Space Tourism Project

SPACE TOURISM- THE SURPRISING NEW INDUSTRY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
RESEARCH CONDUCTED FOR

⇒ Space Tourism- The Surprising New Industry
OBJECTIVE
Major objectives
⇒ To understand how marketing is done for such an expensive space
trip.
⇒ To ascertain the demand for space tourism in India.
⇒ To also come out with some innovative promotion methods
Minor objectives
⇒ To satisfy the curiosity of understanding the space tourism industry
(Aerospace industry).
⇒ Further after understanding the Aerospace industry and thereby
prepare Marketing mix for it.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
⇒ Research Design
The aim of the research was to collect quantitative data only as this
sector is comparatively unknown and would result into superficial responses
if qualitative responses are asked. It was conducted during the period of 19
and 20, October 2006.
Chetana’s H.S College Of Commerce And Economics & Smt. K.C College Of Arts. -1-
⇒ Collection of data
As space trip is a costly activity so it is for High profile people who
have high disposable income, that is why instead of taking any other method
like field survey, E-mails were collected and questionnaire were send to high
profile people so that they could reply in their leisure time.
The research was primary in nature and structured questionnaire was
used as a tool to collect information.
⇒ Sample Design
Respondents were carefully selected and only the people who can
afford space trip were asked to fill the questionnaire
Sample Area : India
Sample Size : 50 (Respondents)
Sample Universe : People from different age group
RESEARCH FINDING
⇒ Over 64% of all respondents rated space development as between '4'
and 5' to mankind.

⇒ Over two thirds (76%) of all respondents had some knowledge
regarding the potential for space tourism, prior to the questionnaire

being send to them.
⇒ The most preferred activity in space is to View Earth and Walk in
Space.
⇒ Most respondents preferred to go for a space trip for about a week
and not just for few hours or days.
⇒ If they get a chance they would like to take more then two trips in
their life time.
⇒ In spite of the craze most people were willing to pay just Rs.16-30
Lakhs for a suborbital space flight which is 35% less than the actual
amount for space trip.
⇒ Price is the most important consideration even more than risk for the
respondents.
⇒ 16% of the respondents were not willing to go to space the main
reason being the risk involved in the space trip.
SUGGESTIONS
⇒ If the space line wants to introduce their services in India then they
will have to adopt distinct marketing strategies. I have suggested two
innovative marketing strategies which will be helpful in marketing
their space trip packages in India: -
 Step to Space
 Lottery Style Contest
⇒ Indian market has huge potential but the space lines would be able to
tap the potential only if they provide their service after the launch of
RLV’s
⇒ The tourists of the space lines are their ambassadors so space lines
should be careful in selecting their tourists.
⇒ The training centers should be developed as tourist spot so that the
people who come there will be stimulated to go for the space trip.
⇒ ‘Step to Space’ method of marketing should be extensively used as it
gets larger portion of population interested in your product.
⇒ According to my research the preferred activity in space is view earth

and walk in space so while designing the space flight the space lines
should ensure that tourists get lot of opportunities for their preferred
activity.
LIMITATIONS FO RESEARCH
⇒ The sample size is of 50 respondents only which is too low to
represent Indian’s demand.
⇒ The respondents are high profile people but there is no proof of them
having high disposable income.
⇒ Since the results have been drawn on the basis of the information
provided by the respondents, chances of response error may have
crept.
⇒ The sample size is taken on judgment basis and is not based on any
scientific formulae
⇒ .there might have been the tendency among the respondents to
amplify or filter their response in the testing condition.
In this chapter I have explained how Space Tourism Industry has evolved,
some explanation on private space tourist we have till now, the phases through which
it will go and current status of this industry.
INTRODUCTION
Space tourism has been envisioned since the '60s when Ehricke and
Hilton published the idea of traveling to space for no other reason than
having fun. Although millions of people worldwide would see a trip into
space as the fulfillment of their lifetimes' dreams and would therefore
subscribe to such an idea instantly, no action was taken by space agencies to
set up adequate opportunities. On the contrary, the men in charge of crewed
space programs frequently see space tourism as "only a flight of fantasy".
The first terrestrial vehicle penetrated the orbit surrounding Earth over
three decades ago, yet since this time space has remained strictly within the
domain of national governments and professional Astronauts. As
government agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) have
traditionally been the only customers for space flight development, research
into other areas has been limited.
However, over the past ten years the concept of the general public
gaining access to space for personal and recreational purposes has
heightened. It is now popular belief that this proposal has left the realms of
science fiction and is rapidly becoming a serious contender for research and
industry resources.
Space tourism encapsulates the notion that paying passengers will

have the opportunity to travel beyond Earth's atmosphere and experience
orbital flights, prolonged stays in rotating space hotels and participate in
research, entertainment and even sport. However, it is important to
emphasize that this concept will necessitate a paradigm shift in how space is
perceived, constituting not only the journey but also forming the destination.
A growth in terrestrial based ancillary services is also anticipated.

These will provide the necessary pre-trip training facilities (including
parabolic and vertical sub-orbit flights), launch sites, space theme parks and
possibly even Virtual Reality simulations. The focus is on opening space to
the public, because it is consider that, more than anything else, space is a
place to go to. It so happens that space is an extremely entertaining place to
go to - as everyone who has been there says. Ultimately space is also the
future of the human race.
Once fully established it has been projected that space tourism will
have an aggregated revenue of between US$ 10 to 20 billion, significant
enough to form a large proportion of the total terrestrial travel and tourism
revenue, which in 1996 amounted to US$ 3.5 trillion. Therefore, it is not
inconceivable that it is which constitutes the driving force behind the
dedication and expectations of those researching and developing space
tourism. Many people find this idea futuristic. But over the past few years a
growing volume of professional work has been done on the subject, and it's
now clear that setting up commercial space tourism services is a realistic
target for business today.
The first steps will just be short sub-orbital flights, like Alan Shepard
made in 1961, since these are easier than getting to orbit. But the technical
know-how to make passenger launch vehicles and orbiting hotel
accommodation is available, and there is enormous unsatisfied demand -
market research analysis (chapter no. 3 page no. 28) has revealed that most
people would like to take a trip to space if it was possible. This gives huge
scope for reducing the cost of space travel by large-scale operation like
airlines. The main obstacle is simply the conservatism of the space industry
as it is today.
PRIVATE SPACE TOURISTS (The first few)

In April 2001, Dennis Tito became the first space
tourist, spending more than a week watching the Earth pass
below him while living aboard the International Space
Station. Floating in zero gravity, listening to opera, Tito
knew that his life's passion was fulfilled. Born in Queens,
New York, Dennis Tito founded Wilshire Associates, an
investment management-consulting firm. The company
integrated computers with engineering and investment
concepts and developed portfolio management tools.
By 1998, Wilshire Associates was the third largest
investment management-consulting firm in U.S.A.
He was followed in 2002 by South African

computer millionaire Mark Shuttleworth. Mark
Richard Shuttleworth is a South African entrepreneur.
As an early space tourist, he was the first African
national in space. He currently lives in London.
Shuttleworth gained worldwide fame on 25 April 2002
as a civilian cosmonaut aboard the Russian Soyuz TM-
34 mission, paying approximately US$ 20 million.
Two days later, the Soyuz spacecraft arrived at the International Space
Station, where he spent eight days participating in experiments related to
AIDS and genome research.
U.S. scientist and entrepreneur Gregory

Olsen became the world's third space tourist on
Sept. 30, 2005 when he successfully launched into
space aboard a Soyuz spacecraft on a 10-day trip to
the International Space Station (ISS) and back. The
flight capped a long road to space for Olsen, who
joins the ranks of Mark Shuttleworth and Dennis
Tito as a fare-paying visitor to the ISS and hopes to
boost public interest in human spaceflight.
Anousheh Ansari became the world’s fourth

space tourist brings more than two decades as a
successful serial entrepreneur to Prodea Systems,
where she serves as chairman. Anousheh is capturing
headlines around the world as the first female private
space explorer. On Sept. 18, 2006 she blasted off for
an eight-day expedition aboard the International
Space Station. Anousheh earned a place in history as
the fourth private explorer to visit space, and the first
astronaut of Iranian descent. While in space, she is
conducting tests of Prodea Systems digital home
technology.
On April 28, 2001, Dennis Tito became the first "fee-paying" space
tourist when he After the Columbia disaster, space tourism on the Russian
Soyuz program was temporarily put on hold, because Soyuz vehicles
became the only available transport to the ISS.
In conjunction with the Federal Space Agency of the Russian

