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The Economics, Performance, and Sustainability of Internally Cured Concrete, Part 3

ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 21 24, Toronto, ON
ACI WEB SESSIONS

ACI Member Benjamin E. Byard is a faculty member at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. He received his BS and MS degrees from Tennessee Technological University and his PhD from Auburn University. His research interests include the earlyage behavior of concrete structures, lightweight concrete, early-age stress development modeling, and nondestructive testing. He is an associate member of ACI Committees 231, Properties of Concrete at Early Ages and 213, Lightweight Aggregate and Concrete.

ACI WEB SESSIONS

EarlyAgeAutogenousEffectsin InternallyCuredConcreteandMortar
TheEconomics,Performance,andSustainability ofInternallyCuredConcrete PresentedBy:BenjaminE.Byard
CoAuthors:AntonK.SchindlerandRobertW.Barnes

PresentationObjectives
1. EvaluatetheeffectofICandw/conthe developmentofstress andinternalrelative humidity. 2. EvaluatetheeffectofICandw/con autogenousshrinkagedevelopment in concrete andmortar.

Outline
StressDevelopmentMechanisms TestingEquipment ExperimentalWork Results Conclusions

StressDevelopmentMechanisms
WhyDoesConcreteCrack?

Restraint+VolumeChange=Stress OccursWhenTensileStressExceeds TensileCapacity

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StressDevelopmentMechanisms
EarlyAgeVolumeChangeOccursBecause
Thermaleffects
Temperaturechangesduetohydration Coefficientofthermalexpansion
Cement

SelfDesiccation
t=0,watermeetscement

Water

Decreaseofinternalrelativehumidity
Dryingduetoatmosphericconditions Selfdesiccation(autogenousshrinkage)

Auburn University

12

SelfDesiccation
t=initialset,hydrationproductsformskeleton Decreaseinvolumeduetochemicalshrinkage Cement Hydration Products Additional decreasein absolute volumedue tocapillary stresses Desiccating capillary pores

SelfDesiccation
t=afterset,hydrationcontinuesandcementconsumescapillary porewaterandinducecapillarystresses

13

14

WatermovesfromLWAintocapillarypores,minimizes Shrinkage desiccationandpromotesadditionalhydration reducedby limiting capillary stresses

SelfDesiccation?

InternalCuringMechanisms
WhyUseLightweightAggregate?
Whenbatchedintheprewetted state,LWA hasinternalwaterstoredinitspores
Thiswaterpromoteshydration internal curing

PreWetted Lightweight Aggregate Water Filled Void

Watercan move 0.12in. Emptying Voids

Useofsaturatedlightweightaggregates mayalleviatecapillarystresses,thus reducingautogenousshrinkage

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Outline
StressDevelopmentMechanisms

TestEquipment:StressDevelopment
RigidCrackingFrame

TestingEquipment
ExperimentalWork Results Conclusions
TOP FORMWORK CONCRETE

BOTTOM FORMWORK

COPPERCOOLING PIPES

TestEquipment:StressDevelopment
RigidCrackingFrames

TestingEquipment:FreeShrinkage
FreeShrinkageFrame
Concrete specimen Plastic sheeting Copper tubing Movable steel end plate

20 effective specimen length

Anchorage disk

1-1/2 Solid invar bar support frame

Insulation Formwork

PlanView

TestingEquipment:FreeShrinkage
FreeShrinkageFrame

TestingEquipment:Autogenous Strain
Autogenousstrainofmortarwasmeasuredby thecorrugatedtubemethod(ASTMC169809)

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Outline
StressDevelopmentMechanisms TestingEquipment

ExperimentalWork
Eachconcretemixturewastested:
RestrainedStressDevelopment Isothermal(73)
RigidCrackingFrame

ExperimentalWork
Results Conclusions

FreeShrinkage Isothermal(73F)
Concrete:FreeShrinkageFrame Mortar:CorrugatedTubeMethod SievedMortar

InternalRelativeHumidity Isothermal(73)
EmbeddedRHSensors

MechanicalProperties
MatchedCuredtoModeledTemperatureProfile

ExperimentalWork
Mixturestested:
Controlmixtures
w/c=0.42,0.36,and0.30 Slump:3to5in. AirContent:4.5to6.5% Aggregates:siliceousrivergravelandnaturalsand

MixtureProportions
Item WaterContent (lb/yd3) CementContent (lb/yd3) SSDNormalweight CoarseAggregate(lb/yd3) SSDNormalweightFineAggregate(lb/yd3) SDShaleLightweightFineAggregate(lb/yd3) SDClayLightweightMaximizer(lb/yd3) SDSlateLightweightFineAggregate(lb/yd3) TargetTotalAirContent (%) Watercement ratio(w/c) InternalCuringWater(lb/yd3) 0.42RG 260 620 1,761 1,210 0 0 0 5.5 0.42 0 0.42ShaleIC 0.42ClayIC 0.42SlateIC 260 620 1,761 878 230 0 0 5.5 0.42 36 260 620 1,761 878 0 230 0 5.5 0.42 33 260 620 1,761 818 0 0 276 5.5 0.42 22

