INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 13, No. 10, pp. 1869-1876 DOI: 10.

1007/s12541-012-0245-6

OCTOBER 2012 / 1869

Analysis of Static and Dynamic Performance Characteristics of THD Journal Bearing Operating Under Lubricants Containing Nanoparticles
Sreedhar Babu Kalakada1, Prabhakaran Nair Kumarapillai1,#, and Rajendrakumar Krishnan Perikinalil1
1 Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India-673601 # Corresponding Author / E-mail: kpn@nitc.ac.in, TEL: +91-9447325988, FAX: +91-4952287250 KEYWORDS: Journal bearing, Lubricant additives, Nanoparticles, Performance characteristics

In this paper, the static and dynamic performance characteristics of journal bearing in terms of load capacity, attitude angle, end leakage, frictional force, threshold speed and damped frequency are presented when the bearing operating under lubricants, which contain nanoparticles and viscosity of these lubricants varies with temperature. The nanoparticles used for the present work are copper oxide (CuO), cerium oxide (CeO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Viscosity models for the lubricants are developed with the available experimental data. The modified Reynolds and energy equations are used to obtain pressure and temperature distribution across the lubricant film and these equations are solved by using the finiteelement method and a direct iteration scheme. The static and dynamic performance characteristics of journal bearing are computed for various values of eccentricity ratios for isoviscous and thermoviscous lubricants. The computed results show that in isoviscous case, addition of nanoparticles does not change performance characteristics considerably but in thermoviscous case, changes are significant.
Manuscript received: November 30, 2011 / Accepted: May 24, 2012

NOMENCLATURE
h = Film Thickness L = Length of the bearing p = Pressure Qz = End leakage of the bearing T = Temperature Ta = Atmospheric Temperature U = Speed of the bearing W = Load Capacity z = Axial coordinate = Percent weight concentration of nanoparticles = Bearing eccentricity ratio = Coordinate along perpendicular to line of centers = Velocity component perpendicular to line of centers = Viscosity of lubricant with nanoparticles 0 = Viscosity of base lubricant = Attitude angle = Angular coordinate 2 = Film extent d = Damped Frequency

= Threshold Speed = Coordinate along line of centers = Velocity component along line of centers

1. Introduction
The current trend of modern industry is to use machineries rotating at high speed and carrying heavy loads. In such applications hydrodynamic bearings are widely used. When a bearing operates at high speed, the heat generated due to large shear rates in the lubricant film raises its temperature, which lowers the viscosity of the lubricant and in turn affects the performance of journal bearing. Addition of nanoparticles in the lubricant may enhance the viscosity of the lubricant and in turn changes the static and dynamic performance characteristics of the bearing. Therefore, a thermohydrodynamic analysis is necessary to predict the performance characteristics of the journal bearing operating under nanolubricants (lubricants, which contain nanoparticles). In this paper, the static and dynamic performance characteristics of journal

KSPE and Springer 2012

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bearing in terms of load capacity, attitude angle, end leakage, frictional force, threshold speed and damped frequency are presented when the bearing operating under lubricants, which contain nanoparticles and viscosity of these lubricants varies with temperature. In the existing literature, several THD studies have been reported notably by Lin et al,1 Gethin,2 Khonsari et al,3 Hirani et al,4 Rao and Biswas,5 Rho and Kim,6 Singhal and Khonsari,7 Ighil et al,8 Navthar et al,9 Laraqi et al10 conducted a literature survey on the effects of variable viscosity on maximum pressure, maximum temperature, bearing load, frictional loss, side leakage, threshold speed and damped frequency in high-speed journal bearing operation and are examined. It is found that the consideration of variable viscosity on the calculation of the bearing load and frictional power loss of journal bearings operating at high speed cannot be ignored. The viscosity - temperature effect of lubricant had a great influence on the performance of journal bearing with the larger eccentricity ratio. Many investigators, Lee et al,11 Murshed et al,12 Chandrasekar et al,13 Abedian and Kachanov,14 have been reported that addition of the weight fraction of nanoparticles in the liquids increase viscosity of liquids. Lee and Kim,15 Lee et al,16 Ku et al,17 Thottackkad et al18 investigated the role of nanoparticles in nano-oil lubrication and suggested that addition of nanoparticles may enhance the viscosity of lubricant. Bair,19 Bair et al20 investigated on the variation of viscosity of lubricant with temperature and pressure for various real lubricants and reported that lubricant viscosity varies with temperature and pressure, and hence it varies load capacity of the bearing, Vijayaraghavan and Brewe,21 Elsharkawy.22 These suspended solid particles produce thickness of lubricants, which in turn affects the various performance characteristics of journal bearing. Nair et al23 computed performance characteristics of hydrodynamic circular journal bearing operating under lubricant with nanoparticles, but the studies are carried out without considering the variation of viscosity of nanolubricants with temperature. In the existing literature, the studies of the static and dynamic performance characteristics of journal bearing operating under nanolubricants and considering the variation of viscosity of nanolubricants with the increase in temperature are scarce. Therefore, it is felt that there is a need to carryout the performance characteristics of journal bearing operating under lubricant with addition of nanoparticles and variation of viscosity with temperature on the performance characteristics. The presence of nanoparticles, the friction couples often locate at the regime of boundary lubrication or mixed lubrication. In the present work, the fluid film regime is considered fully developed hydrodynamic regime and friction couples effect can be neglected. In general, lubricants may make core shell on nanoparticles, which may reduce the hardness of the particle. However, in the present analysis, the effect of the hardness has been neglected. In the present work to obtain pressure and temperature distribution in the fluid film, modified Reynolds and energy equations are used, and these equations are solved by Finite Element Method. A relationship between viscosity, concentration of

