Dis plac e me nt s pe r

MW
m
2
De finit ion of dpa (dis plac e me nt s pe r at om) is t he numbe r
of t ime s t hat an at om is dis plac e d for a give n flue nc e .

N
d
N
o
= t
d
Example of 1

MW
m
2

= 4 . 4 3 x1 0
1 3
n
cm
2
s

d
= 3 , 0 0 0 b

N
d
N
o
t
= 4 . 4 3 x1 0
1 3
3 x1 0
2 1

= 1. 3 x1 0
7
dpa
s

4
dpa
FPY
Damage Rat e i n CTR mat e ri als
Mat e ri al
dpa/ FPY pe r MW/ m
2
316 SS 10
V 12
Mo 8
SiC 30
Al 17
Embri t t l e me nt
Los s of duc t ilit y due t o he lium
c olle c t i ng at grai n boundari e s .
Try t o ke e p t he uni form e longat i on
> 1 %
In fe rri t i c s t e e ls , t he s hi ft i n t he
duc t i le t o bri t t le t rans i t i on
t e mpe rat ure i s t he i mport ant t hi ng.
(Fi gure s )
Ove ral l Conc l us i ons
In DT de vi c e s , di s plac e me nt and
t rans mut at i on e ffe c t s wi ll li mi t us e ful li fe t i me s
t o a fe w full powe r ye ars . He nc e re plac e me nt of
t he FW, blanke t , c ompone nt s wi ll have t o be
done on a re gularly s c he dule d bas i s .
Us e of advanc e d fue ls wi ll drop t he
ne ut ron wall loadi ng by a fac t or of 3 0 whi c h
me ans t hat t he s t ruc t ural mat e ri als c an las t
for t he li fe of t he re ac t or.
Choic e of
Firs t Wall
Mat e rial
Phys ic al
Me c hanic al The rmal
Che mic al
Ne ut ronic
Radiat ion
Damage Cos t
Availibilit y
The Produc t ion of He lium
Gas in Me t als and Alloys is
muc h Gre at e r t han in
Fis s ion Re ac t ors
a
t
o
m
i
c

p
p
m

p
e
r

M
W
/
m
2
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
N
b
M
o
V
T
i
3
1
6
S
S

A
l
Fus ion Spe c t rum
Fas t Fis s ion Spe c t rum
.
St at ic
The rmal
St re s s
Tot al
Wall Thic kne s s
S
t
r
e
s
s
Desi gn Li mi t
Firs t Wall He at Flux Limit s
The He lium t o Dpa Rat io is Muc h
Highe r in Fus ion Re ac t ors Than in
Fis s ion Sys t e ms
a
p
p
m

H
e
l
i
u
m
/
d
p
a
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
N
b
V
M
o
T
i
3
1
6

S
S
A
l
Fus ion Spe c t ra
Fis s ion Spe c t ra
Page 1
Radiat ion Damage in Fus ion Re ac t or Mat e rials
Dis plac e me nt s
Trans mut at ions
Sput t e ring
Re s is t ivit y
Inc re as e s
Radioac t ivit y
Aft e rhe at
Che mic al
Change
Swe lling
Duc t ilit y Los s
Inc re as e d Crac k Propagat ion
Inc re as e d Cre e p Rat e s
At omic
Re ac t ions
Nuc le ar
Re ac t ions
Fundame nt als of Radi at i on Damage
Number of Vacancy/ Interstitial Pairs produced by the ith reaction
per incident particle of energy E per second , N
i
d
(E)

N
d
i
(E ) = N
o
(E )
i
(E )K (E, T )(T )dT

Whe re :
N
o
= At omi c De ns i t y
(E) = Flux of part i c le s of e ne rgy E

i
(E) = Probabi li t y t hat t he i nc i de nt
part i c le wi t h e ne rgy E, c aus i ng
re ac t i on i , wi ll unde rgo an
i nt e rac t i on wi t h a mat ri x at om
K(E, T) = Probabi li t y t hat i f an
i nt e rac t i on t ake s plac e , i t wi ll
produc e a pri mary knoc k-on-at om
(PKA) wi t h e ne rgy T
(T) =Numbe r of at oms s ubs e que nt ly
di s plac e d by t he PKA
Swe l l i n g
Fi rs t di s c ove re d i n 1 9 8 6 -UK
Oc c urs whe n vac anc i e s c olle c t
i nt o c lus t e rs whi c h grow and c aus e
t he mat e ri al t o e xpand
Has be e n obs e rve d i n many pure
me t als and alloys (Mg, Al, V, Fe , Co,
Ni, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ta, W, Re , and Pt ) and
doze ns of alloys .
Ge ne rally oc c urs be t we e n 3 0 and
5 0 % of t he abs olut e me lt i ng poi nt .
(Fi gure s )
Us ually t ry t o ke e p s we lli ng <<1 0 %
(i . e . , 1 -2 %)
Li mi t s t he ope rat i ng li fe t o 2 -3
FPY's i n aus t e ni t i c s t e e ls and 5 -7
FPY's i n fe rri t i c s t e e ls .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The rmal St re s s

th
=
E
2k (1 )
w
s
t +0. 5w
n
t
2

Mat e ri al Re ac t or
Re lat e d Re lat e d
= c oe ffi c i e nt of t he rmal e xpans i on
E = Modulus of Elas t i c i t y
k = t he rmal c onduc t i vi t y
= Poi s on Rat i o
w
s
= s urfac e he at flux
w
n
= nuc le ar he at rat e
t = t hi c kne s s

t h
(T)
Fi gure of Me ri t =
______________

y
(T)
Compat i bi li t y Li mi t s
Alloy Coolant Tmax C
Al Li < 2 0 0
3 1 6 SS Li < 5 5 0
HT- 9 Li < 5 5 0
V Li < 8 0 0
N b Li < 8 0 0
Mo Li < 1 0 0 0
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 1 6 SS Pb- Li < 4 5 0
HT- 9 Pb- Li < 5 0 0
V Pb- Li ????
N b Pb- Li ????
Mo Pb- Li ????
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 1 6 SS/ HT-9 He l i um < 6 0 0
V, Nb He l i um < 6 0 0
Mo He l i um < 1 0 0 0