Noyal, Suruli, Gundar, Vaipar, Valparai and Varshali. The 760 km long Cauveri is the largest river of the state. Education in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has a history that dates back to a thousand years or more. Tamil Nadu prides from the fact that the first engineering institution to come into being in the country was the Survey School established in 1794 at Chennai by the East India Company. Out of this grew the reputed College of Engineering, Guindy, and Chennai. Having made great strides in the field of Technical Education, Tamil Nadu is a frontline state in India imparting education in the field of technology. The State Government has undertaken several programs to overcome the problem of rural illiteracy and providing free elementary education among the masses. Schools in Tamil Nadu are either affiliated with the State Board or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). Tamil is the medium of instruction and study in the rural schools of Tamil Nadu. The State has a literacy rate of 74%, which is satisfactory as compared to the average literacy rate of the country. Major cities like Chennai, Coimbatore, Trichi and Madurai are famous for their renowned educational institutions and research centers. Food of Tamil Nadu Tamil cuisine, traditionally vegetarian, consists of the famous dosas, which are crisp rice pancakes and idlis, which are steamed rice dumplings. Vadas, sambar, rasam, coconut chutney, and upma are other common delicacies. Rice is the staple diet of the state. Chettinad cuisine is a specialty in Tamil Nadu and will be a

delight for those who like hot and spicy non-vegetarian food. This cuisine has several variations of fish, mutton, and chicken dishes of which the Chettinad Pepper Chicken is by far the best. The Tamil style of Mughlai food can be savored in the biryani and paya, which is a kind of spiced trotter broth and is eaten with either paratha or appam. Tamil Nadu, especially Chennai, is famous for its filter coffee, as most Tamils do not prefer instant coffee. Arts & Culture of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamils and their Dravidian culture. Human activity in this area may have begun as early as 3,00,000 years ago. Historians are of the opinion that the first Dravidians were a part of the Indus Valley Civilization and came to the south after the invasions in the north, around 1500 BC. The main language spoken here is Tamil, followed by English. While around 88% of the state's population follows Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam are also followed here in Tamil Nadu. There is an established caste system, and the traditional differentiations here are a lot more pronounced than in many other parts of the country. The Brahmin community here is very religious and people normally have a white mark on their forehead to signify their caste. Gypsies have had a special place in Tamil history. Many tribes and castes have accepted this iterant way of life. The Tamil deity Murugan's group was identified variably as a Kuravar (in Tamil Nadu) or as a Veddha (an indigenous hunter gatherer tribe in Sri Lanka). The Badagas, Kotas, and Todas are other tribes found in the Nilgiri hills. The innumerable temples of Tamil Nadu are themselves marvelous feats of art. The stone carvings of Mahabalipuram (also Mamallapuram), the paintings of Tanjore, the mats of Pattamadai, woodcarvings of Chettiand are famous throughout

the country. Besides these, the dolls made during the Navratri celebrations and baskets made of bamboo reeds are other popular local crafts Costumes of Tamil Nadu Most men in the Tamil Nadu wear a Dhoti which is a simple, round stitched cloth, tied at the center. The Kanjivaram saris woven in Chennai are available in several varieties and are the traditional wear for women at weddings and special occasions. The women are easily distinguished by their long hair, usually tied into plaits and always adorned with fresh flowers. They are also bedecked with heavy jewelry, mostly of gold. Dance & Music of Tamil Nadu The land of Carnatic music, Tamil Nadu is the birthplace of many music legends. The main instruments used here are the violin, wooden flute, veena, gottuvadayam, mridangam, nadaswaram and ghatam. Bharatnatyam is probably the best known and one of the most respected classical dances of India and is Tamil Nadu's gift to Indian culture. It originated in the temples of Mahabalipuram, and was initially performed by the Devdasis, who were young women wedded to the temple deity. Today, besides being practiced extensively in India, it has many exponents the world over, especially in Europe. Tamil Nadu Population Census data 2011 Tamil Nadu Population 2011 As per details from Census 2011, Tamil Nadu has population of 7.21 Crores, an increase from figure of 6.24 Crore in 2001 census. Total population of Tamil Nadu as per 2011 census is 72,147,030 of which male and female are 36,137,975 and 36,009,055 respectively. In 2001,

