HonorsChemSemester1ProjectMarangelo JanicePoon,CindyLin EnvironmentalthreatstolifeonEarth:

Partoneoverview
Whatproblemstheypose? Themainidea/definitionofeachthreat? Givesome explanationstosomebutnotall Variationsthatexistwithineachthreatcategory 1.Climatechangeachangeinglobalclimatepatterns. Hightemperature changinglandscapes wildlifeatrisk risingsealevels Increasedriskoffire,floodsanddrought strongerstormandincreasedstormdestroy soilquality Greenhouseeffect. Causedby: Burningoffossilfuel. Livestockfarming. Combustionofmethane.

 2.Waterpollutionanychangeormodificationinthephysical,chemicalandbiological propertiesofwaterthatwillhaveadetrimentalconsequenceonlivingthingsinwater. harmingtheecosystem endangeringmarinelife harmfulalgaebloom mercuryinseafood Causedby: Sewageandwastewater. Industrialwaste. Undergroundstorageleakage. Oilpollution. Atmosphericdeposition. Globalwarming. Eutrophication.(fertilizers)

3.ToxinsinFood&SoilToxinsinthesoilthatcantraveluptothecropsandcontaminate themsoitmaybedangerouswheningested. heavymetalandtoxicsoilcontaminatedandbuildupinplantswhichkillbeesreducetheir abilityinpollinatingcropsandproducehoney fewerbeesrespondtosucrosewhenfedselenate. affecttheecosystem harmingwildlifeandhumanbeings Causedby: Pesticides,herbicides,fertilizers. Industrialactivities. Mining.

Landfills. 4.DepletingozonelayerThereductionoftheamountofozonelayerinthestratosphere. Humanhealth: sunlightcontainssomeUVB,Itisalwaysimportanttoprotectyourskinandeyesfrom thesun.OzonelayerdepletionincreasestheamountofUVBandtheriskofhealth effects. Plants: PlantgrowthaffectedbyUVBradiation hownutrientsaredistributedwithintheplant,timingofdevelopmentalphasesand secondarymetabolism Thesechangescanhaveimportantimplicationsforplantcompetitivebalance, herbivory,plantdiseases,andbiogeochemicalcycles. Causedby: Industrialactivitiesthatreleasechlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)totheair,UVradiationfrom thesunbreakstheseCFCsandreleaseschlorineatoms.Thechlorinereactswiththeozone anddestroystheozonelayer.

Marineecosystems ExposuretosolarUVBradiationaffectbothorientationmechanismsandmotilityin phytoplankton,resultinginreducedsurvivalratesfortheseorganisms. Damageearlydevelopmentalstagesoffish,shrimp,crab,amphibiansandother animals. smallincreasesinUVBexposurecouldresultinsignificantreductioninthesizeofthe populationofbiganimalsthateatthesesmallercreatures. Biogeochemicalcycles alteringsourcesofgreenhouseandchemicallyimportanttracegasese.g.,carbondioxide (CO2),carbonmonoxide(CO),carbonylsulfide(COS)andozone Thesepotentialchangeswouldreinforcetheatmosphericbuildupofthesegases

5.Airpollutionwhengases,dustparticles,fumes(orsmoke)orodourareintroducedinto theatmosphereinawaythatmakesitharmfultohumans,animalsandplant. Humans: createacidiccompoundswhichcancauseharmtovegetationandbuildings. Whenacidrainfallsoveranarea,itcankilltreesandharmanimals,fish,andother wildlife. Whenthesoilabsorbsacidrain,makingitunfitforlivingthingsthatrelyonsoilasa habitatorsourceofnutrition. changesthechemistryofthelakesandstreams,harmingfishandotheraquaticlife

Causedby: Carbonmonoxidefromautomobiles. Sulfurdioxidefromcoalcombustion.

