Unit1 PDF

Present Simple
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Present Simple
The Present Simple tense is used to express: 1. Permanent states and facts. Eg.: Water boils at 100 C 2. Habits and scheduled routines. Eg.: I go out for a walk every morning. / The train leaves at 05:30 p.m.
El Presente Simple se usa para expresar: hechos, estados permanentes y hbitos o rutinas.
Look at the following table to see how to make the Present Simple: Function Present simple Tense 3rd. Person singular {-s / -es } Verbs ending in: "-ch": e.g.: He/She watches T.V. all day "-sh": e.g.: He/She always washes his/her hands before eating. "-o": e.g.: He/She goes to the city; he/she does the exercises. "-s": e.g.: He/She misses you a lot when you are away. "-x": e.g.: He/She mixes a lot of styles of music in his latest record. "-z": e.g.: The bee bu zes when it!s flying. Present Simple Permanent states Habits and routines "f the #erb ends in "- " preceded b a consonant$ re%lace the !y! with !i! and add "-es" e.g.: He/She studies at &ni#ersity. !egati"e Form# Sub'ect ( $% / $%&S )!%T* ( Verb " don't li+e li#ing in a big city. She/He doesn't li+e li#ing in a small town. (nterrogati"e Form )(nterrogati"e !egati"e Form*# ,- / ,-.S ( Sub'ect ( )/-T* ( Verb+ $o you li,e tra#elling+ $on't you li,e %o% music+ $oes he/she not go to the cinema #ery often+ $oesn't he/she -ant to come with us+ .ommon mista,es# He/She don't want to tell us the truth.
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Present Simple
.orrect /orm# doesn't. ,oes he li+es tra#elling0 .orrect /orm# $oes he li,e0 tra#elling0
Present continuous or Progressive

The Present Continuous (also called Progressive) can be used to express: An action in progress while it is happening: E.g.: I am listening to my favourite music now. Plans in the near future: E.g.: I am visiting my grandparents next week. You can see its structure and main features on the table below: 1unction .ontinuous or Progressi"e tense Sub'ect ( 34/"S/35. ( Verb-"/6 " am listening to my fa#ourite music now. " am #isiting my grand%arents next wee+. To tal+ about: 3n action at the right moment it is ha%%ening. 2lans in the near future. /egati#e 1orm: Sub'ect ( 34/"S/35. )/-T* ( Verb-"/6 " am not going to the %arty tomorrow. She/He isn!t slee%ing. "nterrogati#e 1orm: 34/"S/35. ( Sub'ect ( )/-T* ( Verb-"/6 0 3re you coming to the concert0 "s he/she waiting for you0 3ren!t you buying a tic+et for the concert0 5emember: To add the final "-"/6" form$ if the #erb ends in: "-e" .g. li#e "-ee" see it disa%%ears and then ("-ing": li#eing 7 li#ing 7 exce%tion$ it remains the same: seeing
2resent
1inal se8uence "9V9" :9onsonant )9* ( stressed Vowel )V* (9onsonant )9*; du%licate the final consonant and then "-ing" is added: ..g.: %ermit %ermitting / run running / "-ie" it disa%%ears and then ("-y":
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Present Simple
.g. die "-y"
dieing 7 dying we 'ust add "-ing" because final !y! is ne#er re%laced$ no
matter if it is either %receded by a #owel or a consonant*. ..g.: He/She is studying at &ni#ersity / He/She is %laying in the garden. 5emember there are some #erbs that normally ,- /-T ta+e -"/6: 3bstract Verbs: to be$ to want$ to cost$ to seem$ to need$ ... 2ossession Verbs: to %ossess$ to own$ to belong$ ... .motion Verbs: to li+e$ to lo#e$ to hate$ to fear$ to en#y$ to mind$ ... 9ommon mista+es: He/She aren<t running . 9orrect form: She isn<t running. " am studing 4aths. 9orrect form: " am studying =
Past Simple
The Past Simple tense is used to talk about a finished action or a situation happened in the past. E.g.: "Julius Caesar: he came, he saw, he conquered."
El Pasado Simple se usa para referirnos a una accin acabada o del pasado. Ej.: Julio Csar: lleg, vio, venci.
1unction " >ou He/She/"t To tal+ about: ?e 2ast Sim%le a finished action or a situation ha%%ened in the %ast. >ou
Past simple tense 5egular #erbs: #erb ( "-ed" "f the #erb ends in "-y"%receded by consonant ( re%lace the !y! with !i! and add "-ed". E.g.: He/She studied at University. "rregular #erbs: come 934. come )we use the second column of the "rr. Vbs. list* They /egati#e 1orm: Sub'ect ( ,", )/-T* ( 4ain Verb " didn!t finish u% my meal$ " was full.
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Present Simple
She/He didn!t come yesterday as ex%ected. "nterrogati#e 1orm: ,", ( Sub'ect ( )/-T* ( 4ain Verb0 ,id you li+e the concert0 ,id he/she not want to go with you0 ,idn!t you buy a tic+et for the concert0 9ommon mista+es: He/She didn!t wanted to #isit the 4odern 3rt museum. 9orrect form: She didn@t wantAA.
Now put it into a practice Task 1
Time to review verb tenses!!! Fill in the gaps with the correct form (affirmative, negative or interrogative forms) of the verbs in brackets. Use the following tenses: present simple, present continuous, past simple.
?here is ,anny0 He )2B3>* tennis.
4y brother )?3T9H* TV C hours a day e#ery day.
)>-&/ 6-* to the library yesterday0
" )5.3,* a boo+ and Bi ),-* her homewor+.
Boo+D That woman )T3E.* your 'ac+et.
The man )/-T/ ?-5E* here last year.
)2.T.5/ST&,>* 1rench this year0
?here )>-&/ B"V.*0 " li#e and teach in 3nte8uera.
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Present Simple
Fim and Buca )T3E.* their la%to%s to wor+ yesterday.
)>-&/&S&3BB>/6-* to the cinema on 4ondays0
5ight now$ my brother )9&T* the grass in the bac+yard.
Fason )&/,.5ST3/,* the situation.
4y dad )ST3>* at home all day yesterday.
" )4..T* the headmaster tomorrow afternoon.
Sarah and /icole ne#er )6-* to nightclubs on their own.
/ic+ )/-T/ ?3/T* to go sho%%ing today.
3t the moment$ Sue )3TT./,* a #ery im%ortant seminar on nanotechnology.
)TH-43S/ G&>* a bottle of mil+ twice a wee+0>es$ he does.
The executi#e board )ST&,>* my %etition carefully in last month!s meeting.
Task 2
Interviewing Lea Paasi. You are in charge of your school e-paper. Write questions for Lea's answers so that you can upload the whole transcript of the interview, then listen and check. (TIP: How well do you remember question words?)
>-&: 6ood morning$ Bea$ B.3: " come from 1inland. >-&: B.3: >es$ " a%%lied for a 'ob as a #isiting teacher.
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>-&: B.3: -h yes$ teaching is #ery difficult at times$ but " su%%ose it is 8uite rewarding tooD >-&: B.3: " am learning S%anish because "!d li+e to interact with 3ndalusian students as much as %ossible. >-&: That!s #ery interesting$ B.3: >es$ "!#e got one son and one daughter. >-&: " see... B.3: -f course "!m tra#elling around while " am in 3ndalusia. 4y school is located in 3nte8uera. That!s 8uite handy to mo#e around: 9Hrdoba$ 6ranada$ the coast... >-&: /ow let!s tal+ about educational differences between 1inland and S%ain: B.3: Bessons start at I o!cloc+ in the morning. >-&: B.3: There are JK students in a standard class. ?e can ha#e u% to KL students$ but that is not #ery common. >-&: That ma+es all the differenceD B.3: Gac+ home$ " teach maths and science. >-&: >es$ " s%o+e some S%anish before coming to 3ndalusia. /ot enough to understand the students though... >-&: Fust in case our students want to +now more about you. B.3: " +now a #ery good website about education in 1inland. Try htt%://www.leonardoda#inci.fi/eng-s%ecial /edu-system.html
Adverbs of frequency (and their position in the sentence)