total population was 62,405,679 in which males were 31,400,909 while females were 31,004,770. Tamil Nadu Population Growth Rate The total population growth in this decade was 15.61 percent while in previous decade it was 11.19 percent. The population of Tamil Nadu forms 5.96 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 6.07 percent. Tamil Nadu Literacy Rate 2011 Literacy rate in Tamil Nadu has seen upward trend and is 80.09 percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands at 86.77 percent while female literacy is at 73.14 percent. In 2001, literacy rate in Tamil Nadu stood at 73.45 percent of which male and female were 83.28 percent and 64.91 percent literate respectively. In actual numbers, total literates in Tamil Nadu stands at 51,837,507 of which males were 28,040,491 and females were 23,797,016. Tamil Nadu Density 2011 Total area of Tamil Nadu is 130,060 sq. km. Density of Tamil Nadu is 555 per sq km which is higher than national average 382 per sq km. In 2001, density of Tamil Nadu was 480 per sq km, while nation average in 2001 was 324 per sq km. Tamil Nadu Sex Ratio Sex Ratio in Tamil Nadu is 996 i.e. for each 1000 male, which is below national average of 940 as per census 2011. In 2001, the sex ratio of female was 986 per 1000 males in Tamil Nadu.

Description Approximate Population Actual Population Male Female Population Growth Percantage of total Population Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio Density/km2 Density/mi2 Area km2 Area mi2 Total Child Population (0-6 Age) Male Population (0-6 Age) Female Population (0-6 Age)

2011 7.21 Crores 72,147,030 36,137,975 36,009,055 15.61% 5.96% 996 943 555 1,437 130,060 50,216 7,423,832 3,820,276 3,603,556

2001 6.24 Crore 62,405,679 31,400,909 31,004,770 11.19% 6.07% 986 959 480 1,243 130,058 50,216 7,235,160 3,725,616 3,509,544

Literacy Male Literacy Female Literacy Total Literate Male Literate Female Literate

80.09 % 86.77 % 73.14 % 51,837,507 28,040,491 23,797,016

73.45 % 83.28 % 64.91 % 40,524,545 22,809,662 17,714,883

Tamil Nadu Rural Population 2011

Literates Average Literacy Male Literacy Female Literacy

24,502,195 73.54 % 82.04 % 64.55 %

27,335,312 87.04 % 91.80 % 82.31 %

Related Questions What is literacy rate of Tamil Nadu ? Male literacy rate in Tamil Nadu is 86.77 percent. Female literacy rate in Tamil Nadu is 73.14 percent.

How much is the density per sq. km. of Tamil Nadu ? Total area of Tamil Nadu is 130,060 square kilometers in census 2011. What is population of Tamil Nadu in 2011 census ? Actual Population of Tamil Nadu is 72,147,030 as per census 2011. Male Population of Tamil Nadu is 36,137,975. Female Population of Tamil Nadu is 36,009,055.

Languages Spoken in Tamil Nadu

Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu state and one of the 18 languages mentioned in the eighth schedule of the Indian constitution. Tamil is one of the classical languages of the world, with a rich heritage of literature. It is the most widely spoken language in Tamil Nadu. Besides Tamil Nadu, Tamil is also spoken by a number of people in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Mauritius and Malaysia. The antiquity of Tamil is comparable to Sanskrit. Tamil is written in a derivative of the southern 'Brahmi' script. The alphabet of Tamil is unique (phonetic). That is, in Tamil language letters represent sounds, rather than ideas, as is the case in the 'Mandarin' language of China. Tamil is spoken by most of the people while around ten percent of the people residing in Tamil Nadu speak Telugu. Other languages that are popular in the state are Kannada, Urdu and Malayalam (though they are spoken by much smaller percentage). The influence of the Malayalam language is more prominent in the west while people residing mostly in the North Eastern part, bordering Karnataka, speak Kannada. Besides the above-mentioned languages, English is also spoken as a subsidiary language in Tamil Nadu.

Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamilnadu This sanctuary is located where the Nilgiri Hills, the offshoot of the Western ghats meet the eastern ghats. The Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary has varied mixture of flat land, undulating parkland, open grassland, swamp, valleys and nullas. The Moyyar river in this region forms a series of spectacular cascades on its way. 65 Kms. Away from Udhagamandalam and situated along the Udhaga-mandalam- Mysore highway, this sanctuary could be reached from Mysore as well.

This 321 Sq.km. wide sanctuary encompasses a National Park spread in an area of 103 sq.kms. The vegetation is varied with moist deciduous. It becomes dry deciduous towards Bandhipur, mainly mixed forests with Bamboss (Bambusa arundinacea), Terminalia tomontosa, Grewia, and blooming trees like Indian labumusum.Aredesia, Solanahncea are some of the flora. The fauna include Elephants, Gaur, Bonnet Macaque, Common langur, tigers and leopards, Chital, dhole panther, Sloth Bear, Python, barking deer, Four- Horned Antelope, Otter, Crocodiles (mugger), Giant flying squirrel, Sambar, Hyena, Wild Dog, Wild Boar, Mouse Deer, Spotted Deer, Jackal, Hare, Parcupine and Mongoose.

The Birds in this sanctuary are Peacock - India's National bird, grey jungle fowl, the red spur fowl, the grey patridge quails, goggle eyed plower, Malabar whistling thrust, large racket-tailed dronge, the shama, the magpie-robin, spotted babbler, small green barbet, green pigeons, little brown dove, malabar grey hornbill, bulbuls, mynahs, etc. Birds of prey like eagles, hawks, falcons and king vulture and some migratory water birds can be watched.

From Udhagamandalam you can (Base camp at Parson's Valley) trek to this sanctuary and the mukkurthi Park.
Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamilnadu

Spread over 9.58 Sq.kms., This sanctuary can be reached through Topslip in Anamalai Hills on the Western Ghats. An Ecological Paradise, this sanctuary encompasses a National Park with an Area of 108 Sq.km. Abutting Kerala on the West, this hill forest boasts of thick growth of trees, folds of terrains with evergreen sholas. About 800 species of South Indian flora are distributed here. Some of the many rare and endangered species of flora are: 1. Combretum Ovalifolium, 2. Dispyros nilagrica, 3. Gymnopteris Contaimirans (Fern), 4. Habebarai reriflora (Orchid), 5. Polypodum pleroupus,

6. Alsophila sp, 7. Bulbophyllum sp., 8. Lasianthus uenuloses, 9. Angiopterris Erectra, 10. Gnetum Ula, 11. Impaliens Elegans, 12. Lycopodium cernum, 13. Ranunculus reniformis and Osmunda Regulis. This sanctuary nurtures Arboreal animals like lion tailed macaque, bonnet macaque, Common Langur, Nilgiris Langur, Malabar Giant squirrel and Grizzled giant Squirrel. The ground animals listed are: Tiger, Panther, Elephant, Gaur, Pangolin, Sambar, Spotted Deer, Barking Deer, Mouse Deer, Wild Boar, Dhole, Sloth Bear, Porcupine, Nilgiris Tahr, Civet Cat and Toddy Cat. The Avifauna includes Racket Tailed Drongo, Black Headed Oriole, Paradise Flycatcher, Whistling Thrust, Emerald Dove, Green Pigeon, Tickell's Flower Pecker, Rufus Wood Pecker, Rose Ringed Parakeet, Black Eagle, Great Indian Malabar pied Horn Bill, Fiary Blue Bird and green Billed Malkhoha etc.

