12/4/2012

The Art of Designing Ductile Concrete in the Past 50 Years: The Impact of the PCA Book and Mete A. Sozen, Part 1
ACI WEB SESSIONS

ACI Fall 2012 Convention October 21 24, Toronto, ON

Terrence Paret has conducted hundreds of engineering investigations in the U.S. and abroad, focusing on the prediction of structural performance before damaging events, the evaluation of structural performance afterwards, and on the design of repairs and measures to improve behavior. While the majority of his work involves the response of buildings to earthquake ground shaking, his experience encompasses a wide variety of structure types and damaging events, including seismic assessment of the Washington Monument and the United Nations Secretariat, post-collapse analysis of the I-35W Bridge, and post-collapse damage assessment of the MacArthur Maze. For papers related to weld failures observed after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Mr. Paret was the recipient of the 2001 Moisseiff Award from ASCE. Recently, Mr. Paret managed the seismic strengthening of the State Bar of California Building in San Francisco, which project was awarded the 2008 Presidential Award of Excellence from AISC.
ACI WEB SESSIONS

APRESCIENTAXIOM:THE FORMATIVEINFLUENCEOFTHE SUBSTITUTESTRUCTUREMETHOD

TerrenceF.Paret SigmundA.Freeman Wiss,Janney,Elstner Associates,Inc.
ACIConvention ConcreteinthePast50Years:TheImpactofthePCAbookand MeteA.Sozen,Part1of2 Sunday,October211:00PM 3:00PM

APrescientAxiom:TheFormative InfluenceoftheSubstitute StructureMethod

ThetransformationalroleoftheSubstitute StructureMethodinfacilitatingtheexplicit considerationofstructurenonlinearityinto earthquakeengineeringanalysisandreflection onitsprogeniture inperformancebased seismicassessmentanddesign

APrescientAxiom:TheFormative InfluenceoftheSubstitute StructureMethod

Prescient
o Havingforeknowledgeorforesight;foreseeing o 15th century o FrancisBacon:TheprovidenceofKingHenrythe Seventhwasinallmensmouths;whoshowed himselfsensibleandalmostprescientofthis event

APrescientAxiom:TheFormative InfluenceoftheSubstitute StructureMethod

Axiom
o Apropositionthatcommendsitselftogeneral acceptance;awellestablishedoruniversally concededprinciple;amaxim,rule,law o 15th century o FrancisBacon:anempiricallaw,ageneralization fromexperience.

12/4/2012

FrancisBacon(15611626)
Philosopher,statesman,parliamentarian, scientist,juristandauthor
Thefirstmodernempiricist Developerofthescientificmethod Proponentofinductivemethodofreasoning o Demonstratingwhatissobynegationofwhatis not o Derivationofgeneralaxiomsfromparticulars IdealizedPhysicsintotwobranches:Mechanics and Magic

Inthebeginning
1927UniformBuildingCode(Appendix Chapter23) Baseshearcoefficient=7.5%(D+L)when buildingisonfirmsoil,10%otherwise Thedesignofbuildingsforearthquakeshocks isamootquestionbutthefollowingprovisions willprovideadequateadditionalstrengthwhen appliedinthedesignofbuildingsorstructures (1927UBC)

Inthebeginning
1935UniformBuildingCode(Appendix Chapter23) Baseshearcoefficientreducedfrom7.5% (D+L)to2%(D+0.5L)whenbuildingisonfirm soil,andfrom10%(D+L)to4%(D+0.5L), otherwise Through 1946edition

Inthebeginning
1949UniformBuildingCode(Appendix Chapter23)
o F=CW,C=0.15/(N+4.5) o Creducesasthenumberofstoriesincreased o Cadjustedbyseismiczone,(x4inCalifornia) o 1/3increaseinallowablestress

Through 1958edition

Inthebeginning
In1952,SanFranciscoASCEandSEAONC developedamodellateralforceprovision basedondynamicsandresponsespectra
o F=CW,C=.15/T o Creducedasthenumberofstoriesincreased o Cadjustedbyseismiczone,(x4inCalifornia)

Inthebeginning
In1959,SEAOCSeismologyCommittee publishedthefirstBluebook In1960,SEAOCSeismologyCommittee publishedthefirstCommentary Theirrecommendations wereadoptedinto the1961UBC
o F=ZKCW,C=0.05/ T (Tcouldbeformulaicor analysisbased) o Equationaccountedforhighermodes