The position of these adverbs is usually in between the subject and the main verb (middle position) Eg.: The baby always cries when she is hungry) but if there is an auxiliary verb [be (am, is, are, was, were), have (have, has, had), can, could, will, would, ...] then the adverb will come after that auxiliary verb (e.g.: The baby is always crying). Remember you can also find the adverbs "often, usually, sometimes and occasionally" at the beginning of a sentence (e.g.: Sometimes I go swimming to the seaside) or at the end of it (e.g. : I go swimming to the seaside sometimes).
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Present Simple
La posicin de estos adverbios es normalmente entre el Sujeto y el verbo principal (posicin medial), pero si hay un verbo auxiliar [be (am, is, are, was, were), have (have, has, had), can, could, will, would, ...] entonces, el adverbio ir detrs del verbo auxiliar (ej. The baby is always crying.). Recuerda que tambin puedes encontrar este tipo de adverbios en posicin inicial (al comienzo), o al final de la oracin (en posicin final).
1re8uency scale 4iddle 2osition
1d"erbs o/ /re2uenc
Sub'ect ( )3ux. #erb* ( 3,V.5G ( 4ain Verb 3lways &sually / /ormally Sometimes 3d#erbs of 1re8uency )2osition* -ccasionally -ften Seldom / 5arely .#er Hardly e#er /e#er The baby always cries when he/she is hungry. The baby is alwayscrying. ?e usually go to 9Hrdoba - S%ain on holidays " normally drin+ three cu%s of coffee a day They sometimes come with us on our holidays She often li+es going out for dinner " seldom/rarely smo+e Ha#e you ever been to S%ain0 " hardly ever sing songs exce%t when ha#ing a bath " never drin+ before dri#ing 3lso: "nitial and 1inal 2osition Sometimes .nglish is difficult to understand Today$ children eat fish occasionally. /owadays$ %eo%le read boo+s #ery seldom.
9ommon mista+es
MThe baby always is crying. 9orrect form: The baby is always crying.
Now look at the table and check the meaning of these adverbs of frequency: 3lways &sually /ormally Siem%re
Habitualmen /ormalment
-ccasionally Sometimes -ften Seldom 5arely
,e #e en cua
3 #eces/ algunas
3 menudo / frecuen
5aras #eces 5aramente 3lguna #e
.#er Hardly e#er
9asi nunca
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Present Simple
/e#er
/unca

Time to review verb tenses!!! Fill in the gaps with the correct form (affirmative, negative or interrogative forms) of the verbs in brackets. Use the following tenses: present simple, present continuous, past simple.
a #eil/ often/ in their wedding ceremony/ catholic brides/ wear
stays out/ after J am/ 2aul/ ne#er
usually/ chocolate ca+e/ Fohn/ orders/ for dessert
is/ with us/ 1rancis/ bossy/ always
,oes/ she/ at the front/ usually/ in a lecture theatre/ sit 0
goes/ 9armen/ once a wee+/ dancing
you/ watch/ don<t/ in .nglish/ films/ e#er/0
is/ %osting/ always/ new entries/ 5asmus/ to his blog
after wor+/ swimming/ "/ go/ sometimes
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idle/ Garrie/ rarely/ is/ when he is at home
S%anish/ ne#er/ to students/ language assistants/ s%ea+
.nglish/ "/ twice a wee+/ ha#e/ %ri#ate tuitions
rarely/ my brother/ is / on time
do/ on holidays/ you/ often/ how/ go 0
4y children/e#ery day/ to the %ar+/ go
Adverbs of degree. Modificacin de adjetivos con adverbios de grado y cantidad
Adverbs of degree. Modificacin de adjetivos con adverbios de grado y cantidad: very, extremely, too / (not) very, quite + adjetivo / Too+ adjetivo / enough
ENOUGH + NOU: Enough is placed BEFORE a noun when it means "as much as is necessary". Eg.: Poor countries don't have enough food. Adjective / Adverb + ENOUGH: Enough as an adverb meaning "to the necessary degree" is placed AFTERadjectives and adverbs. Eg.: Is your coffee hot enough? (adjective) / Though small this car runs fast enough (adverb) TOO + Adjective/Adverb: Too is placed before an adjective or an adverb meaning "more than is necessary", sometimes with a negative meaning. Eg.: He speaks too fast and she speaks too slowly.
ENOUGH + nombre: Se coloca DELANTE del nombre cuando se refiere a un sustantivo indicando
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"suficiente". Eg.: Poor countries don't have enough food. Adjective / Adverb + ENOUGH: Significar "lo bastante" cuando se refiera a un adjetivo o a un adverbio, colocndose en este caso DESPUS de los mismos. Eg.: Is your coffee hot enough? (adjective) / Though small this car runs fast enough (adverb). TOO + Adjective/Adverb : Too se coloca delante del Adjetivo o Adverbio al que se refiere, indicando "demasiado", a veces con connotaciones negativas. Eg. He speaks too fast. Now look at the following table ,egree 1d"erbs o/ degree ?aitD " ha#e almost / nearly finished. SorryD She is just lea#ing at this moment. She hardly noticed somebody was listening. 3lmost / nearly 'ust hardly enough %retty / fairly rather/ 8uite/ )not* #ery extremely 3d#erbs of ,egree com%letely / utterly too The T-shirt isn!t big enough for me. There is enough water for e#erybody. " li+ed the mo#ie$ " thin+ it was pretty good. >our .nglish is fairly good D To me the mo#ie was rather disa%%ointing This is quite interestingD He doesn!t quite +now what he!ll do after finishing his studies. The coffee is not very hot but it!s too hot for me. The weather is extremely coldD " am completely exhausted from the tri%. The com%uter bro+e down$ now it!s completely / utterly useless. >ou didn!t wor+ hard enough to %ass the exam. She!s not old enough to get married. 3d'ecti#e/3d#erb ( ./-&6H 9ommon mista+e: The coffee is enough hot. 9orrect form: The coffee is hot enough )ad'ecti#e/ad#erb ( enough* T-( ad'ecti#e / ad#erb The shirt was too small for him. The water is too cold to ha#e a bath. " am too tired to go out tonight.
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5emember There are some words that can be both ad'ecti#es )before a noun* and ad#erbs )noun 7 N*$ li+e: fast a fast car )ad'ecti#e* / He dri#es fast )ad#erb*
hard "t!s a hard tas+ )ad'ecti#e* / " am wor+ing hard to %ass my exams )ad#erb*
On this table you can see the meanings of the adverbs and how they are pronounced:
3lmost / nearly
9asi 3%enas$ 'usto ahora 3%enas lo bastante = bastante )no* muy enormemente com%letamente demasiado
'ust hardly enough %retty / fairly/ 8uite )not #ery* / rather )not* #ery extremely 8uite / com%letely /utterly too
Irregular and Regular Plural of nouns