Federation and Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, Space Adventures
facilitated the flights for the world's first private space explorers: Dennis
Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Greg Olsen, Anousheh Ansari and the future
missions of Daisuke Enomoto and Charles Simonyi. The first four
participants paid $20 million (Rs. 90 cr.) each for their 10-day visit to the
ISS.
However, with the retirement of the Shuttle in 2010, the ISS
expedition crew should be transferred exclusively by the Soyuz till the CEV
is available in 2014 or later, leading to an interruption of the availability of
tourist seats on board Soyuz for a few years.
PHASES OF SPACE TOURISM
Like any other business, as space tourism has started now it will
develop progressively. It can be helpful to think of it as going through
several phases. Starting with a relatively small-scale and relatively high-
priced "pioneering phase", the scale of activity will grow and prices will fall
as it matures. Finally it will become a mass-market business, like aviation
today.
Pioneering Phase
The phrase "space adventure travel" has been suggested by Gordon

Woodcock of Boeing, and is a convenient one to describe the first
phase. Customers will be relatively few and prices will be high, Rs.
46, 00, 000 and up; and the service will be nearer to "adventure travel"
than to luxury hotel-style. Orbital accommodation will be safe. Space
tourism industry is actually at this stage now.
Mature Phase
This will see demand growing from few passengers per year to
thousands per year. Tickets to orbit will cost less and flights will
depart from many different airports. Orbital facilities will grow from
being just clusters of pre-fabricated modules to large structures
constructed in orbit for hundreds of guests, permitting a range of
orbital entertainments.
Mass Phase
Ticket prices will fall to the equivalent of a few lakhs of rupees, and
customers will from thousands to lakhs of passengers per year.
Apparently unthinkable to most people in the space industry, even 1
million passengers per year is just 8 hours of aviation. And aviation is
still growing fast at today's level of 1 billion passengers per year. So
there's no reason to suppose that space travel will ever stop growing.
There's certainly no limit to the possible destinations. And the access
to space resources that low cost launch will bring about will ensure
that economic growth needn't end for a few more decades at least.
WHERE IS "SPACE TOURISM" NOW
As of 2006, space tourism is only affordable to wealthy individuals

and corporations, with the Russian space program providing transport. Some
are beginning to favor the term "personal spaceflight" instead, as in the case
of the Personal Spaceflight Federation. Among the primary attractions of
space tourism are the uniqueness of the experience, the thrill and awe of
looking at Earth from space (described by astronauts as extremely intense
and mind-boggling), the experience's notion as an exclusivist status symbol,
and various advantages of weightlessness. The space tourism industry is
being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations, including California,
Oklahoma, New Mexico, Florida, Virginia, Alaska and Wisconsin, as well as
Singapore and the United Arab Emirates.
The Space Transportation Association has formed a Space Travel and

Tourism Division. The first international "space tourism" meeting was held
in Bremen, Germany, in 1997. A continuing series of such meetings will be
conducted by the STA Space Travel and Tourism Division. The first was
held in 1999. The second was held in Washington. D.C., on June 26, 2000,
under the direction of the Head of the Division, Robert L. Haltermann.
More than a half dozen small entrepreneurial companies are working

on obtaining private sector financing for the development of fully reusable
space transportation vehicles.
U.S.A. and Russian companies are offering the opportunity to people

to fly in a high performance aircraft well up into the Earth's atmosphere
where, with appropriate maneuvering, they can experience zero-g.
The U.S.A. "X-Prize Foundation" would not be surprised to see the

first test trips of a new space transportation vehicle, designed to carry two
people to the edge of space, take place within 2-3 years.
U.S.A. Company has joined with a Russian and a German company in

announcing that they intend to design fabricates and installs a 4,000 cubic
foot habitable volume on the International Space Station (ISS). It will be
installed on the Russian section of the ISS, and will be tended by a
cosmonaut.
Another U.S.A. company, with a Russian company, has started an

effort to keep the Russian Mir space station in orbit, and to modify it so that
it can be used as a hotel and research laboratory.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SPACE TOURISM INDUSTRY
The overall space tourism market is very promising, and could

generate revenues in excess of $1 billion per year by 2021;
Suborbital space tourism will generate the largest demand, with the
potential for 15,000 passengers and $700 million in revenues per year by
2021;
Orbital space tourism, while growing more slowly than its suborbital
counterpart, will still have up to 60 passengers and $300 million in revenues
per year by 2021;
In this chapter I have explained all the 7 P’s of marketing namely

Product, Price, Place, People, Physical Evidence, Promotion and Process.
I have also tried to come up with some new promotion methods. I
have developed 2 methods of promotion namely “Step to Space” and
“Lottery Style Contest”.
MARKETING MIX OF SPACE TOURISM
The combination of sub-mixes chosen by a firm is usually called the

marketing mix. The Tourist marketing mix includes different types of sub-
mixes like product, price, promotion and distribution mix. The designing of
sub-mixes is significant as it helps the marketer in conceiving the right
ideas, particularly to raise the acceptability of the tourist product by
stimulating and penetrating the demand. Framing of a proper marketing mix
is significant because it helps the tourist organization in accomplishing the
objective and projecting a fair image.
PRODUCT
The product here is the space tour package which includes training
program, actual space trip, accommodation during the trip and during the
training program since the program’s can stretch from two days to up to six
months depending upon the package, and all meals during the trip and the
training program. The package also includes personalized space suit which a
tourist can keep for himself after the space trip, status in space club and
status as an astronaut.
As of now there are no space hotels so a tourist stays in the
International Space Station* if he goes for an orbital space flight. The stay in
ISS is the part of the package.
There are two packages available for space trip
i) Sub- Orbital Space Flight and;
ii) Orbital Space Flight
 Sub- Orbital Space Flight

Spaceflight is defined as travel through outer space, which is usually
defined as anything higher than 100 km above sea level to coincide with the
Karman line. 100 km was chosen because that is roughly the point where a
vehicle would have to fly faster than orbital speed (which is a function of
altitude) in order to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere
to support itself. So any vehicle that travels higher than 100 km yet slower
than orbital speed is said to be in Sub-orbital spaceflight.
There are no space lines in the world that are providing Sub-Orbital
Space Flight but research is still going on and space lines are busy
developing RLV. Sub-Orbital Space Flight is a four days package. On the
first day orientation program is conducted which includes formal
introduction of the tourist with all the members he will interact with during
the trip. Second and third day he spends at the company’s training centre
where he undergoes rigorous training. And the final days is where he
actually goes for a space trip.
In Sub-Orbital Space Flight a tourist actually spends only five minutes
in space where he experiences weightlessness and can see the curvature of
earth. These are the core benefits for which he goes to the space but this
experience comes at a premium price. The actual price of Sub- Orbital Space
Flight is mentioned in the “Price” marketing mix of space tourism.
Sub- Orbital Space Flight takes only 90 minutes out of which a tourist
spends only 5 minutes in space. But the training program which lasts for 2
days enhances the overall experience. The company makes arrangement for
taking photographs and videos of those special moments which are then
burned into the CD/DVD and given to him at the end of the trip when he
returns to the earth. This kind of arrangement is also a part of package.
In Sub- Orbital Space Flight the major cost is that of training and the
fuel of the jet plane by which he is taken. The company also incurs a heavy
fixed cost in running and maintaining the training facilities, jet plan and the
launch site which adds up to the total cost. A tourist spends major time in the
training program. I have attached the brochure of Sub-Orbital Space Flight
in the annexure.
 Orbital Space Flight

