EE 3278

Engineering Thermodynamics
Chapter 1: Gas Power Cycles
Introduction and basic considerations
Introduction and basic considerations
Devices or systems used to
produce a net power output
engines
Actual cycle vs. Ideal cycle
Actual cycles are difficult to
analyze
Friction, insufficient time for
equilibrium conditions, i.e.
irreversibilities
The Carnot Cycle
The Carnot Cycle
The most efficient cycle that can be executed
between a heat source at temperature T
H
and
a sinktemperature T
L
Can be executed in closed systems(a piston-
cylinder device) or steady-flow systems
(utilizing turbines and compressors)
Working fluid can be gasor vapour
The Carnot Cycle
The Carnot Cycle
12: isothermal heat addition
23: isentropic expansion
34: isothermal heat rejection
41: isentropic compression
Thermal efficiency for Carnot cycle

th
=1
1
L
1
H
The Carnot Cycle
Example
Show that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot
cycle operating between the temperature limits
of T
H
and T
L
is solely a function of these two
temperatures.
Reciprocating Engines
Reciprocating Engines
Nomenclature for reciprocating engines
Displacement and clearance volumes of a
reciprocating engine.
Reciprocating Engines
Compression ratio, r
r =
I
mux
I
mn
=
I
BC
I
1C
Reciprocating Engines
Mean effective pressure,
MEP
MEP used as a parameter to compare the
performances of reciprocating engines of equal
size; larger value of MEP delivers more net work
per cycle and thus performs better
MEP =
w
nct
I
mux
I
mn
=
w
nct
:
mux
:
mn
The Otto Cycle
Reciprocating Engines:
Otto Cycle
The ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating
engines
Named after NikolausA. Otto who built a
successful four-stroke engine in 1876
Reciprocating Engines:
Otto Cycle
1-2: Isentropic compression
2-3: Constant-volume heat addition
3-4: Isentropic expansion
4-1: Constant-volume heat rejection
First law analysis on Otto Cycle (closed cycle):
-Energy balance:
also,
-Thermal efficiency
Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, and :
2
=:
3
and :
4
=:
1
. Thus,
I
1
I
2
=
:
2
:
1
k-1
=
:
3
:
4
k-1
=
I
4
I
3
q
n
q
out
+ w
n
w
out
=u
k]
kg
q
n
=u
3
u
2
=c

I
3
I
2
and q
out
=u
4
u
1
=c

I
4
I
1
p
th,0tto
=
w
nct
q
n
=1
q
out
q
n
=1
I
4
I
1
I
3
I
2
=1
I
1
I
4
I
1
1
I
2
I
3
I
2
1
p
th,0tto
=1
1

k-1
where r =
v
mcx
v
min
=
v
1
v
2
=

2
and k =
c
p
c

Reciprocating Engines:
Otto Cycle
Reciprocating Engines:
Otto Cycle
Example
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the
beginning of the compression process, air is at 100 kPa
and 17 C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air
during the constant-volume heat-addition process.
Utilizing the cold-air standard assumptions, determine (a)
the maximum temperature and pressure that occur
during the cycle, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal
efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the
cycle. Take c

=0.718 kJ/ kgK.

The Diesel Cycle
Reciprocating Engines:
Diesel Cycle
The ideal cycle for CI reciprocating engines
CI engine: first proposed by Rudolph Diesel in
the 1890s
Reciprocating Engines:
Diesel Cycle
Reciprocating Engines:
Diesel Cycle
First law analysis of Diesel cycle (closed system)
and
Therefore, the thermal efficiency;
Defining cutoff ratio, r
c
=
v
3
v
2
=

2
;
q
n
w
b,out
=u
3
u
2
q
n
=P
2
:
3
:
2
+ u
3
u
2
=
3

2
=c
p
I
3
I
2
q
out
=u
1
u
4
q
out
=u
4
u
1
=c

I
4
I
1
p
th,cscI
=
w
nct
q
n
=1
q
out
q
n
=1
I
4
I
1
k I
3
I
2
=1
I
1
I
4
I
1
1
kI
2
I
3
I
2
1
p
th,cscI
=1
1
r
k-1
r
c
k
1
k r
c
1
Reciprocating Engines:
Diesel Cycle
Example
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression
ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the
beginning of the compression process, air is at
95 kPaand 27 C. Utilizing the cold-air-standard
assumptions, determine (a) the temperature
after the heat-addition process, (b) the thermal
efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure
References
Cengel, Y. A. & Boles, M. A. (2011).
Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach, 7th edition, New York:
McGraw-Hill
Eastop, T. D. & McConkey, A.
(1993). Applied Thermodynamics
for Engineering Technologists, 5th
edition, Harlow: Pearson
Education Limited.