Do you remember the general rule to make the 3rd. Person singular of the Present Simple, by adding a final -s or -es according to the final letter of the word? Well, the same rule is also useful for the general plural of nouns. BUT there are some other nouns that do not follow the general rules, that is why we call them Irregular Plural of nouns. You can find both, regular and irregular ones, on the tables shown below: 3egular Plural o/ nouns {-s / -es } /ouns ending in: OPchQ: e.g.: watch-watches OPshQ: e.g.: dish-dishes OPoQ: e.g.: #olcano-#olcanoes OPsQ: e.g.: dress-dresses OPxQ: e.g.: fox-foxes OP Q: e.g.: bu -bu es "f it ends in OPyQ %receded by a consonant$ re%lace the Ry< with an Ri< and then we add O-esQ e.g.: country-countries / uni#ersity P uni#ersities
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"f the noun ends in O-fQ or O-feQ$ then those final endings change into O#Q and then we add O-esQ e.g.: +nife )cuchillo* +ni#es / wife )es%osa* wi#es / wolf )lobo* wol#es
Recuerdas la regla para formar la 3 persona del singular del Presente Simple, aadiendo una -s o -es dependiendo de la terminacin de la palabra? Pues bien, la misma regla nos sirve para formar normalmente el plural de las palabras. PERO hay otros nombres que no siguen esta regla, por esa razn los llamamos Plurales Irregulares. Puedes encontrar ambos, regulares e irregulares, en las tablas que te mostramos a continuacin.
(rregular Plural o/ nouns Hombre / hombres 4u'er/ mu'eres 2ersona / %ersonas /iSo/niSos 2ie/ %ies ,iente/ dientes 5atHn/ratones 2io'o/ %io'os ,ado/ dados 6anso/ gansos Guey/ bueyes 2e / %eces -#e'a / o#e'as Venado/#enados 3lce / alces )...*
Singular man woman %erson child foot tooth mouse louse dice goose ox fish shee% deer moose )...*
Plural men women %eo%le children feet teeth mice lice dice )7* geese oxen fish )7* shee% )7* deer )7* moose )7* )...*
Now put it into practice
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Exercise 1
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the noun in brackets. (TIP: Irregular plurals)
?e were attac+ed by two )thief*
There are two )lady* waiting for you at the till$ Fenny.
There isn<t much )bread* in the fridge.
/ew )bus* are gas-fuelled.
?hy don<t you as+ for some more )analysis* 0
Fonas bought some )tomato* .
.& national )economy* are suffering with the crisis.
?hy do you own two )house* 0
This house is full of )mouse* DDD
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns (also called mass nouns) are susceptible to be measured BUT cannot be counted, therefore: 1. They do NOT take the final -s / -es for regular plural of nouns. E.g. I dont know what to do, will you give some adviceS ? I love fish, please order two grilled fishES for me. Please, could we have two wineS ?, sorry, I meant two glasses of wine.
2. To form the plural of uncountable nouns you will need to use another expression before them, like one/two/three piece/s of or one/two/three item/s of E.g.
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I like modern furniture very much, thats why I ordered three pieces of modern Italian furniture for my new living-room. Todays newspaper has several pieces of news about the global crisis, youll find them interesting to read.
Los nombres incontables pueden ser medidos (mediante unidades de medida tales como un litro de, dos kilos de, tres botellas de, cuatro unidades de, cinco vasos de, etc, PERO NO pueden ser contados en sentido literal, por lo que NO admiten plural.
Fre2uentl used 4ncountable nouns ad#ice air anger blood butter e8ui%ment fish food furniture garbage graffiti grass homewor+ information +nowledge lo#e luggage meat mil+ money music news %olitics %ollution rice salt sand soa% software sugar tea traffic tra#el water
Now put it into practice Exercise 1
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Are these words countable or uncountable nouns? Choose the right answer.
a)
Advice
Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable
b)
Anger
c)
Bank
d)
Bed
e)
Beer
f)
Bottle
g)
Butter
h)
Class
i)
Fork
j)
Furniture
k)
Glass
l)
Idea
m)
Information
n)
Knowledge
o)
Lion
p)
Love
q)
Love
r)
Luggage
s)
Meat
t)
Milk
u)
Money
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Present Simple
v)
Notebook
Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable Select... uncountable countable
w)
Politics
x)
Rice
y)
Salt
z)
Sea
aa) Staff (workmates)
ab) Tea
ac) Tomato
ad) Water
Phrasal nouns
It is very frequent to find a verb + preposition/adverb connected to form a noun (phrasal noun), usually by means of a hyphen - E.g.: To make up (= to apply cosmetics) make-up (noun = cosmetics) Here you can see a list of some other examples of phrasal nouns:
Llamamos Phrasal Nouns a los sustantivos formados a partir de la unin de un verbo + prep / adv.
Phrasal !ouns )examples* J. Grea+down K. 9hec+-u% U. 9ountdown )a#erTa$ crisis* )re#ision$ control* )cuenta atrVs*
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W. ,own%our C. ,ri#e-in
)cha%arrHn* )restaurante con lTnea de ser#icio a coches* )res%uesta$ reacciHn* )resaca* )saber hacer* )sobras* )des%egue en #ertical )ma8uilla'e* )en es8uT$ fuera de %ista* )atrocidad$ escVndalo* )soborno* )timo* )[xito de ta8uilla* )sentada %rotesta* )des%egue* )'o#en %roblematico* )chi#ata o*
X. 1eedbac+ Y. Hango#er I. Enow-how Z. Befto#er JL. Bift-off JJ. 4a+eu% JK. -ff-%iste JU. -utrage JW. 2ayoff JC. 5i%-off JX. Sellout JY. Sit-in JI. Ta+e-off JZ. Tearaway KL. Ti%-off
Phrasal nouns. Youve already used some phrasal verbs, but, how well can you use phrasal nouns? Complete the nouns in the list with the prepositions in the box. Remember some phrasal nouns are hyphenated (word word). Some
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prepositions are used more than once
hang
chec+-
%our
ma+e
+now-
brea+
dri#e
lift-
sit-
ta+e-
rage
feed
count
ri%-
left
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tear
sell
%ay
ti%-
%iste
Task 2
Phrasal nouns. Fill in the boxes with a suitable phrasal noun. Write them in plural when necessary.
>ou %aid forty %ounds for that 'um%erD ?hat a 1ast-food restaurants usually ha#e a lane 3fter you turn CL$ it is time for medical ?hen you tra#el by %lane$ remember to switch off your la%to% during and landing. Boo+ at thatD This is not 'ust rain: it<s a D The tic+ets for the concert were sold in 'ust K days: it was an absolute 3 against the Gologna 2lan is scheduled for next ?ednesday. Student %rotests are li+ely to go on this year. Scotland >ard got a concerning a ma'or bombing in Victoria Station.
Reflexive nouns
We use the Reflexive pronouns when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject, by adding the suffix -self (singular) / -selves (plural). E.g.
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I shave myself every morning. If you buy the items you need you can do it yourself. My son spends ages looking at himself in the mirror before going out. She hurt herself with a tool at work. Look! There is a bird washing itself in the river. We went to a self-service cafeteria to buy ourselves some food. There is plenty of food, you guys, just help yourselves. Cats wash themselves without using any water.
Usamos los pronombres reflexivos cuando el objeto de una accin verbal coincide con el sujeto mismo del verbo. Se forma aadiendo el sufijo -self (singular) / -selves (plural), significando se o auto . [Ej: (self-service = auto-servicio) / myself = me-a mi mismo /yourself = te-a ti mismo / himself-herselfitself = se a s mismo-a / ourselves = nos a nosotros mismos / yourselves = os a vosotros mismos / themselves = se a s mismos]
P&3S%!15 Pronouns Sub'ect " >ou He She "t ?e >ou They -b'ect 4e >ou Him Her "t &s >ou Them
P%SS&SS(6&S 3d'ecti#es 4y >our His Her "ts -ur >our Their 2ronouns 4ine >ours His Hers "ts -urs >ours Theirs
3&F5&7(6& Pronouns 4yself >ourself Himself Herself "tself -ursel#es >oursel#es Themsel#es
Reciprocal pronouns: each other / one another