12/4/2012

Inthebeginning
Inthe1961UBC,structuralframingsystemsin buildingsmorethan13storiesor160feetwere requiredtobeductile Steelframeswithmomentresistingconnections werecreditedautomaticallywiththenecessary ductility Othersystems,however,suchasreinforced concreteframes,wererequiredtobeprovenby testsandstudiestoprovideequivalentenergy absorption.(1961UBC)

Inthebeginning
Thus,the1961PCAbook"DesignofMulti storyReinforcedConcreteBuildingsfor EarthquakeMotions,byBlume,Newmark andCorning(PCA1961)filledaclearneed. Thebookisaclassicandcontainsmuchthat remainsrelevanttoday.

Blume,Newmark andCorning(1961)
Focusesontheneedtohavean understanding ofthemannerinwhicha structure absorbstheenergytransmittedtoit byanearthquake andthemaximumamount ofmotionorenergythestructure cansustain.

Blume,Newmark andCorning(1961)
ResponseSpectra Ductility Inelasticresponsepostyielding InelasticDesignSpectra Nonlinearpushover ReserveEnergyTechnique

Blume,Newmark andCorning(1961)
Asinglepageofconceptualdiscussionofinelasticdesign spectra.Setforthaspostulates:
o Equaldisplacement(spectraldisplacementoftheelastoplastic systemispracticallythesameasthatforanelasticsystem havingthesameperiodofvibration) o Equalenergy(samefortheelastoplasticsystemandforthe elasticsystem)

InelasticDesignSpectrum(fromDesignofMultiStoryBuildings forEarthquakeMotions,Blume,Newmark andCorning,1961)

Thisenergycriterionleadstoaslightlydifferent formulationthatcorrespondsalsotoashiftingdownofthe spectrabyaratiowhich,insteadofbeingobtainable by dividingtheelasticspectrumby ,isobtainedbydividing theelasticspectrumbythequantity 21 Thesingleinelasticresponsespectrumprovidedinthe bookreducestheacceleration, velocityanddisplacement by acrossthefullrangeofperiods.

12/4/2012

InelasticDesignSpectrum(fromDesignofMultiStoryBuildings forEarthquakeMotions,Blume,Newmark andCorning,1961)

Blume,Newmark andCorning(1961)
ReserveEnergyTechnique
o ForceDisplacementAnalysis(pushover) Theforcedeflectiondiagramofastructurecanbe usedgraphicallyornumericallyasameasurestrain energyandworkcapacity,aswellasaconvenient meansofadjustingtheperiod,estimatingthe permanentyieldordamage,andofvisualizingthe basicproblem.

=4

Note:Singlecurvefrom whichtoderiveinelastic acceleration,velocity anddisplacement

JohnA.Blumes ReserveEnergy Technique(1961)

Figure 1. John A. Blume's Reserve Energy Technique (RET)
T=0.2 1.4 1.2 T=0.5 T=0.75 T=1.0

Spectral Acceleration, Sa (g)

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 20

5% damped LERS RET mu=4, elast-plast RET elastic Secant stiffness Period, sec

T=1.5

T=2.5 T=4.0 T=10.0 35

25

30

Spectral Displacement, Sd (cm)

JohnA.Blumes ReserveEnergy Technique(1961)

Figure 1. John A. Blume's Reserve Energy Technique (RET)
T=0.2 1.4 1.2 T=0.5 T=0.75 T=1.0

JohnA.Blumes ReserveEnergy Technique(1961)

Figure 1. John A. Blume's Reserve Energy Technique (RET)
T=0.2 1.4 1.2 T=0.5 T=0.75 T=1.0

Spectral Acceleration, Sa (g)

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 20

Spectral Acceleration, Sa (g)

5% damped LERS RET mu=4, elast-plast RET elastic Secant stiffness Period, sec

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5

5% damped LERS RET mu=4, elast-plast RET elastic Secant stiffness Period, sec

Note:Thetechnique is T=1.5 applicableinthe constantacceleration T=2.5 (shortperiod) range

25 30 T=4.0 T=10.0 35

Note: T=1.5 Sa(elastic)= Sa(inelastic) X 21

T=2.5 T=4.0 Note: T=10.0 10 15 20 25 30 35 equal Equal energy not Spectral Displacement, Sd (cm) displacement;i.e.Sd(inelastic) Sd(elastic)

Spectral Displacement, Sd (cm)

