People of the Philippines vs. Elias Lovedioro y Castro This case is with regard to Art 134 of the R.P.

C -Rebellion Case of People of the Philippines vs. Elias Lovedioro Castro !.R."o. 11##3$ #%"ove&ber1%%$ 'People vs. Lovedioro #$( )CRA 3*%+

FACTS OF THE CASE: Elias Lovedioro with 3 other co&panions fatall shot )P,3 -es.s L.cilo while L.cilo was wal/ing along 0.rgos )t. awa fro& 1araga2 Alba P.blic 3ar/et. The victi& died on the sa&e da fro& &assive blood loss. ,n "ove&ber 42 1%%#2 Elias Lovedioro was then charged of the cri&e of &.rder2 and s.bse5.entl fo.nd g.ilt . Lovedioro then appealed the decision2 contesting the verdict of &.rder instead of rebellion. 6t was confir&ed b the prosec.tion7s principal witness that Lovedioro was a &e&ber of the "ew People7s Ar& . ISSUES OF THE CASE: 8as the RTC correct in holding Lovedioro liable for the cri&e of &.rder2 instead of rebellion9 - Yes. 0eca.se2 overt acts and p.rpose are essential co&ponents of the cri&e of rebellion2 with either of these ele&ents wanting2 the cri&e of rebellion does not e:ist. - Political &otive sho.ld be established before a person charged with a co&&on cri&e- alleging rebellion in order to lessen the possible i&posable penalt - co.ld benefit fro& the law7s relativel benign attit.de towards political cri&es. 6f no political &otive is established or proved2 the acc.sed sho.ld be convicted of the co&&on cri&e and not of rebellion. - 6n cases of rebellion2 &otive relates to the act2 and &ere &e&bership in an organi;ation dedicated to the f.rtherance of rebellion wo.ld not2 b and of itself s.ffice. - The /illing of the victi&2 as observed b the )olicitor !eneral2 offered no contrib.tion to the achieve&ent of the "PA7s s.bversive ai&s2 in fact2 there were no /nown acts of the victi&7s that can be considered as offending to the "PA. - Evidence shows that Lovedioro7s allegation of &e&bership to the ".P.A was convenientl inf.sed to &itigate the penalt i&posable .pon hi&. HEL : 8<ERE=,RE2 PRE36)E) C,")61ERE12 the trial co.rt>s decision dated )epte&ber 142 1%%32 sentencing the acc.sed of 3.rder is hereb A==6R3E12 in toto.

People v. de Gracia, 233 SCRA 716 (July 6, 1994) ! "#e i$cide$%& i$volved i$ %#i& ca&e %oo' place a% %#e #ei(#% o) %#e coup d**e%a% &%a(ed i$ +ece,-er, 19.9. Accu&ed/appella$% Rola$do de Gracia 0a& c#ar(ed i$ %0o &epara%e i$)or,a%io$& )or ille(al po&&e&&io$ o) a,,u$i%io$ a$d e1plo&ive& i$ )ur%#era$ce o) re-ellio$, a$d )or a%%e,p%ed #o,icide. Appella$% 0a& co$vic%ed )or ille(al po&&e&&io$ o) )irear,& i$ )ur%#era$ce o) re-ellio$, -u% 0a& ac2ui%%ed o) a%%e,p%ed #o,icide. Surveilla$ce 0a&

u$der%a'e$ -y %#e ,ili%ary alo$( 3+SA -ecau&e o) i$%elli(e$ce repor%& a-ou% a coup. 4e,-er& o) %#e %ea, 0ere e$(a(ed -y re-el& i$ (u$)ire 'illi$( o$e ,e,-er o) %#e %ea,. A &earc#i$( %ea, raided %#e 3urocar Sale& 5))ice. "#ey 0ere a-le %o )i$d a$d co$)i&ca%e &i1 car%o$& o) 4/16 a,,u$i%io$, )ive -u$dle& o) C/4 dy$a,i%e&, 4/&#ell& o) di))ere$% cali-er&, a$d 6,olo%ov6 -o,-& i$&ide o$e o) %#e roo,& -elo$(i$( %o a cer%ai$ Col. 4a%illa$o. +e Gracia 0a& &ee$ i$&ide %#e o))ice o) Col. 4a%illa$o, #oldi$( a C/4 a$d &u&piciou&ly peepi$( %#rou(# a door. "#e %ea, arre&%ed appella$%. "#ey 0ere %#e$ ,ade %o &i($ a$ i$ve$%ory, 0ri%%e$ i$ "a(alo(, o) %#e e1plo&ive& a$d a,,u$i%io$ co$)i&ca%ed -y %#e raidi$( %ea,. 7o &earc# 0arra$% 0a& &ecured -y %#e raidi$( %ea,. Accu&ed 0a& )ou$d (uil%y o) ille(al po&&e&&io$ o) )irear,&. "#a% 8ud(,e$% o) co$vic%io$ i& $o0 c#alle$(ed -e)ore u& i$ %#i& appeal. 9&&ue! :#e%#er or $o% %#ere 0a& a valid &earc# a$d &ei;ure i$ %#i& ca&e. Ruli$(! <3S 9% i& ad,i%%ed %#a% %#e ,ili%ary opera%ive& 0#o raided %#e 3urocar Sale& 5))ice 0ere $o% ar,ed 0i%# a &earc# 0arra$% a% %#a% %i,e. "#e raid 0a& ac%ually precipi%a%ed -y i$%elli(e$ce repor%& %#a% &aid o))ice 0a& -ei$( u&ed a& #ead2uar%er& -y %#e RA4. Prior %o %#e raid, %#ere 0a& a &urveilla$ce co$duc%ed o$ %#e pre,i&e& 0#erei$ %#e &urveilla$ce %ea, 0a& )ired a% -y a (roup o) ,e$ co,i$( )ro, %#e 3urocar -uildi$(. :#e$ %#e ,ili%ary opera%ive& raided %#e place, %#e occupa$%& %#ereo) re)u&ed %o ope$ %#e door de&pi%e re2ue&%& )or %#e, %o do &o, %#ere-y co,pelli$( %#e )or,er %o -rea' i$%o %#e o))ice. "#e 3urocar Sale& 5))ice i& o-viou&ly $o% a (u$ &%ore a$d i% i& de)i$i%ely $o% a$ ar,ory or ar&e$al 0#ic# are %#e u&ual depo&i%orie& )or e1plo&ive& a$d a,,u$i%io$. 9% i& pri,arily a$d &olely e$(a(ed i$ %#e &ale o) au%o,o-ile&. "#e pre&e$ce o) a$ u$u&ual 2ua$%i%y o) #i(#/ po0ered )irear,& a$d e1plo&ive& could $o% -e 8u&%i)ia-ly or eve$ colora-ly e1plai$ed. 9$ addi%io$, %#ere 0a& (e$eral c#ao& a$d di&order a% %#a% %i,e -ecau&e o) &i,ul%a$eou& a$d i$%e$&e )iri$( 0i%#i$ %#e vici$i%y o) %#e o))ice a$d i$ %#e $ear-y Ca,p A(ui$aldo 0#ic# 0a& u$der a%%ac' -y re-el )orce&. "#e cour%& i$ %#e &urrou$di$( area& 0ere o-viou&ly clo&ed a$d, )or %#a% ,a%%er, %#e -uildi$( a$d #ou&e& %#erei$ 0ere de&er%ed. =$der %#e )ore(oi$( circu,&%a$ce&, i% i& our co$&idered opi$io$ %#a% %#e i$&%a$% ca&e )all& u$der o$e o) %#e e1cep%io$& %o %#e pro#i-i%io$ a(ai$&% a 0arra$%le&& &earc#. 9$ %#e )ir&% place, %#e ,ili%ary opera%ive&, %a'i$( i$%o accou$% %#e )ac%& o-%ai$i$( i$ %#i& ca&e, #ad rea&o$a-le (rou$d %o -elieve %#a% a cri,e 0a& -ei$( co,,i%%ed. "#ere 0a& co$&e2ue$%ly ,ore %#a$ &u))icie$% pro-a-le cau&e %o 0arra$% %#eir ac%io$. ur%#er,ore, u$der %#e &i%ua%io$ %#e$ prevaili$(, %#e raidi$( %ea, #ad $o oppor%u$i%y %o apply )or a$d &ecure a &earc# 0arra$% )ro, %#e cour%&. =$der &uc# ur(e$cy a$d e1i(e$cy o) %#e ,o,e$%, a &earc# 0arra$% could la0)ully -e di&pe$&ed 0i%#.