We use each other" or "one another" as alternative ways of showing that an action is two-way (A B). E.g. Both Prime Ministers greeted each other at the meeting (= Both PMs greeted one another) They gave one another the good news (= They gave each other)
Los pronombres recprocos muestran una accin de doble sentido (A B); usamos las formas each
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Present Simple
other" o "one another" para indicar mutuamente (= uno a otro). Both es un pronombre indefinido que significa ambos, los dos

PRONOUNS GALORE!!! How well do you master pronouns? Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun.
" can<t decide which colour suits me best: red or green= " thin+ "<ll ta+e .
Beo and 2aco are not at home at the moment$ "<ll try to contact later.
2ete doesn<t learn from his mista+es. is ho%elessD
1anny$ location do you %refer for a house: seaside or hills0
Gella and .dward are in lo#e. sit together in the same class.
"f " don<t answer the %hone now$ you can %hone later.
/o$ no$ this is your %en. "<m %ositi#e$ it is .
Tell me$ is your fa#ourite TV series0
,o you thin+ Bisa will mind0 " don<t want to worry .
That house belongs to me. "t is .
Tom and " met bac+ in KLLU. !#e been %als since then.
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" don<t need an electrician for this. "<ll do it .
He didn<t e#en say than+ you or bye. a rude manD
4y sons are mature enough. They can ta+e care of now.
This restaurant is the best. o%ened C years ago.
So$ told you that0
time is it0
Sto% laughing at Barry or "<ll get mad at
" thin+ this boo+ belongs to Sarah. ,efinitely$ it<s
Bittle Fim and Ted are always fighting with
Collective nouns
A collective noun is a noun that denotes a collection of persons or things regarded as a unit. In British usage, collective nouns are often treated as plurals: The government have announced a new policy to prevent unemployment rate from rising The Olympic team are playing the finals next week. In American usage, a collective noun usually takes a singular verb when it refers to the collection considered as a whole (E.g.: The family was united on this matter) and it takes a plural verb when it refers to the members of the group considered as individuals (E.g.: My family are always fighting among themselves).
Un nombre colectivo es un sustantivo que denota un conjunto de personas o cosas entendidas como una unidad.
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En Ingls Britnico, los nombres colectivos a menudo funcionan como los sustantivos plurales: The government have announced a new policy to prevent unemployment rate from rising . The Olympic team are playing the finals next week. En Ingls Americano, un nombre colectivo funcionar como singular y, por tanto, llevar la 3 persona del singular en el presente, cuando se refiera al colectivo como un todo(e.g.: The family was united on this matter). Se comportar como un sustantivo plural cuando se refiera a los miembros del grupo considerados individualmente (e.g.: My family are always fighting among themselves).
Here is a list of some common collective nouns: ban+ choir class clergy club committee com%any enemy family firm floc+ go#ernment grou% herd 'ury ministry orchestra %arty %ublic school banco coro clase clero club comit[ com%aSTa / em%resa enemigo familia firma comercial rebaSo gobierno gru%o rebaSo 'urado 4inisterio or8uesta 2artido %olTtico %\blico .scuela/ banco )school of fish 7 banco de %eces*
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staff team union
%lantilla e8ui%o sindicato
The possessive form of noums : 's / of + noun / noun + noun / double possessive
A. You can see the connections between Personal Pronouns and Possessives in this table: Personal Pronouns Sub'ect " -b'ect 4e 3d'ecti#es 4y 2ronouns 4ine
P%SS&SS(6&S 2honetics .xam%les O?hose boo+ is this0 "t<s mine. He is a friend of mine. OSincerely yoursQ )at the end of a letter* / 3 friend of his has a lot of cars$ e#en a FaguarD She has )got* a red car so this car can be hers. 3 big dinosaur esca%ed and this foot%rint must be its. 3t a restaurant: O?hich table is ours0Q / Susan is a friend of ours. /ow$ you guys listenD " don<t li+e those friends of yoursDQ O?ho is he0 " thin+ he<s a relation of theirs.Q
>ou
>ou
>our
>ours
He
Him
His
His
She
Her
Her
Hers
"t
"t
"ts
"ts
?e
&s
-ur
-urs
>ou
>ou
>our
>ours
They
Them
Their
Theirs
5emember that: 3d'ecti#es 4y 3d'ecti#e (noun house ( noun 2ronouns is mine /oun 7 N (N
2ronoun ( N
B. The possessive case with s. (The Saxon Genitive) Normally when the owner is a person (or sometimes an animal), we will add a final ending s (apostrophe s) to the name of the owner to indicate that ownership relationship and then we will write the possessed object. If the noun already ends in a final -s, then only the final apostrophe is needed.
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E.g.: 1. It is Peters car = This car is Peters ( i.e.: This car belongs to Peter) 2. Thats my friends house = That house is my friends ( i.e.: That house belongs to my friends) Sometimes, we can also express possession when the owner is not necessarily a person: E.g.: 1. They are America's gold medallists 2. The cats owner
C. The of + noun and the noun+noun expressions Sometimes we can use both the Saxon Genitive (the boys name) or the of + noun expression (the name of the boy), but this is not always possible. We normally use the Saxon Genitive when the owners are people or animals and we use the of + noun expression with things: E.g.: 1. The final score of the football match was 1-1 2. The windows of the house 3. The day of the Olympic race. Some other times you can find two nouns (noun + noun) indicating possession between them: A book case / a garden chair / an oil well D. The double possessive (or double genitive): noun + of + nouns Some other times you can find expressions containing a double possessive structure, meaning one among: 1. I am a friend of Marias if I introduce myself this way I mean that I am ONE AMONG Marias friends. 2. I bought a portrait of Antonio Lopezs it indicates that I bought ONE AMONG the existing portraits OWNED by Antonio Lopez (not a painting in which Antonio Lopez is portrayed) 3. I dont like that friend of yours! to mean I do not like particularly that one among your friends. There are also some expressions and places where the Saxon Genitive possessive form is used : a fortnight's holiday a month's %ay today's news%a%er in a year's time for God's sa+eD to the grocer's to the newsagent's to the dentist's to the doctor's to the chemist's to the vet's to Saint James's Bas #acaciones de dos semanas Ba %aga de un mes .l %erTodico de hoy .n un aSo ]2or amor de ,iosD 3 la tienda )Rs 7 del tendero* al 8uiosco )Rs 7 del 8uios8uero* al dentista )Rs 7 la casa o lugar del dentista* al doctor )Rs 7 la casa o lugar del doctor* 3 la farmacia )Rs 7 la casa o lugar del 8uTmico* al #eterinario )Rs 7 casa o lugar del #eterinario* 3 la "glesia de Saint James's
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A. La diferencia entre adjetivos y pronombres es que el Adjetivo acompaa a un sustantivo Adjectives + noun y el Pronombre lo sustituye Pronouns Noun = B. The Genitivo Sajns ( Genitivo = posesivo de / Se denomina as por tratarse de una reminiscencia lingstica de poca sajona que ha pervivido hasta nuestros das.) Normalmente, cuando el poseedor es una persona (o a veces un animal), para indicar que posee algo aadiremos una s al final del poseedor, luego indicaremos el objeto posedo. Si el nombre ya termina en una -s final, entonces bastar con aadir el apstrofe : E.j.: 1. It is Peters car 2. Thats my friends house Algunas veces, tambin podemos usarlo para expresar posesin cuando el propietario no necesariamente es una persona: E.j.: 1. They are America's gold medallists 2. The cats owner. C. The of + noun and the noun+noun expressions Algunas veces podemos usar tanto el Genitivo Sajn (the boys name) o la estructura of + nombre (the name of the boy), pero no siempre es esto posible. Normalmente utilizamos el Saxon Genitive cuando los poseedores sean personas o animales y usaremos la expresinthe of + noun con los objetos. E.j.: 1. The windows of the house 2. The day of the Olympic race. Otras veces podemos encontrarnos dos sustantivos juntos (noun + noun) indicando una relacin de poseedor-posedo entre ellos: Ej.: 1. An oil well (un pozo de petrleo) 2. The car keys (las llaves del coche) 3. A garden chair (una silla de jardn) D. The double possessive (or double genitive): noun + of + nouns En otras ocasiones puede que te encuentres expresiones que contengan una estructura de doble posesivo (nombre + of + Nombres) para referirnos a uno de entre varios (one among): 1. I am a friend of Marias si me presento de este modo quiero decir que soy UNO de ENTRE los amigos DE MARIA. 2. I bought a portrait of Antonio Lopezs indica que compr uno de entre los cuadros que hay pintados (owned = posedos) por el pintor Antonio Lopez , no un cuadro en el que Antonio Lpez aparezca retratado. 3. I dont like that friend of yours! aqu la estructura de doble posesivo que aparece es del tipo .of + pronombre posesivo, para indicar que no me gusta ese amigo en particular de entre los tuyos (de entre tus amigos).
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Expressing possession. Rewrite the following sentences using suitable possession structures: s/ s, of, noun + noun.
.xam%le: is o%en from JL till K )school P its library* The school library is o%en from JL till K
Ha#e you met 0 ),a#id P his %arents*
The is recruiting S%anish teachers )-xford P its uni#ersity*
The cat wal+ed on the . )the boys P their schoolwor+*
This is your . )car P its +ey*
?hat is 0 ),arwin P his most ama ing disco#ery*
Fason was last 4arch. )month P its wor+er*
3 new has been launched. )school P its news%a%er*
is a doctor. ),iana and "an P their mother*
?elcome to our cosy . )staff P their room*
" thin+ you need a warm . >ou are soa+edD )tea P its cu%*
" met Foanna at the )theatre P its entrance*
She has a tremendous . )%ersuasion P its %ower*
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The school %aid for the . )%lane P its tic+ets*
has %ro#en wrong. )Gush P his war on terror*
?hy didn<t they try with 0 )Fames P his mobile*
Task 2
Expressing possession. Complete the following sentences using a possessive adjective or a possessive pronoun.
" can<t stand )2eter<s* manners.
?hy don<t you come to )mine and Bina<s* birthday %arty0
Sto% %ointing at me with )you* %enD
,on<t ta+e your car$ we can ta+e )my car*
" li+e your %ainting$ but " li+e )Binda<s one* better.
This boo+ is )my boo+* .
"ra8i militiamen ha#e attac+ed )"ra8i forces<* head8uarters
Tim ne#er understands my %roblems$ but " always ha#e to understand )Tim@s %roblems*
Shall we meet at my %lace or at )your %lace* 0
?hat can we do to sto% )the boys< giggling* 0
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Meeting new people

