BACKGROUND The YES Country Network Tanzania was formed in August 2001 at a meeting of 50 youth related N !

s in "ar es Salaam# The meeting was organised $y the Tanzania %edia and Youth "e&elo'ment Asso(iation )TA%EY!"A*+ and (haired $y the ,on# ertrude %ongella Se(retary eneral -ei.ing Conferen(e for /omen# The result was the formation of a YES Country Network Coordinating Committee# The (ommittee has sin(e e0'anded the Network+ whi(h now in(ludes re'resentati&es o&er 250 different N !s+ go&ernment and 'ri&ate institutions are (urrently mem$ers of the YES Country Network# The Approach used to disseminate information /e ha&e identified and (onta(ted institutions and organisations that will (ommit to (reating an a(tion 'lan for the "e(ade Cam'aign# /e ha&e informed the head1uarters for religious organizations in the (ountry+ so that they may (onta(t all (hur(hes and mos1ues to 'arti(i'ate in the (am'aign# The Christian )Catholi( and 2rotestant* institutions ha&e youth e(onomi( 'rograms# They are (ommitted to em'hasising the agenda of youth em'loyment+ $y en(ouraging 'arents to (ontri$ute to start3u' (a'ital for the youth# They are also using their sermons as a medium to en(ourage young 'eo'le to form e(onomi( grou's rather than gangs# A((ording to %uslim leaders there are no formal e(onomi( 'ro.e(ts organised through the mos1ues at 'resent# ,owe&er+ they 'lan to start some .oint &entures with Christian leaders to (reate em'loyment 'rograms for youth# They ha&e also agreed to disseminate information within the %uslim (ommunity to en(ourage 'arents and youth to get in&ol&ed in the (am'aign# This will ensure that information is disseminated to the rural and ur$an areas# /e ha&e (onta(ted &arious edu(ational and higher learning institutions so that they (an make arrangements to e0'li(itly in(or'orate the goals of the Summit into their work# 4n addition+ the %edia Su$3Committee whi(h was formed as a su$3 (ommittee to the to the YES Country Network Coordinating Committee+ has taken on the res'onsi$ility of disseminating information and 'romoting YES during the "e(ade Cam'aign# They are also res'onsi$le for organising media e&ents as well as lo$$ying issues related to the YES Cam'aign# /e ha&e (onta(ted many N !s a$out 'arti(i'ating in the YES Cam'aign# These N !s will remain in (onta(t with the Country Network Coordinating Committee through the &arious (entres for YES+ whi(h ha&e $een started# YES Structure in Tanzania 4n order to make sure that the YES Cam'aign rea(hes the 'rimary target grou'+ we 'lan to form a stru(ture that will fun(tion within the geogra'hi(al (onditions of the (ountry# /e will $egin with a National Committee5 from the national we will form (ommittees for ea(h zone# These zonal units will $e res'onsi$le for organizing and 'romoting

e(onomi( a(ti&ities within the 'arti(ular regions that are a''ro'riate for the geogra'hi(al+ so(ial and e(onomi( (onditions# 6or e0am'le the 7ake 8one is made u' of four regions that surround 7ake 9i(toria# The 7ake 8one Centre will endorse a(ti&ities su(h as fishing+ agri(ulture+ li&esto(k and mining within the four regions# 6rom the regions we will form 'artnershi's at the distri(t : ward : &illage le&el in order to insure that the Cam'aign rea(hes the grassroots le&el# Currently there is a YES Country Network Coordinating Committee at the national le&el# The YES Country Network is not an inde'endent institution $ut a(ts as a 'rogram $eing run $y &arious 4nstitutions with the Tanzania %edia and Youth "e&elo'ment Asso(iation )TA%EY!"A* a(ting as the %ain (entre in 'artnershi' with the %inistry of 7a$our+ Youth "e&elo'ment and S'orts# There are also fi&e YES (entres that re'resent different zones# 7ike the main Country Network+ they also o'erate through other organisations# The first (entre was formed in 8anzi$ar through 2artnershi' for Youth "e&elo'ment )2Y"* and the 8anzi$ar Youth+ Edu(ation and En&ironment "e&elo'ment Su''ort Asso(iation )8AYE"ESA*# The 7ake 8one Centre was formed through the Youth Ad&isory and "e&elo'ment Coun(il )YA"EC*# The Costal 8one was formed through the ;, organisation# The Northern ,ighland 8one was formed through %$ozi Youth "e&elo'ment in %$eya# The Southern 8one was formed $y TA%EY!"A South 8one $ased in <u&uma# /e are (urrently 'lanning to form other (entres in order to rea(h the whole nation#