People vs Dasig G.R. No. 100231 April 28, 1993 Facts: Appella$%& Rodri(o +a&i(, 3d0i$ 7u>e; a$d 6 o%#er& 0ere c#ar(ed %o(e%#er o) &#oo%i$( Rede,p%o 4a$a%ad, a police o))icer, a& #e died 0#ile per)or,i$( du%ie&. =po$ arrai($,e$%, appella$% a$d 3d0i$ 7u>e& e$%ered a plea o) 6$o% (uil%y.6 ?o0ever, a)%er %#e pro&ecu%io$ #ad pre&e$%ed i%& )ir&% 0i%$e&&, accu&ed 7u>e& c#a$(ed #i& plea o) 6$o% (uil%y6 %o 6(uil%y.6 ?e$ce, %#e lo0er cour% #eld i$ a-eya$ce %#e pro,ul(a%io$ o) a 8ud(,e$% a(ai$&% &aid accu&ed u$%il %#e pro&ecu%io$ #ad )i$i&#ed pre&e$%i$( i%& evide$ce. :#ile %rial 0a& &%ill o$(oi$(, 7u>e; died o$ 4arc# 1@, 19.9, %#ere-y e1%i$(ui&#i$( #i& cri,i$al lia-ili%y.

A% a-ou% 4!@@ o*cloc' i$ %#e a)%er$oo$, P)c. Ca%a,ora $o%iced ei(#% (.) per&o$&, o$e o) 0#o, #e ide$%i)ied a& 3d0i$ 7u>e;, ac%i$( &u&piciou&ly. ?e $o%iced o$e o) %#e, (ivi$( i$&%ruc%io$& %o %0o o) %#e ,e$ %o approac# P)c. 4a$a%ad. 5$ Au(u&% 16, 19.7, %0o %ea,& o) police o))icer& 0ere %a&'ed %o co$duc% &urveilla$ce o$ a &u&pec%ed &a)e#ou&e o) ,e,-er& o) %#e &parro0 u$i% loca%ed i$ Peace Aalley, Ce-u Ci%y. =po$ reac#i$( %#e place, %#e (roup &a0 Rodri(o +a&i( a$d 3d0i$ 7u>e& %ryi$( %o e&cape. "#e %ea, o) Cap%. A$%o$io Gorre cap%ured 7u>e& a$d co$)i&ca%ed a .4B cali-er revolver 0i%# 3 ,a(a;i$e& a$d a,,u$i%io$&, 0#ile %#e (roup o) S(%. Ro$ald Ar$e8o pur&ued +a&i(, 0#o %#re0 a (re$ade a% #i& pur&uer&, -u% 0a& &#o% o$ #i& le)% upper ar, a$d &u-&e2ue$%ly appre#e$ded 0#ile a .3. cali-er revolver 0i%# 17 live a,,u$i%io$& 0ere co$)i&ca%ed )ro, #i,. "#erea)%er, +a&i( 0a& -rou(#% %o %#e #o&pi%al )or %rea%,e$%, 0#ile 7u>e& 0a& %ur$ed over %o %#e 4e%rodi&co, )or i$ve&%i(a%io$. +a&i( co$)e&&ed %#a% #e a$d %#e (roup o) 3d0i$ 7u>e& 'illed P)c. 4a$a%ad. ?e li'e0i&e ad,i%%ed %#a% #e a$d 7u>e& 0ere ,e,-er& o) %#e &parro0 u$i% a$d %#e %#eir alia&e& 0ere 6Ar,a$d6 a$d 64a-i,6 re&pec%ively. "#e e1%ra/8udicial co$)e&&io$ o) appella$% 0a& &i($ed -y #i, o$ every pa(e %#ereo) 0i%# %#e )ir&% pa(e co$%ai$i$( a cer%i)ica%io$ li'e0i&e &i($ed -y #i,. ?o0ever, +a&i( co$%e$d& %#a% %#e procedure -y 0#ic# #i& e1%ra/8udicial co$)e&&io$ 0a& %a'e$ 0a& le(ally de)ec%ive, a$d co$%rary %o #i& Co$&%i%u%io$al ri(#%&. ?e )ur%#er co$%e$d& %#a% a&&u,i$( #e co$&pired i$ %#e 'illi$( o) P)c. 4a$a%ad, #e &#ould -e co$vic%ed a% ,o&% o) &i,ple re-ellio$ a$d $o% ,urder 0i%# direc% a&&aul%. Appella$% al&o clai,& %#a% %#e cu&%odial i$%erro(a%io$ 0a& do$e 0#ile #e 0a& &%ill very &ic' a$d co$&e2ue$%ly, #e could $o% #ave )ully apprecia%ed %#e 0i&do, o) ad,i%%i$( &uc# a &eriou& o))e$&e. Issue: :#e%#er or $o% %#e accu&ed/appella$% i& lia-le )or e1%ra/8udicial 'illi$( o) %#e decea&ed a$d par%icipa%ed i$ %#e ac% o) re-ellio$C el!: <e&. Accu&ed Ro(elio +a&i( i& )ou$d (uil%y o) par%icipa%i$( i$ a$ ac% o) re-ellio$ -eyo$d rea&o$a-le dou-% a$d i& #ere-y &e$%e$ced %o &u))er %#e pe$al%y o) i,pri&o$,e$% o) ei(#% (.) year& o) pri&io$ ,ayor, a$d %o pay %#e #eir& o) P)c. Rede,p%o 4a$a%ad, PB@,@@@.@@ a& civil i$de,$i%y. A& %o %#e proper i,po&a-le pe$al%y, %#e 9$de%er,i$a%e Se$%e$ce Da0 i& $o% applica-le %o per&o$& co$vic%ed o) re-ellio$ (Sec. 2, R.A. 42@3), co$%rary %o %#e i$&i$ua%io$ o) %#e Solici%or Ge$eral. Ar%icle 13B o) %#e Revi&ed Pe$al Code i,po&e& %#e pe$al%y o) pri&io$ ,ayor a$d a )i$e $o% e1ceedi$( P2@,@@@.@@ %o a$y per&o$ 0#o pro,o%e&, ,ai$%ai$&, or #ead& a re-ellio$. ?o0ever, i$ %#e ca&e a% -ar, %#ere i& $o evide$ce %o prove %#a% appella$% +a&i( #eaded %#e cri,e co,,i%%ed. A& a ,a%%er o) )ac% #e 0a& $o% &peci)ically pi$poi$%ed -y P)c. Ca%a,ora a& %#e per&o$ (ivi$( i$&%ruc%io$& %o %#e (roup 0#ic# a%%ac'ed P)c. 4a$a%ad. Appella$% ,erely par%icipa%ed i$ co,,i%%i$( %#e ac%, or 8u&% e1ecu%ed %#e co,,a$d o) a$ u$'$o0$ leader. ?e$ce, #e &#ould -e ,ade %o &u))er %#e pe$al%y o) i,pri&o$,e$% o) ei(#% (.) year& o) pri&io$ ,ayor. or %#e re&ul%i$( dea%#, appella$% i& li'e0i&e ordered %o pay %#e #eir& o) P)c. 4a$a%ad 9 "< "?5=SA7+ P3S5S (PB@,@@@.@@) a& civil i$de,$i%y.