Read about Maria. Then write the questions for the answers given.
Hi! My names Maria. Im 28 years old. Ive recently passed my competitive exams for a teaching post in Spain. Last year I was an English teacher at a primary school. Im Spanish, but I was born in Canada, so English is also my mother tongue. Im single, but I live with my partner in a rented flat on the coast of Malaga. I love teaching, but Im also very keen on sports and travelling. Last summer I went to Cracovia for a Comenius conference, as Im very concerned with improving my teaching skills. I met very interesting people there. The main objective of the conference was to find partners in order to develop teamwork and share our outcomes on the issues proposed. ).xam%le* ?hat<s her name0 4aria ? 28
? She worked as an English teacher at a primary school
? Shes Spanish
? In Canada
? No she isnt. Shes single
? She lives in a flat with her partner
? To Cracovia
Task 2
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What do you think the title of the conference is?
a) Using new technology in Language Learning b) Skills for teacher training c) Language and Methodology
Task 3
On the first day, participants met in a lounge, exchanged Information and tried to find suitable partners for their projects. Please read the dialogue and choose the right phrase to fill in the gaps
Maria: Hello. I'm Maria. I'm from Spain. Select... I'd like you to meet Dorota you can call me, Pleased to meet you! It's a pleasure to meet you Maria How do you do! (1) Tim: Select... I'd like you to meet Dorota you can call me, Pleased to meet you! It's a pleasure to meet you Maria How do you do! (2) My name's Timothy, but Select... I'd like you to meet Dorota you can call me, Pleased to meet you! It's a pleasure to meet you Maria How do you do! (3) Tim. I work as a computer science teacher at a Further Education School in Leeds. Where do you work Maria?
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Maria: I'm a primary English teacher in Mlaga, Spain. Tim: Malaga! That's in the south, isn't it? Right, Select... I'd like you to meet Dorota you can call me, Pleased to meet you! It's a pleasure to meet you Maria How do you do! (4); she's Polish, and she's also a primary English teacher. So you must have a lot in common. Dorota: Select... I'd like you to meet Dorota you can call me, Pleased to meet you! It's a pleasure to meet you Maria How do you do! (5). Maria: Nice to meet you too! Could I get your email, Dorota. I'd like to send you our project.
Maria: Rebecca! Rebecca: Select... Pleased to meet you both too Long time no see Let me introduce you to Hi Maria! (1) What are you doing here? What a coincidence! Maria: I'm here for the conference. You look gorgeous. Select... Pleased to meet you both too Long time no see Let me introduce you to Hi Maria! (2) How's life? Rebecca: Pretty well. In fact, I've just had my first baby. Maria: No! I can't believe it! Did you get married? Rebecca: Yes, of course I did. And it was actually a religious wedding. You know I'm a churchgoer. Maria: Listen, Rebecca. Select... Pleased to meet you both too Long time no see Let me introduce you to Hi Maria! (3) Tim and Dorota. Tim is English and Dorota's Polish. I met Rebecca in France, when I was working there as a language assistant. Tim: Nice to meet you, Rebecca. Dorota: Please to meet you. Rebecca: Select... Pleased to meet you both too Long time no see Let me introduce you to Hi Maria! (4) Maria: I hope you don't have much trouble with your baby. They say that first born children are the most difficult ones.
Planning a day out

