Dynamic Analogue IC Design

Lab 2: Ladder Filter Design

Student Name: Mark Lennon Lecturer Name: Mark Norton Date: 11/12/08

Filter 1
Objective: To design a fourth-order, Butterworth, bandpass filter with a center frequency of 3kHz and a bandwidth of 600Hz

Filter Conversions: To convert a low pass filter to a band pass filter the following transformations must take place:

Where: L = Inductance C = Capacitance Wa = (W2 W1) / W2 = (f2 f1) / f2 Wb = (W2 W1) / W1 = (f2 f1) / f1 F1 = Lower -3db frequency F2 = Upper -3db frequency W1 = 2 * pi * f1 W2 = 2 * pi * f2 Component Scaling: The components must then be scaled as follows: L => (L*R) / W2 C => C / (W2*R) R => R*R

Layout of the 4th order bandpass filter.

Band_Pass
10 vdb(vout) vdb(vinac)

-10

-20

Voltage Magnitude (dB)

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

-110 1k 3k 10k

Frequency (Hz)

Overall graph showing the 4th order band pass filter with centre frequency of 3kHz and a bandwidth of 600Hz

x1= 2.71k

x2= 3.29k

dx= 576.91

Band_Pass
y1= -6.20

y2= -9.18

dy= -2.98
vdb(vout) -9.07

-5
Voltage Magnitude (dB)

-10

-15

-20 2.8k
Frequency (Hz)

3.2k

Zoomed in graph of the 4th order band pass filter with centre frequency of 3kHz and a bandwidth of 600Hz. We can see the lower and upper -3db (taken as -2.98db in this graph) frequencies are at 271kHz and 3.29kHz respectively. Thus, the bandwidth of the circuit form this graph can be seen to be 580Hz. This is slightly lower than the desired 600Hz. This is caused by two reasons. The first is that the components used have been slightly rounded and will lead to inaccuracies. Also, the -3db was only measured as -2.98db (the closest I could get on the graph). If it was taken at a value of -3db then the difference between the lower and upper -3db frequencies would be larger leading to a larger bandwidth. The centre frequency can also be measured by taking the midpoint of 3.29kHz and 2.71kHz. This is (3.29k+2.71k)/2 = (6k)/2 = 3kHz. So, for the circuit designed the following values were obtained: Ideal Centre Frequency: Bandwidth: 3kHz 600Hz Measured 3kHz 580Hz

Thus, this circuit meets the specified performance goals.

Netlist: ********* Simulation Settings - Parameters and SPICE Options *********

LInductor_1 vinac N_14 20.3mH LInductor_2 N_13 Gnd 580uH LInductor_4 Vout Gnd 1.4mH RResistor_1 Vin vinac 100 TC=0.0, 0.0 RResistor_2 Gnd Vout 100 TC=0.0, 0.0 vvinac Vin Gnd 2.5 AC 1 0.0 CCapacitor_1 N_14 N_13 140nF CCapacitor_2 N_13 Gnd 4.9uF LInductor_3 N_13 N_5 49mH CCapacitor_3 N_5 Vout 58nF CCapacitor_4 Vout Gnd 2.3uF

********* Simulation Settings - Analysis section ********* .ac dec 10k 1k 10k

********* Simulation Settings - Additional SPICE commands ********* .print ac vdb(vout)

.end

Filter 2
Objective: To design a fifth-order, Chebyshev, bandstop filter with a center frequency of 5.25GHz and a bandwidth of 20MHz

Filter Conversions: To convert a low pass filter to a band stop filter the following transformations must take place:

Where: L = Inductance C = Capacitance Wa = (W2 W1) / W2 = (f2 f1) / f2 Wb = (W2 W1) / W1 = (f2 f1) / f1 F1 = Lower -3db frequency F2 = Upper -3db frequency W1 = 2 * pi * f1 W2 = 2 * pi * f2 Component Scaling: The components must then be scaled as follows: L => (L*R) / W2 C => C / (W2*R) R => R*R

Layout of the 5th order bandstop filter.

Overall graph showing the 5th order band pass filter with centre frequency of 5.25GHz and a bandwidth of 20MHz

Zoomed in graph of the 5th order band stop filter with centre frequency of 5.25GHz and a bandwidth of 20MHz. We can see the lower and upper -3db frequencies are at 5.14GHz and 5.36GHz respectively. Thus, the bandwidth of the circuit form this graph can be seen to be 22MHz. This is slightly higher than the desired 20MHz. This is caused by the fact that the components used have been slightly rounded and will lead to inaccuracies. The centre frequency can also be measured by taking the midpoint of 5.14GHz and 5.36GHz. This is (5.14G+5.36G)/2 = (10.5G)/2 = 5.25GHz. So, for the circuit designed the following values were obtained: Ideal Centre Frequency: Bandwidth: 5.25GHz 20MHz Measured 5.25GHz 22MHz

Thus, this circuit meets the specified performance goals.

Netlist: ********* Simulation Settings - Parameters and SPICE Options *********

LInductor_1 vinac N_3 27.0701pH LInductor_2 N_2 Gnd 36.456nH LInductor_4 N_3 N_4 19.247pH RResistor_1 N_1 vinac 50 TC=0.0, 0.0 RResistor_2 Gnd Vout 50 TC=0.0, 0.0 vvinac N_1 Gnd 2.5 AC 1 0.0 CCapacitor_1 vinac N_3 7.4587pF CCapacitor_2 N_3 N_2 25.2223fF LInductor_3 N_5 Gnd 36.456nH CCapacitor_3 N_4 N_5 25.2223fF CCapacitor_4 N_3 N_4 5.306pF CCapacitor_5 N_4 Vout 7.4587pF LInductor_5 N_4 Vout 27.0701pH

********* Simulation Settings - Analysis section ********* .ac dec 10000 1g 10g

********* Simulation Settings - Additional SPICE commands ********* .print ac vdb(vout)

.end