nanoparticles and temperature for different nanolubricants were developed by using the available experimental data.24,25 The static and dynamic performance characteristics in terms of load capacity, attitude angle, end leakage, friction force, threshold speed and damped frequency are obtained at different values of eccentricity ratios for the following cases. 1. Isoviscous 2. Thermoviscous The computed results show that the addition of nanoparticles changes the performance characteristics in both isoviscous and thermoviscous case, and the changes are significant in thermoviscous case.

2. Basic equations
Modified Reynolds and energy equations are used to obtain pressure and temperature distributions in the fluid film of journal bearing.

2.1 Reynolds Equation

The modified form of two-dimensional Reynolds equation is used to determine the nondimensional pressure distribution across the lubricant film. The Reynolds boundary condition at the trailing edge of the film is established by the iterative scheme. h 3 p h 3 p 1 h Cos Sin + = 12 z 12 z 2 (1)

The following boundary conditions are used to determine pressure distribution.

p = 0 at = 0, = 2 and z = dp = 0 at = 2 d L 2

2.2 Energy Equation

To obtain nondimensional temperature distribution across the lubricant film the following modified energy equation which obtained after making assumptions and simplifications26,27 is used
2 2 h h 3 p T h 3 p T h 3 p p = + + 2 12 12 z z h 12 z

(2)

The above energy equation is obtained by assuming there is no heat transfer from the fluid to the surroundings (journal and bearing housing). To solve energy equation the following boundary conditions are used.
T = Ta at = 0 T = Consant at z = L L to + 2 2

2.3 Static performance characteristics

The various static performance characteristics as detailed below can be calculated using the pressure field obtained above. The static

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characteristics of the bearing are calculated by assuming no journal motion other than rotation. The static characteristics are calculated from the pressure field when the journal centre is in static equilibrium. The non dimensional performance characteristics are evaluated using the following equations.23

Where the first subscript denotes the direction of force and the second subscript denotes the direction of velocity.

2.4.2 Stiffness Coefficient

When the journal centre experiences a small displacement from its equilibrium position, out of balance forces represents as stiffness coefficients, which are given by

2.3.1 Load capacity

The components of fluid film force along the line of centers and perpendicular to line of centers on the journal are given by W WCos 2 2 Cos = = p d dz W WSin 1 L 2 Sin
W = W + W
2 2 1/ 2

S =
ij

w (where i, j =1,2) x
i j

(9)

+L

(3)

Where the first subscript denotes the direction of force and the second subscript denotes the direction of displacement.

(4)

2.4.3 Stability Parameters

The journal motion which gives rise to large vibration is called instability. The stability margins of the journal bearing system can be obtained in terms of the threshold speed and the whirl frequency of the journal by using Rouths stability criterion called damped frequency d .