What did you do last weekend? Sheila and Lizzy are language assistants in Antequera, Malaga. Listen to their conversation.
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Now put the questions in the box in the correct place
Sheila: Hello. Lizzy: Is Sheila there? Sheila: This is Sheila. Lizzy: Hi Sheila. It's Lizzy. Sheila: Hi Lizzy. (1) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? Lizzy: Have you got any plans for this weekend? Sheila: I'm afraid I have. (2) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? Lizzy: I had a wonderful time at the Irish pub last weekend. (3) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? Sheila: Actually, we've already planned a get-together for this weekend. (4) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? Lizzy: Oh, I'd hate to impose. Sheila: Nah, it's just a group of students from school and me. We're going to have Sunday roast at an English restaurant. It's in Fuente Piedra. Lizzy: (5) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? Sheila: It's about 20 minutes from Antequera. It's called Oscar's on the Square. They provide high quality English food at very reasonable prices.
Lizzy: (6) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ?
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Sheila: Yes. It's Nuestra Seora de las Virtudes, number 2. As you drive in from Antequera, cross the motorway, then go straight on, following the indications for the city centre. You'll reach a roundabout that leads down to the lake if you continue straight ahead. Don't go that way, take a right instead. The square is at the end of the street. There's a lot of parking space so you don't have to worry about your car. Lizzy: I'm not too sure about that. It sounds rather complicated. (7) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? I'm really bad at directions. I'm afraid I'll get lost and be very late Sheila: Don't worry.(8) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? That's our meeting point. Lizzy: That'll be fine. Thanks a lot, see you Sunday. Oh, (9) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? Sheila: We've booked a table at 1. (10) Select... Why? Can I pick you up at the On the Run filling station? What's up? Do you know the address? Would you mind picking me up? Can we get together again? Would you like to join us? At what time shall I be there? Where's that? How about 12? ? That'll give us enough time...
Classroom management
Sheila and Lizzy are talking about their teaching experiences. Listen to the conversation.
Complete the text:
Sheila: Select... How's that? How are your classes coming along? Can you give me your e-mail? How about yours? Why don't we share the stuff we produce? Why don't you use some of my materials? ? (1) Lizzy: Select... I have mixed feelings about them That would be very helpful, thank
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you That's a great idea The discipline in some of the groups is terrible. Of course. It's... They're quite fun actually. . (2)I wasn't expecting to enjoy teaching this much. Select... How's that? How are your classes coming along? Can you give me your e-mail? How about yours? Why don't we share the stuff we produce? Why don't you use some of my materials? ? (3) Sheila: Select... I have mixed feelings about them That would be very helpful, thank you That's a great idea The discipline in some of the groups is terrible. Of course. It's... They're quite fun actually. . (4) It really depends on the group. Some groups are very enjoyable while others are a nightmare. Lizzy: Select... How's that? How are your classes coming along? Can you give me your e-mail? How about yours? Why don't we share the stuff we produce? Why don't you use some of my materials? ? (5) Sheila: Select... I have mixed feelings about them That would be very helpful, thank you That's a great idea The discipline in some of the groups is terrible. Of course. It's... They're quite fun actually. . (6) They need a real dose of classroom management. I don't know why we have to put up with some of those students. They don't want to be there. They don't do any work. The worst part is that they often don't let others work either. You are very lucky. Lizzy: I know I am. My students are mainly adults who need English for their jobs. The underage students are very well-behaved. All of them are very hard-working. The only trouble is that they make me work extra hard too. I can't focus on my studies because I'm constantly preparing materials for them to work on. Most groups go through the exercises in just one session Sheila: Select... How's that? How are your classes coming along? Can you give me your e-mail? How about yours? Why don't we share the stuff we produce? Why don't you use some of my materials? ? (7) Lizzy: Select... I have mixed feelings about them That would be very helpful, thank you That's a great idea The discipline in some of the groups is terrible. Of course. It's... They're quite fun actually. . (8) As a matter of fact, Select... How's that? How are your classes coming along? Can you give me your e-mail? How about yours? Why don't we share the stuff we produce? Why don't you use some of my materials? ? (9) That way we'll have twice as many activities. Sheila: Select... I have mixed feelings about them That would be very helpful, thank you That's a great idea The discipline in some of the groups is terrible. Of course. It's... They're quite fun actually. . (10) Select... How's that? How are your classes coming along? Can you give me your e-mail? How about yours? Why don't we share the stuff we produce? Why don't you use some of my materials? ? (11) We can send the stuff to each other. That'll allow us to keep a file of everything we're doing. Lizzy: Select... I have mixed feelings about them That would be very helpful, thank you That's a great idea The discipline in some of the groups is terrible. Of course. It's... They're quite fun actually. . (12) It's lizparish22@gmail.com.
Religious weddings
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Task 1
In the dialogue between Maria and Rebecca, ("What to say...") Rebecca said she was a "churchgoer", and so she had a religious wedding. Read the text about different religious wedding rites in Europe in "Cultures and countries". Read the words in the box, listen to them and try to guess their meaning. Then use it to complete the sentences.
a)
According to tradition, a Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites is for life, but it doesn't seem to be like that in recent times. The liberal attitude of certain governments allows homosexuals to celebrate Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites . The Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites of a marriage always implies a loss of financial stability for the individuals According to some religions baptism is a Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites . Nowadays, it's quite common for Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites to start a new relationship in the following two years after the divorce took place. Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites is the most extended religion in Israel When we got married, we were so broke that my wife didn't even wear a Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites . My dad is a widower, but he met Alice, who is also a Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites , and they've been going out since then. One of the biggest differences between Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites priests is that, in the first case, they can get married and have a family. We wanted to keep our budget low, so not many people were invited to the Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
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marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites . Only our closest relatives and friends. k) In most North European countries, Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites is complimentary whenever you start a new drink with a group of friends. When she threw the Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites to the wedding guests it was me who got it.
l)
