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HMMa upTe npejia3H0CTw Ka HaxaBCKOM hjm KajKaBCKOM CTaHy, K ao hm nojewHOCTH y KOJM/wa CTapwHaHKM cjiaBOHCKM roBopn jeflHOCTaBHO 3aocTajy 3a TwnwMHOM uiToxaBCKOw eBOJiyuwjoM. Ann yKynHO y3eBuiM, M3HeHa^yje Hac aoMMHaimja niTOKaBCKMx oco6wHa, y cTsapw M3pa3iiTMja Hero y hckmm acjioBMMa Bochc Ma^a 6m reorpa4>CKM pacnopeA m noJiMTHHKa w KyjrrypHa mctopwja cyrepwpajiw ynpaBO cynpoTaH oahoc. 3aMeHa jaTa, Koja je y CjiaBOHMJw no cboj npujiHUM Hacrynwjia Aocra KacHo, pa36nna je cjiaBOHCKe roBope Ha HeKOifiMKo uejiMHa. Y TlocaBMHM Hajia3HM0 MKascKM M3roBop, ajiM Ha mhoto MecTa m no Jiyj eKaBCKM (ca KOM6MHaimjoM TMna <JwTe: djeTera, y 3aBHCH0CTM oa Tora aa jm je BOKaJi jar 6mo Ayr mjim KpaTaK), aok cy noApaBCKH roBopw yrjiaBHOM eKaBCKM, uito mx 36jiM3KaBa ca BojBo^aHCKMMa (ajin MnaK He MMnJiMUMpa Aa je mmh 3aMeHe jaTa ocTBapeH y pa3B0JH0j iiOBe3aH0CTM jeAHe m Apyre roBopHe 30He).
BoJBOAMHa, a c h>om m MaHBa, na acjimmmhho h Yrapcicy, a He BeKy noA cpeAH>eM cy nornaAaAe y IIIyMaAHja, uito ce Ha tom to MMnpecMomipa Bwuie Ytojimko hoa PauiKy. KapaKurroKaBCKMM aoc^cahmm ca 3eMJbMUiTy pa3BMO AMJaJieKaT noce6aH OAaBao 6m kojm 3HaKa MJeAHor TepMCTMKaMa, naK 6e3
,HaHaiiiH>a
nojiocaj.

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6ocaHCKM roBopw HejeAHaKM: MHore crape W3onioce npeceuajy 6ocancKO 3cmamaire, Taxo ma jc Mepa OAcrynajba off. upocc^Hor uiTOKaBCKor

CpeAH>0BeKOBHa EocHa, Koja je wcnpsa 6vuisl y cacTaBy cpnckmx seMajta, hmx ce TpaJHO M3ABOJMJia join y XII Beicy (aoAyme, join cpeAMHOM XIII BeKa 6aH Marwja HuHooiaB je cbojc noAaHMKe y noBejbaMa ynopHO 3Bao Cp6jbMMa). rio cbojoj omirroj 4>H3MOHOMMJH 6ocaHCKM TOBOpM Cy npeTOKHO UITOKaBCKM, aJIM, KaO UITO CMO Bfih MCTaiOIM, MMajy y CBOJOJ ochobmum M HaKaBCKMX upTa, ujto OAroBapa no^o)Kajy BocHe M3Aie^y cpncKMX m xpsaTckmx o6;iacTjf. y obomc cy, yocra^OM, bpjio

>

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je m obac Koja jaTa, 3aMeHa CTaryc mjim nepM^epMjCKM Heca o6a3Ct OBy M3roBopoM 3aKacHMAa, noBe3ajia je ckebckmm jaTa saMeHM AeTajbM HeKM y KaAauiHbMM pauiKMM seM^aAia. MnaK HMXOBO) MHAHTOBOpC TOBOpMMa y OBMM CeBepHMJMM eKaBCKMM K3A TepCHy, JCp CCBepHOM BMAyaAHOCTM (m ayTOXTOHOCTM Ha TOM OHO TOBOP 6h H>MXOB 6M Ce paAMJIO O KaCHMJMM HaCCACHMUMMa, Ha cc Taxo aouijim). mctm Kao y o6jiac OAaxae cy uito it [z\dt ntcm, BopH crapulu, nucaM, [z]du Mecro crape/w, CBe 06WHHO y jy>KHMJMM eKaBCKMM AMJaffCKTMMa.

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C3MK

Mcrowo m jyrowcTOHHM aeaoBw K oMopaBe Jy*He #vma iajrw cy tmm npefle/iMMa m join aa/be y kot^hhc MeroxHJcKe Ka COBCKe * cHona M3or^oca kojm pa3Baja 3ana&Hy m mctcwwv <
Trft

iipboohthmx oa rpaHMua Pamice jyrowcTOWHO h

obmx roBopa. Aah.mcto je ra K o owwerao fla noj e AHne u^re BMJer nocraHKa flanac npe^CTaB^ajy peajiHe e^eMeHxe
ca

rpyne. OcHOBMna tmx roBopa flwjaaeKaTCKe (TopjanKe) moto cy npe>KHBe;iM cse iuroicaBCKe Ohm uiTOJcaBCKa. HecyMftMBO je BeKa, ajiM mx jc KacHMjw oko XII 4>a3e, ao HajpaHMje HHOBaimje mjm mx fex je He3axBafeeHe, aejiHMMHHo aoamocraB^ao pasBo;

rpany

ry M3(xrrajia 3aMeHa noayniaca (penw Kao dan, can m aaHac ce M3roBapajy dsn, cm, ca Heospe^eHMM caMoraacmacoM. aiHHHim OHOMe y 4>paHuycKOM, oapeijeHOM HaaHy Je), a ca*iyBatfK cy ce m cjioroBHO a (y pe^MMa Kao dot, dnz) n # Ha Kpajy cnora (hocm, dc6en) t kjik cy ce MeitajiM Ha HaHHH pa3JiMHsrr or o6wmor niTOKaBCKor. Obo M3flBajaH>e je nocneflHua iiojim-

pMsaa Taxo

je

TMHKe M3o^aitMj'e, a m reorpa<j?CKe yaajbeHOCTM 04 urroKaBCKMx pa3BojHMx uem-apa. JIaKo je Moryke rsl cy noHeuiTo aonpMHejiM h noKperw Hocwjiaua obmx awjajreKaTa Ka HCTOKy m jyroMCTOKy, HeMy je 6mo penM y nperxoflHOM nor^raB^y. Ami jom BMme Hero obmm apxaM3MMMa, aaHaiiiH>a 4>W3MOH0MMja obmx roBopa

ZJ

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h2Sc v JSL
OJHOCHO MaKCflOHCKOJ

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MHTe P*I*Pa Kao aoKa 3 neKe renercKe noBesanocTM npMspeHCKo-TMMo^KMx roBopa ca 6yrape * HCKliM je3MK0M 6e3 * a P Ha H>e y Kojoj
'

cepHJoM 6ajncaHCKMx MHOBaimja Koje cmo Beh iiommfta^M. Hwje yBex soboaho jacHO y KojeM ce 6ajn<aHCKOM je3MKy 3ane^a xoja oa obmx nojaBa, a^M je ohcbm^ho aa cy ce one cBe npeHociwe m3 jewor 6ajikaHCKor jesMKa y apyrw. Bpao je BepoBaTHo, yocTa/roM, aa cy OHe MaxoM noHHKJie y hcoiobchckiim jesMimMa fiuucaaa m oaaHae npcHere y cjioBeHCKe jesMKe. 36or T a C TC HC He MOry
je

oape^Ha

'-

^ ^

6yrapcKMM k MaxeaoHCKMM jeaMKOM, aa jyfeM 1 roBopwMa npe^a3HOCTM o KoJMMa je pen. cHe IaacoBHe m Mop4>Ofloui K e M3oraocc M3AejiMJie cy xe roBoue jom y cpeAH>eM Bexy Ha Tpw rpyne, uito MnaK HMje pa36wio itMXOBy eBOJiyrwBHy aajewofuy noTBp^eHy mhotom KacHMiMM MHOBauMJaMa Koje npeKpMBajy ue^o 3eMJbMuiTe 0Be awjaneKaTCKe 30He. HaJMCTOMHMJa rpyna, Kojy aaHac HasMBaMo tmmohko-jiv^chmmkom, a hmjm ce orpaHax Ha 6yrapcKoj TepMTopwJM HaswBa 6e^orpa^ I1MKC> "^P 3HMHKMM MCK^yHM^a ce M3 mroKaBCKe passoJHe c4>epe HajpaHMje, jom Herae y XII mjim XIII BeKy. Tobopm OBe rpyne 3ay3MMajy nJiaHMHCKe npeaene c o6e cxpaHe cpncKo-6yrapcKe rpaHMue, o,n 6ocMJbrpaacKor Kpaja na ao 6^M3y 3ajenapa (BepoBarao je aa cy ce y npomjiocTM ohm npoTe3anM m ajbe Ha ceBep, Ka ymhy TwMOKa). HajBeKM aeo TepwTopMJe obmx roBopa ocrao je y cpeflHeM BeKy TpaJHO M3BaH rpaHMua cpncKe ap^KaBe, naK m y TpeHyimMa KyjiMMHauMje H,eHe moKm. HeuiTo g^MMCe mTOKaBCKOJ rOBOpHOJ CTBapHOCTM CTOJe TOBOpM Koje cmo HaBMKJiM ^a 30BeMO CBp^>MmKO-3anjiaH>cKMM, a c KOJMMa ce y ochobhmm oco6wHaMa, MaKO ca acKTa BapMJauMJe y ^eTajby, aiaxy roBopM.y ceBepHOMaKeflOHCKOM nojacy oa TeTOBa ao KpaTOBa m KpMBe na^amce. TepHTopwja obmx roBopa 3axBaTana je aojnmy JyxHe Mopase, Kao m cyce#He o6jiacTM y ceBepHoj MaKeaoHMJM. Tm cy KpajeBM y cpczuteM BeKy BehMHOM flocnejm noa HeMaH>wkKv BaacT m TvpiiM cy mx ocBoiHJiM ok cpncKMx BJiaaapa h
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cjiXJ Kapaxrep i^T

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^msho 6w rpaHMHKo-67c3Hu^w opeSHMHKMM

py^yncicm h urfLcnx " acMMMP aH "a caMOM r^y, a y koMaKe AoacKMX m 6yrapcKHX cyceaa. y c B a CeKywa P M Pm*; npHMapHe cy one,

BOr

M jyCHOM rpaHMUOM nDMSDeHrifrt-TWMftuvo

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je Ce

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TepHTopMJM HaawBajy ce OJHOCHO CeBC P HOMaKeflOHCKMM FOBOpMMa.

