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प्रागैतिहासिक भारत में व्यापार एवं शिल्पकार-संगठन
प्रागैतिहासिक भारत में व्यापार एवं शिल्पकार-संगठन
ओमपक श कश प
प गत ह त क भ र म व प र एव तशलपक र- गठन
प 7+ भ रत+र सभरत जजस क/छ ल$ग Tकदक सभरत और क/छ व द नस</ घ ट- क सभरत
भ+ कहत ह, अतरत उ र <रत+ पर व कनसत ह/ई थ+. उसक क लखड व सतXत, लगभग छह हज र
षJ क हT. ह व श क प 7+ तम सभरत ओ म स एक और अ क अथJ म उ क अपक अन<क
व कनसत भ+ थ+. उस सभरत क अ 9ष मरहगढ़, म$आ -ज$-द र$, हड़पप आकद अ क सथ & पर
वबखर पड़ ह. उ सथ & क उतख स ज$ अ 9ष प प ह/ए ह, उ क आ< र पर उस सभरत क
ब र म सट-क कलप कर प सभ हT. नस</ द- क उ र भHनम पर पललव त ह/ई ह सभरत
कई म र & म अ HDu थ+. ह घर-आग 7Rड़ तथ जलन क स+ क उन त वर सथ थ+. सड़क
पकक और स+<+ ज त+ थ+. स जन क स गXह भ+ उस सभरत क पम/ख व 9षत थ. सभ त
ह पहल+ गर- सभरत थ+, जजसम स चछत और आ गम क पब<& पर इत अन<क ज$र
कदर गर थ . कतफल क दवष स दख ज ए त$ उसक पररकत समक ल+ ककस+ भ+ सभरत क
व सत र क अन<क थ .
नस</ घ ट- क सभरत क व क स क नलए जजPमद र आरगण प 7+ Tकदक सम ज स ह-
सबन<त थ, ज$ घ/Pमकड़ प Xवत क थ . एक सथ H र सथ
स दस तक भटक रह क क रण
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सह र ल पड़त थ . र/Y स ब7 समर क उपर$ग न9लपकल क व क स क नलए ककर ज त
थ . न9लपकम क म धरम स र/Y क दRर घ रल-अ9क सTन क& क प/ स भ+ सभ थ . इस
क रण न9लपकल क उपर$नगत भ+ थ+. पररण मस रप दक न9लपक र& क सम ज म सPम भ+
थ . जजसक आ< र पर न9लपकल क व क स ह$त 7ल गर . भव षर म अनतररक रप स
उतप कदत म ल क व पण क नलए ए ब ज र& क जररत महसHस क गई, उस+ पक र तर म
सगकDत वर प र क$ बढ़ कदर . ककर क/म र थपलर ल क अ /स र—
‘ ण Nम वर सथ क अतगत Nम-व भ ज क +नत भ+ सगकDत वर प र क$ आ शरक
ब , उसक$ व सतXत कर क क र ककर . ततक ल+ समर म Tशर& क र$जग र क त+ पम/ख
स< अथ त कXवष, प9/< ए जणजर क आ<र पर आग 7लकर वर प र क अ क < र ओ क
व क स ह/आ.
2
क. सभरत क प रनभक अ 9ष~ महरगढ, म$ह ज$हदड़$ आकद 6500 ई.पH. स 3300 ई.पH तक
नस<H घ ट- क सभरत
गग -जम/ + सभरत
जT ए बRY <म क उद
© ओमपक 9 कशरप
1 Thus, one would expect the corporate form’s development to be more likely when the demand for production and trade
is increasing and when methodologies for monitoring the behavior of owners and managers by creditors and by other
owners are present. Such situations enhance the value of organizational forms and also help to contain their costs,
such as their agency and creditor information costs. Of course, there are other factors that are also important to the
development of the corporate form (e.g., property and contract law). Dr. Vikramaditya Khanna in The Economic
History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India.
2 '...that division of labour under the varna system may have been conducive to the emergence of guild organization.
Agriculture, animal husbandry and trade, the three occupations of the Vaisyas, in course of time developed as separate
groups.- Thaplyal, Kiran Kumar in Guilds in Ancient India.
3 The relative peace in the region makes travel safer for traders and opens up new markets for trade. The uniformity of
weights and measures, uncommon at that time in world history, benefits trade by reducing the transactions costs of
engaging in trade. The localization of craft and industry to certain parts of the city might enhance group cohesion, make
training of new recruits/employees somewhat easier, and increase productivity. In light of all these factors, trade was
active, substantial and growing which suggests the demand for collective efforts – to protect traders traveling long
distances, to engage in larger scale production and so forth – was large and probably rising. This often enhances the
demand for organizational forms.- Dr. Vikramaditya Khanna.
7 …a sreni need not be dedicated to a single profession and members could practice different trades – indeed, there is
an example of a silk weaving sreni where some members practiced. other professions as well (e.g., archery,
astrology)...Moreover, the sreni was used in municipal and political activity as well as economic activity. - Vikramaditya
Khanna.
8 The Gautama Dharmasutra (c. 5th century BC) states that “cultivators, traders, herdsmen, moneylenders, and artisans
have authority to lay down rules for their respective classes and the king was to consult their representatives while
dealing with matters relating to them.- By Manikant Shah & D.P. Agrawal in Sreni (Guilds): a Unique Social Innovation
of Ancient India.
11 The ancient sources frequently refer to the system of guilds which began in the early Buddhist period and continued
through the Mauryan period. ….Topography aided their development, in as much as particular areas of a city were
generally inhabited by all tradesmen of a certain craft. Tradesmen’s villages were also known, where one particular craft
was centred, largely due to the easy availability of raw material. The three chief requisites necessary for the rise of a
guild system were in existence. Firstly, the localization of occupation was possible, secondly the hereditary character of
professions was recognized, and lastly the idea of a guild leader or jetthaka was a widely accepted one. The extension
of trade in the Mauryan period must have helped considerably in developing and stabilizing the guilds, which at first
were an intermediate step between a tribe and a caste. In later years they were dominated by strict rules, which
resulted in some of them gradually becoming castes. Another early incentive to forming guilds must have been
competition. Economically it was better to work in a body than to work individually, as a corporation would provide
added social status, and when necessary, assistance could be sought from other members.- Thapar, Romila. Asoka
and the Decline of the Mauryas, Delhi: Oxford. P. 73.