m) So as they say it's supposed to bring me Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites and a bridegroom! n) Even among Catholics, there are different Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites , like Adventists or Jehovah's witnesses. In some cultures, it's not necessary for the Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites and the bridegroom to know each other before actually getting married. Both Cristianity and Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites seem to have the same cultural roots. As I don't believe in God, I've never Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites any of my children Some Select... wedding reception breakup good luck wedding dress same-sex marriages widow sacrament Protestant and Catholic divorces bride marriage toasting bouquet Judaism Islam faiths baptisized rites are religious ceremonies celebrated according to traditions.
o)
p)
q)
r)
Personality
Task 1
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In the same dialogue, Rebecca said she had had her first baby. According to psychologists, your personality is very much influenced by the position you occupy in your family. Read the following article and then do the vocabulary tasks down below.
It is a common belief among psychologists that your position in the family can affect your personality. Are you an only child, a first-born, a middle-born or the youngest in your family? Discover how it may have determined your behaviour. Only children tend to gather the undivided attention from their parents and even grandparents in such a way that they are often over stimulated. They are usually described as spoiled and selfish. On the positive side, they tend to be well-organised and highly conscientious and dependable. They feel at ease with facts, ideas and details, and extremely comfortable with responsibility But don't forget they can be difficult to deal with, as they are used to attracting most of their parents' attention. In this sense, they are often unforgiving, very demanding, hate to admit they're wrong and usually don't accept criticism well. In all, they are usually very sensitive and indeed, their feelings are easily hurt. First-born children may be considered temporary only children. Consequently, they may share some personality traits with them. They are also well-organised, punctual and competent and high achievers in relation to their studies and professions, and, as a consequence, natural leaders. As a matter of fact, they are often criticized as being boastful, moody and lacking sensitivity. Middle children usually have an unpredictable personality, as their role changes from last-born to middle-born while they are growing up. They tend to be very sociable and sympathetic, sometimes a bit too conformist, as they are eager to please everyone around them, form younger to oldest brothers or sisters, as well as parents. Youngest children usually keep a privileged position in the family. They are free from the high expectations that many parents have for their eldest children and are often grown up in a less strict environment. As a consequence, although they tend to be more independent and self-centred, they are very talkative, extrovert and are known as great entertainers. But be careful not to disappoint or bore them because they have a natural tendency to escape from these situations. Further reading: First-borns 'face more pressure'. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8123095.stm First-borns have higher IQ scores. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6229952.stm
Task 2
Read and listen to the words. Repeat them. Try to guess their meaning from the text, and, if necessary, use a dictionary. Then, match the definitions to the words.
a)
someone who follows the standard and doesn't argue
Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent
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b)
concerned chiefly or only with yourself
Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred
c)
tidy
d)
someone who likes social contact and enjoys interaction with others
e)
someone who is not easily satisfied by others, because he/she expects a lot from them
f)
talking about yourself in a very proud way
g)
talking about yourself in a very proud way
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talkative extrovert independent h) someone who talks a lot Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent
i)
a successful person, usually, professionally speaking
j)
a person who enjoys amusing others
k)
a person who understands well people's problems Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent a child who is given everything he/she asks for Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive
l)
m) confident and free to do things without needing help from other people
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achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent n) unwilling to forgive other people when they have done something wrong Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent Select... spoiled selfish dependable well-organised sociable unforgiving demanding sensitive achiever boastful moody sympathetic conformist entertainer self-centred talkative extrovert independent
o)
bad-tempered or upset, often for no particular reason
p)
caring only about yourself and your own needs
q)
that can be relied on to do what you want or need
r)
a lively and confident person who enjoys being with other people
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Task 3
Write the adjectives which correspond to each statement. Find in brackets the number of adjectives which apply to each sentence.
In job meetings, I always backs the boss, never say anything against him (1) My house is always in order and my appointments in my agenda (1) I love going out and meeting new people, and making them have a good time with my stories (4),,and I'm quite good at my job, that is the reason why I have such a high post in the company (5) ,,, and Don't you think I will ever forgive you. I expected something else from you (2) and Don't tell me about that poor girl. Once you start, I won't be able to stop crying (2) and I don't know what is happening to me: I feel happy one moment and sad the next.(1)
House exchange
Preston and Mavis eventually did the house exchange they were after. The Home Exchange Company asked them to write about how they felt about the experience for the website. Here is what they wrote: "In general, the experience was much better than what we expected! We had read a lot on the advantages and disadvantages of home swapping, but I have to say that advantages outweighed far too much the disadvantages. To begin with, the house exceeded our expectations and the pictures we had been sent in advance didn't make justice to the real building. It was cosy and beautiful, indeed. Of course, we had to put up with the things we didn't like from the house, like the lack of a TV set or a dish-washer. Apart from that, the environment was fantastic, very close to the coastline and in a nice quiet tiny village. I have to say that these are not the ideal holidays if you want to get away from it all and relax, as you still have to go on with the house chores, vacuuming, doing the washing, ironing, etc., and above all, washing the dishes!, something we got rid off years ago when we bought our first dish-washer. Besides, the next-door neighbours had the irritating habit of pushing us into a friendship we weren't keen on establishing, constantly coming up to our door with cakes, and dinner party invitations that we had to put off diplomatically on several occasions. Another inconvenience was that the car wasn't as good as ours and it really was in a mess. All full of children's toys and food left-overs. But in all, the holidays were really inexpensive; we only had to make an extra budget for the flight expenses. And, best of all, in spite of our fears, when we 'recovered' our house, it was in an excellent condition. I felt a bit ashamed, as everything was clean and tidy, even cleaner and tidier than when we left it. Thank a lot. It really was a memorable experience. We are already thinking where to go next year with your house exchange programme!" Task 1
Read the text below and then find a word or expression in the text for each of the synonyms below
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Exchange Warm, comfortable and safe Accept something which is annoying or unpleasant Equipment A machine used to wash the dishes Small Forget about your daily routine Tasks that you do regularly at home Use the vacuum cleaner to clean the carpet Wash the clothes Untidy Remains Cheap
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Present Simple