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H3Jia3C

Ha ^FapCKOJ

tmx roBopa cpncKoxpBaTCKMMa ce CMaTpajy ohm KojHMa roBOpH CpnCKO CTaHOBHMIUTBO (TO Cy OHM Ha 3eMJbMmTy Cp6MJC OCMM flMMMTpOBrpaftCKor m 6ocM*rpaacKor npeaejia), y MaKcaoHcxe cc panyHajy ohm Ha TepMropHJM MaiceflOHMje, a y 6yrapcKe ohm KOJMMa ce c^yxcw cTaHOBHMinTBo 6yrapc HapoflHOCTM (Ha TepMTOpMJM ByrapcKe m y AMMMTpoBrpaacKOM h 6ocMJbrpa4ckom Kpajy Ha jyrocjioBeHCKOj cTpaHM rpaHHue). ^aHac je BeK ycrajbeHa npaxca aa ce obm roBopw M3ynaBajy CBaKM y oKBMpy flHJajieKTOJiorMje oflroBapajyfcer je3HKa. McTMHa je, yocTa^OM, aa je yfleo weMeHaTa kojm npeacrajbajy cnoHy ca r^aBHMHOM AtaKeaoHCKMX oahocho rjiaBHHHOM 6yrapcKMX aHJajieKaTa pejiaTMBHo HajBehM y roBopMMa Ha MaKeaoHCKOJ oah. 6yrapcK0J TepHTopHjM; obo oaroBapa m reorpa4)CKMM OKOJiHOCTMMa m mctopmjckmm BeaaMa, a h mm*** HeHMiw aa y tmm 3onaMa HacnpaM HapoaHMx .anjaaeKaTa y 4>Y^1C11J M K JKeBHor je3MKa cToje MaKeaoHCKM oahocho 6yrapcicM wbMJceBHM je3MK.

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Hauta eTHUHKa ucropufa u haw (eawK

47

Hajaanaaraja, a jimhreorpa4>cKM (bopMauwja ikfaaff ^ey^aJiaua. n craity, paaBMcpncKOxpBarcKOM otA nx>octHH

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y

.zmjajreKTW cy mum sa npcmocTaB^ajy y aaTyMM tm cTBapM nepnoay wk paimcwMa h>mxobc ca y 3aje,zmo eBO^yuwJM cBojoj jcpcHyjni apyKHMJWM 4a cy a PauiKoj, npwnaaajie HKcy o6^acTM 6vuie o&iacTO Te cacraBHM cy aok pa3,no6;by ynpaBO nyreM y aeo cpncxe apacaBe. Mo*fla 6w Tpe6ajio peBH,ziHpaTM ueay npeaCTaBy o OBOMe m npcrnocTaBHTM aa cy cbm obm ajijaneKTM joui oko XII seKa npecTa^M aa y cBeMy yMecrayjy y iuTOKaBCKHM HHOBauwjaMa, ajm aa je y enocn nojiHTMHKe 3aje,zmHue ca niaBhmhom Cp6a anax ocTBapeHa, HapoHHTO y npH3peHCKO-jy*CHOMopaBCKOM aHJanexaTcxoM TMny, noHexa MHOBauwja y urroxaBcxoM npaBuy. Ilpw tom cy, 6yayfcw na je no;ia3HiiiTe pa3Boja 6mjio AOHeicie apyKHHJe, m wcxoah npoueca 6mjim Heurro pa3JMTOTH 04 THITHHHHX UITOKaBCKMX. TaKO Cy H npM3pCHCKO-jy)KHOMOpaBCKIf roBopM 6km. 3axBakeHM npoMeHOM rjiaca a Ha xpajy aiora y caMor^acHMK, ajiw Taj caMorjiacHMK Hwje 6wo 0, Kao uito jc

K oj np M paniKHM no roBopa, *anac 3Ba x obhx BajaH,e M 3A j^y X Bexy. pasBOjHe uixoKaBCKe c4>cpe H3 KO-jyiHOMopaBCKHM, neica urn y nonerac HerpnaecTor no^oBMHy y *pyry je rpaaauiija ocofiMHa ay* naKO MeJjyTHM, ^HMie neTHaecror. reorpa4>CKM h hctopmjckh y Haneay ocobmhc MCTOHHO-aana^He c xoJMMa ce oneM3*BajaH,a junyMHMa HMa y cacBMM paayMAHBa, uito 36yHyje. Henera Y caMoj Hayuw jwHTBHCTiiVKOj

^^ ^a, "CSa Sx X SSSf

jra

PamKe, JWM cy

ce y

jyxHiw *

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m*

no

7Z W

JyHO oa rpaHMue roBopa npMapeHCKo-TMMOMKe ochobhuc npocTMpe ce o6;iacT Maxe^OHCKHx wjajieicaTa HMje je nopexjio MCTOMHOJyXHOC^OBeHCKO. Me^yTMM cneuM4)MHHe Ofl*yHHO aCBMM c r^acoBHe npoMeHe noBejie cy OBe awjajieKTe nyTeM paajiMHMTMM eBOJiyunje, o6jmKyjykH mx npw tom TaKo aa cy 6yrapcKe ohk oa ctck^m o6ejiexcja CBojeBpcHor npe^a3a waHaKHaflHO noHeneM y m MCTOHHOJy)KHOCJiOBeHCKe 3anaflH0Jy)KHocji0BeHCKe je3HHice Meby rpaHe. TaKO ce aorow^o aa cy c o6e erpaHe cTape je3MMKe Melje ceKyH^apHO CTBopeHe npocTpaHe ofijiacTw c npejia3HMM KapaKTepMCTMKaMa, aaw HapaBHO ca jacHO canyBaHOM ochobwuom Koja HeflBOCMMOieHO npMnaaa jeAHOj oahocho apyroj crpaHM. Jom Herae y X m XI Bexy MaKeaoHCKH roBopw cy ce jw4>epeHUwpanM npeMa 6yrapcKMMa npouecoM H3jeaHaHeHa rapaor
(con Hacnpa/A 6yrapcKor cbn y no^yrjiaca ("b) ca BOKajiOM 3HaHeH>y can"). Y3 to je y MaxeaoHCKOM HecTano y/AeKuiaBafta cyrJiacHHKa Koje ce y BebwHM 6yrapcKHx roBopa ca^yBajio, xok je CTapw caMOwacHMK jaT ao)kmbco exaBCKy 3aMeHy (aoflyme, o6e OBe nojaBe 3axBara7ie cy w 3anaflHo6yrapcKe rosope, kojm mhhc MaH>w aeo 6yrapcKMX awjajieKaxa), MecTo tmommho MCTOHHojy-

pwuie y

~v

o6h4ho Ha niTOKaBCKOM ray, Befe a (aaxjie nocuja, de6e\a t a tfe hocuo, de6eo, oa cTapMjer hocm;i, de6eA). Cjimmho tomc BOKanHO ^1 h Ty je aajio y, Kao uito je HopMavmo y uiTOKaBCKOM (okat, tah ffMO je xyr, ryne), a y hcxojimxo npwMepa, rae je BOKaJiHO a jom MHoro pamije 6w^o npeTBopeHO y Ay (cAymje, dAyz, OR cawjc dnz) rpyna Ay ce HapaBHO 3a4pxcajia, je MnaK
t

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canyBaHa pa3^MKa npeMa TMnwHHOj uiTOKaBCKOJ cwTyaimjw. Roar hmjc, Kaa cy ce noajmmice npu^MKe oneT H3MeHHJie, obm cy roBOpM 4C*HHHTMBHO HCIUM3JIM H3 Op6MTe UITOKaBCKOr paSBOJa.

y neMy

xcHoaiOBeHCKMX KOHCOHaHTCKMX rpyna mx m yd (y npwMepMMa Kao howt, Mexeda), nojaBHJiw cy ce r^acoBH Kmz (hoK, Meia), BeoMa 6^mckm cpncKOxpBaTCKOM k vi 1). Taxo ce poroflMJio aa je BebwHa MaKeAOHCKMX roBopa no cbom rjiacoBHOM HHBeHrapy rotobo jeflHaxa c rjiaBHHHOM cpncKwx roBopa, a H3pa3WTO pasJiHHWTa off, HaJBeher flejia 6yrapcKnx awjajieKaTa. Obo npeycMeo6jacHHTi 6e3 motjio 6h ce TeuiKO pa3BOJa MaKe^OHCKor paBan>e je 3akojm nepwoay ceBepa ca y KyjrrypHor m je3MHKor ynmaja XIV nonencoM h XIII KpajeM noMeo HeMaftiAKHM npowpaHeM nojnmiHKe cweHa Ta je ^a cBeAOMe AOKyMeHTO BeKa. McTopMJcKM xoJMMa cpeyaajiaua cpncKwx Hace^aBafteM BJiacTH 6mia npafeeHa Moiithx ripecTHX MaKejtoHMJw. cy pa3Ae^eHa B^acTeraHCTBa y kmoTaxo^e Jbyw nyHHx HMKa h H>MXOBHx wopoBa, CBaKaxo lax aoboaho 6ho je HM3npaHMX M3 cpncKwx KpajeBa, OHHr^esHO yr^^bejesMHKO K04 WMaher cTaHOBHHuiTBa MHcnHpnine Mewm) rocnwumo y hojihtmhko JV^T JloAyiHe, cpncKO ! Bexa XIV CTO^efea. KpajeM

juoWoi ie^or

MiW

a saraM he <^ yK^y^Ha y xypcxy uapeBHHy, y xojoj mm npecw hmjc ynmaj jiobmhv MMJieHMia. Ajim obmm cphckm

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aOMMHaHXaH
KH>nra npeiwcHBaHHx npKBeHHx jesHK CBeaoHH nleile o ^eMy Tomc je aonpHHejio no nepwoay. noTOftCM MixuoHKJK y MaKeaoroije naaa noc^c k je noa TypcKy iiito m to
cse ao 1459. HacxaBM^a

aa xhbk K ao xpwnkaHeKa rLt Cp6w aKXMBHomky. Kaa je y XVI Be KyaxypnoM anM 3 Ky aa aLasa m P naxpHJapniMJa, noa H>eHy jypwcaMKUMjy j e *o~ nefcica ogHOB^ena ripMBJiaHe naacay MaxeaoHMJe. h noaauw M3 aeo 3HaraH cneo m nojroBHHW XV BeKa o TOMe aa cy xaaa apyroj nonwca y rypcKMX pa3HM nojeawmm ITpM^ena hocmjim MMeHa craHOBHMUMMa Mehv nOTB pHMa K ao MMeHa cpncKHX MeMnfea y MaKeaoHwjw y XIV BeKy. 3aKJbyqaK ,5a je Me^y MaKeaoHCKHM M3Byfew xpe6a ohmto Tora M3 xpunifeaHMMa Moaa m aa*e Kiuaa 3a y3opnMa Koje je npyio nooiejpbn nepwoa cpncice B;iaaaBHHe npe TypcKor ocBajaH>a. Je3HHKH yrwuaj kojm je y MaKeaoHCKe roBope yHeo aocxa oco&ma 3ajeflHHHKwx ca cpncKWM cyceawMa 6mo je HejeaHaxe cHare y pa3HMM #e;iOBWMa MaKeaoHCKor npocxopa. Taj ce yrauaj Hajjaqe ocexno y ceBepHMM w ceBepo3anaaHHM KpajeBMMa, a nixo ce aajbe nae Ka jyry w McxoKy, 6wo je cjia6wjji. 3oHa H>eroBor
3HaTHMJer aejcraa noKJiana ce oxnpHJiHKe ca 3eMJi>HinxeM aaHa-

MUM

.:

CP MaKewHMje. Y npeaeaMMa nwpHHCKe w BapaapcKe MaKeaoHiije oh je 6mo caa6, a y HajyuajbeHMJwM KpajeBMMa, Ha npMwiep oko Co^yHa m y aoawHW Mecxe, HMje hm aoniao ao H3pauiH>e
acaja.