YES Campaign at The National Level

/e re(ognize that to im'lement YES (am'aign at the national le&el we need to 're'are ade1uately and to form (lose 'artnershi's with di&erse stakeholders+ es'e(ially go&ernment and inter3go&ernmental institutions# 9arious non3go&ernment organisations must also $egin to work together more (losely in order to $uild the (a'a(ity of (i&il so(iety to meet the needs of the most marginalized 'eo'le within the so(iety# 6or e0am'le= 4n order to rea(h youth at the grassroots le&el we should work (losely with the %inistry of <ural and 7o(al o&ernment# NEED ANA YS!S" YOUT# S!TUAT!ON !N TAN$AN!A

The core problem facing youth in Tanzania is unemployment. This problem is characterized by shortage or lack of employment or job opportunities in urban areas, and under-utilization of the majority of the national labour force in the rural areas. Estimates show that there are 700,000 new entrants into the labour force e ery year of which !00,000 are school lea ers "primary and secondary# with little or no skills. $ut of those only %0,000 are employed in the formal sector lea ing a total of &&0,000 to join the unemployed or underemployed reser e. The informal sector absorbs the bulk of the labour force but it is stretched to the limit. 'nformal sector employment is growing at (.% per cent annually which is below the growth of the labour force ") per cent#.

Youth are an im'ortant resour(e5 they ha&e a &ery im'ortant role to 'lay in so(io3e(onomi( de&elo'ment of the nation# A'art from $eing $igger in num$er youth are energeti(+ (ourageous and often ha&e new ideas that (an make a &ital (ontri$ution to the so(io3e(onomi( de&elo'ment if they are well organized and in&ol&ed in de&elo'ment issues in &arious se(tors# ,owe&er+ des'ite of $eing the largest grou' of the national 'o'ulation )>>?* (onsisting the largest la$our for(e+ )@A?* young 'eo'le throughout the (ountry fa(e (riti(al 'ro$lems whi(h do not only make them una$le to 'arti(i'ate fully in the de&elo'ment of the (ountry $ut ha&e resulted into other 'ro$lems# The youth ha&e a greater 'otential to learn new te(hni1ues and are more fle0i$le in ada'ting to (hanging (onditions# The 'ro$lem of unem'loyment of graduates from institutions of higher learning has grown to le&els that are raising (on(ern#

*ajor factors contributing to youth unemployment problems as indicated in two studies "'+$,-./0 1221 and *jema, 1227# are pro ided as follows3 The general decline in the economy: The general decline of the economy especially at the end of the 1270, raised doubts o er the ability of the country4s economy to create employment opportunities for an estimated number of o er 700,000 people who enter the labour market each year. 5eduction of ci il ser ants and pri atization of parastatal organizations as a mo e to restructure the economy has fallen most hea ily and negati ely on the youths. This is so because the e6ercise in ol es retrenching employees were gi en priority to minimize costs. /ecline of employment opportunities for youth as a result of the growth of pri ate sectors interest in employing e6perienced employees lea ing ine6perienced youth. The Education System: The number of primary school lea ers is big and has not been followed by a corresponding e6pansion of the secondary education. 7ery few ha e been absorbed in secondary school "about 10 per cent#. Lack of Skills and Business Training: 8t the time youths complete their primary or secondary education they do not ha e ade9uate skills that they can use to start self-employment acti ities. There are few secondary schools that ha e business and commercial courses for students but the weakness is howe er that they emphasis on theoretical courses. Inade uate Credit !acilities: *any youths ha e started self-employment opportunities but lack start up capital. :inancial institutions usually ha e stringent conditions, which are almost impossible to be met by youths.