12/4/2012

InelasticDesignSpectra(fromCurrentTrendsintheSeismic AnalysisandDesignofHighRiseStructures,Newmark,1970)

InelasticDesignSpectra(fromCurrentTrendsintheSeismic AnalysisandDesignofHighRiseStructures,Newmark,1970)

=5 =1 D & A

Note: Intheconstant acceleration range Sa(elastic)=Sa(inelastic), i.e.conflictswithReserve EnergyTechniqueandwith 1961work InelasticResponse Spectrum(displacement) ElasticResponseSpectrum Groundmotion

=5

InelasticResponse Spectrum(acceleration)

InelasticDesignSpectra(fromCurrentTrendsintheSeismic AnalysisandDesignofHighRiseStructures,Newmark,1970)

InelasticDesignSpectra(fromProceduresandCriteriafor EarthquakeResistantDesign,Newmark andHall,1973)

Note: Inconstantvelocity range, Sa(elastic)= Sa(inelastic)X 21

D =5 =1 D & A

Alsoinconstantvelocity range, Sd(inelastic)Sd(elastic). Sd(inelastic)=Sd(elastic) X/ 21 InelasticResponse Spectrum(displacement) ElasticResponseSpectrum Groundmotion

IncreasingT

=5

InelasticResponse Spectrum(acceleration)

Note: Inconstantvelocity range, Sd(inelastic)= Sd(elastic)

InelasticDesignSpectra(fromProceduresandCriteriafor EarthquakeResistantDesign,Newmark andHall,1973)

GenesisofCapacitySpectrumMethod(fromPhaseIIIand PhaseIVSeismicStudyofPugetSoundNavalShipyard, Bremerton,WA,JohnBlume &Associates,[Freeman],1973)

IncreasingT

Note: Inallcases,theinelastic maximumacceleration spectrumandthe inelasticmaximum displacementspectrum differbyafactorof at thesamefrequencies

Notes: 1) Toquicklyassess 100+buildings 2) RequestedtouseReserveEnergy Technique(RET) 3) FindingRETdidnotwork correctlybeyondtheconstant accelerationrange,developed CapacitySpectrumMethod to extenditsrangeofapplicability

12/4/2012

GenesisofCapacitySpectrumMethod(fromPhaseIIIand PhaseIVSeismicStudyofPugetSoundNavalShipyard, Bremerton,WA,JohnBlume &Associates,[Freeman],1973)

StructuralAnalysisEnvironment
o Wilson,E.L,SAP AGeneralStructuralAnalysis Program,SESMReport7020,Dept.ofCivil Engineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley, California,1970 o Wilson,E.L.andDovey,H.H.,ThreeDimensional AnalysisofBuildingSystems TABS,EERC, ReportNo.728,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley, California,December1972 o Bathe,K.,Wilson,E.,andPeterson,F.,SAPIVA StructuralAnalysisProgramforStaticand DynamicResponseofLinearSystems,EERC, ReportNo.7311,UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley,California,June1973

TheSubstituteDamping(1971)andSubstituteStructure Methods(1974)arepublishedbytheUniv.ofIllinois

PriortotheSubstituteStructureMethod:
o Designmethodsareforcebasedandbeginwith calculationofdesignforcesbasedonelasticperiod o Nosubstantiveconsiderationofdisplacement,element distortions,ordamage(Lateraldriftshallbe consideredinaccordancewithacceptedengineering practice) o Noweightingoftheintendedfunctionofstructureasa factorintolerableperformance o Noexplicitrecognitionofelementdegradationexcept viaKfactor o Nodesignmethodologyleveragingthepotential advantagesofcomputeraideddesign o SubstantialstudyofthebehaviorofR/Cframesinthelab andstudytodevelopexpressionstodescribethe behaviorofyieldingsystems,butlittletomergethetwo

AndlaterbytheACIJournal(1974)andtheASCE JournalofStructuralEngineering(1976),respectively

TheSubstituteStructureMethodwas seminal,revolutionaryandtransformative
oItdiscardedtheideathatseismicdesignoughtto commencewiththedeterminationofdesign forces(inrecognitionthatearthquakedamage correlatesbetterwithdisplacement/deformation thanwithstrength) oIttoutedtheimportanceoffirstidentifyingthe quantum ofdamagethatistolerableasthekey metricindesign(i.e.PBE) oItwas,fundamentally, thefirstdisplacement baseddesignmethod 20yearsaheadofits time

TheSubstituteStructureMethodwas seminal,revolutionaryandtransformative
oItdiminishedthesignificanceoftheelasticperiod inthedevelopmentofastructural/seismicdesign oItexplicitlyaccountedforanintendedlevelof inelasticbehavioroftheelementsinthestructure andthestructuralsystemasawholeisthedesign process oItexplicitlyidentifiedtheintendedfunctionofthe structurebeingdesignedasakeyfactorinthe developmentofthedesigncriteria oItanticipatedthecomingofcomputerized applicationofelasticmethodsasatoolindesign.