UMIL VS. RAMOS [187 SCRA 311; G.R. NO. 81567; 3 OCT 1991] Facts: On 1 February 1988, military agents were dispatched to the St. Agnes Hospital, Roose elt A enue, !ue"on #ity, to eri$y a con$idential in$ormation which was recei ed by their o$$ice, about a %sparrow man% &'(A member) who had been admitted to the said hospital with a gunshot wound. *hat the wounded man in the said hospital was among the $i e &+) male %sparrows% who murdered two &,) #apcom mobile patrols the day be$ore, or on -1 .anuary 1988 at about 1,/00 o1cloc2 noon, be$ore a road hump along 3acanining St., 4agong 4arrio, #aloocan #ity. *he wounded man1s name was listed by the hospital management as %Ronnie .a ellon,% twenty5two &,,) years old o$ 4loc2 10, 6ot 7, South #ity Homes, 4i8an, 6aguna howe er it was disclosed later that the true name o$ the wounded man was Rolando 9ural. :n iew o$ this eri$ication, Rolando 9ural was trans$erred to the Regional 3edical Ser iceso$ the #A(#O3, $or security reasons. ;hile con$ined thereat, he was positi ely identi$ied by the eyewitnesses as the one who murdered the , #A(#O3 mobile patrols.

Issue: ;hether or 'ot Rolando was law$ully arrested.

Held: Rolando 9ural was arrested $or being a member o$ the '(A, an outlawed sub ersi e organi"ation. Sub ersion being a continuing o$$ense, the arrest without warrant is <usti$ied as it can be said that he was committing as o$$ense when arrested. *he crimes rebellion, sub ersion, conspiracy or proposal to commit such crimes, and crimes or o$$enses committed in $urtherance there$ore in connection therewith constitute direct assaults against the state and are in the nature o$ continuing crimes.

People of the Philippines v. Hernandez , 99 Phil. Rep 515 (1956), was a case decided by the Philippine Supreme Court which held that the crime of rebellion under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines is charged as a single offense, and that it cannot be made into a complex crime. While it was decided on an almost divided opinion, it nevertheless became a stable doctrine in Philippine jurisprudence. Facts It was the height of the Government action against communists and the Hukbalahap guerillas. President Elpidio Quirino, through his Defense Secretary (and later, President) Ramon Magsaysay intensified the campaign against them, and the crackdown was on against communist organizations. Due to such government action, several communist leaders like Luis Taruc and the Lava brothers were soon in government custody. On January 20, 1951, the Congress of Labor Organizations (CLO) headquarters was raided. Writer (and future National Artist for Literature) Amado V. Hernandez, himself a labor leader, was arrested on January 26 for various rebellious activities with the CLO. Upon his arrest, he was charged in the criminal information of Rebellion with Murder, Arson and Robbery. Five years after his arrest, Hernandez asked for bail with the court where his case was pending, but was denied on the basis of the nature of the offense (if the crime was complexed, the penalty for the most serious crime shall be imposed). Thus, he

filed a petition to the Supreme Court.

Arguments The government, headed by Solicitor General Ambrosio Padilla, argued that the gravity of the crime committed required the denial of the bail. Moreover, the complex crime charged by the government against Hernandez has been successfully imposed with other arrested communist leaders and was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Decision The Supreme Court, through then Associate Justice Roberto Concepcion, ruled that rebellion cannot be complexed with other crimes, such as murder and arson. Rebellion in itself would include and absorb the said crimes, thus granting the accused his right to bail. Murder and arson are crimes inherent and concomitant when rebellion is taking place. Rebellion in the Revised Penal Code constitutes one single crime and that there is no reason to complex it with other crimes. As basis, the Court cited several cases convicting the defendants of simple rebellion although they killed several persons. Thus, the petition for bail was granted. On May 30, 1964, the Supreme Court acquitted Hernandez (People v. Hernandez (1964)).