Emphasis on the !ormal Sector "lone: The formal sector has not been able to absorb the majority of the unemployed youths. 7arious studies ";agachwa, 1221, +u anga, 122%# ha e shown the potential of the informal sector in creating employment opportunities for youths. Non#attractive agricultural sector and the rural areas in general: The rural areas and the agriculture sector in particular are currently not attracti e to youths. The hand-operated hole has remained the main farm implement for working the soil and has, for a long time now, rendered agriculture a difficult task. 0oor farm implements and other and farm inputs, lack of technology in food processing and preser ation, lack of good and reliable market for the farm products as well as poor infrastructure cause the youth to loose interest, although it is considered a major employer. There is lack of ade9uate social and economic facilities in rural areas as compared to those in urban centers. Youth population gro$th rate: The youth population growth rate has remained high "o er ) per cent since 12<<#. Thus, it is true that there are more unemployed youths today than there was ten years ago. Influence of culture: =ender bias in job allocation has influenced job allocation for female youths. This attitude is howe er slowly changing and women are increasingly becoming acti e in the labour force. The problem of unemployment is relati ely more acute for women and the youth-as reflected in stereotypical occupations that demand minimum 9ualifications and usually go with low pay. >ome inhibiting culture and social factors reinforce gender imbalances in education. Lack of Information +abour market information is inade9uate in co erage, outdated, gender insensiti e and lacks standards for statistics. 't is only now that the go ernment is working on establishing one official source for +abour *arket 'nformation and >tatistics. The ?E> @ountry .etwork will take part in making youth aware of how to access information concerning employment. '*08@T $: ?$-TA -.E*0+$?*E.T "'.E., >$@'8++?, 0$+'T'@8++?, E@$.$*'@8++?, 8./ E.7'5$.*E.T8++?# $ne of the many aspects that resulted in the formation of the ?outh /e elopment /epartment was the need to address the increasing problems afflicting the youth in the country. *any of the problems youth are e6periencing can be linked to the po erty that they face as a result of unemployment. *any unemployed youth are engaging in criminal and

dangerous beha iours in order to financially support themsel es and,or to cope with the difficulties of li ing in po erty. 'ncreasing drug trafficking and abuse rates Aigh A'7,8'/>,>T/ pre alence among the youth -nplanned and Early pregnancies, abortions etc 0rostitution etc. %rug and Su&stance a&use The scope of the drug problem has not spared the 8frican region and Tanzania in particular. The scourge has progressi ely spread throughout the country especially in the urban areas threatening all segments of the society, especially young people. The most disturbing and alarming feature is that the proportion of drug dependent youth is increasing and becoming a growing concern as more and more youth get in ol ed in the abuse and trading of these illicit drugs. The problem of illicit drug abuse and trafficking complements that of A'7,8'/> infection in that an addict has poor or no control or good judgment as regards to se6ual relations. 'igh prevalence of 'I()"I%S and ST%s A'7,8'/> pandemic in Tanzania has grown rapidly and widely especially in urban areas during the past two decades. This pandemic has become the leading cause of death to many Tanzanians. >tudies show that females seem to be more affected than males in age groups below )0 years, while males are more affected o er )0 years. ?outh aged between 1! B (% years contributed to 1!C of the total cases. *nplanned and Early pregnancies+ a&ortions The promiscuous beha iour of ha ing unprotected se6, that leads to high rates of A'7,8'/> among unemployed youth, also leads to high rates of unplanned and early pregnancies and abortions. The e6pense in ol ed in caring for a child leads to further impo erishment of young people particularly young women who often care the burden of single motherhood. ,rostitution The desperate need for unemployed youth to earn a li ing often pushes them into such acti ities as prostitution, theft and drug trafficking. These actions can be directly linked to arious other social problems, namely the rapid spread of A'7,8'/>. -B.ECTI(E -! C/E"TIN0 Y-*T' E1,L-Y1ENT ,/-.ECT 'ncreasing opportunities for youth to gain employment in meaningful positions that pro ide a li able income, would reduce the number of young people engaging in dangerous and immoral practices in order to earn a li ing.