12/4/2012

TheSubstituteStructureMethod(fromTheSubstitute StructureMethodforEarthquakeResistantDesignof ReinforcedConcreteFrames,ShibataandSozen,1974)

TestamenttoTheSubstituteStructureMethod beingseminal,revolutionaryandtransformative isthattoday,itappearstobewhollyordinary Itsunderlyingpremiseshavebeenabsorbedinto andpervademodernearthquakeengineering theory,practiceandmethodology

aprocedurefordeterminingdesignforcesfora reinforcedconcretestructure itsobjectiveistoestablishtheminimumstrengthsthe componentsofastructuremusthavesothatatolerable responsedisplacementisnotlikelytobeexceeded. asimplevehiclefortakingaccountofinelasticresponse inthedesignofmultidegreeoffreedomstructures. useoflinearelasticmodels deliberateconsiderationofdisplacementinthedesign process

MainCharacteristicsofthe SubstituteStructureMethod
Definitionofasubstituteframewhose stiffnessisrelatedtobutdifferentfromthe actualframeintheelasticrange(Inorderto accountforinelasticresponse) Calculationofdesignforcesfromaresponse spectrumanalysisofthesubstituteframe(For easeofapplication)

MainCharacteristicsofthe SubstituteStructureMethod
o Equivalenceisobtainedbyincorporating elementbyelementmodificationsto mathematicalmodelsofundamagedelement models,thusaccountingfor:
o thereducedeffectivestiffnessofdamaged

elements o energydissipation o ductility o changesinmodaldampingratios

PrimaryStepsintheSubstitute StructureMethod
Determinestiffnessofsubstituteframemembers basedonpredeterminedtolerable limitsofinelastic response(incontrasttoSubstituteDamping Method) Calculateeffective (substitute)stiffnessofmembers Calculateequivalent (substitute)dampingfor members Modalanalysisbasedoncharacteristicsofthe substituteframe(accommodatesMDOF) DeterminedesignforcesfromRSA (Iterateonductilitytoensurecapacity>demand)

SRS412,Shibata andSozen,1974

ASCEJournal oftheStructural Division,Shibata andSozen,1976

12/4/2012

TheLegacy
Performancebasedengineeringmethods whichsetforthpreselectionofdesired performancerelatedtoacceptablelevelsof damage(ATC40,FEMA273,FEMA356,ASCE 41)

Substitutestructurestiffnessis calculatedasafractionofthe fullycrackedsectionstiffness whenthememberendsreach yield.

Substitutestructurestiffnessis calculatedasafunctionofthe tolerabledamageratio, (secantstiffnessattolerable deformation limit).

Substituteequivalentviscousdampingfactor(element), =(f) Substitutedampingfactor(structure)=weightedaveragein proportiontoitsrelativestrainenergy

TheLegacy
Displacementbased designmethodsinwhich deformationbased metricsareusedto directlyjudgetheacceptabilityofanexisting orproposeddesign Displacementbased methodsinwhich deformationbased metricsareusedto directlyarriveatdesigndecisions

SubstituteStructureProgeny
DisplacementBasedDesignofRCStructures SubjectedtoEarthquakes,Moehle 1992
o proposesthatdriftshouldbeafocalpointofthe designprocess,notjustconsideredindirectlyvia ductility o emphasizestheimportanceofdistribution ofdrift overtheheight,implicitly,thelocalconcentrationof inelasticbehavior. o emphasizeseffectsofdriftonnonstructuralandnon lateralloadresistingelements. o promotespracticalityofcalculationbyattributingall displacementtoinelasticaction o pointsoutthatforcebasedD/Cratios(IDRs)areill suitedforquantifyinglocalconcentrationsofductility demand,andtheneedtoretainconsiderationofforce andductilityindisplacementbasedapproaches