'O

HaniMM 3eMJbaMa c upoMeHe He caMO y iio;iwthhkom, Hero m y exHHHKOM noraeay. Oxnoneo je ayr m caoaceH UMicayc Mwrpaimja Koje cy wcnpeMemxaae orpoMHe Mace cxaHOBHHuixBa. Mothbm tmx MwrpauMJa own* cy pasHOBpcHH, am je ochobhh, Hajay6jbn yspox yBeK 6ho hctm: reiuKa, xpaniHHa Jbyaaca naraa. Q H a je HaroHMJia a>yae Tpa * c Cnaca Han m y TajyfeM aaBMHaj, wm je HHcmipi*7***^* By 0CBeTHMlIK PenienocT y aa ce nporaB H>e 6opc opyU T paflH CCJIC Ha TJIC c aiwe cc 6o 6a Maraa P

-.h

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ccachmum, m to ca hhcto HaKaBCKWM roBopoM y ByjuiTMHM, a ca pa3HKM. HWJaHcaAia MaKaBCKO-mroKaBCKor npe;ia3a y jyxcHwJHM xpajeBHMa, c tkm 4a ce roBop obot apyror TMna ynBpcTMo m y hckokhko cc^a na BHCopaBHH TiMfeapHJH Ha KpajfteM ceBepy Mcrpe. IlpBodHTHO MecTO OBaKBHX AHjajieKaTa 6wto je cBaKaxo y 3ajrcljy aaKMarHHCice o6ajie, Herae M3a EwoKOBa h oko pcxe Lfe-

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oco6nHa. KaTOJiMHKM uiTOKaBitw MKaBuw M3 3anaaHe XepueroBMHe m cyceflHor Maicapcicor npnMopja 3ay3e.nH cy MHore npeaejie Ha KonHy cpe^H>e m ceBepHe ZUjiMauwje, oko Be^e6wTa h y JIhum, yrjiaBHOM 3anaHHJoj, CBe &o TopcKor Korapa. Beh cmo noMeHy^M ,aa je m HeKo^MKO cejia Ha aajiMaTHHCKMM orouMMa crerao uiTOKaBCKM roBop; y cbhm tmm oiyHajeBHMa ceM je/mor paw ce o OBaKBOM MKaBCKOM flMJaneKxy. .fleo npecejbeHMX MKaBaua y
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m je3MMKy flM^epcHunjauwjy M3Meljy Myc^MMaHa m h>(iixobmx npaBocjiaBHMX w KaTOJiMHKMx cywcK^yMMBO o ceKyH^apHMM nojaBaMa, HaKHajmo ce,na. Ty ce paaM HaKaJieM^eHMM Ha jeaaH apyicHMJM cmctcm ochobhmx AMjajieKaTckmx OAHOca. HaMMe MCJiaMM3auMJa je yxBaTMjia KopeHa Ha T^y MHorwx AMjajieKaTa, m y apyiuTBeHOJ m ayxoBHoj 3ajeaHMim Hauimx Myc^MMaHa HauuiM cy ce hocmoum pa3Ho^MKMx tobophmx TMnosa KOJMMa ce MHane cjiyce M npasoc^aBHM mjim KaTOJiMiw. TeK je aouHHje cTBopeHa cMTyaimja y kojoj totobo cbm MyorwMaHM, 6e3 o63Mpa Ha to kojmm .njijajieKTOM roBope, noceayjy
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naMa cacTaB^eHMM oa cyiviacHHKa h

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^a

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W

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.

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&k

C*.

'*?

#*?
;

.-

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JHJAJIEKTO

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Koje Jbyw snaajy h srpaae m opy^a cy TaKO Mcto noce6HO. iunpeM CMMcay Te hciiito opy^e jc xpaHa y h a oaefca, H,MxoBa apxjrreKTypoM, HapoaHapoaHOM ca yapyacyje pew. tfwjajieKTe Hapo^HMM noKyfem hoiuh>om HapoaHOM nwkHMa, m jejiMMa hmm npe cBera BapnjauHJM, o csyrae paw ce Ty urn) m to join ctbom TepHTopMJaaHOJ, y HeneMy uito je y cyuiTMHM opy^e, ajiM je Ta BapMJauwja y 3HaTHOJ Mepw He3aBKCHa 04 npnpoae tmx nojaBa Kao Koja MMa opyfca. OHa je pasBMJeHa cnoHTaHO, aH^epeHUHJauMJOM perMOHa^HM oaHOCHO cthmhkm KapaKTep, Koja ce nojaBjbyje m aoxcMB^aBa Kao o6e^ecje aaTor eraMKyMa, Koja hmhm jeany c yranwTapHor rnemum uenoTpedtiy pa3HOBpcHOCT y HeneM uito je c MCTor rvieaniiiTa MTeKaKO norpedno. Y3 to je Ta BapMJauHJa m npou3eoA>na: HeMa ay6jber pa3Jiora 36or Kojer ce y okoothm HaMKa roBopw dofyocMo, a oko KpyineBua do^oAio, a He o6pHyTO. y tom nonieay je Bapujaimja y je3MKy pejiaTMBHO HajnHCTMJM cnyiaj. Oco6eHOCTH HapoaHe apxHTeicrype y CBaKOM Kpajy wnaK cy y BCKHKOj MepH npeaoapei>eHe kotmom, Kao m MaTepnjaaoM kojh je npn pyuM. To uito cy Kyfce MaxoM apseHe y iuyMCKHM peraoHHMa, a KaMeHe y KpweBHTHM, twiiko ce MO>Ke oKBajiw4>M-

pacnoaaratby

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paHwje none/M nwcaTM JiaTMHCKM m rpHKM Hero Ha cbom je3MKy. MacoBHa. Hero CyAekn no npe cBe 6wjra je nwcMeHocT ra Como, 3aKJby*iyjykM oohomc m canysa^o, ce iuto TparoBa Majio oho iuto cy npHJiMKe oMorykMBaJie mjim HaMerajie, peKJio 6m ce Aa ce pa^n o nojeAMHaHHMM cjiynajeBMMa o6aBJbaH,a hmhobhmhkc mjih CBeuiTeHHHKe xyKHOcm y npeAeJiHMa rae je npncycTBO BM3aHTOJCKC nOtfHTHHKe BJiaCTM 6njlO CTBapHOCT a He <}5MKI]JIja, OAHOcho TaMO ryte je xpMiukaHCTBO noHMH>ajio 3axBaTaTM m CjiOBeHe. Hm je^Hor hm apyror HMje moivio 6mtm MHoro. HacejbaBaH>e GioBeHa npeKMHy^o je uMBM;iM3anMOHH KOHTHHyHTeT Ha totobo nejiom BajiKaHCKOM no-nyocrpBy; nourre^eHe cy ocTajie caMO nojeAMHe MBMHHe 3 one Ayac MopcKMX o6ajia. lUwpoKa TepMTopwjaJiHa npocTpaHCTBa BpafeeHa cy M3 enoxe nucMeHOCTH y enoxy HenMCAieHOCTM h Tpe6ajio je &a npoije AOCTa BpeMeHa naK ABa ao rpw BeKa Aa ca hcmbjsmm 3aMaxoM noHHe npou,ec noHOBHor ycBajaH>a nwcMa. Or VI ao IX BeKa TOMe cy nponecy CTajajie Ha nyTy TaKopekM CBe 3aMMCJiMBe okojihoctm. H3Mel)y GnoBeHa m h>mxobmx nwcMeHMX cyceAa crajane cy 6apMjepe je3HKa, ApyuiTBeHor ype^en>a, pejiMraje m uejiOKynHe 4)M3mohommjc Kyjrrype. Hwje 6mjio hm cjiobchckmx ApacaBa hm cjiobchckc xpMiukaHCKe UpKBe hm yaopaKa nMCMeHOCTM Ha cjiobchckom je3MKy. Me^yrMM AeBeTM Bex je m3mchmo CBe OBe okojihoctm. Ha pa3HMM CTpaHaMa CTBOpMJie cy ce cjiobchckc ApacaBMue m y nbMMa 3aMeim <J>eyAajiM3Ma (ocmm uito ce nocjioBeHMJia BJiaAajyka BpxyniKa y Bek OApaHMJe npMcyrHOj m BeoMa CHa^CHoj 6yrapcKOJ ApHcaBw), a jeAaH ManncTpajiaH hojimtmhkm noTe3 kojm AOAynie HMje noTexao oa caMMx 6a^KaHCKMx GiOBeHa ctbopho je m cjiobchckc xpMinfeaHCTBo m cjiOBeHCKy nMCMeHOCT. EMJia je to MMcwja Tinpnjia m MeTojmja, ABOJHiie yneHMX CojiyitaHa kojm cy no HapeJjetby BM3aHTMJcKor napa MMxanjia otmuijih 863. roAHHe y MopaBCKy (y AaHamiboj HexocjiOBaHKoj) Aa TaMO nponoBeaajy xpMiuhaHCTBO Ha c^obchckom je3MKy m TMMe nocrase 6paHy npoTMB Ha^MpaH>a xpMiukaHCTBa M3 HeMaMKMx 3eMart>a, Koje je, y3 ynoTpe6y flaTMHCKor je3MKa, kphmjio nyT uiMpeH>y no^MTMHKe mo^m BM3aHTMJCKMx HenpMJaTe^ba OpaHaxa. Ra 6m Morjiw M3BpuiMTM cboj 3a#aTaK, .ztBoJMua MMCMOHapa Mopa/iM cy npeBecTM ochobhc upKBeHe KH>Mre Ha cjiobchckm. Ty mm je noc^yMCMJio hmxobo Qffjmmio no3HaBaH>e MaKcaoHCKor .zmja^eKTa okojimhc Co^yHa.

