Chapter 7 Filter Design Techniques

Introduction Design of FIR Filters by Windowing Examples of FIR Filter Design by the Kaiser Window Method Design of Discrete-Time IIR Filters from Continuous-Time Filters Frequency Transformations of Lowpass IIR Filters

1. Introduction

Filters
Frequency-selective

Filter

Three Stages
Specifications Approximation Realization

of the Spec.

Ex.
Spec.

Linear Phase ?

2. Design of FIR Filters by Windowing

Procedure
Desired
Hd (e
j

Frequency Response ) = h [ n ]e
j n

n =

Corresponding Impulse Response

hd [ n ] =

1 2

H d ( e j ) e j d

hd [ n ], h[ n] = 0 ,
Length

0nM

otherwise

is Infinity

Truncation

2. Design of FIR Filters by Windowing (c.1)

Analysis
Windowing
where w [n] =
1 , 0 , 0nM

Rect. Window

in Time
Freq. Resp.

h [ n ] = hd [ n ]w [ n ]

otherwise

Convolution
H ( e j ) =
1 2

in Frequency
j

Convolution

Hd (e

)W ( e j ( ) ) d

Points
Width

Results

of the Mainlobe Attenuation of the Sidelobe

2. Design of FIR Filters by Windowing (c.2)

Properties of Commonly Used Windows

2. Design of FIR Filters by Windowing (c.3)

Properties of Commonly Used Windows (c.1)

2. Design of FIR Filters by Windowing (c.4)

Generalized Linear Phase

Symmetric

of the Windowing

w ( M n ), 0 n M w (n) = otherwise 0,

2. Design of FIR Filters by Windowing (c.5)

The Kaiser Window Filter

Zeroth-order

Bessel Function of

the First Kind

I 0 [ ( 1 [( n )/ ]2 )1 / 2 ] , 0nM w (n) = I0 ( ) 0, otherwise
= M /2

Two

Parameters
and

2. Design of FIR Filters by Windowing (c.6)

The Kaiser Window Filter -- Procedure

Evaluate

first the two values

= s p

Value

A = 20 log10

of (empirically) and M
A > 50 21 A 50 A < 21

101102 ( A 8 . 7 ), = 0 . 5842 ( A 21 ) 0 . 4 + 0 . 07886 ( A 21 ), 0.0 , A8 M = 2 . 285

Example

p = 0 . 4
s

= 0 . 6

= 0 . 2 = 0 . 001

= 5 . 653 M = 37

1 = 0 . 01 2 = 0 . 001

sin c ( n ) I 0 [ ( 1 [( n )/ ]2 )1 / 2 ] , h[ n] = ( n ) I0 ( ) 0,

0 n M

otherw ise

3. Examples of FIR Filter Design by the Kaiser Window Method

Highpass Filter
Freq.
0, H hp ( e j ) = j M / 2 , e
H
hp

Resp.

0 < c c <
lp

(e

) = e j M

/2

(e

Impulse

Response
Response of the High pass Filters
< n <

Impulse
h hp [ n ] =

sin ( n M / 2 ) sin c ( n M / 2 ) , (n M /2) (n M /2)

Generalized Multiband Filters

N

hmb [ n ] =

(G k k
=1

mb

G k +1 )

sin k ( n M / 2 ) , (n M /2)

< n <

4. Design of Discrete-Time IIR Filters from Continuous-Time Filters

Motivation for Digital Filter from Analog Filter

Analog IIR filter design is highly advanced. Have relatively simple closed form design The methods do not lead to a simple closed form design formulas for discrete-time IIR case.

Analog Filters

An analog filter may be described as

H a (s ) = B (s ) = A(s ) ks k k
=0

=0 Analog filter is stable if all its poles lie in the left-half of s-plane.

ksk k

The j axis in the s-plane ==> the unit circle in the z-plane. The left-half plane of the s-plane ==> Inside the unit circle.

4. Design of Discrete-Time IIR Filters from Continuous-Time Filters-- Filter Design by Impulse Invariance

Concepts
The

sampling of Impulse response

= Thc(nT)

h[n]

Freq.
H (e
j

Relation
)=
N

k =

Hc(j

2 + j k) T T
N Ak e s k t , hc ( t ) = k = 1 0,

Aliasing
t 0 t < 0

H c (s ) =

=1

Ak s sk
N

z = e sT

Ex.

h [ n ] = T h c ( nT ) =
H (z ) =

TAe
k =1

s k nT d

u[n]=

TA e s kT
k =1

) u[n]
n

s 1 e k
=1

T Ak
kT

The mapping is not one-to-one. The selection of T to minimize the aliasing. Appropriate for low-pass and band-pass filters.

4. Design of Discrete-Time IIR Filters from ContinuousTime Filters-- Bilinear Transformation

Concepts
Formula
2 1 z s = T 1+ z 1
1

z =

1 + ( T / 2 ) + j (T / 2 ) 1 ( T / 2 ) j (T / 2 )

z =

1 + (T / 2 ) s 1 (T / 2 ) s

1 + ( T / 2 ) j 1 ( T / 2 ) j

2 1 z 1 H (z ) = Hc 1 T 1 + z
2 2 e j / 2 ( j s in / 2 ) 2j s = + j = ta n ( / 2 ) = j / 2 T 2e T ( cos / 2 )

Frequency
=

Relation mapping

Frequency

2 2 e j / 2 ( j s in / 2 ) 2 ta n ( / 2 ) = j / 2 T 2e T ( cos / 2 )

= 2 a rc ta n ( T / 2 )

5. Frequency Transformations of Lowpass IIR Filters

Transform from lowpass digital filter prototype cutoff frequency .

Transform

Replacing the variable z-1 by a rational function z-1 = g(z-1)

Conditions

Unit circle to unit circle.

e
j

= g (e

) = g ( )

= g ( ) e

j arg g ( )

Inside unit circle to Inside unit circle.

g (z

k
1

Form

) =

k
1

=1

< 1

ensures the stable filter is transformed into another stable system

6. Concluding Remarks

Introduction Design of FIR Filters by Windowing Examples of FIR Filter Design by the Kaiser Window Method Design of Discrete-Time IIR Filters from Continuous-Time Filters Frequency Transformations of Lowpass IIR Filters