SubstituteStructureProgeny
Estimatestrength andeffective period

DirectDisplacementBasedDesign,Priestley1993
o Theessenceofthemethod,whichisdirectlyattributable toSubstituteStructure,istocharacterizetheeffective (secant)stiffnessandthelevelofequivalentdampingat themaximumdesigndisplacement,basedonlimiting member o Substitutestructureisdefinedassuminganinelasticfirst modeshapeanddefiningthedisplacementofthecritical member o EmploysSDOFrepresentationofthatsystematpeak response,determinedbyequalwork o Objectiveistoachieveagivenperformancelimitstate underagivenseismicintensity

Estimateinelastic displacement

Calculateultimate curvature/strain demand

Checkcurvature/strain capacityfor acceptability

12/4/2012

SubstituteStructureProgeny
SecantMethod,Kariotis,etal,1994
Aniterativemethodinvolving: o analysisofthestructureusinganassumed stiffness o computationofthedisplacementdemandand resultingstiffnessreductionviathesecant o revisionoftheinputparametersandreanalyzing untilconvergence o Doesnotemployanyincreaseindamping o AdoptedintoDivision95ofCityofLABuilding Codefornonductileconcretebuildings

SubstituteStructureProgeny
DirectDisplacementBasedDesignofRC BridgeColumns,Kowalsky etal1994
o UpdatesPriestleysDDBD o Ratherthanestimatingpeakdisplacement,alimit ondisplacementisimposedinordertodetermine therequiredpropertiesofthesystem

SubstituteStructureProgeny
Displacement CoefficientMethod,ATC40(1996)

SubstituteStructureProgeny
TargetPeriodMethod,LePage (1997)/Browning(1998)
o Designmethodforproportioningbasedon simplifieddisplacementresponsespectrumand driftbasedperformancecriteria o Selectionoftargetperiodatmaximumtolerable averagedrift o Proportionmembersanditeratetoachievetarget period o Upperboundondisplacementisdefinedfroma simplifiedresponsespectrumusingaperiod elongationofT 2

o Employssecantstiffnessasabasisforcalculationofan effectiveperiodandaspectralacceleration o Reliesonnumerouscoefficients toarriveatatarget displacementfortheyieldingstructure,basedonthe spectralacceleration o Coefficientsconvertspectraldisplacementtoroof displacementandmaximuminelasticdisplacementsto elasticdisplacement o Coefficientsaccountforeffectofhysteresisshapeand secondordereffects o Employsabilinearcapacitycurvetocomparewithtarget displacement

SubstituteStructureProgeny
TargetPeriodMethod,LePage (1997)/Browning(1998)

SubstituteStructureProgeny
YieldPointSpectra,Aschheim,1999
o Plotsspectrabasedonyieldpointforsystemshaving constantdisplacementductility

12/4/2012

SubstituteStructureProgeny
YieldPointSpectra,Aschheim,1999
o UtilizesSDOFtoconstructYPS o Superposesapushovercurvetoidentifyyieldpoint displacementductilityforasystem,andthereforeapeak inelasticdisplacement o Estimatesdisplacementdemandswhileallowingfor determinationofadmissiblecombinationsofstrength andstiffnesstosatisfyperformancebaseddesign objectives o VariantofCapacitySpectrumMethodbutemploys SubstituteStructureperspectivere:displacementbased delimiterstomeetperformanceobjectives

SubstituteStructureProgeny
CaltransSeismicDesignCriteria(1999)
o Comparesdisplacementdemandstodisplacement capacity o Generatesdemandsusingelasticresponse spectrumanalysisassumingequaldisplacement rule o Determinesdisplacementcapacityviapushover analysis o Requiresthatdisplacementdemandexceeds displacementcapacity o Designforshearbasedoncapacitydesign

Closing
Thelineageofmuchoftheapproachandphilosophyof earthquakeengineering today evenattheleadingedge today canbetracedbacktotheworkandinfluence of MeteSozen,asexemplified bytheSubstituteDampingand SubstituteStructureMethodsintheearly1970s Theprerequisitetoperformancebased assessmentand design,andtodisplacementbased design,isthepre selectionofacceptable performanceobjectives whichwas theunderlyingpremiseoftheSubstituteStructure Method Sozenhaslongstressedthatdeformationbased metrics,not strength,oughttodefinetheprimaryseismicdesigncriteria forsecuringdesirable seismicresponse,despitestrength beingusedassuchfordecades.Thisisnowtakenforgranted throughouttheearthquakeengineering industry.

10