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6nno jchmho npwsHaTO Ha uenoM orpoMHOM noapynjy 3ana#He xpMuihaHCKe upxBe. Tjiaro^Mua cboj oncTaHaK y xpsaTcxMM xpajcBMMa ayryje flBeMa mctopmjcxmm oxoflHOCTHMa. To iuto ce 0Ha TaMO yoniurc Monia yxopeHHTM ynpxoc CTporHM HopMaMa pwMCKC UpKBC, MOXCe CC TyMaHKTM jeflMHO TMMC iuto je y IX BeKy BeJIHKH ff0 KBapHepCKC o6^aCTM 6wO nOfl flMpeKTHOM IKWIHTHhkom BJiamhy BH3aHTMJe. C .apyre crpaHe, rjianwfcHua je Moivia oaojotii Hajiery fcwpHJiHue caMO 3aTO iuto je, ocxajyhw y xaToaMHKOj c<J>epM, M3Max/ia npouecy yonuiTaBaifea hupwmue y Ma npaBocaaBHJfM seAUbaMa ca cjiobchckmm 6orooiy>xeH>eM. riojasa cTapoaiOBeHcxor XH>w>xeBHor je3wxa yHHHw;ia je jeahmm yaapucM Kpaj ohoj cMTyauwjM y kojoj cy ce Giobchm, xa& roA 6a ce ko 04 hmx Hamao y npunHUM ffa nocoxe 3a nwcMeHHM K3pasoM, Mopa^w o6pahaTM Ty^MM je3HUMMa, a36yKaMa m xyjiTypaMa. 3acnyroM yneHOCTM m T&neHTa flBojwue 6pafee CojiyH>aHa kojh cy Ha cnoBeHcxy je3MHxy CTWXHJy ycneuiHO HaxaaeMMJiJi M3pacaJHa aocTwrHyfea rpnxor KH>JOxeBHor je3wxa, oimeMeHaBaHor aoTa^a tokom Bwnie 04 flBa MMJieHMja, aiOBeHcxw kh>m^ccbHOje3MMKM MeflMJyM je Off caMor noneTxa noce&osao aoboaho 60rar penHHx m aobo^bho ranxy cwHTaxcy fla Moace aocroJHO oapascaBaTM je^my xyjnypy xoja He 3aocTaje 3a hhboom CBOjera BpeMena. TwMe je CTBopen npBH yc;ioB ffa ce cnoBeHcxa xyjirypa CTBapHO m ycnHe ffo Te bmcmhc Hoayiue, y npeaejiMMa noaa^e Off cojiyncxe oKOJimie, Ha npwMep y cpncKoxpBarcKOj je3HHxoj o&nacrw, npewMyhcTBO KH>ioxeBHor je3HKa Ha .aoMahoj ochobh Mepw yMa*beHO hmajiw caMO HeBejiwxoj 6mjio je y M3BecHOJ iteHHuoM ffa je no&nory crapoc;iOBeHcxoM je3wxy aao jeaan apyTi chobchcxh wjanexaT. Jlanac je, HapaBHo, MaxeaoHcxn awjajiexaT conyHCKor Kpaj a seoMa pa3JiMHHT off npoce^Hor cpncxoxpsaTcxor rosopa, aim y IX sexy Ta je pa3Jmxa 6w^a Man>a Off npoce^Hor oacrynaita je^Hor aaHamH>er cpncKoxpsaTCKor rosopa off, nauier KH>jiceBHor je3MKa. Tex y xacHwjoj mctophjm, Hanopeff0 c HapacTaH>eM awBepreHimja Me^y jyxHoaioBeHCKKM nape^JMMa, cTapocjioseHCKH KH>wceBHM je3MK je y HamwM xpajeBiiMa noneo 6wBaTM MaH>e ceoj h CBe Tece pa3yMaMB. Zloayme, o je &VU10 y6aaceHO npwaaro^aBaifceM Tor je3nxa tobophmm noworaMa Ha xoJHMa je 3KMBeo. Y cbojoj iipboSmthoj Bep3MJM xaj jc jeaMK nysao seoAia cnoxccHH npacaoBencKH BOxa^cKH cm-

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Taxo je y CTapoM cpncxoxpBaTckom M3ry6^eHa pasawKa M3Me^y TBpaor m Mexor no^yraaca, ff&K cy ce Hexa,aaiuH>M hochh Boxaaw npeTBopH^w (y orpoMHOj sefeKHH aMJa^exara) y e oahocho y. Y cpeawHM rae flMCTMHKimje M3Me^y asa rjiaca Bwuie HMJe 6w^o y je3MHK0M ocehaH>y, Ta ce aHCTHHKUHJa HMJe Monia oap>xaTH hh y CTapocaoBeHcxoM je3Mxy. Taxo ce nojaBwo na npwMep cpncxw, Syrapcxn m pyexw H3roBop cxapoc^OBCHCxor je3wxa. Ycxopo ce Taj wsroBop pe<|)^exTOBao w y nwcatfey, Hajnemfee na Taj HanwH iuto cy cjiobhm 3HauM 3a niacose xojw cy HecTaJiw M3 M3roBopa m caww wenajm M3 ynoTpe6e. Off XI oahocho XII sexa jas^ajy ce, ca cacBMM jacHMM c*6e^eKJMMa, 6yrapcxa, pycxa, cpncxoxpBaTcxa m apyre peaaxuiije (wm
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BaTCKOM. HapaBHO, o hctopmjm Hauier je3nxa HajBHuie nOAaTaKa Aajy TaxBH AonpAH Hac cy je3Hxy. 0 tom caMOM Ha wnax cnoMeHMim tckctobm nMcaHH oa 1189. Haaa^e hnpHAMUOM (TaAa je HarmaTejbCTBy npn KyAHHa o 6aHa j 6ocaHCKor noBe^a qyBeHa caHa h xproBMHH c ily6poBHaHMMa), a oa npBC noAOBHHe XIV Bexa

obm HaMeHOM h caAP^ajeM Cbojmm AaTHHHupM. h m tckctobm ce pa3AHxyjy oa upkbchocaobchckhx m CBpcTaBajy ce OBe nocAeAH>e KH>M)xeBHe m noaioBHe (y3 cxynMHe: BeJiHKe Ase y HAy necTO h M3BecHa BepcKa uiTMBa Koja Hwcy AHTyprMJcxor xapaxTepa, Ha npMMep noboacHe npMHe, Mopajrae noyxe, moamtbc m nponoBeAw). Maxo ce oBaxBMx TexcroBa canyBajio MHoro, HaPO*ito y 3anaAHMJHM npeAeAHMa, moxccmo c H3BecH0iuhy rapamtm Aa mx je neicaAa 6mao xyAnxaMo bmiuc aAH cy yHMiureHM tokom BpeMeHa, npe CBera y mctohhmm xpajeBHMa. HeMHpHa w necTO HecpehHa MCTopnja Hamer cBeTa, HapoHHTO y TypcKOM nepMOAy, CTsapa^a je 6e36poJHe npMAMxe Aa ce yHMiuTaBajy apxMBe m KH>M>KHMue y KOJMMa cy ce HyBaae xHHre mjim pyxonMCH. YhmuiTeH>e HMcy aohocmam caMO pyuieH>a m noxapn ohm y AaBhmhm h OHaj HaJBehM m HajoACyAHMJM, uiecTor anpMJia 1941, Kaa je ca 6eorpaACKOM HapoAHOM 6h6ahotcxom M3ropeAa Haj6oraTMJa 36npxa cpeAH>OBeKOBHMx cpncKMX pyxonnca. ,3a 6m jeAHa apxMBa nponajia, 6mjio je aoboa>ho Aa H>eH BAacmix OA6erHe npeA 3y^yMMMa, mam Aa yMpe mjim norMHe 6e3 HacAeAHHxa, mam Aa nopoAMita ocnpoMauiM m naAHe y HeimcMeHocT. Obo je HapoHHTo ApacTMHHo noroAMJio cnMce CBeTOBHor xapaKTepa y xpajeBHMa KojMMa cy 3aBJiaAa^M Typun. Ty ce HMje canyBajia aocaobho HMjeAHa npMBaxHa apxMBa jep ce HMje canyBajia HMJeAHa xpMniaro.fcMu.OM

Aapcxa pwsHMua khmBMTeuiKe cpeAftOBexoBHe m^m OAJeim cjiynajHO, h ocTauw cByAa jiMTepaTypa 3a6aBHa TaKBa ce je Aa no3Haro >KeBHOCTM, a uito ce (xao cpeAMHaMa nAeMMfeKMM HMTajia y no EBponw paAO Me^y cpeAftOpauiMpeHa BeoMa 6wJia nncMeHOCT je 3Ha w to Aa Snfee BMAy, obo MMaMO KaA nJieMCTBOAi). y cpncKMM BeKOBHMM M3ry6^eHor HenoBparao Maca HenperAeAHa je kojimko H aM jacHO peKOHCTpynmm AaHac ^era ocHOBy Ha Oho 6^ara. KyATypHor uito je OHora MpBMua je caMO Beica cpeAH>er Hamer meMO cAMKy HeMHJiocpAHa, Man>e 6MAa neropHJa je 6m, Aa uito nocrojaao k
BefeMM AeJIOM AonpAO ao Hac. riocjiOBHM AOKyMeHTM Koje
*

ocrajia nouiTe^eHa.

CaqyBaHM

cy, MaH>e-BMiue

cmo noMeHy;iH

HajHeuifee

cy

uifeaHCKa BAacTeocxa 4>aMHJiMja. JIa cy Ta BAacTCJia BOAMJia Metyy co6om npenncxy, 3HaMO no canyBaHMM nMCMMMa xoja cy 6vuia

ynyheHa y ,Zly6poBHMK w oa kojmx

je

jeAaH Aeo M36erao npo-

BeoMa npaBHe mam 3auapcxMx m caBe3y o yroBopa Me^yAP^caBHMx pa3HopoAHM, oa M^M HOBUy Mcn^aheHOM o npH3HaHMUt KOHMKa CBe AO HeHMJMX BpafceHOM 3aAory m npenwcxe Me^y TproBUMMa kojm ce AoroBacaKH,MceBHMX raMa mnpoKa je lloroTOBy nocAy. pajy o HeKOM HajpaHMJe ce kojm caHpoBMMa Me^y noeTCKMx. m CTaBa, npo3HMX noJiycpeA^OBeKOBHe heMO aahvi o6jihky nojaBA>yjy y nwcaHOM AjieKpa-ry, o TpojaHCKOM o poMaHe MCTopMjcKe m BMTeuiKe Apyre m anoKpncpe Joaca4)y m BapAaaMy caHApy BeAMKOM, o m Kao nyAeca, nAeMemirHX nyHe MaH,e-BMuie no6o>KHe nosecTM KftHHCeBHOCT BpeMCHa ToKOM MOAMTBCHMKa. MOAMTBe M3 nyHKOT H>eHHM Aa 3Ha He uito ce, pasrpaHaBaaa je pacAa y uiHpHHy x KBaAMTepapHe osSmahc TBopeBMHaMa yBeK Tpe6a npMnMCMBaTM 6amccr noAO^ajy: cpehHOM jnrrere. McTopn-iap jesHKa je Ty y je tcmcto rwiarHJaT Max mam HaAaH h HeHHBeHTMBaH, 6e3 Ayxa Haj6AMCTaBMje w Kao enoxe CBOJe jesMKa amko BepaH AOKyMeHT nnax jesMKa npoynaBaouM HapaBHO, AeAO Hexor bcamkot nncua. irocwa SHaTHMjKX npoM3B0AMMa o6mhho noKAaifcajy Behy na>KH,y soor to m HHTepecyje), mx Koja enocw foHJia Kaji TaKBMX MMa y
TprofiaHKe caAPcMHe.

