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Ce 479 Masonry 12
Ce 479 Masonry 12
Ce 479 Masonry 12
LIU
MASONRY: Introduction
Topics
History of Masonry Materials Building Elements / History of Masonry (Some photos courtesy of Prof. Richard Klingner) Load-Bearing Buildings Masonry Units CE479 Skip to here, Fall 2012, since we Photos 747 North LaSalle had Ed Gerns Some properties (for design) guest lecture last Friday.
Stone
First masonry crude stack of selected natural stones with earth (soil) packed in between Later, stone masonry units shaped into polygonal or squared units with close-fitting joints Sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstones and limestones) Now, most stonework is a thin non-structural veneer
Sawn Units
Stone
Stone Wall, New Zealand
In use for at least 10,000 years Sun-dried bricks (adobe) used in Babylon, Egypt, Spain, South America, Indian reserves of U.S., etc. By 3000 BC, discovered that baking or firing brick greatly increased strength and durability 1858 introduction of Hoffman kiln, allowed for firing of bricks in continuous process
1866 techniques for making hollow blocks in wooden molds Fairly dry mixture of sand, cement, and water was placed in mold and tamped by hand Modern concrete blocks manufactured by vibrating mixture of portland cement, sand, aggregate in a mold under pressure
Mortars
18th century John Smeaton in England mixed pozzolana with limestone (with high proportion of clayey matter) to produce a durable mortar 19th century portland cement mixed with sand, lime and water to produce a much stronger mortar
Building Elements
Pyramids Walls Columns and Towers Beams or Lintels Arches Vaults and Domes
Pyramids
Walls
Less material than pyramid construction Used for retaining earth, fortification of communities, enclosing buildings
History of Masonry
Trajans Column
Rome,
113 AD
Beams or Lintels
Post-and-lintel construction
Arches
Greater spans are possible with two inclined stone slabs resting against each other to form a primitive arch Corbelled arches
Arches
First true arches about 1400 BC Wedge-shaped stones (voussoirs) arranged to form a semicircle
Arches
Shapes
Parabolic Semi-Circular
Gothic
Cable-Arch Analogy
History of Masonry
History of Masonry
Load-Bearing Buildings
Earliest (Rome) were masonry walls with timber roof with clay tiles First multi-story examples also by Romans
cellular
resistance
History of Masonry
Clay Brick
Concrete Block
Clay Bricks
Three grades: SW, MW, NW (ASTM C62) SW and MW (two grades for hollow brick)
SW
high degree of resistance to frost action even if permeated with water MW moderate degree of weathering resistance
Grade SW required
Also required whenever brick in other than vertical surfaces (i.e. walls) are in contact with soil
Clay Bricks
Available in many sizes based generally on a 4x4 inch module (for an overall 24 x 24 inch planning grid) Nominal dimensions differ from specified dimensions by 3/8 mortar joint
Net cross sectional area between 40 75% of gross cross-sectional area Effect of reduction in area significant enough that net cross-section is used in calculations Larger units
Fewer
Grades N and S Grade N higher strength and resistance to moisture penetration and severe frost action Grade S moderate strength and resistance to frost action and moisture penetration For both grades, two types
Type
I moisture controlled unit; meant to limit shrinkage and cracking Type II not moisture controlled
Mortar - used to bond masonry products together. Composed of portland cement, sand, lime and water. Conforms to ASTM C270. Types M and S are used for exterior use, Types S or N used for interior load-bearing walls. Type O used for nonload-bearing interior walls. Grout - similar to mortar, except used as a filler, especially for vertically-reinforced walls. Specified as either fine-grained or coarse-grained. Conforms to ASTM C476.
Solid or hollow Hollow less than 75% of solid horizontal crosssectional area In practice, hollow blocks used most frequently because of reduced weight, ease of handling, ease of reinforcing, overall economy
Percent
Sizes fit into same modular planning grid (as for clay brick) Typical nominal size of 8x8x16 inch Standard Block Minimum face shell and web thicknesses for loadbearing units
For
example, 1-1/4 in. minimum face thickness and 1 in. minimum for webs for nominal 8 in. unit
Masonry Elements
Single-Wythe Walls Solid and Composite Walls Cavity Walls Veneer Walls Columns and Pilasters Beams and Lintels
Single-Wythe Walls
Two or more closely spaced wythes joined by header units or metal ties (cavity filled with mortar or grout) Can be reinforced
Course of headers
Metal Ties
h
t l
Joint Reinforcement
Cavity Walls
Typically 2 in. apart and connected with metal ties Moisture collected in cavity and diverted by flashing and weep holes to exterior of building Usually inner wythe load-bearing, outer wythe nonload-bearing Lateral loads resisted by bending of both wythes
Joint Reinforcement
Metal Ties
Veneer Walls
Expansion Joints
Columns isolated vertical members Pilaster thickened wall section built integral with the wall, sometimes described as an engaged column Both can be reinforced
Roof beams, floor beams, bond beams, grade beams Bond beams typically located at roof and floor levels and tie the building around perimeter, act as chord members Lintel horizontal beam spanning over a door or window opening All must be reinforced Stirrups for shear may be required
From Masonry Designers Guide, Sixth Edition, The Masonry Society, Boulder, CO, 2010
Compressive Strength of Concrete Masonry Prisms Made with Mortar Type S and Variable Grout Mixes Juan Manuel Salguero Mendizbal, MS Thesis, Brigham Young University
Compression Tests
Strength of prisms higher than that of mortar cubes and lower than masonry units (alone) Weaker mortar expands laterally faster than the masonry unit Masonry confines mortar Vertical tension cracks develop in masonry Note: in grouted concrete masonry, compressive strength of grout shall be equal to or greater than the compressive strength of the concrete masonry units
Wall tests
http://www.thenbs.com/topics/Environment/articles/earthBricks.asp http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleid=382
For design
Treat units as isotropic Compressive behavior Governed by crushing Tensile behavior Bond strength between units and mortar typically controls capacity