LIST OF FORMULA

Newton’s Law of Viscosity Ideal Gas Law

dθ du p = ρRT , R = c p − cv = gas constant
τ =μ =μ
dt dy
Bernoulli Equation
Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution p1 + 12 ρV12 + ρgz1 = p2 + 12 ρV22 + ρgz 2
∇p = ρ (g − a ) = pT (constant)
dp 2
= − ρg , p2 − p1 = ∫ ρg dz p1 V12 p V2
dz 1 + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 = H (constant)
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
Manometer Application
Dimensionless Numbers
p 2 = p1 + ρg Δz
ρVd Vd
Reynolds no.: Re = =
μ ν
Hydrostatic Force and Centre of Pressure
F = p CG A = ρghCG A V
Froude no.: Fr =
I sin θ I xy sin θ gy
y CP = − xx , x CP = −
hCG A hCG A
Friction Factor in Circular Pipe
64 8τ w
Buoyancy Force Laminar: f = =
FB = ρgV Re ρV 2
Turbulent (Haaland formula):
Conservation of Mass (Integral Form) 1 ⎡⎛ ε d ⎞1.11 6.9 ⎤
∂ = −1.8 log ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎥
ρ dV + ∫ ρ (V ⋅ n ) dA = 0 ⎢⎣⎝ 3.7 ⎠
∂t ∫CV
f Re ⎥⎦
CS

Major & Minor Losses in Circular Pipes

Mass and Volumetric Flowrates
m& = ρQ ; Q = AV l V2
Major: hf = f
d 2g
Conservation of Momentum (Integral V2
Form)
Minor: hm = ∑ K
2g
∂
∑ F = ∫ Vρ dV + ∫ Vρ (V ⋅ n ) dA
∂t CV CS
Euler Turbomachinery Equations
∂
∑ M O = ∫ (r × V )ρ dV + ∫ (r × V )ρ (V ⋅ n ) dA Δp 1
∂t CV H= = (U 2Vθ 2 − U 1Vθ 1 )
CS
Head:
ρg g
1D Energy Equation Power: P = Tω = ρgQH
⎛ p αV 2 ⎞ P ρgQha
⎜⎜ + + z ⎟⎟ + hpump − hturbine Efficiency: η= =
⎝ ρg 2g ⎠ in W& Tω
⎛ p αV 2 ⎞ Net pressure suction head:
= ⎜⎜ + + z ⎟⎟ + h f p V2 p
⎝ ρg 2g ⎠ out NPSH = s + s − v
ρg 2 g ρg
 CENTROIDS AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA
FOR TYPICAL GEOMETRIES

Position of Centroid Area Moment of Inertia

ba 3
½a I xx =
C 12
x
A = ba ab3
½a I yy =
y 12
½b ½b I xy = 0

R
πR 4
C I xx = I yy =
x A = πR 2 4
I xy = 0
y

I xx = 0.1098 R 4
C πR 2
x 3R A= I yy = 0.3927 R 4
y 4π 2
I xy = 0
R R
d

ba 3
I xx =
a ab 36
C
x
A=
2 b2
y
a
3
I xy = (b − 2d )
72
b+d
3 b
3R
4π
3R
πR 2 I xx = I yy = 0.05488R 4
4π C
x A=
4 I xy = −0.01647R 4
R y
 FLUID PROPERTIES AND CONSTANTS

Standard Atmospheric Condition

Property Value

Temperature, T 288.15 K (15°C)

Pressure, p 101.33 kPaabs
Density, ρ 1.255 kg/m3
Specific weight, w 12.014 N/m2
Dynamic viscosity, μ 1.789 × 10−5 N⋅s/m2
Gravity acceleration, g 9.807 m/s2

Properties for Several Liquids at 20°C

Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapour
Density
Liquid viscosity viscosity tension pressure
ρ (kg/m3)
μ (kg/m⋅s) ν (m2/s) σ (N/m) pv (Paabs)
Water 998 1.00E−03 1.00E−06 7.28E−02 2.34E+03
Sea water (30%) 1025 1.07E−03 1.04E−06 7.28E−02 2.34E+03
Gasoline 680 2.92E−04 4.29E−07 2.16E−02 5.51E+04
Kerosene 804 1.92E−03 2.39E−06 2.80E−02 3.11E+03
Glycerine 1260 1.50E+00 1.19E−03 6.33E−02 1.4E−02
Mercury 13550 1.57E−03 1.15E−07 4.66E−01 1.6E−01
SAE30W Oil 891 2.90E−01 3.25E−04 3.50E−02 -

Properties for Several Gases at 20°C

Dynamic Kinematic Gas Specific
Density
Gas viscosity viscosity constant heat ratio
ρ (kg/m3)
μ (kg/m⋅s) ν (m2/s) R (J/kg⋅K) γ
Air (standard) 1.23E+00 1.79E−05 1.46E−05 2.869E+02 1.40
Nitrogen 1.16E+00 1.76E−05 1.52E−05 2.968E+02 1.40
Oxygen 1.33E+00 2.04E−05 1.53E−05 2.598E+02 1.40
Carbon dioxide 1.83E+00 1.47E−05 8.03E−06 1.889E+02 1.30
Natural gas CH4 6.67E−01 1.10E−05 1.65E−05 5.183E+02 1.31
Helium 1.66E−01 1.94E−05 1.15E−04 2.077E+03 1.66
Hydrogen 8.38E−02 8.84E−06 1.05E−04 4.128E+03 1.41
 THE MOODY CHART FOR FRICTION LOSS IN PIPES

0.1
0.09 Limit for full turbulence
0.08 Laminar

0.07 0.05
0.04
0.06
0.03

0.05
0.02
0.015
0.04
0.01
0.008
0.006
f 0.03 ε
__
0.004 D
0.025
0.002

0.02 0.001
0.0008
0.0006
Laminar 0.0004
0.015

Smooth 0.0002

Transition wall 0.0001

0.00005
0.01
0.009

0.008 0.00001
2(10 3)4 6 8 2(10 4)4 6 8 2(10 5)4 6 8 2(10 6)4 6 8 2(10 7)4 6 8

10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7
ρVD
_____
Re =
μ