An orbital spaceflight (or orbital flight) is a spaceflight where the
spacecraft enters into orbit, usually meaning Low Earth Orbit. To do this, it
must have an altitude higher than 100 km (that is to say, has entered space),
and a speed higher than orbital speed, which is usually about 7-8 km/s
depending on the altitude.
The expression "orbital spaceflight" is mostly used to distinguish from sub-
orbital spaceflights, which are flights where the spacecraft reaches space but
does not reach speeds fast enough to enter into orbit. The required speed to
"go orbital" (to achieve orbit with known methods) requires at least 9.3 km/s
(18,000 mph), while sub-orbital spacecraft may only fly at about 1.1 km/s to
1.3 km/s (2,500 mph to 3,000 mph).
Orbital Spaceflight is a ten days trip out of which a tourist spends
eight days in the International Space Station and the other two days are
spend in getting there and returning to earth. For the Orbital Spaceflight a
tourist has to undergo rigorous six months training where he is taught about
every important aspect he needs to know before going to the trip. Training is
given at the training centre situated as per the convenience of the space line.
A tourist has to bear the cost of transportation while getting to the training
centre. Accommodation facility, all the meals during the training and the trip
and transportation from the training facility to the launch site are borne by
the space line. During the Orbital Spaceflight communication facility is also
provided so that the tourist can communicate with his family and friends
while on the International Space Station.
The International Space Station (ISS) is a manned research space facility

that is being assembled in orbit around the Earth. It is a joint project
between five space agencies: the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA, United States), the Russian Federal Space Agency
(RKA, Russian Federation), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(JAXA, Japan), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA, Canada) and the
European Space Agency (ESA).
PRICE
When a tourist proposes a space trip, the total cost on his traveling
includes the expenses incurred on transportation, accommodation and
communication.
As of now Space Tourism is a wealthy people’s affair because the

price of the space trip is very high. Such high cost is because the concept of
space tourism is new; huge investments are taking place and Economical
Launch Vehicle are still at its development stage. The tourist is taken to the
space by Jet planes in case of Sub- Orbital Space Flight and Space shuttles
in case of Orbital Space Flight which are not reusable. The fuel requirement
for these vehicles is very high moreover the fuel is also costly and the
maintenance cost of these vehicles is very also very high. Setting up the
infrastructure for the launch site is a complex and costly activity which adds
up to the cost.
During the training program the tourist stays at the training centre for
two days or six months depending upon the package. These training centers
are equipped with high tech modern machines which are very costly and its
maintenance cost is also very high. During this training program various
facilities are also provided to the tourist that adds up to the total cost. In
short training program constitutes major cost in the total cost of package.
At present the cost of space trip package is Rs. 46, 00,000 for Sub-
Orbital Flight and Rs. 90, 00, 00,000 for an Orbital Space Flight. This cost is
justified because of the reasons mentioned in the above paragraph. The
prices are of Space Adventures Ltd., there are some other companies which
are coming up with similar packages but there prices are not available as
they are still developing the packages.
The companies are working hard and investing a huge amount of
money in developing Reusable Launch Vehicle which will considerably
reduce the cost of sub-orbital space flight. A reusable launch system (or
RLV: reusable launch vehicle) is a launch vehicle which is capable of
launching into space more than once. This contrasts with expendable launch
systems, where each launch vehicle is launched once and then discarded.
No true orbital reusable launch system is in use as of August, 2006.
The closest example is the partially reusable Space Shuttle. The orbiter,
which includes the main engines, and the two solid rocket boosters, are
reused after several months of refitting work for each launch. The external
fuel drop tank is discarded.
Orbital RLV’s are thought to provide the possibility of low cost and
highly reliable access to space. However, reusability implies weight
penalties such as reentry shielding and possibly a stronger structure to
survive multiple uses, and given the lack of experience with these vehicles,
the actual costs and reliability are yet to be seen. The current progress in the
field of RLV is given in the chapter no. 5 page no. 46
After the innovation and introduction of the Reusable Launch Vehicle

the cost of Sub-Orbital Space Flight will come down by 30% which will
lead to increase in demand for this service thus space line’s achieving
economies of scale thereby making space flight economically viable for
every person.
PLACE
In many cases the travel agencies have the choice of selection of place
but in case of space tourism the place is out of the world that is the orbit of
the earth. Depending upon the package the tourist is taken to the altitude of
100 Km or 400 Km. Since there is no choice of selection of place the orbit or
sub- orbit is the only choice a tourist has.
In case of sub orbital space flight the tourist spends five minute in
space during which he experiences weightlessness. During the trip all time
he is in the jet plane only which climbs up to the maximum height of 100
km.
The experience of orbital flight is different from that of the sub orbital
space flight. Here the place he visits is the International Space Station (ISS)
which is a kind of achievement for a tourist. He spends entire 8 days on the
ISS which is situated at the altitude of 400 km. above earth’s surface.
The place also includes the training centre where he spends most of
the time during the entire tour. For a person living outside the place of the
training centre that centre will be a tourist destination for him. In short place
includes the training centre, launch area, orbit of the earth and the touch
down area which usually different from the launch area.
PEOPLE
The person who attends to the needs of the tourist forms an essential
element in the tourism marketing. The people involved here in providing
these kinds of services are highly qualified, most of them having a degree in
engineering or aeronautical science.
The tourist normally encounters interaction with the people of the
space line at three times in the entire package. First while seeking the
information on the tour and while booking the ticket a lot of interaction is
done between both the parties. Second time is during the training program
which last for two days or six months depending upon the package. And
third time is during the flight with the pilot.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Tourism Product by itself is tangible in nature
therefore some tangible elements are added to enhance
the experience of the trip. The physical evidence in
Case of a space tour include state of the art
technological equipment used for training the tourist,
CD/DVD’s of photos and Video taken during the trip,
Status in space club as astronaut, personalized space
suite, personalized travel bag, Gold embossed
astronaut lapel and Medal.
PROMOTION
Promotion is the fun part; anything you can do to interest people and
generate a “buzz” around your product is promotion. Normally companies
promote their products by giving advertisements in Newspaper, Television
or put up hoardings. But in case of promoting space trip those methods will
not be viable options as normal public cannot afford space tourism. Space
Adventures is the only operational space line in the world, has adopted
different strategy for promoting their products. They have teamed with
companies which have wealthy clients and organizations which have
wealthy clients to spread the word. The advantage of this kind of promotion
is they have concentration of target audience at one place which makes it
easy to do promotion activity. As of now only rich people can afford space
tourism so it is useless doing promotion activity in public.
I have also tried to come out with innovative idea to promote space
tourism products. I have developed two new methods of promotion. First is
what I call “STEP TO SPACE” and second is “LOTTERY STYLE
CONTEST”.
 STEP TO SPACE
When a tourist goes to space he experiences weightlessness, high
gravitational force while lift-Off (which can go up to 7 G). A tourist can
have this experience only when he goes to space but here in this method of
promotion space lines can also sell individual experience package which
comes at a lesser price that will attract more population and ultimately
stimulate them for the actual space trip. As mentioned earlier there are many
experiences during the space flight so by individual space package I mean a
customer has only Zero-G experience or high gravitational force experience

or space walk experience or see earth curvature from a high altitude. For
example: - In film industry when music of a film releases music companies
show one or two tracks on the television which stimulates public to buy the
cassette or CD.
Similarly in case of space tourism space lines can sell individual
experience packages to stimulate the tourist to go for actual space trip. I
have developed some individual packages for better understanding on this
concept. Some of them are as follows: -
1) Zero- G experience
This package emphasizes on having the experience of weightlessness.
Currently National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have
these kinds of programs but only for their astronauts for training purpose. It
briefly provides a nearly weightless environment in which to train
astronauts, conduct research, and film motion pictures. Versions of this
airplane have been operated by NASA's Reduced Gravity Research Program
since 1973. The airplane makes parabolic flight paths, thus allowing the
occupants to experience weightlessness during the parabola. In general it is
used to train astronauts in zero-g maneuvers, giving them about 25 seconds
of weightlessness out of 65 seconds of flight.
My idea is if space lines
can come up with this kind of
service they will be able to do
two things first attract large
portion of population for this
kind of service and second
stimulate them for actual space
trip.
2) Spacewalk experience
Here virtual space walk experience is created in a swimming pool.
The technical term for this kind of experience is Neutral Buoyancy. NASA
has this kind of facilities also for training their astronauts. Neutral
Buoyancy is a condition in which a physical body's mass equals the mass it
displaces in a surrounding medium. This negates the effect of gravity that
would otherwise cause the object to sink. An object that has neutral
buoyancy will neither sink nor float. Instead it will remain at its current level
in the medium that surrounds it. The principle of neutral buoyancy is used to
simulate the weightless environment of space. Suited astronauts are
weighted in the water by support divers so that they experience no buoyant
force and no rotational moment about their center of mass. The neutral
buoyancy’s tank itself is 202 ft. in length, 102 ft. wide and 40 ft. deep, and
contains 6.2 million gallons of water.
Space line’s can provide this kind of services to give their customer
the experience of spacewalk. And as mentioned earlier this kind of service
will stimulate the customers for actual space trip.
Zero- G and Space walk are some of the individual experience

packages which I have mentioned but there are many more services which
space line’s can develop like for example Edge of the space flight or High-G
program.
 LOTTERY STYLE CONTEST

