ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 23

rd
2012 Page 1 of 9
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
The Economics, Performance, and
Sustainability of Internally Cured
Concrete, Part 2
ACI Fall 2012 Convention
October 21 24, Toronto, ON
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Dr. Norbert J. Delatte, Jr., P.E., Mateusz Wyrzykowski, Ph.D.,
is apostdoc at theConcrete/Construction Chemistry Laboratory at Empa,
Switzerland and assistant professor at theTechnical University of Lodz,
Poland wherehegot his PhD in Civil Engineering in 2010. His research
interests focus on early agephenomena, transport, porosity, shrinkageand
cracking in cement-based materials.
Modeling of Internal Curing with SAP at Meso- and
Macro-Level
Mateusz Wyrzykowski, Empa, Switzerland
Pietro Lura, Empa, Switzerland
Dariusz Gawin, Lodz University of Technology, Poland
ACI Fall 2012 Convention, Toronto, October 23
Concrete & Construction Chemistry
8
Outline
Motivation
Autogenous shrinkage
Modeling of phenomena at early age
Internal curing
Modeling internal curing at meso-level
Modeling internal curing at macro-level
Summary
9
Motivation
Shrinkage and cracking problem
Measuring technique Mechanism
Solution
cap p
r
RH<100%
cap pcap p
r
RH<100%
ASTM C1698-09
Loser, Mnch, Lura, CCR (2010)
Lura, Jensen, van Breugel CCR (2003)
Jensen & Hansen CCR (2001, 2002) 10
Internal curing with SAP important
questions
When is the water released from the SAP?
Is the whole volume cured uniformly?
How far does the internal curing water have to travel?
How far can internal curing water travel?
What is the preferred size of the SAP?
Motivation
Lura, Wyrzykowski et al. Kinetics of water migration in cement-based systems containing
super absorbent polymers, RILEM State of the Art Report , 2012
ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 23
rd
2012 Page 2 of 9
11
Outline
Motivation
Autogenous shrinkage
Modeling of phenomena at early age
Internal curing
Modeling internal curing at meso-level
Modeling internal curing at macro-level
Summary
12
Lura, Jensen, van Breugel, CCR (2003)
Lura & Jensen, (2005, 2007)
Autogenous shrinkage
Self-desiccation
Autogenous shrinkage
Chemical shrinkage
cap p
r
RH<100%
cap pcap p
r
RH<100%
13
Autogenous phenomena-experimetnal methods
Balance
Paraffin oil
Water
Sample
Linear measurement Volumetric measurement
Internal RH Autogenous deformation
Water activity (Rotronic)
14
Outline
Motivation
Autogenous shrinkage
Modeling of phenomena at early age
Internal curing
Modeling internal curing at meso-level
Modeling internal curing at macro-level
Summary
15
Description of phenomena in fresh cement-based materials
Mathematical model fundamental assumptions
Multi-phase porous medium
solid (skeleton),
water (capillary water +bound water),
gaseous phase (dry air +water vapour).
Various mechanisms of mass and energy
transport
Full coupling: hygral, thermal, chemical,
mechanical phenomena
Gawin, Pesavento, Schrefler, IJNME (2006)
Gawin, Wyrzykowski, Pesavento, JBP (2008)
16
Description of phenomena
Mathematical model
Macroscopic governing equations
The dry air + skeleton mass conservation
The water species + skeleton mass conservation
The multiphase medium enthalpy balance
The multiphase medium momentum balance
(mechanical equilibrium)
Evolution equation for hydration
Gawin, Pesavento, Schrefler, IJNME (2006)
Gawin, Wyrzykowski, Pesavento, JBP (2008)
ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 23
rd
2012 Page 3 of 9
17
Description of phenomena
Mathematical model
State variables
gas pressure, p
g
capillary pressure, p
c
temperature, T
displacement vector, u
Evolution variable
hydration degree, o
hydr
18
Description of phenomena
Mathematical model
Hydration evolution
(Ulm & Coussy, 1996)
Water species conservation equation
Scheme of the early-age processes description
(hygral and mechanical phenomena)
n
hydr hydr
w
t t
m
c
c
=
c
c o
Drop of saturation,
Increase of capillary pressure
Mechanical equilibrium equation
Effective stress principle
Increase of effective stress
19
Description of phenomena
Numerical model
Description of the material behavior at
different scale levels
Meso-level (~mm) Macro level (~cm-m)
20
Outline
Motivation
Autogenous shrinkage
Modeling of phenomena at early age
Internal curing
Modeling internal curing at meso-level
Modeling internal curing at macro-level
Summary
21
Modelling internal curing at the meso-level
Meso level simulations
Cement paste
w/c 0.25, 6% of entrained water (vol.)
Trtik, Lura et al. Neutron tomography investigation of water release 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hours)
C
u
m
u
la
tiv
e
s
ig
n
a
l (%
)
Portlandcement paste
w/c 0.25, curing28C
When is the water released from the SAP?
How far does water reach in the hardening
cement paste?
22
Water and solid skeleton mass conservation
Modelling internal curing at the meso-level
Mathematical model
( ) ( )( ) ( ) | | { } ( )
( ) | | ( )
( ) ( )
hydr hydr w s
w
hydr w s
gw
c g
w
rw
w
g
g
rg
gw
g
gw
gw
d
g
w a g
w
w
w
gw
gw
w w
w
w s w
gw
s
c
c
w gw w
m m S m S p grad p grad
k k
div
p grad
k k
div
p
p
grad
M
M M
div
t
div S S
t
T
T
n S
t
T
S n n S n
t
p
p
S
n
+ =
(