Other Eco - Centers: Equally enticing in the sanctuary are Monkey Falls at Aliyar, Crocodile breeding centre at Amaravathi, Gran Hills, Attakatti, Nirar, Kullipatti, Manompally, Chinnar, Thirumoorthy, Varagaliyar and Manjampathy. Trekking sheds available at Manjapally and Varagaliyar. While a wild life interpretation Centre is at Aliyar, a medicinal plant interpretation Centre is at Topslip.

National Parks in Tamil Nadu

Cuisine of Tamil nadu

Languages Spoken in Tamil Nadu

Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu state and one of the 18 languages mentioned in the eighth schedule of the Indian constitution. Tamil is one of the classical languages of the world, with a rich heritage of literature. It is the most widely spoken language in Tamil Nadu. Besides Tamil Nadu, Tamil is also spoken by a number of people in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Mauritius and Malaysia. The antiquity of Tamil is comparable to Sanskrit. Tamil is written in a derivative of the southern 'Brahmi' script. The alphabet of Tamil is unique (phonetic). That is, in Tamil language letters represent sounds, rather than ideas, as is the case in the 'Mandarin' language of China. Tamil is spoken by most of the people while around ten percent of the people residing in Tamil Nadu speak Telugu. Other languages that are popular in the state are Kannada, Urdu and Malayalam (though they are spoken by much smaller percentage). The influence of the Malayalam language is more prominent in the west while people residing mostly in the North Eastern part, bordering Karnataka, speak Kannada. Besides the above-mentioned languages, English is also spoken as a subsidiary language in Tamil Nadu.
Languages Spoken in Tamil nadu

Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu state and one of the 18 languages mentioned in the eighth schedule of the Indian constitution. Tamil is one of the classical languages of the world, with a rich heritage of literature. It is the most widely spoken language in Tamil Nadu. Besides Tamil Nadu, Tamil is also spoken by a number of people in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Mauritius and Malaysia. The antiquity of Tamil is comparable to Sanskrit. Tamil is written in a derivative of the southern 'Brahmi' script. The alphabet of

Tamil is unique (phonetic). That is, in Tamil language letters represent sounds, rather than ideas, as is the case in the 'Mandarin' language of China.

Tamil is spoken by most of the people while around ten percent of the people residing in Tamil Nadu speak Telugu. Other languages that are popular in the state are Kannada, Urdu and Malayalam (though they are spoken by much smaller percentage). The influence of the Malayalam language is more prominent in the west while people residing mostly in the North Eastern part, bordering Karnataka, speak Kannada. Besides the above-mentioned languages, English is also spoken as a subsidiary language in Tamil Nadu.

Like all other South Indian states, Tamil Nadu is also known for a wide variety of delicious food both for the vegetarians as well as the nonvegetarians. Grains, lentils, rice and vegetables are the main ingredients of the traditional foods of Tamil Nadu. Spices add flavor and give a distinctive taste to the Tamil cuisines. Some of the most common and popular dishes of the region are idly, dosai, vada, pongal and Uppuma. Coconut chutney and sambhar invariably form a part of most of the Tamil dishes. The typical Tamil breakfast includes dosai, which is a pancake made from a batter of rice, idly (steamed rice cakes) and lentils (crisp fried on a pan), vada (deep fried doughnuts prepared from a batter of lentils), pongal (a mash of rice and lentils boiled together and seasoned with cashew nuts, ghee, pepper and cummin seed), uppuma (cooked semolina seasoned in oil with mustard, pepper, cummin seed and dry lentils).