Ty

ce pe^ajy tckctobm

120

Uaene Heuh

Cyd6uua namez \e3una koo

opyfya Ky/iType

121

kojm cy Meraymuaja 6or m 3 TeMe sHanaja xyarypHOHCTopMJcxor naaobe mctoxpyr HapaBHo, y Apyre. Ha BpuiHJiM khvtm ayTopM

Hwcy 6MJia

M3y3MeM0 Ako xH>H)xeBHOCT. npeBOAHa m yaasn pMMapa jesnxa hohckoj penn yoHAMBe HaJHeuike y opMrHHaaa, jeswxa rparoBe cBora oco6wHe jesMHxe HJiycrpyjy npeBOA* m mjim oopry,
Ao6a.
.
,
.

BpeMeHa pacTao je He caMO anco/iyTHM opoj yxynHoj h>mxob yaeo m Hero je3Mxy, y HapoflHOM Ha TeKCTosa npeoTHMao je3Hx je HapoAHM cnoxe. 3aocTaBiuTHHH nwcMeHoj noTMynorpe6e, o6jiacr jeAHy no jeAHy upKBeHoc^OBeHCKor oa cxyjykH cBor pwBaJia Ka aeroBOJ nocnepjboj rap^aBM, 6oroaiy6eHoj 4)yHKiiMJH. He 6w 6wio onpaBflano axo 6mcmo y obomc rpa)KHJiH caMO e4>exaT AaraHor onaAaita yAore upxBe y ApyuiTBy, oa Ay6oxor cpeAH>er Bexa HaoBaMO. Ty je m jeAaH ApyrM y3poK, hmcto je3HHxe npupoae. CBaxMM KopaKOM CBor pa3B0Ja cpncKoxpBaTCKM je3HK ce CBe Bwuie yflajbaBao oa npaAaBHwx fenPmaomctoacxmx o6pa3aua; Ha Taj je HanwH npxBeHOCAOBeHCXM je3MK CBe ay6^e xam3mo xa Hepa3yMJbMBocTM m nocrajao CBe MaH>e npwcaH jbyAHMa. Yjczmo, ohm xojm cy ra HeroBajiM AaBajiM cy My Hecro o6e;ie)xja uepeMOHMj amor, H3BeuiTaMeHor, OABOJeHor oa CBaKHAauiHMue. M Haj3aA, Meijy y3poxe miMMe TexcroBa Ha AOMaheM je3nxy cnaaa m to iuto je Taj je3nx norncHyo Jiatmhcxm y npeAeAMMa r^e upxBeHOCJiOBeHcxH HnxaA Hwje hm 6mo

Ca

npcwiascefteM

y ynoTpe6H.

npoAHpaHba HapoAHor je3HKa y xEbHxeBHocr yo~ naBa ce pa3AHxa H3Mei>y xoH3epBaTHBHHJer npaBoaiaBHor MCToxa m awHaMMHHHjer xam>iMHXor 3anaaa. 06jacHMTM By Hejczwakoct cacBMM je Jiaxo. Beh cmo pexAM Aa Ha 3anaay M3a npxBeHOcaoBeHCKor je3Hxa Hwje CTajana 3BaHMHHa npxBa; Max je 6mjio npocTpaHwx peraoHa ca ncxjbyHMBo AaTHHcxMM 6oroc;iy}xeH>eM kojh cy ocTaTiw He^oflMpHyTM ynorpe6oM npxBeHocAOBeHcxor. Ocmm Tora Ha 3anaxy ce oa xpaja XV Bexa 6yJHO pa3BHJia cbctobHa KH>H)iceBHOCT peHecaHCHe MHcnMpauwje, ynpaBO y BpeMe xaa je noaieafta cpeaH>OBeKOBHa cpncxa apacaBa aoropcBaTia npMTMCHyTa oa Typaxa m xsm je TMMe 3anpeneH nyT cBaxoj nMCMeHOCTM Me^y Cp6HMa H3BaH UpKBCHPIX 3HAHHa. Pa3rpaHMHeH>e M3Me^y TexcTOBa Ha upxBeHOM m ohmx Ha napoAHOM je3MKy roije cacBMM oinrpo. Ta sbq, je3KHKa MeflwjyMa

y TeMny

raxo oflcyaHO pa3^MHMTa a ce He 6w Mor^a MeuiaTW. je3wxy TaKBMM xao iuto cy upxBeHOM Ha cacTaBMMa noHeKMM y 06mcctmmmmho m penn m Hahw Ke HMTanau naKJbMBM jieTonwcM, ejieMeupKBeHoc^OBeHcxHX Bmue MMa Jom je3Mxa. Hamer jiHKe cpncxoxpBaTCKM. nucaHMM MHane TexcTOBMMa mhohim HaTa y je3MK mmjm 6m noBe^e cpcmfcOBexoBHe HwjeaHe totobo HeMa TexcTa, TaMO 3aBpuieTKy m noneTxy Ha m HapoflHM hmct ocTao npw3MBa 6o)xje HaHMH cBe*aH ce Ha rae noawrHyT, toh rae je xojmm floxyMeHT MOHapxa. ^erMTMMMreT yrap^yje ce rae m MMe noTBpawo noB^acTMue flyje uap CTe4>aH ypom 1357. roflMHe 6poBMaHMMa, noHMite pe^MMa: rio HeM3peneHOMy MM^ocpwjy m HJiOBeKOJby6MJy BJiaawKM Mojero c^a^xaro mm Xpncra, no M3BO^eHMJy m MMflOCTH m BceMMAOCTMBHOMy jero npM3peHMjy jexce Ha uapcTBy mm m Ha npBMX cbctmx npaBoc^aBHMx uap, Taxo^cae mm noxa3a Ha uapcTBe m ayxa CBOJero npecBeTaro 6jiaro,neT m jaxoxce M3^MJa Ha CBeraje CBOJe y^eHMXM m anocTO^M pex mm HfleTe bb Bey sceJieHyjy nponoBe^MTe c^aBy Mojero 6o(bCTBa no BcexBaJiMMej jero mmjioctm." Oko cpcuwHe TexcTa, Me^yTMM, Hana3MM0 nacace xao ,M axo ce uapcTBO mm cBa.zm c ,Hy6poBhmkom, iuto ce o6peTajy ,Hy6poBMaHe no 3eMJbM uapcTBa mm, ,na mm ce nocraBM pox 3a 6 Meceu, ,aa ce McnpaTe cbo6oaho 6e3 Bcaxe 3a6aBe m ,na noxoae, a 3 rpa^OM ,na ce paTyje uapcTBO mm." HapaBHO, obo HMJe Ham ^aHauiftM je3MK, anw jecTe cpncxoxpBaTcxM je3MK XIV Bexa, y CTM^M3aimjM xoja 3BynH hco6mhho HapoHMTO 3aTO uito uap, no Ta,naiiiH>eM nporoxo^y, cTa^HO ce6e Ha3MBa uapcTBO mm", y aejiOBMMa noBe/ba y xoJMMa je pen o xoHxpeTHOCTMMa m r&e rocnoflapM noc^oBHM toh, je3MX je Mopao 6mtm HapoaHM Beh m 3aTO aa 6m tckct 6mo jacaH. y H>eMy cy Mopana je (JjopMy^aimja m o6aBe3e npaBHe o36MjbHe npey3MMaHe 6mtm TaxBa aa je ao6po pasyMejy m .naBajiau m npMManau o6aBC3a m cbm xojMMa .noxyMeHT xacHMJe Aona^He y pyxe, m aa hmxo Hepa3yMnoBe^e je oape^a My M3JaBMTM fla MOce o,n h>mx He npMTaxBMM HapaBHO, Apyro. HemTO y 3HaMM jbviBB. mjim Aa OHa AMxaMa je upxBeHoc^tOBeHcxM je3MX, 3a HenocBeheHe nyH hcaoje CBaxojm HapoAHor noAccaH oa xyHMBor TajaHCTBa, 6mo Man>e MMao hmko HMJe kojmm 3HaH m npeA KOMe 6mo noAJeAHaxo Ao6po
f

xoMnjiexce.

Cydtma namez fauna mo

opyha Kyjitype

123

TImm M*

KBeHH, HcnoTKa je

w Ha nMcaH-eM C ?

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cy mbpcto

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je

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6mO TO IMpOflHM H/IH UpHa V noTpe6a jeflHe os

sura.

HaiMCTVpeHMiy nosMimjy npeacTaB/bao HaKHaAy*TaT pe 3 acaom mm paaMaKHyre Me^e ao6 P

Osa* Ha Kyrm

tmm

iTc7So
n*.
rUho

cpe^cM

sexy raaauifteM fteHOM Bocna (y j je feMpH^iuoM mca^a h ue*a Hero Man,* aHarno 6mo oncery kojh jc Ha sanaAy m cesepy ynoYocraJioM IfeniHe. a K ro Hac) h npHMopje cse ao AOH,er saxBaTajyfenrpammy ry k npeKopaHMJia Tpe6a hHpwjnme je pano ocBajafte EocaHCKO BpaM otok m npMBpeMeHO y XII m XIII Bexy ]e cnwiefea awo XIV KpajeM a*MaoHJe Beher Ae*a KonneHe 1410. roAMHe crpaHM. 143 toj na HOBor Maxa niHpcH>y knpiuDme fenpwiCKy wcnpasy cnjiHTCKor Kairnwia, a Tpw AeueHHje

xoje cy y P 3eM*e cse o6yxBaTa*o jc noApynje snann To B cpncicy AP*a y. hoa MKaA nornaAa*e

uom

HOJbMua khokmhc CTaTyT nwcaHM knpwimoM. je Hacrao aouHMje mcfenpHJiCKe cnwiefey XV Y CnjiHTa. m UeTHHe M3Me^y yinfea cy KacHMJe kjimiukm. h ucthhckm khc30bm m cy mj&Bajw npaBe je ynocy kojh jtyAHMa 3ajeAHO c fenpHJiMuy, pa3He;ie MwrpauHJe
Tpe6^aBajiM,

MMaMO

ft

m MHoro aa;be xa ceBepo3ana,ny, Kao iiito je m raarojbwua Ta.ua AOcneBana cnopaAHHHO y ceBepHHJe xpBaTace KpajeBe. Ann CBe ao XVI Beica noApynje Ha ceBepy oa JiMHHje Kyna CaBa JlyHaB, a ao6phm acjiom w HenocpcuHO jyxoio oa CaBe m JlyHaBa, ocrajano je yniaBHOM HeraKHyTO cjiobchckom nwcMeHouiky. Ty je rocnoAapnjia yrapcKa ^pcaBHa ynpaBa ca cbojom ^aTMHCKOM aoMHHHCTpauHJOM, a h KaTo^MHKa apxBa y tmm npeACJiHMa 3Hana je caMO 3a JiaxHHCKM xao cjiy)x6eHM je3MK. JIoAyme, y XV Beicy y;ia3M y npocTop aaHauiH>e Bojboahhc npaBOC^asHa upKBa c npe6ermuaMa H3 Cp6wje (oa paHMJer npncycTBa npaBOc^aBHe upKBe, yxonMKO je H>e 6hjio noHer^e y Bojboamhh, Hwcy ce canyBajiM nncMeHH ocTami).
,\

