Asma Asghar 2012-1410 Syeda Areeba Batool 2012-1411 Book English for seven class !

"n#ab te$t book board %hr& 'o!ic( )$ygen

)b#ectives(
After read this cha!ter st"dents *ill be able to kno* that( 1()$ygen is the most im!ortant element in o"r life+ 2(,itho"t o$ygen- .obody can live in the *orld+ /(,e also "se o$ygen in o"r daily life s"ch as b"rning fire and breathing+

4(

'ell to the st"dents that it is also in air anytime+

0(After learning this lesson st"dents *ill able to kno* that ho* o$ygen is im!ortant and "sef"l for "s+

)$ygen
Breathing is the sign of life+ ,hat do *e breathe1 in air+ ,e get o$ygen from the air and *e m"st have air all the time+ ,e m"st have it *hen *e are a*ake+ ,e m"st have it *hen *e are aslee!+

,e have read abo"t astrona"ts going to the moon and *e have read abo"t sea divers diving do*n into the dee! seas+ 2o yo" think the astrona"ts and the sea divers co"ld go "! into s!ace or do*n into the dee! seas *itho"t o$ygen1 .o- they do need o$ygen all the time and every*here+ 'hey carry it *ith them in s!ecial containers+ ,e kno* that there is no air in s!ace nor in the de!th of the ocean+ And hence no o$ygen+ 'he astrona"ts and the sea divers- thereforehave to take their s"!!ly of o$ygen *ith them+ 3"man e$istence de!ends on o$ygen+ ,e also need o$ygen to b"rn fire+ 'he more o$ygen that the fire can get- the brighter it *ill b"rn+ 'ry an e$!eriment+ Blo* on a dying fire+ 4o"5ll see that it b"rns more brightly+ 'he fire b"rns more brightly beca"se the air gives it more o$ygen+ S"i gas has become very !o!"lar these days+ ,e "se it to cook+ ,e "se it to r"n o"r factories+ ,e "se it to heat o"r rooms+ ,e have- ho*ever- to take great care *ith s"i gas+ 6f *e have a gas room heater in o"r bedroom- *e m"st make s"re- before *e go to slee!that the fire is off and that there is no gas leakage+ 2eaths have occ"rred beca"se of b"rning of leaking gas at night- the fire is likely to cons"me all o$ygen is the room leaving none for "s to breathe+ 'he res"lt in s"ch cases is obvio"sly s"ffocation and hence death+ English book for class seven 7"n#ab te$t book board %hr&

3o* is dissolved o$ygen 2)& meas"red1

Since- the amo"nt of o$ygen dissolved in *ater is small com!ared to the *eight of *ater- it isn8t a!!ro!riate to describe the level of dissolved o$ygen in terms of a !ercentage+ 2issolved o$ygen is meas"red in milligrams !er liter mg9%&+ )ne milligram mg& is 191000 one tho"sandth& of a gram or 191000000 one millionth& of a kilogram+ 1 kilogram of *ater *eighs 1 kilogram and occ"!ies a vol"me of 1 liter %&+ 'herefore- e$!ressing dissolved o$ygen in mg9% is the same as "sing "nits of !arts !er million !!m&+ '*elve !arts !er million 12 mg9%& is the highest amo"nt of o$ygen that can be dissolved in *ater "nder standard barometric !ress"res sea level&: 12 mg9% is kno*n as the sat"ration !oint+ ;ero !arts !er million 0 mg9%& is the lo*est amo"nt of dissolved o$ygen in *ater+

3o* m"ch dissolved o$ygen do organisms need1

6t de!ends on *hat kind of organism it is+ <enerallya="atic organisms can be divided into t*o ty!escold *ater and *arm *ater organisms+

>old *ater organisms(

'hese *o"ld incl"de fish- s"ch as salmon and tro"tand a="atic insects- s"ch as stoneflies and mayfly nym!hs+ <enerally- these s!ecies re="ire a minim"m 2) dissolved o$ygen& level of at least ?+0 mg9%+ Additionally- these cold *ater organisms re="ire s!ecial conditions *hen s!a*ning laying eggs&+ Eggs laid by salmon and tro"t are es!ecially delicateand the fry baby fish& that hatch are sensitive as *ell+ @or these fish to s"ccessf"lly re!rod"ce- a 2) level above A+0 mg9% is re="ired+

,arm *ater organisms(

'hese *o"ld incl"de fish- s"ch as bass- car!- and catfish- and a="atic insects- s"ch as blackflies and midge larvae+ <enerally- these s!ecies re="ire less dissolved o$ygen than cold *ater organisms+ 6f the 2) level dro!s belo* 4+0-0+0 mg9%- the organisms *ill become stressed+ 6n an environment *ith a lo* level of dissolved o$ygen- the fish *ill not feed and their behavior *ill become erratic+ 'hey *ill seek o"t *ater that has a 2) level high eno"gh for their re="irements+ 6f they cannot esca!e the level of lo*

2)- they *ill event"ally s"ffocate and die+ 6f dissolved o$ygen dro!s belo* 1+0-2+0 mg9%- it *ill res"lt in a fish kill- *here large amo"nts of fish dieand float to the s"rface+

,hat factors affect the amo"nt of dissolved o$ygen1 'em!erat"re+

'he lo*er the tem!erat"re- the higher the amo"nt of dissolved o$ygen in a body of *ater: the o!!osite is also tr"e- in other *ords- the higher the *ater tem!erat"re the lo*er the amo"nt of dissolved o$ygen+ 'he amo"nt of 2) is highly de!endent on the tem!erat"re+