These are the main local dishes but there are several variations that are eaten with coconut chutney and mulaga podi. For lunch and the main course, the food consists of boiled rice, which is served with an assortment of vegetable dishes, sambar, chutneys, rasam (a hot broth prepared from tamarind juice and pepper) and curd. On the other hand, the non-vegetarian lunch and dinner include curries and dishes cooked with chicken, mutton or fish. Crispy Papad/Papar and appalam form an important part of a typical Tamil meal. Filter coffee is a famous and popular beverage of the people of Tamil Nadu in general and Chennai in particular. It is interesting to note that making of filter coffee is like a ritual as the coffee beans are first roasted and then powdered. After the grinding work is over, the powder is put into a filter set and then boiling water is added to prepare the decoction, which is allowed to set for about 15-18 minutes. The decoction is ready and can be added to milk with sugar according to taste. The coffee is poured from one container to another in quick succession so that the ideal frothy cup of filter coffee is ready.

Chettinad Cuisine Chettinad cuisine is one of the spiciest and most aromatic in India. The name Chettinad cuisine comes from the place of its origin, Chettinad. Chettinad cuisine and delicacy is a specialty of Tamil Nadu and is a delight for non-vegetarian food lovers. The Chettinad cuisine consists of several variations of mutton, fish, and chicken items. The Chettinad Pepper Chicken is a specialty of all the non-vegetarian dishes. Dishes like biryani and paya are popular Tamil style of Mughali food. Paya is a type of spiced trotters broth and is usually eaten with either parathas or appam. Fair & Festival of Tamil nadu

Tamilnadu is known for its traditions and culture. The advent of festivals marks the reaffirmation of the cycle of life with its joys and sorrows. Some of these ceremonies are purely pastoral, expressing the joy of life. Others are connected with myths and legends, sacred in our memories. Yet, others are temple festivals, calculated to inspire the citizens with high ideals of ethics. Nevertheless, all of them are associated with religion in some form or other. Festivals of Tamil Nadu are all made fascinating both to the eye and to the mind by appropriate rituals, music, dance and other belongings. Festivals renew bonds both within the family and with the community. Festival of Tamilnadu are. Pongal The four-day Harvest festival is celebrated all over the state in January. The festival begins on the last day of the Tamil month with Bhogi Pongal followed by Surya Pongal on the next day. It is on this day that Chakkara Pongal, a delicacy of harvest rice cooked with jaggery, ghee and cashew nuts is offered to the Sun God. The third day, Mattu Pongal is dedicated to the Cattle when cows are bathed and adomed with colourful beads and flowers. Jallikattu, the bullfight is held on the last day known as Kannum Pongal.

Chithirai Festival - Maudrai The Chithirai Festival is held in the famous Madurai temple, 500 kms. from Chennai. Starts from the Tamil month Chithirai, and ends on the tenth day. The highlight is the procession of Lord Kallagar (Lord Vishnu), the elder brother of Goddess Meenakshi, who proceeds from his abode Alagarmalai, 30 kms.

From Madurai, to give away his sister in marriage to Lord Sundareswar. The celebration is filled with pomp and festivity. The Kallagar entering the river Vaigai is indeed a spectacular soul-ful sight. Dance Festivals - Mamallapuram The Dance Festival starts on the 25th of December every year and conducted on all Saturdays. Sundays and Government holidays, upto February first week. Dancers and musicians of repute from India and abroad thrill the crowds every year. Folk dances of India are other added attractions. Natyanjali Dance Festivals The temple city of Chidambaram pays special tribute to Lord Nataraja the 'Cosmic dancer'. The setting is truly divine-Chidambaram's goldroofed temple, with pillars depicting Lord Nataraja in 108 poses from Bharatha Natyam - Tamil Nadu's classical dance. Mahamagam Festival A holy festival that will bring you to Kumbakonam once in 12 years - the temple city that gets its name from "Kumbha" - the divine pot. Legend has it that Brahma, the Creator, held a pot containing nectar and the seed of creation. Shiva. in the form of a hunter shot an arrow at the pot spilling the nectar into the famous Mahamagam tank at the Adi Kumbeswarar Temple. Arubathimoovar Festival Literally, 'Arubathimoovar' refers to the 63 saints of Shiva canonised for leading exemplary lives of devotion and penance. Bronze figures of these 63 saints adorn the magnificent Kapaliswar Temple at Mylapore, Chennai. Once, every year, they are carried in a colourful procession through the streets of Mylapore.