In India there is lot of craze for lotteries. They can be used very well
as a method of promotion. So I have developed a promotion strategy which
uses lottery as a tool for promotion. I call it as “Lottery Style Contest”.
Under this method of promotion space lines outsource the work of selling
lottery ticket to the public to outside agencies. In normal lottery tickets prize
in given in monetary terms but here the prize will be space trip. Lottery
Style Contest will do two things
i) It will give people who don’t have the financial mean to look
at the product like this as a chance to go to space and;
ii) It gets larger portion of population interested in your product.
Here what exactly happens is you sell lottery ticket for Rs. 200,
Rs.500 or Rs. 1000 customers have to select numbers from 1 to 50 (like
what we have in super lotto) and then at the end of the week a draw will be
conducted those whose all the six numbers match win a bumper prize of
Sub- Orbital space flight. Others also stand a chance to win weekly prize of
individual experience package like zero- G flight, spacewalk experience,
Edge of the space flight or High-G program.
One of the most important advantage of this method of promotion is it
will help space lines collecting database of the interested customers. The
database can be easily collected while issuing lottery ticket. When customers
come to buy the lottery tickets you know that they are interested in space
tourism so you can request them to fill up a form asking for their profile.
This profile can be profitably used by the space lines later on for the follow
up purpose. In this method instead of space lines searching for interested
customers the customers themselves will be automatically attracted toward
Lottery Contest.
PROCESS
The process is a bit lengthy one since space tour is a complex service.
A tourist has to go through many processes which are as follows: -
1. Tourist needs to have the finances in order.
2. they need to have an idea of what are the objectives of their
flight (activities are very precisely scheduled/arranged)

3. They need to have any equipment they are taking certified for
spaceflight (some people have done scientific experiments,
photography, etc.)
4. They need to have made the personal arrangements to dedicate
the time for training ( roughly 6 months or 2 days depending

upon the package)
5. They need to be prepared to accept the training initiatives
(billionaires are usually not accustomed to taking

orders/instruction)
6. They need to be in good physical shape
7. They need to learn Russian (as the mission control of the only
operational space line “Space Adventure” is in Russia).
It is very important to conduct a survey before launching a new product to

ascertain it demand. As it is within the scope of my project, I took the
opportunity to conduct a research to ascertain the demand and to find out
some other important variables.
MARKET SURVEY ON DEMAND FOR SPACE

TOURISM
Before launching any product or service it is very important to
ascertain demand for that product or service, for which a proper market
study has to be done. There are many researches conducted world wide but
none of them have been done in India, as it is within the scope of my project
and very important part of my project, I took the opportunity to conduct a
market study on a very small scale (due to lack of time and finance) to
ascertain the demand for this kind of service in India.
While it can be assumed that demand for space tourism will

undoubtedly exist, the astronomical research and development costs
necessitate this assumption to be unequivocally substantiated. In an attempt
to satisfy this requirement, a forecast of the potential demand for space
tourism on a national scale has to be done.
1) METHODOLOGY
The primary task of this research is to quantify, in real terms, the

potential demand for space tourism within the India.
1.1) Primary research methodology
To satisfy the requirements of this investigation, primary research in

the form of a survey was undertaken. The purpose of the research was to
collect quantitative data (numerical) only, with the intentional desire not to
obtain qualitative information (opinions and perceptions). The rationale
behind this decision was that space tourism as a concept is highly
contemporary and comparatively unknown. Therefore, I concluded that

questions requesting qualitative information would return in the majority,
negative or superficial responses.
1.2) Survey Methodology
The survey was done on a national scale and people from different
states of India were asked a set of questions (see the questionnaire below)
though the numbers of participant were very less. This is due two reasons
first high profile of people were required as participants for this survey
which were difficult to find second reason was lack of time.
As space tour is costly affair the kind of participants required for this
survey will be people with high profile people i.e. people with high
disposable income (at least more than 1 crore). I had 50 participants for the
survey from across the India.
As internet is the cheapest and the fastest mode of communication I

used E-mail to send the questionnaire to the participants to get it filled. With
the use of E-mail my survey was completed within two weeks.
1.3) Potential Area of Sampling Error
Though the survey was conducted properly there can be some

potential sampling errors. As mentioned earlier I had 50 high profile
participants for collecting the sample but there is no proof stating their
disposable income and it is not right to ask any one his disposable income
for the purpose of filling up a questionnaire. But their status was judged on
the basis of their business, life style and the properties acquired.
2) RESULT ANALYSIS
2.1) SPACE TOURISM INTEREST AND AWARENESS
⇒ The prevalent market interest towards space and the extent to which it is
held with esteem could be perceived as a major ancillary factor affecting

the potential demand for space tourism. Therefore, it was deemed
essential to gain an awareness of the importance the respondents placed
on space development. Survey question 1 (See Questionnaire) requested
respondents to rank on the scale of 1 to 5 the importance of development
of space
⇒ Over 64% of all respondents rated space development as between '4' and
5' to mankind. This clearly demonstrates a significant interest in the

phenomenon of space development.
Ranking for SpaceDevelopmentbyRespondents

12%
30% 8%
Rank 1
Rank 2
Rank 3
16%
Rank 4
Rank 5
34%
⇒ Following on from survey question 1, where space development has been
shown to be of importance to a significant proportion of the participants.
Survey question 2 (See Questionnaire) demonstrates the extent to which

the population is aware of the possibility that space could become a
potential holiday destination. Over two thirds (76%) of all respondents
had some knowledge regarding the potential for space tourism, prior to
the questionnaire being send to them.
⇒ No surprise as 70% of the respondents said yes for question 3 (See
Questionnaire), but 16% were not interested and 24% could be the
potential tourist to space.
Percentage of respondents interested in

traveling to space
24%
Yes
16%
NotInterested
May be
70%
2.2) THE 'MOTIVATORS' OF SPACE TOURISM
The figure below shows the activities the respondents would prefer
during a space trip. It is notable that all market surveys done in other
countries also came to the same result; the simplest thing to do in space is
also the most preferred one - looking at earth. The other activities like, have
fun in zero-G, could be realized without great expense as well.
Sufficient opportunities for each space tourist to look at earth will be

more essential. That is, an adequate number of windows and an attractive
flight profile (e.g. highly inclined orbit) to see as much as possible of the
earth would be highly recommended.
100
90 Viewearth
80
Walk in space
70
60 Be Weightless
Percentage
50 42
38 Look deeper into space
40
30 24 Scientific
16 experimentations
20 14 12 Re- entry
10
0
Prefered Activities During a Space Trip
Despite of cultural differences between Asian, European, American and now

Indian people, the similarity of the four survey results is striking. This will
be favorable for space tourism's operation, because no specific offers have to
be taken into account concerning the origin of passengers.
2.3) TIME
The Figure below shows the length of a space trip as preferred by the
respondents. Obviously a substantial majority would prefer to go to space
for several days, one week or more. No greater variety between the markets
surveys exist as well. So it is reasonable to conclude that, as long as no

orbital hotel exists enabling people to stay a few days in space, the demand
for space tourism will not reach its full potential. This could become one of
the most serious problems for the initial phase of space tourism's operation.
As far as I can imagine, the first years of space tourism service will be
dominated by short trips into low earth orbit.
PreferredLenghtof theSpaceTrip
100
90
80
70
Percentage
60 Fewhours
50 2-3days
40
40 34 oneweek
30 Several weeks.
20
20
10 6
0
2.4) NUMBER OF TRIPS

Survey Question 6 (See Questionnaire) seeks to attain the number of
trips people would like to take irrespective of current or future price. The
people who can afford space tourism are few so if they would like to go for
more than one time this would be an advantage for the space lines as they
can have more trips for few people and concentrate easily on target
audience. The diagram below shows the required information.
Preffered Number of trips
100
80
Percentage
60 One
46
38
40
Two
20 16
More then
0
One Two More then Two
Two
2.5) COST
⇒ Survey question 7a, 7b and 8 (See Questionnaire) attempted to identify
an amount which the respondents would be prepared to forfeit in return

for the opportunity to travel into space.
⇒ Question 7a. Asks respondents for their willingness to go for an orbital
space flight at current price of Rs. 90 crores, but none of the respondents
were willing to pay that price.
⇒ Similarly question 7b. Asks respondents for their willingness to go for a
Sub- orbital space flight at current price of Rs. 46 lakhs, only 4% of the
respondents were willing to pay that price for a Sub- orbital space flight.
⇒ Survey Question 8 (See Questionnaire) asked respondents to mention a
price they would be willing to pay for a Sub- orbital space flight.
AmountRespondents areWillingto Payfor

aSub- Orbital SpaceFlight
31-45Lakh
16%
5-15Lakhs
38%
16-30Lakhs
46%
⇒ Survey Question 9 (See Questionnaire) is to depict whether chances of
number of trips of the respondents increases with decrease in price. 50%

of the respondents were willing to go for more then one time with the
decrease in price.
2.6) RANKING IMPORTANT FACTORS