Altit"de+

As altit"de increases- the atmos!heric barometric& !ress"re decreases+ 'h"s- the amo"nt of o$ygen diff"sed into the *ater decreases+ %ook at the gra!h belo*+ 6t charts the dissolved o$ygen ca!acity based on altit"de and tem!erat"re+ Altit"de is re!resented in meters: the scale is from -000 meters i+e+ belo* sea level& to 2000 meters+ 'em!erat"re is re!resented in degrees >elsi"s : the scale is from 1 to /0 degrees >elsi"s+ 7lease take a moment to revie* the chart belo*+ 2o yo" a!!reciate that as altit"de increase the dissolved

o$ygen ca!acity decreases and as tem!erat"re increases the dissolved o$ygen ca!acity decreases+

3o* does o$ygen get in the *ater1

Basically- o$ygen gets into *ater by three different *ays+ 6t is by these means that most lakes- riversstreams- and oceans receive the o$ygen necessary to s"!!ort a="atic life+

2iff"sion from s"rro"nding air+ 6f yo" remember

the definition of diff"sion- it is the movement of a s"bstance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lo*er concentration+ 6n this case of o$ygen- if the air in the atmos!here has a higher concentration of o$ygen than *ater - o$ygen diff"ses or is B!"shedB from the air into the *ater+ 'he s!eed of this movement of o$ygen is related to the difference in the concentration of o$ygen in the air and in the *ater and the atmos!heric !ress"re+ 'o see a c"rrent meas"re of atmos!heric !ress"re- click here+ Atmos!heric or barometric !ress"re is meas"red in "nits of Binches of merc"ryB and on a normal day- at sea level- the !ress"re is 2C+C2 inches of merc"ry+

'his relatively calm *ater in the lake sho*n above& is an e$am!le of a body of *ater that receives its o$ygen by nat"ral diff"sion+

Aeration of *ater+ A river that flo*s ra!idly *ill

have a t"rb"lent s"rface- *ith m"ch more s"rface area for o$ygen to diff"se across than a flat- slo* moving river+ 'h"s the atmos!heric !ress"re can drive more o$ygen into the *ater+ Also- the t"rb"lence created by ch"rning *aters ca"ses air to hit the *ater at a high !ress"re- allo*ing more o$ygen to become dissolved+

'his *hite *ater creek is an e$am!le of ho* t"rb"lence creates more s"rface area- allo*ing more o$ygen to diff"se into the *ater+

,aste !rod"cts of !lants+

Dooted a="atic !lants and algae BbreatheB in the same *ay that trees and other land d*elling !lants do+ 'hey "se carbon dio$ide as f"el and generate o$ygen as a *aste !rod"ct+ 'his o$ygen is immediately dissolved into the *ater+ 'here is only one !roblem *ith this so"rce of a="atic o$ygen( the !rocess is reversed at nightE 6n darkness- !lants *ill cons"me o$ygen as f"el+ 'h"s- a body of *ater *ith a high !lant density *ill have high dissolved o$ygen levels d"ring the day and lo* levels of dissolved o$ygen at night+

A="atic vegetation can s"!!ly dissolved o$ygen !rovided that there is s"nlight+ ,hen there is no light for !hotosynthesis- !lants cons"me some of the o$ygen- leaving less o$ygen for the fish+

2oes the amo"nt of dissolved o$ygen 2)& differ for every body of *ater1
Absol"telyE 'he conditions stated above have a large im!act on the amo"nt of dissolved o$ygen+ Barometric !ress"re *ill infl"ence ho* m"ch dissolved o$ygen *ill diff"se into the *ater+ 'h"saltit"de of the body of *ater and !revailing *eather conditions can be factors that affect the amo"nt of dissolved o$ygen in *ater+ 2o yo" remember the !ict"res on the introd"ction !age to this "nit1 A bayo" s*am! *ill "s"ally have m"ch less dissolved o$ygen than a *hite *ater river+ 'he *ater in the bayo" is calm and- therefore- has less s"rface area for o$ygen diff"sion+ 'he !resence of algae and rooted a="atic !lants *ill also infl"ence the amo"nt of dissolved o$ygen in *ater+ 'here are also other factors that can affect the amo"nt of o$ygen dissolved in *ater+ Some of these factors are associated *ith the im!act of h"mans on the environment+

Is there oxygen in water?

Absolutely! Living organisms in lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans require oxygen to survive! Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important factors in an aquatic environment.

How can oxygen be in the water?

Water, like air, is a mixture of compounds. Air consists of mostly nitrogen about !"#$ and some oxygen about %&#$. Water is also a mixture. While the over'helming ma(ority of 'ater is composed of 'ater )%*$ molecules, gases become trapped among these 'ater molecules. +ammals that live on land have lungs that are adapted to extract oxygen molecules from the air. ,ish and some aquatic insects need a slightly different mechanism for extracting oxygen from the 'ater, and that is 'hy they have gills. *xygen is much less abundant in the 'ater. Air consists of %&# oxygen, but the oxygen content in 'ater is only -.--&#! .herefore, gills need to be much more efficient than lungs in extracting oxygen. )ave you ever mixed sugar or salt in a glass of 'ater/ 0f you have, you kno' that the sugar or salt 'ill disappear as it dissolves in the 'ater1 unless you mix a very large amount of sugar or salt in the 'ater and exceed the ability of the 'ater to dissolve these substances. 0n a similar manner, oxygen dissolves in 'ater. When oxygen molecules are mixed 'ith 'ater molecules, attractive forces suspend the oxygen molecules bet'een 'ater molecules. .he attractive forces keep the oxygen together 'ith the 'ater molecules and prevent its escape from the 'ater. Wikipedia$