TpaAHUMOHajiHe o&iacTM hMpwuiMue w r^aro^wue HMcy cc Heh>hx je CTajajia .mraija seMAa" MsMe^y AOAwpMBaAe. nocpe^io Haj^aKiiie npeuwsHpaTM kba jc pen o ceKTopy npocTMpaH>e HMie jc npeacae oa 3aAapcKe na cbc aaxBaTana je OHa o6ane: iJpaHCKe 6wxa jc uapacMAa HHHHJa" Ta CTBapw Y okojihhc no cnTOTCKe C ^aTHHCKMM H^M HTaKOM6HHaUHJH AOAyUIC, y CTBO JiaTHHHUC Kao 6eh noc^yxHo noMajio nojac je OBaj jiMiaHCKWM JC3HKOM. hwpHJiHMKor hmeKcnaH3HJe M30^0Bao oa r^aro^Muy CM KOj M je iiito cy 6am jy, y to M3HeHaAHTH napaBHO, Hac, caH,a Hehe 3a6e^ccyccACTBy, HenocpcAHOM h,hxobom m y obhm KpajeBHMa cpncKoxpBaTCKMM jeca .naTHHKue KOM6HHOBaH,a kchh noneuM .naTHHHHiaiM pyKOXpBaTCKMM CaHyBaHMM 3MK0M HajCTapHJMM (3aAap, doMunuKUHKu cecrapa aaKon u Ped ce nHCHMa cMaTpajy a HeAainpaH, (coomchmk MOAurea Ulu6encKa 1345 roAMHa) w croaefea XV ho^obmhc Apyre Cbc ao BeKa). cMrypHO M3 XIV mbph MHOce Hanio ohm ce TaAa aro Mano, OBaKBHX TeKCTOBa je toj YnpaBO ,Hy6poBHMKa. y 3aApa ao oa cto ocBajajy npHMopje khhmccbpeHecaHCHa HOBa aaMax Ao6wBa BpeMe o6AacTH w y to nMCaHa. 6htm OHa fee kojhm hmcmo jcamho hoct; JiaTMHHua je BeKa fewpHTOXVI noneTKOM CiuiHTa m ,Qy6poBHMKa y oko^mhh MchKao nwcuH ajiH HOTapw, w nonoBH ceocKH uom m Aa^e nwmy ^arasexy XVI Y c^y^MTH. nefee ce HCTHfe hjim Mapyjiwfc H,OMe YrjiaBo6ane. jaApaHCKc ce oa oAnen^yjyfeH HMua hmhm ckok, h HOA npwMopjy, TeKOBHHa y ocTBapeHwx sefe hom He3aBHCHo oa Hosa nocrajc o6AacT KaJKaBCKa yTHuajcM Apyrwx cTpamix ysopa, }C3MKy. Y CpHCKOXpBaTCKOM Ha >KM>Ka AaTMHHMKe HMCMeHOCTM TepirroxpBaTcxe aAauiH,c T Apyroj noAOBHHH XVI BeKa umpoM ycryHarTO xoJHMa npeA tckctobh pMJc nojaB^yjy ce AaTMHHMKH pacnp<>am*Y3ho Tora npc ynpaBO najy feHpH^wua w rAaro^Hua, kojh nepMOAy Y npcACTOMa. cTpaitcHe ceo6aMa no xpBaTCKHM ceBepHonpMCBOJy H a ca6HJe 6ktm y cjieAH r^aroAMua fee itohobo hh4>hjitphnocreneHO ce fee y MopcKy MaTMHHy o6Aacr (a m y ocXpsaTCKe seMAHUiTy Ha paTM AaTHHMua), aok fee feHpwjwua TaTM jeAMHO KaO CpnCKO nHCMO. je iktonrro oho ymmhwim YcBajajyfen AaTMHMuy XpBaTH cy OHM Cy KyflTypHO, M nOJIMTHHKH PKJCKM 6M^O jeAMHO ^OFKHHO. CBe rypcKOM npeA m 3anaAa KaTOAHHKor '6mam orpanaK r _ _ **-, V^^Tiwvrt my hhcv ovum oca-

h^om

Cyd6uHa namez

fe3utca

Kao opyfya Kynjype

125

124

UaeAe Metth

xpBaTCKe 3eMAe crajajie cy noaejbeHe M3MeI>y 6enkc m MJieTanxe BJiacTH, a y uHBH;iH3amtjH m yMCTHocTM 3paHHJiM cy Ha^MokHH MTajiHJaHCKM, HeMaMKM m yrapcKM y3opw. Cbm nyTeBM BOflMJiM cy jiaTMHMUM. YocTanoM, to uiTO ce AOrOflMJIO M HMJe 6h;io, cxpMKTHO y3eBura, HeKO ycBajaite jiaTMHMue Kao hoBor nMCMa. Ouz je ompe 6wjia ry, caMO iuto ce h>omc nwcano Ha apyrwM jcsMUMMa. FIpoMCHa je 6MJia y TOMe iuto je, Kaa je cranio BpeMe aa ce noHHe nHcaTH.M aoMakMM je3MKOM, 3aTeneHa a36yica ynorpe6jbeHa m 3a ry aiyacfiy. .Hoayme, Mopa ce npw3HaTM aa OHa TaKBOJ CBpcw HMJe ao6po oaroBapajia. H>oj cy Hejmjim Typipf,

JiaTHHwuM kojom ce nncajio cpnh 6m^o y HapaBHO, oBora, ra ie pa3Hwx nwcaua, y pa3HMM m koa cyrjiacHMK je TaKO cKOXpBaTCKM. o6eJiecaBaH Ha npeKO 20 pa3HHX HanwHa. enoxaMa m npefle^MMa TeKcry 6wao HeaooieflHO. mctom nMcaite y je necTO Bp^o XCmoja ce. JeponuMa pyKonwca naKaBCKor c^ynaj jc TMnMMaH nac ca gi, nac ca U rjiac ce r^e / nmue hslc ca g, BeKa M3 XVI cjiobo s y hctom Texcry crpaHe apyre yi; c ca **ac nac ca y, cyrjiacHMKe c, m, 3 h yc, oneT 6e3 HeKor cwcTeMa 03HaHaBa join noynoTpe6jbaBa cyrjiacHMKa tmx CBaKH on. 3a ce c tmm aa

MHore Hame cyrjiacHMKe. M McTopnja xpBaTCKor npaBonMca jiaTHHCKWjeM cnoBWMa" - to je m HacJiOB jczme KH>nre no3HaTor (Jwaojiora Mapcraha nyHa je Hare 3 ait a oko HanMHa aa ce o6e;ie)Ke niacoBH ij, vu, nc, h, u, k, fy, Jb m h>. YocTaaoM cJiMMHa 6o*Ka je npMTMCKMBaJia m apyre caoBeHCKe m yoninTe eBponcKe Hapoae kojh cy nwcajiw aaTMHMuoM. HeBojba je npoHcreKJia M3 Tora iuto je jiaTHHCKW je3MK, npeMa KOJeM je iiaTHHHua ycTpojeHa y cBOje BpeMe, MMao MHoro Man>e pa3HMX rjiacoBa Hero BehnHa hobhjhx eBponcKHX je3MKa. FIpMMeHMTM JiaTMHMuy Ha Te je3MKe 3Ha*ni;io je cyaapMTH ce ca 3aaaTKOM aa ce pe^aTMBHo orpaHMHeHHM MHBeHTapoM cJiOBa o6ejieyKVL 3HaTH0 BMiue pa3JiMMMTMX 3ByKOBa. 06hhho ce TO nocTM3aao kom6mhoBaH>eM oiOBa. Taxo Hr&JwjaHM ynorpe6jbaBajy sc (mjim set), <DpaHH,y3H ch, EHnie3H sh, HeMUH sch, UlBe^ami s\, a rio^auM sz aa 03HaMe KOHcoHaHT in (MeijyraM MatjapH 3a ta nMiny caMO s, ajiH ce 3aTo c 03HanaBa ca sz). AjiTepHaTWBHy cojiymtjy Hyaw ynorpe6a awj aKpHTHHKHx 3HaK0Ba, KojwMa ce aonyitaBajy aiOBa, Kao y HeuiKOM s, 4>paHuycKOM c hjim HeMaHKOM 6. Ka.ua ce nopeMeTM paBHOTeca M3MeJ)y 3ByKOBa h cnoBa, aora^a ce, Hapohmto y Mcxoay raacoBHHx npoMeHa tokom je3MHKor pa3Boja, aa ce pa3HH 3HaixH no^Hy ynoTpe6aaBaTM 3a mctm niac (Kao 4>paHuycKo at, ei, e, et mta. y bpchhoctm OTBopeHor e, m;im eHiviecKO f, ph, gh y BpeflHOCTM f) hjim, iuto je noHajrope, aa ce Ha mctm HanHH 03HaMaBajy pa3^MHMTM raacoBH, TaKO aa y nncafty ocTaHe HenoKaaaHa HeKa ^HCTMHKUHJa Koja nocTOJw y je3MKy (TaKO y eHr^ecxoM npasonHcy y penHMa put u but cjiobo u o6e^ecaBa cacBHM ApyKMMJe BOKane, a y penMMa this, thin m TUomas H3a AMrpa4)MHHe KOMOMHaimje th CTOje pasjiMHHTU cyr^acHHun). CBeAOCTajaJiM 3HaK0BM 3a

Hauioj ^aTMHwuM wjaKpMTHKa YnoTpe6a y nwcaH>a. HanwH H eKM TaKO ce y mcHeno3HaTa. hm ann MecTa, 6nna Hwje BeKa flo XIX jaBJba w 3HaK c, aoayiiie y jibojhoj JeponuMa ce. JKweoTy tom h, nac if Mac HMTaTH Tpe6a aera 4>yHKUMJw: HacTOjajia aa jiaTHHMua cpncKOxpBaTCKa je KojwMa HaHHHH cyrjiacHMKa y HaineM nianpeKo6poJHHX oko TemKohe caB^a^a TJiy. HameM Ha M3MMiujbeHH Hwcy yraaBHOM cobhom cwcTeMy HTamiKpajeBMMa npHMopcKMM je npeca^eHa y y Hamy jtaTMHHuy Ma^apcxa o6jiacTHMa ceBepHHM jaHCKa rpa4>wjcKa npaxca, a y yinuaja aBejy npeTexcHor pacnope^oM reorpa<|>CKMM ca y cKJiaay

iuto flawne yrarofKO 6mjio je ripeysHMafte cyce^HMX Ky^Typa. noKaana yraaBHOM je3HKa .ziBajy tmx penepToap ce cyr^acHMHKM je cro^ekojm Hepea je Taxo cpncKoxpBaTCKor. c penepToapoM Heo^cjaj Kao HacTao jiaTHHMiu* aoMafeoj twMa BJiaaao y Haiuoj Ha pa3BHJao ce flaae ajm nwcafta, cwcTeMMMa peaa y Ty^MM ejieMeHaTa KOM6nHOBaHbeM ceKOMiuiMKyjyiiH HameM 3eMJbwuiTy, HacTanHM HOBorapMJaMa h M3Bopa apyror w je^Hor npey3eTHx H3 noKyuiaBaro cy kojh nojewHaua w je KOft Hac. HapaBHO, 6hjio

ocranopea TaKO ^aTMHHuy cpncKOxpBaTCKy aa paimoHajm3yjy UaMaawfe PajMyHa y BeKa, XVI KpajeM BywHHb jihx UlHMe BeKa XVIII XVII BeKy h IlaBJie PwTep BwTe30BHh noneTKOM je Hecpena oxjeK, Ha Han^a3MJie Hwcy ajiw HHxoBe MHHUMJaTMBe romTpHfleceTHM pe4>opMy y TajeBy caqexa ^hoct ocTana Aa