Po$ce 3$rile v. A,i$ , 1.9 SCRA B73 (199@) ac%&! 9$ %0o &epara%e i$)or,a%io$&, accu&ed 0a& c#ar(ed 0i%# 1) re-ellio$ co,ple1ed 0i%# ,urder, a$d 2) o-&%ruc%i$( %#e appre#e$&io$ o) a re-el. Accu&ed ,ove& %o di&,i&& %#e 2$d i$)or,a%io$ o$ %#e (rou$d %#a% i% i& a-&or-ed i$ %#e 1&%. Accu&ed )ur%#er alle(e& %#a% re-ellio$ ca$ $o% -e co,ple1ed 0i%# ,urder. ?eld! Re-ellio$ a-&or-& $o% o$ly )elo$ie& -u% al&o o))e$&e& u$der &pecial la0 0#ic# are perpe%ra%ed i$ )ur%#era$ce o) re-ellio$. ur%#er,ore, re-ellio$ ca$ $o% -e co,ple1ed 0i%# a$y o))e$&e 0#ic# i& a ,ea$& i$ co,,i%%i$(, or a$ u$i$%e$ded e))ec% o) re-ellio$.

Po"ce #"rile vs. A$i" %epte$&er 13, 1990, 189 %'RA ()3 ac%&!

A$ i$)or,a%io$ 0a& c#ar(ed a(ai$&% Se$a%or Jua$ Po$ce 3$rile )or #avi$( co,,i%%ed

re-ellio$ co,ple1ed 0i%# ,urder 0i%# %#e Re(io$al "rial Cour% o) Eue;o$ Ci%y. A$o%#er i$)or,a%io$ 0a& &u-&e2ue$%ly )iled 0i%# %#e Re(io$al "rial Cour% 9o) 4a'a%i, c#ar(i$( %#e )or,er 0i%# a viola%io$ o) Pre&ide$%ial +ecree 7o. 1.29 )or 0ill)ully a$d '$o0i$(ly o-&%ruc%i$( or delayi$( %#e appre#e$&io$ o) 31. D%. Col. Gre(orio FGri$(oG ?o$a&a$.

Alle(edly, Se$a%or 3$rile e$%er%ai$ed a$d acco,,oda%ed Col. Gri$(o ?o$a&a$ -y (ivi$( #i, )ood a$d co,)or% o$ +ece,-er 1, 19.9 i$ #i& #ou&e a$d $o% doi$( a$y%#i$( %o #ave ?o$a&a$ arre&%ed or appre#e$ded. 9% 0a& %#e pro&ecu%io$H& co$%e$%io$ %#a% #ar-ori$( or co$ceali$( a )u(i%ive i& pu$i&#a-le u$der a &pecial la0 0#ile re-ellio$ i& -a&ed o$ Revi&ed Pe$al CodeI %#u&, %#e %0o cri,e& ca$ -e &epara%ely pu$i&#ed. 9&&ue! Ca$ a &epara%e cri,e o) a viola%io$ o) P+ 1.29 -e c#ar(ed a(ai$&% %#e pe%i%io$erC

Ruli$(!

7o. "#e Supre,e Cour% u&ed %#e doc%ri$e %#a% i) a per&o$ ca$$o% -e c#ar(ed 0i%# %#e co,ple1 cri,e o) re-ellio$, #e ca$ $ei%#er -e c#ar(ed &epara%ely )or %0o di))ere$% o))e$&e&, 0#ere o$e i& a co$&%i%u%ive or co,po$e$% ele,e$% or co,,i%%ed i$ )ur%#era$ce o) re-ellio$.

9% 0a& al&o $o%ed %#a% pe%i%io$er 0a& already )aci$( c#ar(e& o) re-ellio$ i$ co$&piracy 0i%# ?o$a&a$. Jei$( i$ co$&piracy %#ereo), %#e ac% o) #ar-ori$( or co$ceali$( Col. ?o$a&a$ i& clearly a ,ere co,po$e$% or i$(redie$% o) re-ellio$ or a$ ac% do$e i$ )ur%#era$ce o) re-ellio$. 9% ca$$o% -e ,ade %#e -a&i& o) a &epara%e c#ar(e.

Al&o, %#e ?i(# Cour% rei%era%ed %#a% i$ ca&e& o) re-ellio$, all cri,e& co,,i%%ed i$ )ur%#era$ce %#ereo) &#all -e a-&olved. ?e$ce, %#e o%#er c#ar(e o) re-ellio$ co,ple1ed 0i%# ,urder ca$$o% pro&per. All cri,e&, 0#e%#er pu$i&#a-le u$der a &pecial la0 or (e$eral la0, 0#ic# are ,ere co,po$e$%& or i$(redie$%&, or co,,i%%ed i$ )ur%#era$ce o) re-ellio$, -eco,e a-&or-ed a$d i% ca$$o% -e c#ar(ed a& &epara%e cri,e&.

Jua$ Po$ce 3$rile v& Jud(e Sala;ar

Co$&%i%u%io$al Da0 K Poli%ical Eue&%io$ K Re&%ric%io$ %o %#e e1erci&e o) 8udicial po0er