+ +
+
(

+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
c
c

| | |
1
1
1 1 1 1
2
I
I
D
u
Accumulation terms
Flux terms Source terms
ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 23
rd
2012 Page 4 of 9
23
Water and solid skeleton mass conservation-meso level
autogenous conditions
Modelling internal curing at the meso-level
Mathematical model
( ) ( )( ) ( ) | | { } ( )
( ) | | ( )
( ) ( )
hydr hydr w s
w
hydr w s
gw
c g
w
rw
w
g
g
rg
gw
g
gw
gw
d
g
w a g
w
w
w
gw
gw
w w
w
w s w
gw
s
c
c
w gw w
m m S m S p grad p grad
k k
div
p grad
k k
div
p
p
grad
M
M M
div
t
div S S
t
T
T
n S
t
T
S n n S n
t
p
p
S
n
+ =
(

+ +
+
(

+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
c
c

| | |
1
1
1 1 1 1
2
I
I
D
u
( )
(

c
c
c
c
c g
w
rw
w
hydr hydr w s
w c
c
w w
gradp + gradp

kIk
div m m S

=
t
p
p
S
n
24
Modelling internal curing at the meso-level
Simulations at the meso-level
characteristics of the components of REV
Permeability evolution
in the paste
1.0E-24
1.0E-22
1.0E-20
1.0E-18
1.0E-16
1.0E-14
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Hydrati on degree [-]
In
tr
in
s
ic
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
ility
[m
2
]
w/c 0.25-sim.
w/c 0.25-GEMmodel
( )
c g
w
rw
ws
w
gradp + gradp

kk
v nS =
25
Modelling internal curing at the meso-level
Results from the meso-level
Cement paste
w/c 0.25, 6% of entrained water (vol.)
Wyrzykowski, Lura, Pesavento, Gawin, Modeling of water migration ... MTENG (2012)
26
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ti me [days]
S
a
tu
r
a
tio
n
[%
]
Modelling internal curing at the meso-level
Saturation evolution in time-cement paste
at the reservoir 2.5 mm distance
SAP 2.4 mm (0.094 in.), w/ce 0.035, max dist. 2.5 mm (0.098 in.)
SAP 2.4 mm (0.094 in.), w/ce 0.050, max dist. 2.2 mm (0.087 in.)
Wyrzykowski, Lura, Pesavento, Gawin, Modeling of water migration ... MTENG (2012)
27
Modelling internal curing at the meso-level
Saturation evolution in time-cement paste
0.E+00
5.E-05
1.E-04
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ti me [h]
R
a
t
e