2.3.2 Attitude Angle

It is the angle subtended by the line of centers of the journal and the bearing of the load line.
W = Tan 1 W

(5)

3. Models of viscosity
The complete viscosity database of the commercial lubricant (the lubricant used is SAE 15W40 multi grade engine oil) with CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles at temperatures varying from 300C-700C is obtained from the Ramu et al,24 Meti and Rajendrakumar.25 The variation of relative viscosity (relative viscosity is defined as the ratio of viscosity of nanolubricant at any temperature to viscosity of base lubricant at the same temperature) of commercial lubricant with CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles and the effect due to temperature is shown in Figs. 1-3. It has been seen that, in general, relative viscosity of nanolubricants increases with an increase in concentration of nanoparticles at any temperature. Viscosity models12,13 for water nanofluids are available. A model has been developed with available data to obtain the relationship between viscosity, concentration of nanoparticles and temperature. The models developed are given below. The variation of viscosity of oil with concentration of CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles and variation of viscosity of same oil with CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles at different temperatures are shown in Figs. 1-3. From the data, regression models are developed to obtain the relationship between viscosity and temperature at different weight concentrations of nanoparticles. The nondimensional regression models obtained for CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles are given as follows. =e
0 (K1 - K 2 T)

2.3.3 Frictional Force

Friction force in the bearing is given by
2 1

L
2

F=

2 2 p h d dz + Ud dz L 1 L h

+L

(6)

2.3.4 End Leakage

This is the difference of oil flowing into the gap at the start of the pressure curve and that flowing out at the end of the positive pressure curve. Qz =
2

h 3 p 1 12 z

+L2 L2

(7)

2.4 Dynamic performance characteristics

The dynamic characteristics of the journal bearing system can be described in terms of film stiffness and damping coefficients and margin of stability in terms of threshold speed and damped frequency. These coefficients are calculated from integration of Reynolds equation for small displacements about the steady state position of the journal center and for small velocities of the journal center.

2.4.1 Damping Coefficient

When the journal centre is distributed by its equilibrium position, it acquires whirling and squeezing velocities, the resulting fluid film forces are identified as damping coefficients, which are given by

where T =

T Ta
K
2

(10)

Nanoparticles CuO Al O
2 3

1.194-0.631 +1.553 -1.449

2

1.194-0.660 +1.668 -1.680

2

B =
ij

w (where i, j = 1,2) x
i j

(8)

1.194-0.450 +1.230 -1.749

2

1.194-0.526 +2.560 -4.000

2 2

CeO

1.194-0.040 -0.295 -0.072

2

1.194-0.107 -0.477 + 0.487

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0.1% CuO
RELA TIV E V IS CO S ITY
1.2

0.25% CuO 0.5% CuO

The developed regression model from the data obtained is validated with experimental data for 0.5% CuO nanoparticles in oil and is as shown in Fig. 4.

1.15

1.1

4. Solution procedure
In order to obtain the isoviscous and thermoviscous static and dynamic performance characteristics of journal bearing operating under lubricant with nanoparticles both modified Reynolds and energy equations are solved with appropriate boundary conditions. Both equations are solved by using the powerful technique finite element method.28-30 The modified Reynolds equation is solved to obtain the non-dimensional pressure distribution and the film is extended with suitable boundary conditions by the iterative scheme. For isoviscous lubricants static and dynamic performance characteristics are obtained by assuming the viscosity field remains constant. But in thermoviscous case, the viscosity field varies with temperature distribution. To obtain the temperature distribution across the lubricant film, the modified energy equation is used. The temperature distribution obtained by solving the energy equation is used to update the viscosity field. Viscosity temperature models developed from the experimental data is used to modify the viscosity field. The modified viscosity field is substituted in the Reynolds equation to obtain the modified pressure field. The iterative process is continued till a convergence is achieved. The various static and dynamic characteristics defined by load carrying capacity, friction force, end leakage, attitude angle, threshold speed and damped frequency are computed using the relevant formulae for different eccentricity ratios. In order to verify the algorithm of the solution and the simulation program, the dimensionless load capacity compared with the published results by Lin et al1 as illustrated in Fig. 5 for thermoviscous 0% weight fraction of nanoparticles. All the results show good agreement.

1.05

1 30 40 50 60 70

TEMPERATURE(0C)

Fig. 1 Variation of relative viscosity of oil with % weight fraction of CuO nanoparticles at different temperatures
1.25 1.2 Y T I S O C S I 1.15 V E V I 1.1 T A L E R 1.05 1 30 0.1% CeO2 0.25%CeO2 0.5% CeO2

40

50 TEMPERATURE(0C)

60

70

Fig. 2 Variation of relative viscosity of oil with % weight fraction of CeO2 nanoparticles at different temperatures
1.25 0.1%Al2O3 RELATIVE VISCOSITY 1.2 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 30 40 50 TEM PERATURE ( C)
0