9$ e-ruary 199@, Se$ 3$rile 0a& arre&%ed. ?e 0a& c#ar(ed %o(e%#er 0i%# 4r. L 4r&. Pa$lilio, a$d ?o$a&a$ )or %#e cri,e o) re-ellio$ 0i%# ,urder a$d ,ul%iple )ru&%ra%ed ,urder 0#ic# alle(edly occurred duri$( %#eir )ailed coup a%%e,p%. 3$rile 0a& %#e$ -rou(#% %o Ca,p Mari$(al. 3$rile la%er )iled )or %#e #a-ea& corpu& alle(i$( %#a% %#e cri,e -ei$( c#ar(ed a(ai$&% #i, i& $o$ e1i&%e$%. "#a% #e 0a& c#ar(ed 0i%# a cri,i$al o))e$&e i$ a$ i$)or,a%io$ )or 0#ic# $o co,plai$% 0a& i$i%ially )iled or preli,i$ary i$ve&%i(a%io$ 0a& co$duc%ed, #e$ce 0a& de$ied due proce&&I de$ied #i& ri(#% %o -ailI a$d arre&%ed a$d de%ai$ed o$ %#e &%re$(%# o) a 0arra$% i&&ued 0i%#ou% %#e 8ud(e 0#o i&&ued i% )ir&% #avi$( per&o$ally de%er,i$ed %#e e1i&%e$ce o) pro-a-le cau&e. I%%*#: :#e%#er or 3$rileH& arre&% i& valid. #+D: 3$rile )iled )or #a-ea& corpu& -ecau&e #e 0a& de$ied -ail al%#ou(# ordi$arily a c#ar(e o) re-ellio$ 0ould e$%i%le o$e )or -ail. "#e cri,e o) re-ellio$ c#ar(ed a(ai$&% #i, #o0ever i& co,ple1ed 0i%# ,urder a$d ,ul%iple )ru&%ra%ed ,urder& K %#e i$%e$%io$ o) %#e pro&ecu%io$ 0a& %o ,a'e re-ellio$ i$ i%& ,o&% &eriou& )or, &o a& %o ,a'e %#e pe$al%y %#ereo) i$ %#e ,a1i,u,. "#e SC ruled %#a% %#ere i& $o &uc# cri,e a& Re-ellio$ 0i%# ,urder a$d ,ul%iple )ru&%ra%ed ,urder. :#a% 3$rile e% al ca$ -e c#ar(ed o) 0ould -e Si,ple Re-ellio$ -ecau&e o%#er cri,e& &uc# a& ,urder or all %#o&e %#a% ,ay -e $ece&&ary %o %#e co,,i&&io$ o) re-ellio$ i& a-&or-ed #e$ce #e &#ould -e e$%i%iled )or -ail. "#e SC #o0ever $o%ed %#a% a pe%i%io$ )or #a-ea& corpu& 0a& $o% %#e proper re,edy &o a& %o avail o) -ail. "#e proper &%ep %#a% &#ould #ave -ee$ %a'e$ 0a& )or 3$rile %o )ile a pe%i%io$ %o -e ad,i%%ed )or -ail. ?e &#ould #ave e1#au&%ed all o%#er e))or%& -e)ore pe%i%io$i$( )or #a-ea& corpu&. "#e SC )ur%#er $o%e& %#a% %#ere i& a $eed %o re&%ruc%ure %#e la0 o$ re-ellio$ a& i% i& -ei$( u&ed appare$%ly -y o%#er& a& a %ool %o di&rup% %#e peace a$d e&pou&e viole$ce. "#e SC ca$ o$ly ac% 0Ni$ %#e -ou$d& o) %#e la0. "#u& SC &aid F"#ere i& a$ appare$% $eed %o re&%ruc%ure %#e la0 o$ re-ellio$, ei%#er %o rai&e %#e pe$al%y %#ere)or or %o clearly de)i$e a$d deli,i% %#e o%#er o))e$&e& %o -e co$&idered a& a-&or-ed %#ere-y, &o %#a% i% ca$$o% -e co$ve$ie$%ly u%ili;ed a& %#e u,-rella )or every &or% o) ille(al ac%ivi%y u$der%a'e$ i$ i%& $a,e. "#e Cour% #a& $o po0er %o e))ec% &uc# c#a$(e, )or i% ca$ o$ly i$%erpre% %#e la0 a& i% &%a$d& a% a$y (ive$ %i,e, a$d 0#a% i& $eeded lie& -eyo$d i$%erpre%a%io$. ?ope)ully, Co$(re&& 0ill perceive %#e $eed )or pro,p%ly &ei;i$( %#e i$i%ia%ive i$ %#i& ,a%%er, 0#ic# i& properly 0i%#i$ i%& provi$ce.G

?a-ea& Corpu& K Ri(#% %o Jail K Re-ellio$ K SC Ca$$o% C#a$(e Da0

9$ e-ruary 199@, Se$ 3$rile 0a& arre&%ed. ?e 0a& c#ar(ed %o(e%#er 0i%# 4r. L 4r&. Pa$lilio, a$d ?o$a&a$ )or %#e cri,e o) re-ellio$ 0i%# ,urder a$d ,ul%iple )ru&%ra%ed ,urder 0#ic# alle(edly occurred duri$( %#eir )ailed coup a%%e,p%. 3$rile 0a& %#e$ -rou(#% %o Ca,p Mari$(al. 3$rile la%er )iled )or %#e #a-ea& corpu& alle(i$( %#a% %#e cri,e -ei$( c#ar(ed a(ai$&% #i, i& $o$e1i&%e$%. "#a% #e 0a& c#ar(ed 0i%# a cri,i$al o))e$&e i$ a$ i$)or,a%io$ )or 0#ic# $o co,plai$% 0a& i$i%ially )iled or preli,i$ary i$ve&%i(a%io$ 0a& co$duc%ed, #e$ce 0a& de$ied due proce&&I de$ied #i& ri(#% %o -ailI a$d arre&%ed a$d de%ai$ed o$ %#e &%re$(%# o) a 0arra$% i&&ued 0i%#ou% %#e 8ud(e 0#o i&&ued i% )ir&% #avi$( per&o$ally de%er,i$ed %#e e1i&%e$ce o) pro-a-le cau&e. I%%*#: :#e%#er or $o% %#e cour% &#ould a))ir, %#e ?er$a$de; ruli$(. #+D: 3$rile )iled )or #a-ea& corpu& -ecau&e #e 0a& de$ied -ail al%#ou(# ordi$arily a c#ar(e o) re-ellio$ 0ould e$%i%le o$e )or -ail. "#e cri,e o) re-ellio$ c#ar(ed a(ai$&% #i, #o0ever i& co,ple1ed 0i%# ,urder a$d ,ul%iple )ru&%ra%ed ,urder& K %#e i$%e$%io$ o) %#e pro&ecu%io$ 0a& %o ,a'e re-ellio$ i$ i%& ,o&% &eriou& )or, &o a& %o ,a'e %#e pe$al%y %#ereo)

i$ %#e ,a1i,u,. "#e SC ruled %#a% %#ere i& $o &uc# cri,e a& Re-ellio$ 0i%# ,urder a$d ,ul%iple )ru&%ra%ed ,urder. :#a% 3$rile e% al ca$ -e c#ar(ed o) 0ould -e Si,ple Re-ellio$ -ecau&e o%#er cri,e& &uc# a& ,urder or all %#o&e %#a% ,ay -e $ece&&ary %o %#e co,,i&&io$ o) re-ellio$ i& a-&or-ed #e$ce #e &#ould -e e$%i%iled )or -ail. "#e SC #o0ever $o%ed %#a% a pe%i%io$ )or #a-ea& corpu& 0a& $o% %#e proper re,edy &o a& %o avail o) -ail. "#e proper &%ep %#a% &#ould #ave -ee$ %a'e$ 0a& )or 3$rile %o )ile a pe%i%io$ %o -e ad,i%%ed )or -ail. ?e &#ould #ave e1#au&%ed all o%#er e))or%& -e)ore pe%i%io$i$( )or #a-ea& corpu&. "#e ?er$a$de; ruli$( i& &%ill valid. All o%#er cri,e& co,,i%%ed i$ carryi$( ou% re-ellio$ are dee,ed a-&or-ed. "#e SC $o%ed, #o0ever, %#a% %#ere ,ay -e a $eed %o ,odi)y %#e re-ellio$ la0. Co$&ideri$( %#a% %#e e&&e$ce o) re-ellio$ #a& -ee$ lo&% a$d %#a% i% i& -ei$( u&ed -y a lo % o) oppor%u$i&%& %o a%%e,p% %o (ra- po0er.