TAE 5$$T @8->E> $: ?$-TA -.E*0+$?*E.T Inade uate Education *any of the youth who enter the education system don4t get chances to continue with their education mainly due to limited acancies and resources. 8s they go up the educational hierarchy, many are dropped or do not get jobs or employment e en if they ha e completed institutions of higher learning. Those who are completing secondary education and trained in arious technical skills are also starting to get problems in securing employment in the formal sector. This shows that there is a gap in relating what they ha e learnt and where to practice due to the fact that they lack capital, entrepreneurship skills, proper en ironment or places for business, lack of e6perience and direction. Lack of 0ood *p&ringing 't is important for the parents to recognize all changes, which occur in their children, and be able to gi e the re9uired guidance during their transition period. @ontrary to this, many youth don4t get necessary guidance and end up doing whate er they think is right. 'n many cases this leads to de ious beha iours. *ncoordinated Efforts 7arious organisation within arious sectors are working to de elop and implement projects aimed at creating employment for youth. /ue to the lack of information sharing many are not informed about the work being done by other establishments and as a result are missing out on opportunities to collaborate in order to achie e shared goals. Inade uate Infrastructure 'nade9uate infrastructure in rural areas encourages youth to migrate to urban areas intensifying the problem of unemployment in urban centres while lea ing many potential opportunities for growth in rural areas untapped. 8de9uate infrastructure for the promotion of employment in the informal sector is also lacking. 0lo&ali2ation The transition to the free market system has resulted in the pri atization of many establishments. This shift has resulted in the loss of many jobs. >ince the capacity to make profit depends on low operational costs, employers often hire the minimum number of workers to ma6imize their profit.

T'E /-LES T'"T S'-*L% BE !*L!ILLE% BY ST"3E'-L%E/S

>takeholders need to de elop partnerships with each other in order to ma6imize their potential to take the actions necessary to create all possible opportunities for the economic de elopment of youth. C*//ENT ST"3E'-L%E/S),"/TNE/S @urrent stakeholders in the de elopment of youth include3 The *inistry of +abour ?outh /e elopment and >portsTanzania *ainland The *inistry of ?outh, Employment, @hildren and Domen /e elopment in Tanzania Eanzibar The *inistry of @ommerce and 'ndustries The *inistry of Education and @ulture The *inistry of :inance The *inistry of 8griculture *inistry of .atural 5esources and Tourism The *edia .on-go ernment $rganisations, particularly those that deal with youth. :inancial 'nstitutions Educational 'nstitutions 0ri ate @ompanies 5eligious 'nstitutions The :amily 7illage =o ernments ?outh >T8FEA$+/E5> 5$+E>, >T5E.=TA> 8./ $00$5T-.'T'E>:$5 =5$DTA The 1inistry of La&our Youth %evelopment and Sports3 This ministry is directly responsible for issues concerning youth de elopment and therefore has the role of coordinating and monitoring all youth employment acti ities in the country. The strength of this ministry is their strong ties to the .=$ sector, which creates opportunities for them to plan programms, together with .=$s, that can ha e an impact at the grassroots le el. The 1inistry of Commerce and Industries The role of this ministry is to work together with the .=$ and pri ate sectors to plan programmes that can assist youth in formulating and de eloping business and production projects. The 1inistry of Education and Culture The role of this ministry is to constantly re iew and when necessary amend the school curricular to accommodate the

needs of youth as they change o er time. They should also promote technology and science subjects with emphasis on gi ing young people practical skills. The 1inistry of !inance 5ecognizing the importance of youth in social and economic de elopment this ministry should allocate ade9uate funds for youth programmes. 't is also essential for other financial institutions to de elop a system of gi ing out loans for youth to establish and manage economic projects. The 1inistry of "griculture The role of this ministry should be to in ol e youth in the agricultural sector by pro iding training programmes for youth using appropriate technology as to increase producti ity. The strength of this ministry is in its potential to reduce the rural to urban migration trend that further e6acerbates the effects of po erty by creating opportunities that can encourage rural youth not to lea e in search of employment. 1inistry of Natural /esources and Tourism The role of this ministry is to de elop training strategies and programmes that can in ol e youth in programs dealing with natural resources and tourism. The strength of this ministry is its capacity to employ youth in en ironmental acti ities that can lead to healthy management of natural resources. The 1edia The media plays a ery important role in using disseminating information that can educate people and make them aware of e6isting youth employment related programmes. The strength of the media is in its ability to reach the masses of people, including those in remote areas. The media should begin to make partnerships with .=$s and arious other sectors of society to promote acti ities related to youth de elopment. Non#government -rganisations+ particularly those that deal $ith youth4 This sector possibly has the largest role to play in increasing employment opportunities among the youth. They should prepare and implement programmes related to the mission and objecti es of the youth de elopment policy and 7ision (0(!. The strength of the .=$ sector is in its ability to target communities at the grassroots le el. They can increase their scope of influence by making partnerships with