0.25%Al2O3 0.5%Al2O3

60

70

5. Results and discussion

The static and dynamic performance characteristics in terms of load capacity, friction force, end leakage, attitude angle, threshold speed and damped frequency are computed for different values of eccentricity ratios, aspect ratio(L/D) 1 and lubricants containing with different nanoparticles (CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3) for the isoviscous and thermoviscous cases. The computed results are shown in Figs. 5-14. The variations of load capacity with the concentration of CeO2 nanoparticles for isoviscous and thermoviscous cases as shown in Fig. 5. It shows that in isoviscous case increase of weight concentration of CeO2 nanoparticles does not produce the considerable effect on load capacity of bearings, especially at low values of the eccentricity ratio. For thermoviscous case, the concentrations of nanoparticles produce the significant effect on the load capacity at higher eccentricity ratios. The present results are compared with the published results by C R Lin for thermoviscous

Fig. 3 Variation of relative viscosity of oil with % weight fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles at different temperatures
1.25 Developed Viscosity Model 0.5% CuO Experimental Data

Y T I S O C S 1.15 I V E V I 1.1 T A L E R
1.05

1.2

1 30 40

TEMPERATURE(0C)

50

60

70

Fig. 4 Comparison of developed viscosity model with experimental data for 0.5% weight concentration CuO nanoparticles in oil

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25

20
0% CeO2 0.1%CeO2 0.25% CeO2 0.5% CeO2 C R Lin(published results)

) L A N O I20 S N E M I D 15 N O N ( Y T I 10 C A P A C D A5 O L
0 0.1

Iso viscous

15 E S A E R C N 10 I D A O L % 5 0

0.1% CuO 0.25% CuO 0.5% CuO

Thermo viscous

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 ECCENTRICITY RATIO

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.2

0.3

0.4

ECCENTRICITY RATIO

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Fig. 7 % increase of load capacity of bearing with effect of % weight concentration of CuO nanoparticles in oil thermoviscous case
20 15 E S A E R C N I 10 D A O L % 5 0 0.1% CeO2 0.25% CeO2 0.5% CeO2

Fig. 5 Effect of % weight concentration of CeO2 nanoparticles in oil on load capacity of journal bearing
13 12.5 ) L A N 12 O I S N E 11.5 M I D N O 11 N ( Y T I C 10.5 A P A C 10 D A O L 9.5 9 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 CONCENTRATION OF NANOPARTICLES(%) Isoviscous

CuO Al2O3

Thermoviscous

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 ECCENTRICITY RATIO

0.8

0.9

0.4

0.45

0.5

Fig. 8 % increase of load capacity of bearing with effect of % weight concentration of CeO2 nanoparticles in oil thermoviscous case
20 15 E S A E R C N I 10 D A O L % 5 0 0.1% Al2O3 0.25% Al2O3 0.5% Al2O3

Fig. 6 Effect of % weight concentration of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles in oil on load capacity of journal bearing at eccentricity ratio 0.8 0% weight fraction of nanoparticles. All the results show good agreement. Effect of % weight concentration of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles in the lubricant on load capacity of journal bearing at the eccentricity ratio 0.8 shown by Fig. 6. This figure shows that at high eccentricity ratios increase of concentration of nanoparticles affects the load capacity slightly in isoviscous case. However, in thermoviscous case it produces a significant effect. At 0.5%weight concentration of Al2O3 and eccentricity ratio 0.8, the load capacity obtained is 10.5% greater than that obtained without addition of nanoparticles. Figures 7-9 show the percentage variation of load capacity with the increase of weight concentration of nanoparticles CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 at any eccentricity ratio. These figures clearly show that in thermoviscous case, the percent increase of load capacity of the journal bearing operating under lubricant with nanoparticles are more significant at high eccentricity ratios. For example, at high eccentricity =0.9 it is seen that the addition of 0.5% weight concentration of nanoparticles in the lubricant increases the load capacity approximately 14.45% (CuO), 13.98% (CeO2) and 12.53% (Al2O3) than those obtained without addition of nanoparticles in thermoviscous case. This shows that addition of nanoparticles at the high temperature enhances viscosity

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 ECCENTRICITY RATIO

0.7

0.8

0.9

Fig. 9 % increase of load capacity of bearing with effect of % weight concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles in oil thermoviscous case considerably and increases the load capacity of the bearing. Figure 10 shows the variation of friction force with concentration of nanoparticles for both isoviscous lubricants and lubricants that contain CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles at eccentricity ratio 0.9. For any eccentricity ratio addition of nanoparticles increases friction force in both isoviscous and thermoviscous cases. In thermoviscous case at eccentricity 0.9 the value of friction force obtained is 8.6% (CuO), 7.8% (CeO2) and 7.6% (Al2O3) higher than those obtained without addition of nanoparticles. The variation of end leakage with concentration of nanoparticles for both isoviscous lubricants and lubricants that