P#,P+# v. PI-#N.#+ /supra0 O2.. SCRA B42 (199.), G.R. 7o. 1@@21@P Po"e"te: 4ar%i$e;, J. Date: April 1, 199. .opic1%u&2ect -atter: Ar%icle 22 Q Re%roac%ivi%y, 3))ec% o) Repeal o) Pe$al Da0& Facts: 9$ 19.3, priva%e re&po$de$% A$%o$io "u8a$ 0a& c#ar(ed 0i%# Su-ver&io$ u$der R.A. 17@@ (%#e A$%i/Su-ver&io$ Da0) a& a,e$ded -e)ore %#e R"C o) 4a$ila, a$d a 0arra$% o) arre&% 0a& i&&ued o$ July 29, 19.3, -u% 0a& $o% carried ou% due %o #i& di&appeara$ce. A)%er &eve$ year&, o$ Ju$e B, 199@, A$%o$io "u8a$ 0a& arre&%ed o$ %#e -a&i& o) %#e 0arra$% o) arre&% i$ %#e &u-ver&io$ ca&e, a$d 0a& li'e0i&e )ou$d %o po&&e&& a$ u$lice$&ed .3. cali-er &pecial revolver a$d &i1 rou$d& o) live a,,u$i%io$. Jecau&e o) %#i&, "u8a$ 0a& c#ar(ed 0i%# 9lle(al Po&&e&&io$ o) irear, a$d A,,u$i%io$ i$ ur%#era$ce o) Su-ver&io$ u$der P+ 7o. 1.66 -e)ore %#e R"C i$ 4a'a%i. 'o"te"tio" o3 t4e People: A$%o$io "u8a$ )iled %#e ,o%io$ %o 2ua&# %#e c#ar(e u$der P+ 7o. 1.66 o$ %#e (rou$d %#a% #e #a& -ee$ previou&ly i$ 8eopardy o) -ei$( co$vic%ed )or Su-ver&io$, -a&ed o$ Sec%io$& 3(?) a$d 7, Rule 117 o) %#e 19.B Rule& o) Cri,i$al Procedure. ur%#er,ore, "u8a$ co$%e$d& %#a% co,,o$ cri,e& &uc# a& ille(al po&&e&&io$ o) )irear,& a$d a,,u$i%io$ &#ould -e a-&or-ed i$ &u-ver&io$. "#e pre&e$% ca&e i& %#e %0i$ pro&ecu%io$ o) %#e earlier &u-ver&io$ ca&e, a$d %#ere)ore #e i& e$%i%led %o i$vo'e %#e co$&%i%u%io$al pro%ec%io$ a(ai$&% dou-le 8eopardy. 'o"te"tio" o3 t4e %tate: "u8a$ doe& $o% &%a$d i$ 8eopardy o) -ei$( co$vic%ed a &eco$d %i,e -ecau&e! (a) #e #a& $o% eve$ -ee$ arrai($ed i$ %#e &u-ver&io$ ca&e, a$d (-) %#e previou& o))e$&e c#ar(ed a(ai$&% #i, i& )or Su-ver&io$, pu$i&#a-le u$der RA 17@@, 0#ile %#e pre&e$% ca&e i& )or 9lle(al Po&&e&&io$ o) irear, a$d A,,u$i%io$ i$ ur%#era$ce o) Su-ver&io$, pu$i&#a-le u$der P+ 1.66, a di))ere$% la0.

Issue1s to &e %olve!: :57 c#ar(e u$der P+ 1.66 -e 2ua&#ed o$ (rou$d o) dou-le 8eopardy i$ vie0 o) %#e previou& c#ar(e u$der RA 17@@. Ruli"g o3 t4e %upre$e 'ourt: :#ile %#e SC #old& %#a% -o%# %#e &u-ver&io$ c#ar(e u$der RA 17@@, a& a,e$ded, a$d %#e o$e )or ille(al po&&e&&io$ o) )irear, a$d a,,u$i%io$ i$ )ur%#era$ce o) &u-ver&io$ u$der P+ 1.66, a& a,e$ded, ca$ co/e1i&%, %#e &u-&e2ue$% e$ac%,e$% o) o) RA 7636 o$ Sep%. 22, 1992, %o%ally repeali$( RA 17@@, a& a,e$ded, #a& &u-&%a$%ially c#a$(ed %#e co,ple1io$ o) %#e pre&e$% ca&e, i$a&,uc# a& %#e &aid repeali$( la0 -ei$( )avora-le %o %#e accu&ed/priva%e re&po$de$%, 0#o i& $o% a #a-i%ual deli$2ue$%, &#ould -e (ive$ re%roac%ive e))ec%. :i%# %#e e$ac%,e$% o) RA 7636, %#e c#ar(e o) &u-ver&io$ a(ai$&% %#e accu&ed/priva%e re&po$de$% #a& $o ,ore le(al -a&i&, a$d &#ould -e di&,i&&ed. 9% 0ould -e illo(ical )or %#e %rial cour%& %o %ry a$d &e$%e$ce %#e accu&ed/priva%e re&po$de$% )or a$ o))e$&e %#a% $o lo$(er e1i&%&. Su-ver&io$ c#ar(e a(ai$&% "u8a$ 0a& di&,i&&ed, ille(al po&&e&&io$ o) )irear, a$d a,,u$i%io$ i$ )ur%#era$ce o) &u-ver&io$ a(ai$&% %#e &a,e accu&ed i& dee,ed a,e$ded. Accu&ed 0a& ordered %o -e relea&ed i,,edia%ely )ro, de%e$%io$, &i$ce #e 0a& already de%ai$ed )or 7 year&, 0#erea& %#e a,e$ded c#ar(e #a& a pe$al%y o) 4 year&, 2 ,o&. a$d 1 day %o &i1 year&.