Summer Festivals The summer festival might find you in the 'Queen of Hill Stations', the evergreen Ooty; the exquisite Kodaikkanal or the salubrious heights of Yercaud - where boat races, flower and fruit shows are specially organised. Also, a splendid opportunity to go trekking in any of Tamil Nadu's other hill stations that promise unforgettable holidays off the beaten track. Saral Vizha (Kuttalm or Courtallm) A festival that makes a celebration out of a simple, daily ritualbathing ! And indeed, a bath at the picturesque Courtallam waterfalls is no ordinary event. The healing waters of the roaring Courtallam are famed for their medicinal properties. Kanthuri Festival A truly secular festival - where devotees flock to the shrine of saint Quadirwali, believed to do equal good to people of all faiths. One of the descendants of the Saint is chosen as a Peer or spiritual leader and is honoured with offerings. On the tenth day of the festival, the Saint's tomb is annointed with sandalwood - and later the holy sandal paste, renowned for its healing powers, is distributed to everyone. Kavadi Festival Dancing in a hypnotic trance to the rhythm of drums, devotees of Muruga carry the 'Kavadi' a flower decked decoration, all the way up the Palani Hills to fulfil their vow. According to Hindu mythology, Idumban is said to have carried two sacred hillocks on two ends of a pole placed on his shoulders. Velankanni Festival Wondrous legends surround the church-the most famous being that of the ship-wrecked Portuguese sailors, who in the 16th century, vowed to build a great shrine for the Virgin Mary, for saving their lives in a terrible storm. The Velankanni festival attracts thousands, clad in orange robes to the sacred spot where the ship landed. Equally famous are the Virgin Mary's miraculous healing powers - earning for the church the name 'Lourdes of the East'. Navarathri Literally, this means the festival of 'nine nights' taking unique and

different forms in different states of India - all to propitiate the goddess Sakthi, for power, wealth and knowledge. Karthigai Deepam Rows of glittering earthen lamps outside every home, and the joyous burst of fire crackers mark Tamil Nadu's Festival of Lights. Music Festival Come December, Chennai celebrates her priceless heritage of caruatic, music and dance to present a galaxy of star artistes, old and new.

Tamil Nadu in Details Costumes Worn By Men: Lungi And Shirt Costumes Worn By Women: Sari And Blouse In Tamil Nadu men and women wear traditional costumes, women wear sari and blouse and men wear lungi along with a shirt and `Angavastra`. With globalization, dresses are also getting westernized. Though the majority of the women in the state still wear traditional costumes, the men seem to be more comfortable in western clothing and have started wearing shirts and trousers instead of Lungi. Attires For Women The traditional Tamilian women prefer to drape her heavy Kanchipuram Sari (also spelt as Saree) around herself, the lower part of the calf uncovered, the extra bit of pallu created thereby wound around her waist. What is striking about her is that she wears the most gorgeous of

Kanchipuram Sari in the most casual way; its like shes dressed to go to a wedding every day. A sari is a rectangular piece of cloth, which are five to six yards in length. The style, colour and texture of this cloth varies and it might be made from cotton, silk or one of the several man-made materials. The sari has an ageless charm since it is not cut or tailored for a particular size. In Tamil Nadu, saris are available in a wide variety of fabrics silks, cottons, chiffons, georgettes and crepes; the list could go on and on. Attire for Men In Tamil Nadu men are usually seen dressed in Lungi along with a shirt and Angavastra. The traditional Lungi originated in the South and it is simply a short length of material worn around the thighs like a Sarong. A Dhoti is a longer Lungi but with an additional length of material pulled up between the legs. The lungi is a rectangle cloth, usually made of cotton, draped around the waist and pleated in the front at the groin. The Angavastra is a long piece of cloth draped around the shoulders. Previously it was worn instead of an upper garment, but now days men wear an angavastra over a shirt.