Present continuous or Progressive

.g. die "-y"

Now put it into a practice Task 1

?here is ,anny0 He )2B3>* tennis.

4y brother )?3T9H* TV C hours a day e#ery day.

)>-&/ 6-* to the library yesterday0

" )5.3,* a boo+ and Bi ),-* her homewor+.

Boo+D That woman )T3E.* your 'ac+et.

The man )/-T/ ?-5E* here last year.

)2.T.5/ST&,>* 1rench this year0

?here )>-&/ B"V.*0 " li#e and teach in 3nte8uera.

Fim and Buca )T3E.* their la%to%s to wor+ yesterday.

)>-&/&S&3BB>/6-* to the cinema on 4ondays0

5ight now$ my brother )9&T* the grass in the bac+yard.

Fason )&/,.5ST3/,* the situation.

4y dad )ST3>* at home all day yesterday.

" )4..T* the headmaster tomorrow afternoon.

Sarah and /icole ne#er )6-* to nightclubs on their own.

/ic+ )/-T/ ?3/T* to go sho%%ing today.

3t the moment$ Sue )3TT./,* a #ery im%ortant seminar on nanotechnology.

)TH-43S/ G&>* a bottle of mil+ twice a wee+0>es$ he does.

The executi#e board )ST&,>* my %etition carefully in last month!s meeting.

Adverbs of frequency (and their position in the sentence)

1re8uency scale 4iddle 2osition

-ccasionally Sometimes -ften Seldom 5arely

5aras #eces 5aramente 3lguna #e

.#er Hardly e#er

Now put it into a practice Task 1

a #eil/ often/ in their wedding ceremony/ catholic brides/ wear

stays out/ after J am/ 2aul/ ne#er

usually/ chocolate ca+e/ Fohn/ orders/ for dessert

is/ with us/ 1rancis/ bossy/ always

,oes/ she/ at the front/ usually/ in a lecture theatre/ sit 0

goes/ 9armen/ once a wee+/ dancing

you/ watch/ don<t/ in .nglish/ films/ e#er/0

is/ %osting/ always/ new entries/ 5asmus/ to his blog

after wor+/ swimming/ "/ go/ sometimes

idle/ Garrie/ rarely/ is/ when he is at home

S%anish/ ne#er/ to students/ language assistants/ s%ea+

.nglish/ "/ twice a wee+/ ha#e/ %ri#ate tuitions

rarely/ my brother/ is / on time

do/ on holidays/ you/ often/ how/ go 0

4y children/e#ery day/ to the %ar+/ go

Adverbs of degree. Modificacin de adjetivos con adverbios de grado y cantidad

Irregular and Regular Plural of nouns

Now put it into practice

?e were attac+ed by two )thief*

There isn<t much )bread* in the fridge.

/ew )bus* are gas-fuelled.

?hy don<t you as+ for some more )analysis* 0

Fonas bought some )tomato* .

.& national )economy* are suffering with the crisis.

?hy do you own two )house* 0

This house is full of )mouse* DDD

Now put it into practice Exercise 1

aa) Staff (workmates)