!

"#$% '( )*+

,-. //0 : : 0

'. 0 ! 1 " 0; 0 ! 1 " 1 (IER)
2(34. 0, 1 " 0 ! 1 (1 ! 0)

,'. 0 # 1, 0 " 1; 0 # 1, 1 " 0 (IER)
566. 0 " 0 # 1 (1 # 0)

78. 0 19 0 " 1 (IER)
7:. 0 19 1 " 0 (IER)
;'. 0 1, 1 < " 0 <
:=( -$= !"#$%

>?@(36?A?(3*#
,$B?3?A?(3 C>,D
0 1
1 0
" 0 $ 1
0 $ 1 0 $ 1
" 0 1 " 1 0
!"#$%&'(

If you'ie a membei, you'ie eligible to vote. You'ie eligible to vote
only if you'ie a membei. Theiefoie, you'ie eligible to vote if anu only
if you'ie a membei.

|P (Q # R)j $ (X ! Y)
" (X ! Y) |P (Q # R)j

:=( -$= !"#$%

,?#$EE* 0 # 1
C,?#D 0 <
1 <
" <

!"#$%&'(

If Smith is electeu, we'll have a jeik foi a goveinoi. If Ciyzynski is
electeu, we'll have a jeik foi a goveinoi. But eithei Smith oi
Ciyzinski will be electeu. Anu so we'll have a jeik foi a goveinoi.

(P ! Q) # (X $ Y); (P ! Q) (Z # W); (X $ Y) (Z # W) " Z # W

!$%A+?@A?(3% (3 !"#$%

1) Rules can't be useu insiue a foimula.
This is )*+ an example of Simplification:

(P ! Q) R " (P R)

2) Rules must be applieu in exact foim.
This is )*+ an example of Nouus Tollens

P Q; Q " P

(Yes: it's valiu. But it's not an example of the iule ,*-.( 0*&&')()

Rules aie uefineu (+123+&4 54 +6'21 7*1$.

8"A 53(AF$+ G*HI



A iule woiks as it woulu woik if a computei applieu it: it woulu
uepenu (+123+&4 *) +6' 7*1$ *7 +6' (+12)8 *7 (4$5*&(.


'HEJ(#?K$ *36 2(3%A+"@A * 8+((B

Ellison oi Nassa will be the new CF0 if }ansen is the new CE0. 0nless
Smitheis is the new CE0, }ansen will be. 0nly if piofits aie uown will
Ellison be the new CF0. Likewise, if Nassa is the new CF0, piofits aie
uown. Smitheis won't be the new CE0; Thoisen will be. Theiefoie
piofits aie uown.




'HEJ(#?K$ *36 2(3%A+"@A * 8+((B

Ellison oi Nassa will be the new CF0 if }ansen is the new CE0. 0nless
Smitheis is the new CE0, }ansen will be. 0nly if piofits aie uown will
Ellison be the new CF0. Likewise, if Nassa is the new CF0, piofits aie
uown. Smitheis won't be the new CE0; Thoisen will be. Theiefoie
piofits aie uown.

1 } (E # N) pi
2 S # } pi
S E B pi
4 N B pi
S S ! T pi " B

1 } (E # N)
2 S # }
S E B
4 N B
S S ! T " B
6 S S S
7 } 2, 6 BS
8 E # N 1, 7 NP
9 B S, 4 7 Bil


2(EL#$A$ AF$ 8+((B.

1 P $ Q pi
2 Q ! R pi " P # S

2(EL#$A$ AF$ 8+((B.

1 P $ Q pi
2 Q ! R pi " P # S
S Q 2 S
4 P Q 1 BB
S P S, 4 NT
6 P # S S Auu



2(EL#$A$ AF$ 8+((B.

1 A # B pi
2 C ! (A % F) pi
S C (B E) pi
4 E F pi " F
2(EL#$A$ AF$ 8+((B.

1 A # B pi
2 C ! (A % F) pi
S C (B E) pi
4 E F pi " F
S C 2 S
6 A F 2 S
7 B E S, S NP
8 B F 4, 7 BS
9 F 1, 6, 8 Bil


2(EL#$A$ AF$ 8+((B.

1 P Q pi
2 P # R pi
S S ! Q pi
4 Q # R pi " X $ (A B)


2(EL#$A$ AF$ 8+((B.

1 P Q pi
2 P # R pi
S S ! Q pi
4 Q # R pi " X $ (A B)
S Q S S
6 R 4, S BS
7 P 2, 6 BS
8 Q 1, 7 NP
9 Q # |X $ (A B)j 8 Auu
1u X $ (A B) S, 9 BS

2*3 H(" 6( AF?% ?3 H("+ F$*6M

1 (P Q) ! S pi
2 R # P pi
S R pi " S ! Q


2*3 H(" 6( AF?% ?3 H("+ F$*6M

1 (P Q) ! S pi
2 R # P pi
S R pi " S ! Q
4 P 2, S BS
S P Q 1 S
6 Q 1 S
7 S 1 S
8 S ! Q 6, 7 Conj

Bon't be woiiieu if you coulun't fully anticipate the pioof in youi
heau, but foi cases wheie all the iules aie basic, you shoulu be
leaining to "see aiounu coineis.