The Economics, Performance, and Sustainability of Internally Cured Concrete, Part 1

Developed by J.
Weiss Internal Curing Overview and

Objectives
ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 23
rd
2012 Page 1 of 8
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
The Economics, Performance, and
Sustainability of Internally Cured
Concrete, Part 1
ACI Fall 2012 Convention
October 21 24, Toronto, ON
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Jason Weiss is aProfessor of Civil Engineeringand Director of thePankow
Materials Laboratory at PurdueUniversity. Heearned aB.A.E. fromthePennsylvania
StateUniversity and aMS and PhD fromNorthwestern University in 1999. Heis actively
involved in research on cement and concretematerials specifically focused on early age
property development, cracking, transport in concrete, and concretedurability. Dr. Weiss
has taught courses in civil engineeringmaterials, concretematerials, servicelife, repair
and non-destructivetesting. His primary research interests arein theareaof early age
shrinkagecrackingand mitigation as well as servicelifesensingand prediction. Dr.
Weiss is amember of theAmerican ConcreteInstitute(Past Chair of ACI 123), American
Society of Civil Engineers, RILEM (Bureau Member, Past TAC member, TC CCD chair),
Transportation Research Board (AFN 040 Chair), and American Society for Testingand
Materials. Heis editor in chief of theRILEM Materials and Structures J ournal in 2012
and is an associateeditor of theASCE journal of Civil EngineeringMaterials and is a
member of theeditorial board of cement and concreteresearch. Dr. Weiss has authored
over 200 publications with over 95 peer-reviewed journal articles. Heis recipient of the
NSF Career Award, theRILEM L'HermiteMedal, theACI W. P. Moore, ACI Young
Member, and ACI WasonAwards, theESCSI ErskineAward, theTRB Burgraff and
Mather Awards for outstandingresearch and publications, and theASCE Huber Award.
Heis afellow of ACI and is also therecipient of theWansik, Munson, Buck, and Burke
awards for outstanding teaching/advisingin theschool of civil engineering, has received
thePotter award for outstandingteachinginthecollegeof engineering, and has
been inducted into thePurdueTeachingAcademy.
ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 23rd, 2012 Slide 3 of 23
Internal Curing:
Observations and Opportunities
J ason Weiss, wjweiss@purdue.edu, Purdue University
Professor & Director of the PankowMaterials Laboratory
Objectives
To understand the differences between conventional
(external) and internal curing (IC)
To understand why chemical shrinkage and self-
desiccation play a key role in IC
To quantify simple concepts behind mixture
proportioning Supply and Demand
To understand how internal curing benefits are
related to fundamental concepts
To discuss how what we know is implemented
To discuss emerging concepts which will no doubt
continue to push the technology further
Objectives
Curing - External and Internal
What is Self-Desiccation?
Proportioning Concepts
Benefits of Internal Curing
Increased Cement
Hydration
Reduced Shrinkage and
Restrained Shrinkage Cracking
Reduced Fluid Transport (Deicing Salts)
Visions for the Future
External Curing
Typically we cure concrete
from the outside
Water Ponding:
Supply of Additional Water
Curing Membranes:
Reduce Loss of Water
Developed by J. Weiss Internal Curing Overview and
Objectives
rd
2012 Page 2 of 8
Whys & Hows of Internal Curing
HPC dense and disconnects large pores
Good for durability; bad for curing water mvmt.
Self-Desiccation increases
in low w/c and with SCM
drying from the inside
without water loss
Internal curing works from
inside concrete using
water reservoirs that hide water till set
Outline
Increased Cement
Hydration
What is Self-Desiccation
The reduction in the internal relative
humidity (RH) of a sealed system when
empty pores are generated.
What causes the
pores top empty?
Does the size of the
pore that empties
matter?
Chemical Shrinkage
Volume of the
reactants
larger than
the products
Le Chatelier
Powers
+
=
Self Desiccation and Setting
Age of Specimen
V
o
l
u
m
e