Survey Question 10 (See Questionnaire) aims at discovering factors
which are given importance by the tourist for the space tour. There are four
important factors identified by me namely price, risk, space line (Travel
Agency) and amenities provided. Respondents were asked to arrange these
factors in the order of their importance.
For 38% of the respondents price is the most important factor to be
considers for space trip. Whereas risk is the second most important factor as
it was considered by 32% of the respondents. Amenities provided and space

lines were important for 26% and 4% of the respondents respectively.
Preffered Factors in a Space Tour
100
90
80
70
Price
Percentage
60
50 Risk
40 38
32
30 26 Space Line
20
10 4 Amenities Provided
0
Price Risk Space Amenities
Line Provided
2.7) RESPONDENT REASONS FOR NOT WANTING TO

UNDERTAKE SPACE TOUR
16% of all respondents stated that if space tourism became a reality

they would not wish to experience it. Survey question 11 (See
Questionnaire) aimed at discovering the reasons why these respondents
would not wish to undertake space tourism. The results from this are
illustrated in Figure below.
The primary reason (50%) which respondents stated for not wanting to travel
to space was 'risk'. Safety is an issue which is at the core of space tourism
and only once reliability has been improved to similar standards as provided
by general aviation will it be possible for mass space tourism to develop. If

this does occur, then it is possible that those respondents, who stated that
they would not want to undertake space due to the perceived risk, will do so
and increase the overall demand.
The other reasons stated were 'not interested' (12.5%), ‘too expensive' (25
%) and ‘health problems’ (12.5%)
Reasons for notwantingto go for SpaceTourism
100
90
80
70
60
Percentage
50 Too expensive
50 Risk
40 Health problems
30 25 Not interested
20 12.5 12.5
10
0
Space is not a natural habitat of human being, therefore health and human
factors has to be considered during a space trip. In this chapter I have covered the
principle health requirements of a space tourist and the health risk associated with
a space trip.
HUMAN FACTORS AND HEALTH IN SPACE TOURISM

The potential market for space tourism and its development depends
not only on the number of people who are willing to travel to space and who
have also the money to do so but also on the physical and mental ability for
space travel of the interested people.
Thus, human health with respect to space tourism and human factors
influencing the number of people interested in space travel will be
addressed. Starting with the principle health requirements for space tourists
in terms of fitness and age, the potential health risks will be described and
evaluated.
The analysis and discussion shows that the majority of the people who
are interested in space travel will be able to enjoy their trip providing that
the whole space tourism infrastructure (transportation system and space
hotels) is designed properly. Potential health risks associated with space
tourism are not more severe as for comparable tourist activities.
6.1) Principle Health Requirements for Space Tourists
When the first humans traveled into space in the early sixties, these
men and women were carefully selected on their resistance to extreme
physical and mental strain. This selection process was necessary because the
first rockets carrying humans to space where not designed specifically for
this purpose but derived from ballistic missiles developed for a quite
different purpose. Maximum acceleration, for example, was the military
requirement not its limitation to protect the humans on board from excessive
G-loads. In addition, nobody knew about the real strain an astronaut or
cosmonaut had to take before the first human flights had been conducted.
Furthermore, the humans on board the first capsules had to be able to pilot
their "spaceship" back to Earth, at least in case of emergencies. In the result,
astronauts and cosmonauts were selected from the best air force pilots who
had the manual skills, physical constitution, stress tolerance and health
needed for the job.
With the advent of the space shuttle, the physical requirements for
human space flight dropped with the reduction of G-loads but the
psychological and educational requirements remained on a high level or
even increased. The latter is connected to the longer stay times in orbit and
the introduction of the "mission specialist" who not longer had to be able to
pilot the spacecraft but to conduct complex research work on board the
shuttle.
Even if the necessary level of skills and stress tolerance are lower then
the actual performance of the astronauts and mission specialists, it is clear,
that it still makes sense to select the most capable humans for the tasks in
order to obtain a maximum probability of mission success. This is especially
true with respect to the still tremendous cost of human space flight.
With the introduction of space tourism the described picture will

change. Space tourists can be compared to flight passengers regarding the
minimum requirements for safe transportation. They don't have to be able to
pilot the vehicle or to perform complex tasks on board. This means, that any
human may go to space providing that he/she is physically and mentally
healthy enough to go and come back with a minimum risk to be hurt. A large
percentage of the terrestrial population fulfils these minimum criteria,
because a spaceship specifically designed for tourists can be limited to less

than 3G's maximum acceleration and by thoroughly preparation of the
tourists other physiological or psychological problems can be avoided.
6.2) Space Tourism and Age
As already stated, there is no principle reason which prevents any

healthy human from going to space as a tourist. Thus, there is also not
general upper limit for the age. As the astronaut John Glenn recently has
proven, even an age in the late seventies may not cause a problem if the
person has sufficient physical fitness.
On the lower end of the age scale the limit will be oriented at the
ability of the persons to follow strict safety rules and to use the technology
associated with space flight, e.g. using a space suit in case of emergencies.
This will prevent children below a certain age and body size to go to orbit.
6.3) Preparation for Space Travel
Since space is a totally unusual environment for humans, it is clear,

that space tourists have to be prepared for their journey. The tourists must
become familiar with the technical equipment on board the transportation
systems and the orbital hotel. They also must be prepared for the experience
of micro-gravity in terms of motion, perception and three-dimensional
orientation. Most of this preparation should be aimed to avoid unnecessary
stress as well as potentially risky situations imposed by unsafe behavior. For
this proper training program should be conducted.
6.4) Health Risks of Space Travel
Even the best training for the space tourists can not avoid health risks
which are associated to the nature of space and which are therefore
inherently present.
The inherent risks are associated with three characteristics of the

space environment:
o Vacuum
o Micro-gravity
o High energy radiation
6.4.1) Risks Associated With the Space Vacuum
Since a spacecraft, a space hotel or a space suit will be designed for

operation in vacuum, the remaining risk is that of an accidental major
structural damage in the outer shell of the spacecraft space hotel or space
suit. The possibility for such damage comes from micro meteorites and
space debris. Since all larger pieces of space debris are tracked and the
smaller ones are unlikely to cause a damage, which can't be controlled, the
associated risk can be compared with that in other human activities
performed in a hostile environment such as diving.
6.4.2) Radiation Imposed Risks
A major health risk for space tourists as for every human going to
orbit is the exposure to high-energy radiation. To evaluate this risk the types
of radiation have to be discussed, which are explained in detail in the

following paragraph.
6.4.3) Existing Radiation
For the radiation load in orbit the following types of hard radiation are
of importance:
• Solar Cosmic Radiation - (SCR)

• Solar Flares
• Galactic Cosmic Radiation - (GCR)
SCR consists to 99% of protons and 1% a-particles. The particle

energies are in the order of 1 keV, the flux density in the vicinity of Earth
amounts between 0.09 and 2.0¥109/cm2s depending on solar activity.
Solar Flares happen statistically and last between one and five days.
The particle flux from a solar flare consists to 89% of fast protons with
energies of >30 MeV. 10% are a-particles and 1% is particles with high
charge numbers and high energies (HZE-particles) of 10 to 100 MeV, partly
up to 1 GeV. At solar maximum, which occurs every 11 years, the
probability of solar flares increases significantly.
GCR consists of high-energy particles from outside our solar system.