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3.2
Isoviscous

) L A N O 35 I S N E M I D N O 34 N ( E C R O F N O 33 I T C I R F
32 0 0.05 0.1

Thermoviscous

CuO CeO2 Al2O3

) L A N 3.0 O I S N E M I D 2.8 N O N ( D E E P2.6 S D L O H S 2.4 E R H T

0.5

0% CeO2 0.1% CeO2 0.25% CeO2 0.5% CeO2

Iso viscous

Thermo viscous

0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATION (%)

0.4

0.45

2.2

0.4

0.5 ECCENTRICITY RATIO

0.6

0.7

Fig. 10 Effect of % weight concentration of CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles in oil on frictional force of journal bearing at =0.9
1.00 CuO CeO2 Al2O3 Thermoviscous

Fig. 13 Effect of % weight concentration of CeO2 nanoparticles in oil on threshold speed of journal bearing
0.9 0% Al2O3 0.1% Al2O3 0.25% Al2O3 0.5% Al2O3

) L 0.98 A N O I S N E M I 0.96 D N O N ( E 0.94 G A K A E L D 0.92 N E

0.90

Isoviscous

) L A N0.8 O I S N E M I D0.7 N O N ( Y C N0.6 E U Q R F D E P0.5 M A D

0.5

Thermo viscous Iso viscous

0.05

0.1

0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATION(%)

0.4

0.45

0.4

0.1

0.2

0.3

Fig. 11 Effect of % weight concentration of CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles in oil on end leakage of journal bearing at =0.6
40 Thermoviscous 38

0.4 0.5 ECCENTRICITY RATIO

0.6

0.7

Fig. 14 Effect of % weight concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles in oil on damped frequency of journal bearing the threshold speed and damped frequency at any eccentricity ratio for different concentration of nanoparticles as shown in Figs. 13-14. The effect of concentration of CeO2 nanoparticles in the lubricant on threshold speed of journal bearing for both isoviscous and thermoviscous cases at any eccentricity ratio as shown in Fig. 13 and it is observed that the addition of any nanoparticles in the lubricant increases the threshold speed of the journal bearing when the viscosity varies with temperature. For example, at the high eccentricity ratio =0.7 it is seen that the addition of 0.5% weight concentration of nanoparticles in the lubricant increases the threshold speed approximately 6.97% (CuO), 5.86% (CeO2) and 5.82% (Al2O3) than those obtained without addition of nanoparticles in thermoviscous case. Figure 14 shows the variation of damped frequency with concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles for both isoviscous and thermoviscous nanolubricants at any eccentricity ratio, and it shows that the addition of nanoparticles decreases damped frequency in both isoviscous and thermoviscous cases. For example, at high eccentricity =0.7 it is seen that the addition of 0.5% weight concentration of nanoparticles in the lubricant decreases the damped frequency approximately 3.47% (CuO), 3.26% (CeO2) and 3.07% (Al2O3) than those obtained without addition of nanoparticles in thermoviscous case. The computed values of static and dynamic performance characteristics of journal bearing for isoviscous and thermoviscous nanolubricants

E L G N A E 36 D U T I T T A
34

CuO Al2O3

Isoviscous

32

0.05

0.1

0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATION(%)

0.4

0.45

0.5

Fig. 12 Effect of % weight concentration of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles in oil on attitude angle of journal bearing at =0.8 contain CuO, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles at eccentricity ratio 0.6 as shown in Fig. 11 and it shows that for any eccentricity ratio addition of nanoparticles decreases end leakage in both isoviscous and thermoviscous cases. The effect of concentration of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles in the lubricant on the attitude angle of journal bearing for both isoviscous and thermoviscous cases at eccentricity ratio 0.8 as shown in Fig. 12. From this figure it is observed that the addition of any nanoparticles decrease the attitude angle of the journal bearing when the viscosity varies with temperature. The stability margins of the journal bearing system in terms of

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shows that addition of nanoparticles to lubricant influences the performance characteristics considerable in thermoviscous case.