People vs *$ali People vs *$ali G.R. No. +5(803 Nove$&er 29, 19(6 Facts: "#e co,ple1 cri,e o) 0#ic# appella$%& 7arci&o =,ali, e%. al 0ere )ou$d (uil%y 0a& &aid %o #ave -ee$ co,,i%%ed duri$( %#e raid &%a(ed i$ %#e %o0$ o) "iao$(, Eue;o$, -e%0ee$ .!@@ a$d 9!@@ i$ %#e eve$i$( o) 7ove,-er 14, 19B1, -y ar,ed ,e$. "#e raid %oo' place re&ul%i$( i$ %#e -ur$i$( do0$ a$d co,ple%e de&%ruc%io$ o) %#e #ou&e o) 4ayor 4arcial Pu$;ala$ i$cludi$( i%& co$%e$% valued a% P24,@23I %#e #ou&e o) Aale$%i$ Ro-le& valued a% P1@,@@@, a$d %#e #ou&e o) o$e 4or%e(a, %#e dea%# o) Pa%rol,a$ +o,i$(o Pi&i(a$ a$d civilia$& Aice$%e Soria$o a$d Deocadio =$%ala$, a$d %#e 0ou$di$( o) Pa%rol,a$ Pedro Dacor%e a$d )ive civilia$&. +uri$( a$d a)%er %#e -ur$i$( o) %#e #ou&e&, &o,e o) %#e raider& e$(a(ed i$ loo%i$(, ro--i$( o$e #ou&e a$d %0o C#i$e&e &%ore&I a$d %#a% %#e raider& 0ere )i$ally di&per&ed a$d drive$ )ro, %#e %o0$ -y %#e P#ilippi$e Ar,y &oldier& &%a%io$ed i$ %#e %o0$ led -y Cap%ai$ Al;a%e. Issue: :#e%#er or $o% %#e accu&ed/appella$%& are lia-le o) %#e c#ar(e& a(ai$&% %#e, o) co,ple1 cri,e o) re-ellio$ 0i%# ,ul%iple ,urder, )ru&%ra%ed ,urder, ar&o$ a$d ro--eryC el!:

<e&. "#e appella$%& 0ere (uil%y o) &edi%io$, ,ul%iple ,urder, ar&o$, )ru&%ra%ed ,urder a$d p#y&ical i$8urie&. or %#e cri,e o) &edi%io$ eac# o) %#e appella$%& i& &e$%e$ced %o B year& o) pri&io$ correc%io$al a$d %o pay a )i$e o) P4,@@@I )or eac# o) %#e %#ree ,urder&, eac# o) %#e appella$%& i& &e$%e$ced %o li)e i,pri&o$,e$% a$d %o i$de,$i)y %#e #eir& o) eac# vic%i, i$ %#e &u, o) P6,@@@I a$d )or %#e ar&o$, )or 0#ic# 0e i,po&e %#e ,a1i,u, pe$al%y provided i$ Ar%icle 321, para(rap# 1, o) %#e Revi&ed Pe$al Code, )or %#e rea&o$ %#a% %#e raider& i$ &e%%i$( )ire %o %#e -uildi$(&, par%icularly %#e #ou&e o) Pu$;ala$ %#ey '$e0 %#a% i% 0a& %#e$ occupied -y o$e or ,ore per&o$&, -ecau&e %#ey eve$ a$d ac%ually &a0 a$ old lady, %#e ,o%#er o) Pu$;ala$, a% %#e 0i$do0, a$d i$ vie0 o) %#e a((rava%i$( circu,&%a$ce& o) $i(#%%i,e, eac# o) %#e appella$%& i& &e$%e$ced %o reclu&io$ perpe%ua a$d %o pay %#e i$de,$i%ie& ,e$%io$ed i$ %#e deci&io$ o) %#e lo0er cour%. 9% &#all -e u$der&%ood, #o0ever, %#e pur&ua$% %o %#e provi&io$& o) Ar%icle 7@ o) %#e Revi&ed Pe$al Code %#e dura%io$ o) all pe$al%ie& &#all $o% e1ceed 4@ year&. 9$ vie0 o) %#e #eavy pe$al%ie& already i,po&ed a$d %#eir lo$( dura%io$, %#e cour% )i$d& i% u$$ece&&ary %o )i1 a$d i,po&e %#e pri&o$ &e$%e$ce& corre&po$di$( %o )ru&%ra%ed ,urder a$d p#y&ical i$8urie&I #o0ever, %#e &u,& a0arded %#e vic%i,& (Dacor%e, 5r%e(a, A$&elo, Riva$o, Garcia a$d Dec%or), -y %#e cour% -elo0 0ill &%a$d. :i%# %#e&e ,odi)ica%io$&, %#e deci&io$ appealed )ro, i& #ere-y a))ir,ed, 0i%# co&%&.

People vs. Pere7 /19690 Facts! Seve$ cou$%& o) %rea&o$ 0ere )iled a(ai$&% Su&a$o Pere; a'a Mid Pere;, %#e accu&ed, )or recrui%i$(, appre#e$di$(, a$d co,,a$deeri$( 0o,e$ (3ri-er%a Ra,o, 3duarda +ao#o(, 3u%i2uia Da,ay, a$d lavia$a Jo$alo&) a(ai$&% %#eir 0ill %o &a%i&)y %#e i,,oral purpo&e a$d &e1ual de&ire o) Colo$el 4i$i, a$d o%#er Japa$e&e o) 5))icer&. 5$ly cou$%& 1,2,4,B,6 0ere &u-&%a$%ia%ed. 9$ %#e 4%# a$d B%# cou$%&, %#e accu&ed per&o$ally a&&aul%ed a$d a-u&ed %0o o) %#e o))e$ded (irl&. Su&a$o Pere; 0a& co$vic%ed o) %rea&o$ a$d &e$%e$ced %o dea%# -y elec%rocu%io$ -y %#e PeopleH& Cour%. Issue! :#e%#er or $o% %#e ac%& o) %#e accu&ed co$&%i%u%e a cri,e o) %rea&o$ el! ! 75. "#ere i& a dile,,a i$ %ryi$( %o dra0 a li$e -e%0ee$ %rea&o$a-le a$d u$%rea&o$a-le a&&i&%a$ce, &i$ce %#e &cope o) ad#ere$ce %o %#e e$e,y i& co,pre#e$&ive, a$d i%& re2uire,e$% i$de%er,i$a%e, -u% a& a (e$eral rule ac%& providi$( aid a$d co,)or% %o %#e e$e,ie& are co$&idered %rea&o$a-le 0#e$ %#e aid a$d co,)or% re$dered are direc%ed %o %#e, a& e$e,ie& $o% a& ,ere i$dividual&. "o le$d or (ive ,o$ey %o a$ e$e,y a& a )rie$d &o %#a% #e ,ay -uy per&o$al $ece&&i%ie& i& $o% %ec#$ically %rai%orou&, -u% %o le$d or (ive ,o$ey %o a$ e$e,y %o e$a-le #i, %o -uy ar,& or a,,u$i%io$ %o u&e a(ai$&% %#e (over$,e$% o) %#e (iver i& %rea&o$. "#e ac% o) %#e accu&ed o) providi$( %#e e$e,ie& 0i%# 0o,e$ a$d e$%er%ai$,e$%, -oo&%i$( %#eir (%#e e$e,ie&H) ,orale a$d ,a'i$( %#eir live& ,ore plea&a$%, i& $o% %rea&o$. Se1ual a$d &ocial rela%io$& 0i%# %#e Japa$e&e did $o% direc%ly a$d ,a%erially %e$d %o i,prove %#eir 0ar e))or%& or 0ea'e$ %#e po0er o) %#e (over$,e$%. A$y )avoura-le e))ec% %o0ard %#e Japa$e&e %#a% %#e accu&ed ,i(#% #ave ,ade 0a& %rivial, i,percep%i-le a$d u$i$%e$%io$al. 9$%e$% o) di&loyal%y i& a vi%al i$(redie$% i$ %#e cri,e o) %rea&o$, 0#ic# i$ %#e a-&e$ce o) ad,i&&io$ ,ay -e (a%#ered )ro, %#e $a%ure a$d circu,&%a$ce& o) eac# ca&e. 9$ %#i& par%icular ca&e, i% 0a& $o% evide$% %#a% %#e i$%e$% o) %#e accu&ed i$ providi$( %#e e$e,ie& 0i%# 0o,e$ 0a& %o

#elp %#e, over%#ro0 %#e (over$,e$%.