The flux density of about 10 particles/cm2s is much lower than that of the
SCR but it is almost impossible to shield these particles. 85% of the GCR
are protons, 14% are a-particles and the remaining are HZE-particles,
positrons and electrons which are traveling almost with the speed of light.
The energies are about 10 GeV average, but a spectrum of 0.1 GeV to 1011
GeV has been measured. In the space station orbit about 5 to 10% of the
radiation is GCR. This portion of the radiation is called "background
radiation".
6.5) Radiation Protection Requirements
Personnel and guests of a space hotel must be protected from the

background radiation as well as from short duration radiation events of high
intensity like solar flares.
The radiation shielding of the outer skin of the hotel depends strongly
on the kind of material and the mass per area of the skin. An outer surface of
material with a low nucleon number such as hydrogen combined with an
inner layer of a high nucleon number material (e.g. lead) represents a
favorable design. Current spacecraft and space stations (Space Shuttle, MIR)
provide a shield of 30g/cm2. A state of the art space suit provides only
3g/cm2. Therefore, EVA activities of space tourists should be very limited
and only conducted during phases of low radiation intensity.
6.6) Risk from Space Debris
Space debris or orbital debris, also called space junk and space waste,
are the objects in orbit around Earth created by humans that no longer serve
any useful purpose. They consist of everything from entire spent rocket
stages and defunct satellites to explosion fragments, paint flakes, dust and
slag from solid rocket motors, coolant released by RORSAT nuclear
powered satellites, even deliberate insertion of small needles, and other
small particles.
Space lines are aware of the devastating effect of the space debris and
therefore they are designing their vehicles such that they can take the impact
of the debris and keep the tourist safe.
In this chapter I have explained what factors determine the future of

space tourism and the developments that are taking place to make it affordable
more interesting
FUTURE OF SPACE TOURISM

What I mean by Future of space tourism is that what factors will
determine the success of this industry and how much time it will take.
Success cannot be achieved overnight various factors contribute over a
period of time to attain success. For better understanding we can take the
best example of Aviation Industry. In aviation industry few factors
contributed a lot in its success over a period of time same is in the case of
Aerospace Industry. Therefore in this chapter I will concentrate on four
factors which I think are important in determining the future of space
tourism. Those Four factors are as follows.
i) Demand;
ii) Cost;
iii) Safety;
iv) Development of infrastructure.
5.1) FUTURE DEMAND

Demand is the most important factor for any industry; same is in the
case of aerospace industry. It is useless proving service to the public if there
is no enthusiasm and interest among them. Demand for space tourism
undoubtedly exists as we have seen in the earlier chapter where I did a
market survey and analyzed the result. Well my market survey was limited
to India only but market surveys are done in other country also namely
Japan, Germany, Canada and U.S.A. below is a chart which shows demand
for space tourism in various countries
% of respondents interested in travelling to space

by Country
100
90
80 70 70 India
70 61
Percentage
60 Germany
50 43 U.S.A & Can.
40
Japan
30
20
10
0
India Gemany U.S.A & Japan
Can.
Name of the Countries
As we can see from the above chart large portion of respondents from
four different countries are interested in space tourism. But the above
demand is irrespective of the price. Actually demand largely dependents on
two factors cost and safety. At present cost is very high and safety is also a
concern, therefore actual customers are very less. If safety can be improved
and cost can be reduced then there is lot of potential among the population
around the world.
5.2) FUTURE COST

Cost is the major determinant of demand. My research shows that
demand can increase up to 94% if the cost decreases. Initial progress is
going on and huge investments are taking place therefore cost is very high
and is affordable by super rich peoples only. As the cost is very high middle
income and high income people from where major demand comes from are
not able to afford it. So if the cost could come down aerospace industry will
flourish. One of the major reason of the high cost is the launch vehicle.
Many companies in this industry are working hard and investing a lot of
money to develop a vehicle which can bring down the cost. The technical
name for that vehicle is REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE. Development of
Reusable Launch Vehicle is very important as it will decide the future of this
industry.
5.2.1) REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE

A reusable launch system (or RLV: reusable launch vehicle) is a
launch vehicle which is capable of launching into space more than once.
This contrasts with expendable launch systems, where each launch vehicle is
launched once and then discarded.
No true orbital reusable launch system is in use as of August, 2006.
The closest example is the partially reusable Space Shuttle. The orbiter,
which includes the main engines, and the two solid rocket boosters, are
reused after several months of refitting work for each launch. The external
fuel drop tank is discarded.
Orbital RLVs are thought to provide the possibility of low cost and
highly reliable access to space. However, reusability implies weight
penalties such as reentry shielding and possibly a stronger structure to
survive multiple uses, and given the lack of experience with these vehicles,
the actual costs and reliability are yet to be seen.
5.2.1.1) HISTORY
As usual, science fiction preceded science fact in this area. In the early
1950s popular science fiction often depicted space launch vehicles as either
single-stage reusable rocket ships which could launch and land vertically, or
single-stage reusable rocket planes which could launch and land
horizontally.
The realities of early engine technology with low specific impulse or
insufficient thrust-to-weight ratio to escape our gravity well, compounded by
construction materials without adequate performance and low weight
seemingly rendered that original single-stage reusable vehicle vision
impossible.
The late 1960s saw the start of the Space Shuttle design process. From
an initial multitude of ideas a two-stage reusable VTHL design was pushed
forward. That eventually ended up as a reusable orbiter with an expendable
drop tank and reusable solid rocket boosters to reduce design expenses.
Eventually the Shuttle was found to be expensive to maintain, even
more expensive than an expendable launch system would have been. The
cancellation of a Shuttle-Centaur rocket after the loss of Challenger also
caused a hiatus that would make it necessary for the United States military
to scramble back towards expendables to launch their payloads. Many
commercial satellite customers had switched to expendables even before
that, due to unresponsiveness to customer concerns by the Shuttle launch
system.
Against the dire backdrop came the Ansari X Prize contest, inspired
by the aviation contests made in the early 20th century. Many private
competitors disputed the Ansari X Prize, the winner being Scaled
Composites with their reusable HTHL Spaceship One. It won the ten million
dollars, by reaching 100 kilometers in altitude twice in a two week period

with the equivalent of three people on board, with no more than ten percent
of the non-fuel weight of the spacecraft replaced between flights. While
Spaceship One is suborbital like the X-15, some hope the private sector can
eventually develop reusable orbital vehicles given enough incentive. SpaceX
is a recent player in the private launch market which has partially reusable
vehicles.
5.2.1.2) REUSABILITY CONCEPTS
Single Stage
Single stage to orbit requires very lightweight structures, high efficiency
engines and usually implies small margins.
Two or more stages to orbit

Two stages to orbit require designing and building two independent
vehicles and dealing with the interactions between them at launch. Usually
the second stage in launch vehicle is 5-10 times smaller than the first stage,
although in bimese and trimese approaches each vehicle is the same size.
In addition, the first stage needs to be returned to the launch site for it
to be reused. This is usually proposed to be done by flying a compromise
trajectory that keeps the first stage above or close to the launch site at all
times, or by using small air breathing engines to fly the vehicle back, or by
recovering the first stage downrange and returning it some other way (often
landing in the Sea, and returning it by ship.) Most techniques involve some
performance penalty; these can require the first stage to be several times
larger for the same payload, although for recovery from downrange these
penalties may be small.
Horizontal landing
In this case the vehicle requires wings and undercarriage (unless
landing at sea). This typically requires about 9-12% of the vehicle to be
wings.
Hydrogen fuel
Hydrogen is often proposed since it has the highest exhaust velocity.
However tankage and pump weights are high due to insulation and low
propellant density; and this wipes out much of the advantage. Still, the 'wet
mass' of a hydrogen fuelled stage is lighter than an equivalent dense stage
with the same payload and this can permit usage of wings, and is good for
second stages.
5.2.1.3) DEVELOPMENT OF RLV’S

There are many space lines which are developing RLVs. I have two
agencies which are developing RLVs and have given some description on
their vehicles.
Hopper (spacecraft)
Hopper was a proposed European Space Agency orbital craft
advanced concept. The advanced studies were somewhat supported by the
EADS Phoenix flight test project.
Hopper was advertised to be more economical than today's space
vehicles and even reliable for manned space operations. In the first few
decades of the 21st century, it might have been the first independent manned
European non-military attempt at space operations and could have been an
important part of the ISS project. At the time it was studied, it was
anticipated that the production craft would enter use between 2015 and
2020. Hopper was to be launched on a futuristic 4 km magnetic track which
would have accelerated it to launch speed, providing far cheaper access to
space than the current launcher.
C-21 Spacecraft
The C-21 (Cosmopolis XXI) Aerospace System consists of a carrier
aircraft, the M-55X, and a manned rocket module. This spacecraft is being
developed by Space Adventures Ltd. the C-21. The module is a lifting body
Reusable Launch Vehicle built around a 3-seat passenger capsule. It also
includes an engine unit and an equipment compartment with rescue and
environmental control / life support systems.
The rocket module is mounted on top of the M-55 "Geophysika"

carrier aircraft. A connection between the carrier and the rocket module
provides information on status and efficiency control of all rocket module
systems before take off and separation.
The carrier aircraft with the C-21 attached will reach an altitude of 17
kilometers (10.5 miles), and then gather speed to perform a vertical climb
maneuver. Once the altitude reaches 20 kilometers, and the trajectory angle
reaches 40-60 degrees to the horizon, the locks are disengaged and the
rocket module begins to separate from the M-55X. As soon as a safe
distance from the carrier aircraft is reached, the C-21's rocket engine is
ignited automatically. The rocket module then climbs steadily under rocket
power, on a gradual trajectory up to maximum altitude, around 100