Eutrophicationaprocesswherewaterbodiesreceiveexcessnutrientsthatstimulate excessiveplantgrowth. RaincancarryanddeposittheNitrogeninsomepollutantsonriversandsoils affectthenutrientsinthesoilandwaterbodies stimulatealgaegrowthinlakesandwaterbodies,makinghabitatsharmfulforotherliving organism

Part2equations.
Reactionsthatcontributetotheenvironmentalthreats: A.Classifythereaction. B.Balancethereaction(ifnotalreadybalanced)andincludeallstates. C.Identifyitasaoxidationreductionreactionornot:Ifoxidation/reduction youwillidentifyspeciesoxidized&speciesreduced,&#ofe transferred. D.Writethenetionicequationforeachreaction. E.Givequalitativeobservationsofreactantsandproducts ClimateChangeburningmethane. a.combustion. b.CH4(g)+2O2(g)CO2(g)+2H2O(g). c.Redoxreaction: Reduced:Carbon Oxidized:Oxygen #e:8 d.CH4(g)+2O2(g)CO2(g)+2H2O(g) e.Heatreleased,twocleargasesreacttoformtwodifferentcleargases.

Waterpollutioncarbonicacid. a.Synthesis. b.CO2(g)+H2O(l)H2CO3(aq). c.Notredoxreaction. d.CO2(g)+H2O(l)H2CO3(aq). e.Cleargasreactswithclearliquidtoformtransparentaqueoussolution.Bromothymolblue indicatorwillturnyellowbecauseproductbecomesacidic. DepletingOzonelayer a.SingleReplacementReaction b.Cl(g)+O3(g) ClO(g)+O2(g) ClO(g)+O(g)Cl(g)+O2(g) O3(g)+O(g)2O2(g) c.Notredoxreaction. d. 2O3 3O2 e.Ozonegasisblue,Chlorinegasisyellowgreen AirpollutionEngineExhaustEmission a.Combustion b. C 2H 6O(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H 2O(g) c.Redoxreaction: Reduced:Oxygen Oxidized:Carbon NoofeTransferred:8 d. C 2H 6O(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H 2O(g) e.Ethanolisblue,whilecarbondioxide,oxygenandwatervaporareallcolorless

Part3solutions.
Climatechange: Usegreenenergybecausegreenenergydoesntreleaseasmuchharmfulsubstances intotheaircomparedtotheamountofsubstancesputintheatmosphereifenergycomes fromcoalandburningofotherfossilfuels. Plantmoretrees/decreasedeforestationbecausetreescarryoutphotosynthesiswhich decreasestheamountofcarbondioxideintheairandhelpswithclimatechangedueto globalwarming. Reduce,reuse,andrecyclebecausethatwayyouwillthrowawaylessstuffandreduce theamountofgreenhousegasputintotheair.

http://www.epa.gov/climate/climatechange/kids/solutions/actions/index.html Waterpollution: Donotthrowchemicalsubstances(paint,oil,medicinesetc)downthesink/drainbecause notallchemicalsubstancesaregottenridofcompletelybeforeenteringthelakes,rivers, andoceans. Bemindfulofthepesticides,fertilizers,andherbicidesusedinyourgardensbecausethe chemicalsubstancescanbecarriedoffbyrunoffsandpollutenearbywatersources. Reducecarpollutionbecausethenitrogenoxideproducedbycarexhaustgasreactswith thewaterinthecloudstoformnitricacidandhydrogen.Thenitricacidrainsdownasacid rainandcancauseharmtomanydifferentthings. http://www.cleanairkids.org.uk/airquality.html http://www.cleanairkids.org.uk/acidrain.html Depletionofozonelayer: Encouragetheuseofpublictransport ReducetheuseofCFCs(anorganiccompoundcontainingcarbon,chlorineandfluorine) Followthe4RsRecycle,Reuse,ReduceandReplacetohelpcontrolclimatechangeand allowforrecoveryoftheonzelayer Encouragetheuseofcleanerburningfuelsinvehicles http://ozonesciencefair.blogspot.hk/p/possiblesolutionstoozonelayer.html

AirPollution: Encouragetheuseofpublictransport Conserveenergybyreducingtheuseofelectricity Advocatetheuseofcleanenergysuchassolar,windandgeothermalenergy UseenergyefficientdevicessuchasCFLlightswhichconsumelesselectricity Plantmoretreestoreducetheamountofcarbondioxideintheair http://www.conserveenergyfuture.com/causeseffectssolutionsofairpollution.php http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/globalwarming/pollutionoverview/