C
h
a
n
g
e
Age of Specimen
V
o
l
u
m
e

C
h
a
n
g
e
Air Voids
Empty
Space
Why is this an Issue in Lower w/c
CS is not very sensitive
to w/c at early ages
AS should decrease
as w/c increases..
Do higher w/c have less
self desiccation ??
The size of the voids:
a) Capillary vs Gel
b) Fewer/bigger voids
c) Lower pressures
Objectives
rd
2012 Page 3 of 8
Outline
Increased Cement
Hydration
Mixture Proportioning
Supply vs Demand
Demand: Replace
Chemical Shrinkage
Supply Water from
the LWA
Rule of Thumb
7 lb Water per 100 lb of Cement
Other Considerations
Sufficient water volume
(supply vs demand)
Ability of the aggregate
to release water (desorb)
Aggregate distribution
(fines preferred)
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
Rel ative Humidity (%)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
M
o
is
tu
r
e
C
o
n
te
n
t, %
(M
a
s
s
W
a
te
r
/2
4
h
W
a
te
r
A
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
)
LWA #1 to #15
Average
Note: Expanded Materials
Have Similar Normalized
Desorption Values
Outline
Increased Cement
Hydration
Increased
Hydration
Internal curing causes
more cement to react
Shown here with
isothermal calorimetry
Keeps RH higher
Efficient sustainability
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
w/c
Internal Curing
Sealed
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
D
e
g
r
e
e

o
f

H
y
d
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
t

7
2

h
(
H
e
a
t

/

M
a
x
i
m
u
m

t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l

h
e
a
t
)
Increasing Saturation and the
Size of Pores Water Filled
LWA Pores >Paste Pores
Larger pores remain
saturated - less shrinkage
r2
LWA Paste
r1
Paste
( )
rRT
V
RH
M
2
ln =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
s p
p
K K r
S 1 1 2
3

c
Objectives
rd
2012 Page 4 of 8
0 7 14 21 28
Age of Specimen (d)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
S
t
r
a
in
(
c
)
Sealed
33.0%k
29.3%k
25.3%k
18.3%k
14.3%k
11.0%k
7.3%k
0.0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Percent Li ghtweight Aggregate (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
A
g
e

o
f

S
p
e
c
i
m
e
n

(
D
a
y
s
)
Time of cracking (sealed)
Time of cracking (unsealed)
Mixtures did
not crack
Reducing Transport
Reduced porosity -
increased hydration
Reduced ITZ and
connectivity

0 25 50 75 100
Additional water from IC (%)
0
20
40
60
80
C
o
n
d
u
c
tiv
ity
(1
0
-3 S
/m
)
w/c = 0.45
w/c = 0.42
w/c = 0.36
w/c = 0.30
b) at 7 days

0 25 50 75 100
Additional water from IC (%)
0
5
10
15
C
o
n
d
u
c
tiv
ity
(1
0
-3 S
/m
)
w/c = 0.45
w/c = 0.42
w/c = 0.36
w/c = 0.30
d) at 365 days
Outline
Increased Cement
Hydration
The Future of Internal Curing
Practices and specifications being developed
Pavements in Texas
Bridge deck Ohio, Indiana, New York, Utah
Water tanks in Colorado
Ready to Implement,
But Need More Information?
RILEM IC 196 Report
ACI SP 218;
SP from this session
ACI 231, 308 docs
NIST Report
REACCT Short
Course Videos
https://sites.google.com/site/afn40concretematerials
/internal-curing-workshop
http://ciks.cbt.nist.gov/bentz/phpct/database/ic.html
The Future of Internal Curing
Opportunities
Sustainability: More Efficient Use of Cement which
implies reductions and greater substitutions
Sustainability: Works well with SCMs that have
higher chemical shrinkage
Sustainability: Longer Lasting Concrete
Use of waste materials as porous inclusions
Hide fluids other than water (SRA, Lithium, CI)
Applications in new systems (e.g. LW grid decks)
New models for performance
Objectives
rd
2012 Page 5 of 8
Summary
Internal Curing Uses Water Reservoirs
Drying due to Chemical
and Shrinkage Pore Size
Supply and Demand
Increased Cement Hydration
Reduced Shrinkage Restrained Cracking
Technology thats ready to implement and grow

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Weiss Internal Curing Overview and

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