kilometers (62 miles). Once the rocket engine burns out, it separates from
the crew compartment. The C-21 then continues to gain altitude as it passes
through Suborbital space.
During the descent phase back to Earth, control surfaces are extended
for optimal aerodynamic performance. The landing is divided into the glide-
phase and the final parachute-assisted touch down.
5.3) SAFETY
There is one very important provision to all the foregoing, namely that
the demand for space tourism services will be critically dependent on one
particular factor: The entire service will clearly have to be demonstrably safe
both in the perception of potential customers, and in order for insurance
companies to be prepared to underwrite the risk of accidents. Such safety
requires assurance on three different aspects of the operation:
1. The vehicle and facilities will have to be safe;
2. There will have to be no significant health risks; and
3. The probability of damage from collisions with other spacecraft or
debris will have to be insignificant.
This will require the vehicles and facilities to be inherently safe

against mechanical failures, as proven by the prior performance of a very
extensive flight test program to civil aviation standards. In addition, the
achievement of adequate safety levels will require the permanent availability
of comprehensive safety and rescue facilities and vehicles. This will require
further research on the biological effects of space flight, both short-term and
long-term, and the provision of storm-shelters against solar flare particles.

This will require further research in quantifying the risks of collisions with
orbital debris, and the use of appropriate levels of design safety. It is also
possible that international legal agreements concerning orbital traffic
systems may become desirable in order to reduce the risk of collisions
between spacecraft to an acceptable level.
Due to privacy reasons I could not get the information on safety

measures that will be adopted in future by the space lines and changes that
are been made on the design of the vehicle to take the impact of the debris.
5.4) DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Many space lines are developing infrastructure for their training
centre. These spaceports will do two things, Firstly it will be used for
training purpose; secondly it will be a major tourist attraction. Space
Adventures Ltd which is the only operational space line in the world is
developing a spaceport in Singapore.
5.4.1) Singapore Spaceport

Space Adventures has proposed a USD$115 million spaceport to be
located in Singapore, near Singapore Changi Airport. This spaceport will
service the Space Adventures Explorer suborbital tourist rocket plane. It will
also provide astronaut training facilities and a public education and
interactive visitor centre. The spaceport is licensed by the Civil Aviation
Authority of Singapore (CAAS). The estimated completion date of the
spaceport is 2009. Sites in Australia, the Bahamas, Florida, Japan, Malaysia,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Singapore and Dubai in the United Arab
Emirates were considered. After a year-long selection process, the sites in
Singapore and Dubai were chosen. One key difference between the two
proposed spaceports is that while the Dubai spaceport will be mainly a
launch pad for sub-orbital space flights, the Singapore spaceport will have
much more facilities.
Planned facilities
The planned attractions in the Singapore Spaceport are far more numerous.
They include:
o Sub-orbital Space Flights that will blast passengers out of Earth's
atmosphere to an altitude of 100 km so they can enjoy about five

minutes of weightlessness. An entire flight will take about 90 minutes.
There will be a four-day training programmed before the flight. The
entire experience is estimated to cost US$102, 00.
o Parabolic Flights. These flights at an estimated US$10,000 produce
the experience of weightlessness in an aircraft without going into

space.
o Flights in the Aero L-39 Albatros, a high-performance jet trainer
aircraft.
o A four-day space camp for children.
o For adults, a full-day astronaut experience that will include a spin in
a centrifuge to simulate a high-gravity environment, astronaut meals

and a stint in a hypobaric (low-pressure) chamber to simulate
performing repairs on damaged spacecraft in orbit.
The entire complex will be spread over 17,000 m² of floor area on a

1.8 ha site. It is expected to generate about $3 billion in economic benefits
over 10 years. It hopes to attract more than half-a-million visitors a year
from the region within two-and-a-half years of opening. he estimated
minimum cost of US$115 million will be partially funded by the private
sector, undisclosed Singapore sources, as well Space Adventures’ global
spaceport development partner, His Highness Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al
Qasimi, Crown Prince of Ras Al-Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates. The
consortium supporting Spaceport Singapore includes Octtane Pte, Batey Pte
Ltd., Lyon Capital Inc., DP Architects, ST Medical and KPMG Corporate
Finance.
5.4.2) Space Hotels

American motel tycoon Robert Bigelow has acquired the designs for
inflatable space habitats from the Transhab program abandoned by NASA.
His company, Bigelow Aerospace already launched the first inflatable
habitat module named Genesis I in 2006 and is currently planning to launch

a prototype space station module by late 2008, and plans to officially launch
the first commercial space station by 2010 (tagged Nautilus) which will have
330 cubic meters (almost as big as the ISS's 425 cubic meters of usable
volume).
Bigelow Aerospace is currently offering the America's Space Prize, a
$50 million prize to the first US Company to create a reusable spacecraft
capable of carrying passengers to a Nautilus space station.
Other companies have also expressed interest in constructing "space
hotels". For example, Virgin's Richard Branson has expressed his hope for
the construction of a space hotel within his lifetime. Hilton International
announced the Space Islands Project, a plan to connect together used Space
Shuttle fuel tanks, each the diameter of a Boeing 747 aircraft; British
Airways has expressed interest in the venture.
There are some half a dozen space lines in this Industry but some space
lines have contributed a lot in development of space tourism so I thought it is
important to mention their contribution in my project.
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS TOWARDS SPACE TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT
There are many private companies and non-profit organizations which
have made special contribution towards space tourism developments. To
name a few Space Adventures Ltd, Rocketplane Kistler, Planet Space, X-
Price Foundation (a non- profit organization) and many others. But for my
project I have selected Two companies to give details on, as I don’t want to
make my project too lengthy for the hake of it and the companies which I
have selected have made special contribution toward development of space
tourism. The two companies are Space Adventures Ltd. and X- Prize
Foundation.
SPACE ADVENTURES
Space Adventures Ltd. is an Arlington, Virginia, USA-based space tourism
company founded in 1998, best known for sending paying tourists to the
International Space Station (ISS). Space Adventures is currently the only
operating spaceline in the world delivering the public opportunities to
experience space today. The President and CEO of Space Adventures, Ltd. is
Eric Anderson,
⇒ Programs They Offer
1. Orbital Flights — Space Adventures is the only company to have
launched clients to the International Space Station, and has the only
commercial orbital space flight opportunities available today
2. Suborbital Flights — Space Adventures is developing a passenger
suborbital space program, with licensed passenger flights to launch in

the 2007-2008 time frames.
3. Spaceflight Training — Space Adventures offers a variety of training
experiences that can either be booked together as part of a

qualification program.
⇒ Background
In May 2001, it sent American businessman Dennis Tito to the ISS

aboard a Russian Aviation and Space Agency Soyuz spacecraft for a reported
$20 million payment, making him the first space tourist in history. South
African businessman Mark Shuttleworth did the same in April 2002.
On December 16, 2003, the company announced a contract with two
unnamed American individuals, who agreed to pay $20 million each to make
similar trips in 2004 and 2005. In fact, the third flight only took place on
October 1, 2005, with the launch of Gregory Olsen, and it is assumed that
Olsen was one of these two individuals. A flight is on offer with two tourists
and one pilot, the SA-1, also to the ISS.
On November 3, 2005, Space Adventures announced that their next
client would be Japanese entrepreneur Daisuke "Dice-K" Enomoto.
However, on 21 August 2006, a Russian Federal Space Agency spokesman
announced that Enomoto was "deemed not ready to fly for exclusively
medical reasons"; although he hinted that Enomoto might recover and join a
later mission. His replacement on this particular flight was Iranian-American
businesswoman Anousheh Ansari.
⇒ Circumlunar Flights
On August 10, 2005, the company announced a project named Deep

Space Expeditions Alpha to send people around the Moon. A 5 1/2 day lunar
flight could happen in 2008 or 2009, and cost about $100 million per person.
⇒ Additional Development
Space Adventures has entered into an agreement with the Russian

Federal Space Agency to further develop the C-21 design into the Explorer.
It has also entered into an agreement with Prodea, backers of the Ansari X-
Prize to develop spaceports in the United Arab Emirates (Ras Al Khaimah
spaceport) and Singapore (Singapore spaceport). On April 3, 2006, it was
reported that a UAE entrepreneur is paying more than $100,000 to go on the
first suborbital flight.
X-PRIZE FOUNDATION
The X PRIZE Foundation is a not-for-profit education organization

using competitions to create innovative breakthroughs in space and related
technologies for the benefit of mankind. On October 4, 2004, the X PRIZE
captured world headlines when Mojave Aerospace led by Burt Rutan and
Paul Allen built and flew the world’s first private spacecraft to the edge of
space winning the $10 million ANSARI X PRIZE and jump-starting the
personal spaceflight industry. Following in the footsteps of over 100 aviation
prizes offered between 1905 and 1935 that created today’s multibillion
dollar aerospace industry, the ANSARI X PRIZE was awarded to the team
that designed the first private spaceship that successfully launched its
vehicle to a sub-orbital altitude of 100 km on two consecutive flights.
⇒ Funding:
The X PRIZE Foundation is funded through private donations.