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xpBarcKMx ByKOBaua Bek oa cnaBOHCKMx m AaJiMaTMHCKMx mjim Kanwk MwouiMk, Pe^KOBwk Kao raKBMX BeKa, XVIII nwcaua je3MKy. HapaBHO, KH,MceBHOM AaHauiH>eM 6;M3aK je3MK mmjm je cmmc^y mwpoKOM je*HOM cxBaTMTM rpe6a xpBaTCKM" y OBfle pen je pen HMJe ce oceka^a XpBaTMMa KOJMMa o nMcaua BekMHa jcp apyrMX oapeljeHMx CTaHOBHMKe Ha npMMeftMBana MMe H to je m cboj, apyKHMJM, cbcct xpBaTCKy MMa^M caMM cy kojm KpajeBa kojm oBaxo npouiMpyjy 3Haohm MnaK, je3MKa. KH>MceBHor Tun cy ce cthmhkc HMH>eHwua Aa ncwia3e o& xpBaTCKM" peHM qewbe xacHMje yicnocnMcaTe^M obm npMnaAaJiM xojMMa cy AopMauMJe ^MTepaM3AaHUM m Aa^M uito cy Kao HauMJy, xpBaTCKy nM^e y cacTaB xpBaTCKe KH>M>KeByuiAM peraoHMMa y hmxobmm Typ y perwoHajiHe AMTepaiype uito cy jeAHOCTaBHMje yTO^MKO hoctm, kohnoHeKaA noBe3aHe 6n^e je3MKa cpncKOxpBaTCKor KaTOJiMKa M caApcajMMa c^mhhmm BMiue MHoro joui euim Be3aMa, KpeTHMM MCTaKcxBaTan>a c^a6ocT MebyTMM, opMJeHTauMJOM. AyxoBHOM HyTor 3aAapcKor ^MHrBMCTe jiexcn y macjm o cTaHAapAy y je3MKy Ilpe cBera AaHac. BeKa XVIII ao H>eroBa) oa je (pen mctom k to 6jikckoct je3MHi<MX TOinoBa Kojy bmam Bpo30BMk y CTBapn je BenpMHa oaaomkc OAadpaHe BeuiTO uMTMpa Oh pe^aTMBHa. OMa npnaAM 6^mckoct, y3 Ty HJiycrpyjy kojm Pe^KOBMka,. Mep M3 4>parMeHTH m OAa6paTM ce Mory ce^eKUMJe TexHMKe MCTe MeHy kojm roBope y cynpoTHOM CMHCJiy. Mctm PeA.KOBMk je nopeA AunuMit ocrajior o6jaBMO m KH>MCMuy CAaeoncKt nu6aputje c HaC^OBy MMJeM HflKMTMTe KpCTJClHCKHM y HdyKOM MOAHTBaMU U pa3AMKa ynajubMBMX inecT Ha^a3MM0 k) c m peMM (ocmm ceAaM oa MKaBCKM Au6aputje, (pen je3MKy cTaHAapAHOM npeMa MOAepHOM M3roBop, HacraBUM -umu m -cimu, HCM3MeH>eHa rpyna ct/, TpnHM nakw pa3AMKa obmx Ocmm HaKuhene). MecTO HctKUTUTe npMAeB keMO koa Pe^KOBMka m nMcaua H,eroBor Kpyra m MHore Apyre. mcnojdeM ozthuuire, mccto ozwumke xao Me^y KOJMMa o6amkc aut> Kao mhojkmhc reHMTMBe po6/be cto wo^eM, po6je MecTO AoxaTypatc (= AeTa, TypaKa), AaTMBe mhoxmhc Kao cecTpflM, (Ka3flT), rAa-t Ha mh^mhmtmbc koh>u[x], TMBe MHOKMHe Kao na hc Aa HaJ3aA M mta. (mcthuo) roACKe o6AMKe ca nu mccto ny rora mhoto joui ykn MorAO syMM0 Ha6pajaHe y Koje 6m

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Bepanje. H MJ c repaanwre abc Hem. caMO y ce npe c B era 6ojao Oh nrponoTOM. nooyae ostfiubabo 6enxM k upxBa P xaToaHHxa Koje cy ra^a je npaBocnaBHK scMBa* Kojera a oa *a cnpoBeay, h cpaMory. necpehy HajcrpaiHHHJy aasHpao nreaajyh* Y H>eM V nocriiriio iraecHe yc6h;io je yHHJahefte Y npeWAHOM cToaehy yrajahttby tohco jc omop a XpearcKOJ, Ma y nexe Mehy Cp6 M crpaaaita. Paw 6op6e npoTHB MHora cBemreHCTBy npaBOcaaBHOM a cBenrreHcrao, o6pa30BaHO H o noTpe6 je cie onacHOCTM 6mo hm HacBeurreHMxe, 3a mxojia hm 6wio Hwje H,era HMJe 6mo. npeaajy. HeaocTamxojiaMa t3kbmm aa y cnpeMHMX cTaBHMKa BJiacr CBe aycrpMJcxa a yu6eHMUM, noroTOBy KH>nre, jaae cy m 3a Cp6e, y urraMnapMJe ocHMBaite ,no3B0AaBaJia Hnje 1770. ao OHa He axo cxpiiiHTH JiaKine upxBy npaBOCJiaBHy he Ha^M aa cmmJiome noKa3ao panyH ce Taj KH>Mra. cbojhx MMajia 6yse m^eHMM: CBe iiito je Ben hhhho rypano je Cp6e y OKpwjbe Py~ w KH>wre m yHMTejbe, w ocmm Tora CHJe. Pycwja je Monia yTexy m o6o,npeH>e y 6op6n 3a npaBocaaBHJe. A xaa cy CTWTJie KHMre m yHHTejbH, c H>HMa je aoiuao m apyxHMJM upxBeHOCJioseHCKM je3MK. PycKa peaaxmija Tor je3MKa, HecTO 3BaHa pycxo-

SiaSa KacSlw

3MKa m KacHMje ra npe^aBanM oHKMa kojm cy oa h,mx yHMJiw. Taj je je3MK npo,impao yTOJiHKo Jiaiaiie iuto ce acoimpao m ca pycKMM KH.wraMa, h ca MajHMuoM PycnjoM yonniTe, m ca npeCTMceM 6o^>er uiKOJiOBaH>a, a noap^aBao ra je ayTopwTeT bmcoxe upKBeHe B^acTM. HoBHHa ce pauiwpM^a 6e3 BHfl^>MBor ornopa. CBa o6pe,zma upKBeHa M3AaH>a o& Tora BpeMeHa ^o flaHac 6whe Ha pycKOcnoBeHCKOM. Taj he je3HK o^Max npoapeTM m y CBeTOBHy JiHTepaTypy. OBaKO je raicaHa Xec^apoBwheBa CreAtaTOzpa$HJa, a m TpoHOuiKH poaocnoB, cacTaBJben Herae oko cpe4MHe CTO^eha m nperoicMBaH pyxoM. floaynie, o6a TeKCTa HMcy cacBHM cjro&wma oa cp6w3aMa kojm cy ce yrorejrw a 03HaMe noKojw nojaM HOBwjera BpeMeHa 3a kojm je pycKooioBeHCKOM HcnocTajaia pen, m^m cy ce noTKpajiM 3aTO mTO je cacraBAaneBO no3HaBaH>e pycKOC^OBeHCKor je3MKa wnaK 6m^o HecaBpiueHO.

mm

oiOBeHCKMM je3MK0M, 6wjia je Hacrana OTnpMflMxe y mcto BpeMe xaa h cpncxa m Ha cjinnaH HaMMH, npw^aro^aBaH>eM hMpMJioMeTOflcicor KH>w>KeBHor jeawKa ocooMHaMa pycxor M3T0B0pa. A^m y nonency XVIII Beica HMJe ce MHoro 3Hano o OBOMe m Op6vi cy, npMMajykM je3HK pycKMX upkbchhx KHwra, BepoBa^n aa je to opMrMHawHM cTapocnoBeHCKM. TaKO ce Taj je3MK yrHe3AH0 TaMO r&e je 6mjio HajBaacHHJe, y cpe^MiiiTy iiiko^ckot cwcTeMa.

CpncKM M3roBop pycKoc^oBeHCKor jesMKa owiMKyje ce jeKaBM3M0M: c^obo i M3roBapa ce Kao je (djeno, ejepyjy), a y K0M6nHamiJM jaTa ca a mjim h o6wBaMo CKynMHe A>e m the (/bero, HecTwejiuu). OBa nojaBa MOce HaM M3r^e,naTM HecxBaTAMBa jep ce jaBMJia y cpnocoj exaBCKOJ cpeflMHM, a He Mo>Ke ce o6jachmtm hm yTMuajeM HopMa/iHor pycKor M3roBopa kojm je Taxo^e eKaBCKM (to jecT PycM M3roBapajy jaT mcto Kao e). TeK cacBMM HeflaBHo OTBopHJia ce MoryhHOCT aa 3ao6M^eMO OBy He^orMHhoct: MCTpaMBaH,a coBjeTCKor HaynHMKa B.A. YcneHCKor M3HeJia cy Ha BHflejio ^MH>eHMuy ^a je ao XVIII BeKa y pycKoj npaBOCTiaBHOJ UpKBM nOCTOJaO M3T0B0p UpKBeHOC^OBCHCKOT J63MKa y KOjeM ce cyniacHHUH Mcnpea e HMcy yMeKuiaBanH, a ohm wcnpea jaTa jecy. YcneHCKM je naK noKa3ao aa ce TaKaB M3TOBop oapacao ao aaHac y ^MTyprMjw Koa npMnaaHMKa ceKTe CTapoo6peaaua". CpncKM M3roBop pycKOCJiOBeHCKor je3MKa je atfariTaiwja
ynpaBO Taxsor M3roBopa: Mcnpcn e cyrviacHMK ce TpeTMpa xao TBpa, a y K0M6MHaimJM c jaTOM Kao MeK, TaKO aa ce yBOflM mac j. OBaxaB M3roBopHM y3yc ,nao je noBoaa 4a ce y cpncKOM npcaByKOBCKOM npaBoiTMcy c^obo % nojaBM Kao 3Hax 3a je, vum 3a e c yMexmaBajfeeM npeTxo^Hor cyrjiacronca: opyxrb, 3HaH%. y 406a Kaa cy Cp6w npey3MMartM or Pyca pycxocJiOBeHCKM JC3MK, oh je y PycMJM Beh 6mo noTMCHyT M3 cbctobhc xh>mxcbhoctm m oapacaBao ce xao je3MK opxBe. .Ho^yme, y caMOM py-