#spuelas vs People G.R. No. +52990 Dece$&er 1), 19(1 Facts: 5$ Ju$e 9 a$d Ju$e 24, 1947, -o%# da%e& i$clu&ive, i$ %#e %o0$ o) "a(-ilara$, Jo#ol, 5&car 3&puela& y 4e$do;a #ad #i& pic%ure %a'e$, ,a'i$( i% %o appear a& i) #e 0ere #a$(i$( li)ele&& a% %#e e$d o) a piece o) rope &u&pe$ded )or, %#e li,- o) %#e %ree, 0#e$ i$ %ru%# a$d i$ )ac%, #e 0a& ,erely &%a$di$( o$ a -arrel. A)%er &ecuri$( copie& o) #i& p#o%o(rap#, 3&puela& &e$% copie& o) &a,e %o ree Pre&&, %#e 3ve$i$( 7e0&, %#e Ji&aya&, Da,da$( o) (e$eral circula%io$ a$d o%#er local periodical& i$ %#e Provi$ce o) Jo#ol -u% al&o %#rou(#ou% %#e P#ilippi$e& a$d a-road, )or %#eir pu-lica%io$ 0i%# a &uicide $o%e or le%%er, 0#erei$ #e ,ade %o appear %#a% i% 0a& 0ri%%e$ -y a )ic%i%iou& &uicide, Al-er%o Reve$iera a$d addre&&ed %o %#e la%%er*& &uppo&ed 0i)e %ra$&la%io$ o) 0#ic# le%%er or $o%e, &%a%i$( #i& di&,ay a$d ad,i$i&%ra%io$ o) Pre&ide$% Ro1a&, poi$%i$( ou% %#e &i%ua%io$ i$ Ce$%ral Du;o$ a$d Dey%e, a$d direc%i$( #i& 0i)e #i& dear 0i)e %o 0ri%e %o Pre&ide$% "ru,a$ a$d C#urc#ill o) =S a$d %ell %#e, %#a% i$ %#e P#ilippi$e& %#e (over$,e$% i& i$)e&%ed 0i%# ,a$y ?i%ler& a$d 4u&&oli$i&. Issue: :#e%#er %#e accu&ed i& lia-le o) &edi%iou& li-el u$der Ar%. 142 o) %#e RPC a(ai$&% %#e Gover$,e$% o) %#e P#ilippi$e&C el!: <e&. "#e accu&ed ,u&% %#ere)ore -e )ou$d (uil%y a& c#ar(ed. A$d %#ere -ei$( $o 2ue&%io$ a& %o %#e le(ali%y o) %#e pe$al%y i,po&ed o$ #i,, %#e deci&io$ 0ill -e a))ir,ed 0i%# co&%&. A$aly;ed )or ,ea$i$( a$d 0ei(#ed i$ i%& co$&e2ue$ce&, %#e ar%icle 0ri%%e$ -y-%#e accu&ed, ca$$o% )ail %o i,pre&& %#i$'i$( per&o$& %#a% i% &ee'& %o &o0 %#e &eed& o) &edi%io$ a$d &%ri)e. "#e i$)uria%i$( la$(ua(e i& $o% a &i$cere e))or% %o per&uade, 0#a% 0i%# %#e 0ri%er*& &i,ula%ed &uicide a$d )al&e clai, %o ,ar%yrdo, a$d 0#a% 0i%# i& )ailure %o par%iculari;e. :#e$ %#e u&e irri%a%i$( la$(ua(e ce$%er& $o% o$ per&uadi$( %#e reader& -u% o$ crea%i$( di&%ur-a$ce&, %#e ra%io$a-le o) )ree &peec# ca$$o% apply a$d %#e &pea'er or 0ri%er i& re,oved )ro, %#e pro%ec%io$ o) %#e co$&%i%u%io$al (uara$%y. 9) i% -e ar(ued %#a% %#e ar%icle doe& $o% di&credi% %#e e$%ire (over$,e$%al &%ruc%ure -u% o$ly Pre&ide$% Ro1a& a$d #i& ,e$, %#e reply i& %#a% ar%icle 142 pu$i&#e& $o% o$ly all li-el& a(ai$&% %#e Gover$,e$% -u% al&o 6li-el& a(ai$&% a$y o) %#e duly co$&%i%u%ed au%#ori%ie& %#ereo).6 "#e 6Ro1a& people6 i$ %#e Gover$,e$% o-viou&ly re)er o) lea&% %o %#e Pre&ide$%, #i& Ca-i$e% a$d %#e ,a8ori%y o) le(i&la%or& %o 0#o, %#e ad8ec%ive& dir%y, ?i%ler& a$d 4u&&oli$i& 0ere $a%urally direc%ed. 5$ %#i& &core alo$e %#e co$vic%io$ could -e up#eld. Re(ardi$( %#e pu-lica%io$, i% &u((e&%& or i$ci%e& re-elliou& co$&piracie& or rio%& a$d %e$d& %o

&%ir up people a(ai$&% %#e co$&%i%u%ed au%#ori%ie&, or %o provo'e viole$ce )ro, oppo&i%io$ 0#o ,ay &ee' %o &ile$ce %#e 0ri%er. :#ic# i& %#e &u, a$d &u-&%a$ce o) %#e o))e$&e u$der co$&idera%io$. "#e e&&e$ce o) &edi%iou& li-el ,ay -e &aid %o i%& i,,edia%e %e$de$cy %o &%ir up (e$eral di&co$%e$% %o %#e pi%c# o) ille(al cour&e&I %#a% i& %o &ay %o i$duce people %o re&or% %o ille(al ,e%#od& o%#er %#a$ %#o&e provided -y %#e Co$&%i%u%io$, i$ order %o repre&& %#e evil& 0#ic# pre&& upo$ %#eir ,i$d&.