Funding for the ANSARI X PRIZE purse was secured from multiple sources
including: The Ansari family, The New Spirit of St. Louis Organization,
leading St. Louis corporations, FirstUSA (BankOne) and major donors.
⇒ X- PRIZE Cup 2006
Welcome to the official website for the Wirefly X PRIZE Cup, Earth's
great space exposition. This year's Cup features three spectacular
competitions with over $2.5 million in prize purses, multiple high-powered
sounding rocket launches, the unveiling of the Rocket Racing League's
development X-Racer, multiple static engine test firings live on the field,
fly-overs by the T-38 astronaut trainer, and a variety of other rocket surprises
in the air and on the ground.
Building on the legendary prize methodology that the Ansari X PRIZE
used to catalyze SpaceShipOne into history, this year's Cup see's the launch
of three important competitions. The Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander
Challenge (a NASA-supported prize effort to demonstrate the ability of
private companies to develop next-generation lunar landers), the Vertical
Rocket Challenge (another lunar-landing-technology-focused competition),
and the The Spaceward Foundation's Space Elevator Games (a test of over
20 teams to use light to power a vehicle along a tether, this year up about 50
meters, but eventually hundreds and thousands of miles).
1) Innovative Marketing Strategies

After my study I have come out with two new and innovative methods of
marketing these are: -
 Step to Space;
 Lottery Style Contest.
Step to Space
Space lines can sell individual experience packages to stimulate the
tourist to go for actual space trip. These are cheaper and stimulate customers
to go to space.
Lottery Style Contest

Lottery Style Contest will do two things: -
i) It will give people who don’t have the financial mean to look at the
product like this as a chance to go to space and;
ii) It gets larger portion of population interested in your product.
2) Careful Selection of Tourists

The tourists are their brand ambassadors so the tourist should be
carefully selected. This is because a lot of publicity is given by the media to
these tourists, so if the tourist has a criminal background he will get negative
publicity which in turn will spoil the image of the space lines.
3) Developing training centers as Tourist spots

Space lines spend huge amount of money in setting up state of the art
facilities at their training centers, so this centers can be developed ad tourist
spot. This will do two things: -
i) Raise additional revenue
ii) Will stimulate the people to go for a space trip.
4) Design of the space craft

According to my research the preferred activity in space is view earth and
walk in space so while designing the space flight the space lines should
ensure that tourists get lot of opportunities for their preferred activity.
After my research I can conclude that India has huge potential for
space tourism but they will have to make it more affordable to tap the full
potential in India. This can be done by launching Reusable Launch Vehicle.
These vehicles will make the trip more economical and hence affordable to
Indian market.
There are many adventurous people in India who can afford space trip
but would not like to spend such a huge amount. This is due to conservative
nature of Indians. According to my research more then 85% of the
respondents were willing to pay only 65% of the actual amount.
⇒ Book
Marketing Management ----- Philip Kotler
⇒ Newspapers
Hindustan Times
Daily News Analysis
⇒ Websites
www.spceadventures.com
www.xprize.org
www.spacefuture.com
www.hobbyspace.com
QUESTIONNAIRE
Question 1)
On the scale of 1 to 5, how important is the development of space?
least 1 2 3 4 5 most
Answer
Question 2)
Are you aware of the idea of the space tourism?
a) Yes
b) No
Answer
Question 3)
Would you ever like to go to space in your life time?
a) Yes
b) No
c) May be
(If no see question no. 11)
Answer
Question 4)
Why would you like to go to space? / What motivates you for the trip?
a) View earth
b) Walk in space
c) Be weightless/ have fun in zero gravity
d) Look deeper into space
e) Scientific experimentations
f) Re- entry.
Answer
Question 5)
Once there how long would you like to stay there?
a) Few hours
b) 2-3 days
c) One week
d) Several weeks.
Answer
Question 6)
In your life time how many trips would you like to take?
a) One
b) Two
c) More then two
Answer
Question 7 a.)
At present, would you be willing to pay $20 million (Rs. 90 cr.) for 10 days
trip in space?
a) Yes
b) No
Answer
Question 7 b.)
At present, would you be willing to pay $ 1 lakh (Rs. 46 lakh) for 1 day trip
in space?
a) Yes
b) No
Answer
Question 8)
What price according to you would be worth for a one day space trip?
(Current price is Rs. 46 lakh for 1day trip)
Answer
Question 9)
If the cost of the trip decreases does the chances of the number your trips to
space increases?
a) Yes
b) No
Answer
Question 10)
Rank the factors according to their priority in your trip in the Column
below?
Price Risk Space Line Amenities provided
Question 11)
Why would you not like to go to space?
a) Too expensive
b) Risk
c) Health problems
d) Not interested
Answer

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SPACE TOURISM- THE SURPRISING NEW INDUSTRY

RESEARCH CONDUCTED FOR

and 5' to mankind.

regarding the potential for space tourism, prior to the questionnaire

gets larger portion of population interested in your product.

⇒ According to my research the preferred activity in space is view earth

Space tourism encapsulates the notion that paying passengers will

A growth in terrestrial based ancillary services is also anticipated.

PRIVATE SPACE TOURISTS (The first few)

He was followed in 2002 by South African

U.S. scientist and entrepreneur Gregory

Anousheh Ansari became the world’s fourth

In conjunction with the Federal Space Agency of the Russian

PHASES OF SPACE TOURISM

The phrase "space adventure travel" has been suggested by Gordon

WHERE IS "SPACE TOURISM" NOW

As of 2006, space tourism is only affordable to wealthy individuals

The Space Transportation Association has formed a Space Travel and

More than a half dozen small entrepreneurial companies are working

U.S.A. and Russian companies are offering the opportunity to people

The U.S.A. "X-Prize Foundation" would not be surprised to see the

U.S.A. Company has joined with a Russian and a German company in

Another U.S.A. company, with a Russian company, has started an

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SPACE TOURISM INDUSTRY

The overall space tourism market is very promising, and could

In this chapter I have explained all the 7 P’s of marketing namely

MARKETING MIX OF SPACE TOURISM

The combination of sub-mixes chosen by a firm is usually called the

 Sub- Orbital Space Flight

 Orbital Space Flight

The International Space Station (ISS) is a manned research space facility

As of now Space Tourism is a wealthy people’s affair because the

After the innovation and introduction of the Reusable Launch Vehicle

customer has only Zero-G experience or high gravitational force experience

Zero- G and Space walk are some of the individual experience

 LOTTERY STYLE CONTEST

1. Tourist needs to have the finances in order.

2. they need to have an idea of what are the objectives of their

flight (activities are very precisely scheduled/arranged)

the time for training ( roughly 6 months or 2 days depending

(billionaires are usually not accustomed to taking

operational space line “Space Adventure” is in Russia).

It is very important to conduct a survey before launching a new product to

MARKET SURVEY ON DEMAND FOR SPACE

While it can be assumed that demand for space tourism will

The primary task of this research is to quantify, in real terms, the

1.1) Primary research methodology

To satisfy the requirements of this investigation, primary research in

contemporary and comparatively unknown. Therefore, I concluded that

1.2) Survey Methodology

As internet is the cheapest and the fastest mode of communication I

1.3) Potential Area of Sampling Error

Though the survey was conducted properly there can be some

2.1) SPACE TOURISM INTEREST AND AWARENESS

held with esteem could be perceived as a major ancillary factor affecting

5' to mankind. This clearly demonstrates a significant interest in the

Ranking for SpaceDevelopmentbyRespondents

⇒ Following on from survey question 1, where space development has been

shown to be of importance to a significant proportion of the participants.

Survey question 2 (See Questionnaire) demonstrates the extent to which

Percentage of respondents interested in

2.2) THE 'MOTIVATORS' OF SPACE TOURISM

Sufficient opportunities for each space tourist to look at earth will be