international organisations, go ernments, the pri ate sector and media. /eligious Institutions The role of this sector is to reinforce positi e morals within the youth, including the importance of hard work and selfimpro ement and to establish economic projects for youth. The strength of religious institutions is in their ability to ha e a positi e influence on the youth and their families in order to encourage them to work toward economic ad ancement. ,rivate Companies The role of the pri ate sector is to create opportunities for youth employment where er possible. 't is also essential for pri ate companies to work together with the .=$ sector as donors and,or programme de elopment partners to create opportunities for youth to ha e access to training and skills that can increase their chances of gaining employment. The strength of this sector is in skills and knowledge that they ha e that can assist youth in gaining employment. They can utilize this strength by making partnerships with .=$s to create joint entures that can lead to job creation. International)%onor "gencies +ike the pri ate sector, international agencies are in a position to pro ide the capital necessary to implement youth employment programmes at the community le el. They need to use this strength to support the work of .=$s and community organisations. (illage 0overnments The role of illage go ernments should be to assist youth in establishing self-employment projects. The strength of the go ernment at the local le el is in their potential to pro ide opportunities for youth to be employed by utilizing the a ailable resources. 't is necessary for them to encourage and enhance the skills of the youth whene er possible. Youth ?outh must play the role of being acti e participants in their own de elopment. 't is important for youth to seek knowledge regarding their rights and to seize opportunities to use their skills and talents to de elop themsel es economically and thus recognize that they are responsible for contributing to the de elopment of their nation. The strength of young people is in their ability to adapt and learn 9uicklyG in their energy and ability to concei e new and inno ati e

ideas. ;y becoming acti e and informed about their rights they can increase their own opportunities for de elopment. L-C"TI-N: The project will be done in both Tanzania *ainland and Tanzania Eanzibar "in the 1(2 districts of Tanzania. De prefer to use /istricts because it will be easy to reach grassroots le el and to e aluate the programs. ,"/TICI,"NTS: The projects will in ol e all stakeholders but the beneficiary will be young male and female age 1! B )!. ,/-CESS: The project will start by educates youth leaders and ?outh $fficers in the /istrict who will educate others on how to participate in ?E> @ampaign. I1,LE1ENT"TI-N: 7arious stakeholders who will conduction arious seminars,workshops hence to create youth economic groups, youth centres and ocational training at illage le el will implement the project. Note: The economic projects differ from one area to another due to geographical en ironment. /EC-*/SES: 8 ailable resources are :ertile +and, *ining, $cean,+akes, and =ood En ironments The resources need to be raise are capital,financial support,skills and trainingG technical tools and means communication e.g. computers, 'nternet ser ices. 1-NIT-/IN0 "N% E("L*"TI-N The project will be monitored by YES Country Network Coordinating
Committee (entre in ea(h zone# All distri(t offi(ers will su$mit their >month re'ort to <egional offi(er who also summit the re'ort to YES Country Network Coordinating Committee (entre# The %edia (ommittee has res'onsi$ility to sur&eys ea(h distri(ts to make sure the 'ro.e(ts are im'lemented or not# Also we 'lan to star Youth %agazine+ whi(h will $e used to 'u$lish youth 'ro.e(ts within the (ountry# 4n addition we 'lan to form %onitoring and E&aluation Committee+ whi(h will work on that# T!%E !NE The time line for this 'ro.e(t will $e Two years#

,lease see chart at second file