journal bearings, Tribology International, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 339-345, 2002. 7. Singhal, S. and Khonsari, M. M., A simplified thermohydrodynamic stability analysis of journal bearings, J. Engineering Tribology, Vol. 219, No. 3, pp. 225-234, 2005. 8. Ighil Tala, N., Bounif, A., and Maspeyrot, P., Thermohydrodynamic study of the journal bearing under static load, J. Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 222, No. 9, pp. 18011809, 2008. 9. Navthar, R. R. and Halegowda, N. V., Stability Analysis of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing using Stiffness Coefficients, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 87-93, 2010. 10. Laraqi, N., Rashidi, M. M., Garcia De Maria, J. M., and Bari, A., Analytical model for the thermo-hydrodynamic behaviour of a thin lubricant film, Tribology International, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 1083-1086, 2011. 11. Lee, J. H., Hwang, K. S., Jang, S. P., Lee, B. H., Kim, J. H., Choi, S. U. S., and Choi, C. J., Effective viscosities and thermal conductivities of aqueous nanofluids containing low volume concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 51, No. 11-12, pp. 2651-2656, 2008. 12. Murshed, S. M. S., Leong, K. C., and Yang, C., Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 560-568, 2008. 13. Chandrasekar, M., Suresh, S., and Chandra Bose, A., Experimental investigations and theoretical determination of thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3/water nanofluid, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 210-216, 2010. 14. Abedian, B. and Kachanov, M., On the effective viscosity of suspensions, International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 48, No. 11, pp. 962-965, 2010. 15. Lee, K., Hwang, Y., Cheong, S., Choi, Y., Kwon, L., Lee, J., and Kim, S. H., Understanding the role of nanoparticles in nano-oil lubrication, Tribol. Lett., Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 127-131, 2009. 16. Lee, C. G., Hwang, Y. J., Choi, Y. M., Lee, J. K., Choi, C., and Oh, J. M., A study on the tribological characteristics of graphite nano lubricants, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 85-90, 2009. 17. Ku, B.-C., Han, Y.-C., Lee, J.-E., Lee, J.-K., Park, S.-H., and Hwang, Y.-J., Tribological effects of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles added in mineral lubricants according to its viscosity, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 607611, 2010. 18. Thottackkad, M., Perikinalil, R., and Kumarapillai, P., Experimental evaluation on the tribological properties of coconut oil by the addition of CuO nanoparticles, Int. J. Precis.

6. Conclusions
In isoviscous case increase of weight concentration of nanoparticles does not change the performance characteristics of bearing especially at low values of eccentricity ratios. For thermoviscous case addition of nanoparticles increase the load capacity of journal bearing at any eccentricity ratio, and this increase is significant at high values of the eccentricity ratio. For example, 0.5% weight concentration of nanoparticles increases the load capacity by 14.45% (CuO), 13.98% (CeO2) and 12.53% (Al2O3) on thermoviscous case when bearing operates at =0.9. The friction force of bearing increases with the increase in concentration of nanoparticles for both isoviscous and thermoviscous cases. At any eccentricity ratio, both end leakage and attitude angle decreases with the increase in concentration of nanoparticles in both isoviscous and thermoviscous cases, and these decreases are considerable for thermoviscous case and at higher eccentricity ratios. The stability parameters in terms of threshold speed increases by the addition of nanoparticles at any eccentricity ratio and the damped frequency decreases with addition of nanoparticles. This indicates that at any eccentricity ratio when the thermohydrodynamic bearing operates under lubricants, which contain nanoparticles, the stability higher than that obtained without addition of nanoparticles.

REFERENCES
1. Lin, C. R. and Rylander Jr., H. G., Performance characteristics of compliant journal bearings, Journal of Tribology, Vol. 113, No. 3, pp. 639-644, 1991. 2. Gethin, D. T., Modelling the thermohydrodynamic behaviour of high speed journal bearings, Tribology International, Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 579-596, 1996. 3. Khonsari, M. M., Jang, J. Y., and Fillon, M., On the generalization of thermohydrodynamic analyses for journal bearings, Journal of Tribology, Vol. 118, No. 3, pp. 571-579, 1996. 4. Hirani, H., Rao, T. V. V. L. N., Athre, K., and Biswas, S., Rapid performance evaluation of journal bearings, Tribology International, Vol. 30, No. 11, pp. 825-832, 1997. 5. Rao, T. V. V. L. N., Biswas, S., Hirani, H., and Athre, K., An analytical approach to evaluate dynamic coefficients and nonlinear transient analysis of a hydrodynamic journal bearing, Tribology Transactions, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 109-115, 2000. 6. Rho, B. H. and Kim, K. W., A study of the dynamic characteristics of synchronously controlled hydrodynamic

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