o
f

a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

w
a
t
e
r

r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

[
%

o
f

s
a
t
/
s
]
Wyrzykowski, Lura, Pesavento, Gawin, Modeling of water migration ... MTENG (2012)
SAP 2.4 mm (0.094 in.), w/ce 0.050, max dist. 2.2 mm (0.087 in.)
28
Conclusion
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ti me [days]
S
a
tu
ra
tio
n
[%
]
For the commonly applied sizes of SAP the whole volume of cured
material is practically uniformly and instantaneousl y provided with
curing water during the initial days of hydration
Wyrzykowski, Lura, Pesavento, Gawin, Modeling of water migration ... MTENG (2012)
SAP 2.4 mm (0.094 in.), w/ce 0.050, max dist. 2.2 mm (0.087 in.)
SAP 0.8 mm (0.031 in.), w/ce 0.050, max dist. 0.74 mm (0.029 in.)
ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 23
rd
2012 Page 5 of 9
29
Outline
Motivation
Autogenous shrinkage
Modeling of phenomena at early age
Internal curing
Modeling internal curing at meso-level
Modeling internal curing at macro-level
Summary
30
Modelling internal curing at the macro-level
Additional water source term
( ) ( )
IC hydr hydr w s
w
hydr w s
gw c
c
w gw w
m m m S m S
t
p
p
S
n + + =
c
c
c
c

1
( )
t
p
p
S
p m
c
c
IC
w w c
IC
c
c
c
c

=
q
q
1

Capillary
suction
Demand-
supply
( )
w
hydr hydr hydr s
w
m
q
q

- 1
1
0
s I I
|
|
.
|

\
|

0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ti me [days]
S
a
tu
r
a
tio
n
[%
]
capillary suction
'demand-supply'
Wyrzykowski, Lura, Pesavento, Gawin, Modeling of internal curing in maturing mortar, CCR (2011)
31
Modelling internal curing at the macro-level
Simulation results w/c 0.3 mortar with SAP
Mortars
w/c 0.3 + 0.04
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ti me [days]
R
H

[
%
]
plain-exp.
plain-sim.
withSAP-exp.
withSAP-sim. cap. suction
withSAP-sim. 'demand-supply'
Wyrzykowski, Lura, Pesavento, Gawin, Modeling of internal curing in maturing mortar, CCR (2011)
32
Modelling internal curing at the macro-level
Simulation results w/c 0.3 mortar with SAP
Mortars
w/c 0.3 + 0.04
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ti me [days]
A
u
t
o
g
e
n
o
u
s

s
t
r
a
i
n

[

m
/
m
]
plain-exp.
plain-sim.
withSAP-exp.
withSAP-sim. cap. suction
withSAP-sim. 'demand-supply'
Wyrzykowski, Lura, Pesavento, Gawin, Modeling of internal curing in maturing mortar, CCR (2011)
33
Outline
Motivation
Autogenous shrinkage
Modeling of phenomena at early age
Internal curing
Modeling internal curing at meso-level
Modeling internal curing at macro-level
Summary
34
Conclusions
At the meso-level the transport of water from
SAP is explicitly analyzed
the whole volume of material is practically uniformly and
instantaneousl y provided with curing water during the first day of
hydration
At the macro-level the additional source term
is introduced
internal curing may be also analyzed directly at the macro-level
two source terms describing internal curing are proposed , i.e.,
capillary suction mechanismand demand-supply mechanism
behaviour of concrete with SAP can be predicted based explicitly on
the assumption of additional mositure source
ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 23
rd
2012 Page 6 of 9
35
Thank you !
Concrete & Construction Chemistry