Internalcuringmixtures
Samew/c,slump,aircontent,andnormalweightaggregates Achieveanequilibriumdensitygreaterthan135pcf UseBentz methodforlightweightaggregateproportioning

MixtureProportions
Item WaterContent (lb/yd3) CementContent (lb/yd3) No.67RiverGravel(SSD)(lb/yd3) TXIShaleFineAggregate(SD)(lb/yd3) NaturalSand(SSD)(lb/yd3) TargetAir(%) w/cm InternalCuringWater(lb/yd3) 0.36 238 677 1761 0 1210 5.5 0.36 0 0.36ICM 0.36ICH 238 677 1761 184 956 5.5 0.36 31 238 677 1761 275 823 5.5 0.36 46 0.30 218 738 1761 0 1210 5.5 0.3 0 0.30ICM 0.30ICH 218 738 1761 188 940 5.5 0.3 32 218 738 1761 253 867 5.5 0.3 42

Outline
StressDevelopmentMechanisms TestingEquipment ExperimentalWork

Results
Conclusions

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Autogenous Strain:Concretevs.Mortar
50
Free Shrinkage Strain ()

Results

Autogenous Strain:w/c=0.42
100 50 0
Autogenious Strain()

Results

0 -50 -100 -150 -200 0 24 48 72 Concrete Age (hrs) 96

0.42 0.42Shale 0.42Clay 0.42Slate

0.42 Concrete 0.36 Concrete 0.30 Concrete 0.42 Mortar 0.36 Mortar 0.30 Mortar

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 28 MorterAge(days) 56

Autogenous Strain:w/c=0.36
100 50
Autogenous Strain()

Results

Autogenous Strain:w/c=0.30
100 50 0.36 0.36ICM 0.36ICH 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0.30ICM 0.30ICH 0.30

Results

0
Autogenious Strain()

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 28 MorterAge(days) 56

400 0 28 MorterAge(days) 56

Autogenous Strain:w/c=0.30
100 50
Autogenous Strain()

Results

IsothermalStressDevelopment:w/c=0.42
300 0.30
Concrete Stress (psi)

Results

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 28 MorterAge(days) 56 0.30ICM 0.30ICH

200 150 100 50 0 -50 0

1.4 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.0

Compression

-0.4

24

48 Concrete Age (hrs)

72

96

Concrete Stress (MPa)

250

0.42 0.42 IC Shale 0.42 IC Clay 0.42 IC Slate

Tension

2.1 1.8

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IsothermalStressDevelopment:w/c=0.36
300 250
Concrete Stress (psi)

Results

IsothermalStressDevelopment:w/c=0.30
300 250
Concrete Stress (MPa) Concrete Stress (psi)

Results

0.36 0.36 ICM 0.36 ICH

2.1
Tension

0.30 0.30 ICM 0.30 ICH

2.1
Tension

1.8 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.0

Compression

1.8 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.0

Compression

200 150 100 50 0

150 100 50 0 -50 0 24 48 Concrete Age (hrs) 72 96

-0.4 -50 0 24 48 Concrete Age (hrs) 72

-0.4 96

IsothermalStressDevelopment
Concrete Stress (psi)

Results

0
Reduction in Stress Compared to Control (%)

30

140 120 100 80 60

200 100 0 -100 0 101

Compression

1.4 0.7 0 0.42 0.36 0.30 24 48 Concrete Age (hrs) 72 96 -0.7 -1.4 -2.1

Scaled Internal RH (%)

40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 Internal Curing Water Provided (lb/yd3)

0.42 0.36 0.30 50

100 99 98 97 96 95 0 24 48 Concrete Age (hrs) 72 0.42 0.36 0.30 96

Outline
StressDevelopmentMechanisms TestingEquipment ExperimentalWork Results

Conclusions
Mortarhasagreater autogenousstrainthanthatof concrete,duetotherestraintprovidedbycoarse aggregate. Asthew/cdecreases,autogenousstressandstrain increases. Useofprewettedlightweightaggregatesreduces or eliminates thestressdevelopmentandstraincaused byautogenousshrinkage.

Conclusions

Concrete Stress (MPa)

Internal Water Provided (kg/m3) 12 18 24

300

InternalRelativeHumidity
Tension

Results

2.1

Concrete Stress (MPa)

200

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ThankYouForYourTime! Questions?