Cbm kojm cy M3Jia3M^M M3 imcojia y KojwMa cy npeflaBajin MaKcmm CyBopoB m KacHMje EMaHywji Ko3aHMHCKM m H>eroBM capaawarn, M3HocnnM cy M3 tmx uiKOJia 3HaHe pycKoaiOBeHCKor je-

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ynorpe6a aaBHCHJia iJl^fbmhic "raKOSBaHMX KOjoj cc OH HaMCH,yje Cbc ny6jWKC * * npMJiMKa Koje oa cy flpyxHMjc ay6oKO 6m*o tTv cyniTMHM jesHKa m Koje cy cpncKOcaoBeHCKor flo6a MaWc KOfl Cp6a y CTPMKTHOM paa^MKOBafty H HCBchiviobiAcbom ^tcTbachc y cpncKocjioaeHCKor m HaMCflMjyMa, HspaxaJHHX MVmaiby asajy cc je*HO Hacjie^e M3 cpeaHacTaBAaao npaKCM TaKBOJ OJiHor 3CMaJba: jiaTMHCKH csponcKMX BekMHM sajeflHKHKO ttcra Bcxa, upkbchocjiobchckm y cbojoj 6mm o6jiacra reorpa<J>cKOJ cbojoj

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Kpyry, a y cnwcwMa .apyuiTBCHOM ycKOM HaMCHCHC xcbhocth, ce HapoaHM je3HK kojm je ynoTpe6jbaBao ny6mncy uinpoKy 3a npMCTynanaH. FIoa OBaK6mo jcamhm Kpyry HMTajiaMKOM TaKBOM je3HK, KaO M JiaTHHCKH, UpKBCHOCJIOBCHCKM OKO^HOCTMMa BJ1M cbojmm cpeapancKM KJiacHHHM m y xe6pejcKM caHCKpHT, m Kao npoMeHaMa, Henoano^aH OKaMeiteH, Haneny jc 6mo y AHHaMa, saTBopcH 3a MHOBauMJe KojctJn ,nojia3H;ie M3 HapoflHor je3HKa. y PycHJM XVIII Bexa apyiiiTBO jc Befe 6mjio aoboaho pa3BMjcho aa OBaxaB Kajiyn 6yae cacBHM nperecaH. Kaa cy Cp6u npMXBaTiuai pycKoaiOBCHCKM JC3MK 3a noTpc6c upkbc, y h>mxoBy 036nAHy cBCTOBHy jiMTcpaTypy yuiao je pycKM KH>H>KeBhm je3HK ohot BpcMeHa y cbom bmcokom" crany, 6oraTOM upKBeHooioBeHCKHM eaeMeHTHMa. OBaxaB je3MK AOMHHupa npBeHCTBCHO y MCTopwjcKMM flc^MMa: y KpaTKOM 86edenujy e ucropujy npoucxoxdenuja CAaeenocep6cKazo napoda IlaBJia JyjiMHua (1765), y Op<J)c^mhoboj kh>M3m yKuTuje u cnaenu\e
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MCK^yneHa hw MoryhHocT jw cy MCTopMHapw noflemaBajiM je3MK cbojmx Acaa npeMa pycKOM MMTaouy Ha xojera cy H3&aH>a tmx fle^a yBe^MKO panyHajia. YcBajaH>eM pycKoaiOBeHcxor je3MKa HMJe ce npeKMHyjia TpaAMUMJa nwcaH.a Ha. Hapo^HOM je3MKy OH^a Kaa to OArosapa npeflMeTy. Tmm fee je3MK0M nMcaTM nojcuHHa cBOja ae^a m HajMCTaKHyTMJM nMcuM enoxe, TaKBM Kao Op4>ejiHH wih Pajnfe. Hapo^HM je3MK npcTexce y Op4>cjijihobom McKycnoM nodpyMapy, BMHorpaaapcKOM npwpyHHMKy KaKo m HacnoB Ka3yje, a Pajwfe je Ha HapojXHOM je3MKy HcneBao cboj cixcb Bo/ 3Maja c opnoeu o jeflHOM aKTye^HOM aora^ajy. Kao m BeHimoBwfe, m oh je CBOje 6ece,ne cacxaBMO Ha Hapo,zmoM jc3MKy, y denary ca upkbchmm npHHimnoM aa nponoBeflM y MHTepecy CBora e4>eKTa Mopajy 611th nomyHO pa3yM^>HBe 3a cnyuiaoue. Flo HHCTpyKUMjw aycTpMJckhx B^acTH Pajwfe je w cboj KaTMXMCMC 3a ocHOBHe inKO^e urraMnao Ha HapoflHOM je3HKy. Op, roaHHe 1783. noHMH>e o6jaBJbHBaTH cbojc cimce #ocHTej 06pa,noBMfe kojm npBH MCTyna ca npo~ rpaMCKMM CTaBOM aa khjMmccbhoct yonuiTe Tpe6a ^a 6y,iie nnCaHa HapOflHHM je3HKOM. PaUMOHa^MCTa C H3pa3MTHM npocBeTHTe^bCKMM TecH>aMa, .HocMTej ce 3a;iarao 3a ACM0KpaTM3auMJy KH>M)KeBHor je3HKa 3aTO 4a 6w KH>KxceBH0CT Mor.ua UITO KOpHCHHje noc;ry>KMTM Hapoay. MnaK, H>eroBO HacTojan>e jib. h caM nwuie HapoflHHM je3MK0M MMa^o je caMO HenornyH yenex. Kajiy^epoBaH>e y MJiaaocTM, mnpoKa jieKTHpa Ha upKBeHOCTiOBeHCKOM H pyCKOM, flyTM M MeCTH 6opaBHJtl Ha CTpaHH r,nc je 6hjio BHiue npM^HKe 3a MMTaH>e Hero 3a jimhhh aoahp ca 3eMJbamfMa CBe je to yMHHMJio aa ce JIocMTej HMJe Morao oaio6o4MTH upKBeHOCJiOBeHCKHX HaHoca y cbom je3HKy. A HMJe hm noKyuiasao ,na wx ce ooiotfow ao Kpaja: oh je 6e3 3a3opa ynoTpe6^>aBao m roMMJiao upKBeHOC^OBeHCKe- M3pa3e 3a nojMose kojm cy
HeaocTajajiH jickcmhkom 4>0Hay Hainer je3MKa. ilocMTej HMje ocTao 6e3 cjicuSeHMKa ; hckm oa h>mx, TaKBH Kao JoBaH MyuiKaTMpoBMfe m EMaHywji JaHKOBMfe, yMe^M cy imcaTH Ha HapojmoM je3MKy HMCTMJeM off, .HocHTejeBor. y Ue^MHH y3CB, HapOflHH je3MK CpnCKe KH>M)KeBHOCTH XVIII BeKa je uiyMawjcKo-BojBobaHCKM AMJaneKaT ca BefenHOM cbojmx aaHauiHbMx oco6nHa. M3Me^y nojcflMHMx roicaua MMa paamcKa Koje MnaK He aonnpy AajieKO. O4 JiaHaiiiHe yHyrpauifte flM<J>c-

uMnepawpa Uerpa Bcaukuzo (1772), y Pajwfeeboj McTopuju pa3Hux CAaeeucKux Hapodoe (17945). Yr^aBHOM ce OBaMo npMKJbynyjc m licTopuja o Hepno] Topu BJiaaHKe BaCMJiMja IlcTpoBMha (1754). y hckmm oa obmx aejia upkbchoc^obchckmx ejieMeHaTa HMa BMine, y apyrMMa Maitc, a y BefeHHM MMa H nOHeiHTo cp6M3aMa. Ajim ayropn kojm cy OBaKO micajiM MaxoM w vf CMaTpajw Aa je to npaBH m aa TaxaB Tpe6a w cjiaBeHcicw

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(cpcMCKMX, 6aHaTCK H x, 6anroflopa BoiBohaHCKMX bojboi, Hnrie peinwawjje 6uo 6m .nperepaao aro n0HeuIT0 wra
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cBaxor nHCua OMefla no j eflaH aoKa^HM ToMe cy K MBe *>aaBMnaja. P fteroBor cmaj "r , / rOBup* " npJep ^i >w ravrt verm WMBCJiw v naiHMM
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K yiu,ajyfe M y ft eo mmvny jeaMK KH>H*eBHH te)KH>a *a wjaaeKTMMa m nocxoHapoaHMM y y Haj6o*e mv oho mTO jc BojBofcracicH roaopH y MecaMM m YocxajioM, TDajMUHjH. pasjiMKe Mefcy H>MMa cBa,HaHauiHe eBOJiynpaaw. iyBpcMCHy cy crcwieka. ABa npe npwcyTHe 6nae cbc KaKO HMcy BOJBO^aHCKMM roBopMMa y to ,ao6a flOCTa HaM Ka3yje cpewHM m caqyMajrorpa^aHCKOJ ncBaHa y noeswja h ycMCHa Je3KK tmx TeKCTOBa necMapMuaMa. pyKonHCHHM mhoi-hm BaHa y HMa HeMy mhoHeycMJbeHOCTM HapoacKH; y spao 3a3ByMM necTO M3Mel>y TaaamifeMX Mepa3JiHKaMa O ejieraHuwje. Hero BKiiie to chmx roBopa hh oaaBfle HcfeeMO ca3HaTM CBe ihto 6mcmo centm. HapoAHe necMe yonuiTe M3oeraBajy jiOKajme je3MHKe ocoficHOCTH KOjc cMeTajy Kaa ce necMa Ha^e y apyroM npeaejiy. Ta je HMBWiaimja Mopajia 6htk Hapo^MTO jaxa y rpa^aHCKaj noe3HJM HMJM Cy Ce npOM3BOflH pa3HOCMJIH HeCTMM ITyTOBaHiMMa Ofl jeflHor rpaaa &o apyror, noMOflHMM ycnecMMa umpoM iipmjimhho Ao6po MHTerpwcaHor cpncicor rpa^aHCKor aMcwjeHTa y Yrapcxoj m, ihto je MoxcAa HajBa>KHMje, itmcmchmm nyTeM y necMapMnaMa. Join ofl caMor nonerKa XVIII BeKa Hawjia3MMO Ha npwMepe Meniaaa HapoflHor m upKBeHor je3MKa y nojewHWM KHbuaceBHMM reKCTOBHMa. Taxo je hmhmo Jeporej PanaHMH, ajiw 3aTMM m Op-

Xi

y wjeM je MacycHOM nodpyuapy 6poj npKBeHOCJiOBeH-. ckmx eaeMeHaTa HenorpeoHO bmcok, a BMflejin cmo aa ce obo aora^ajio w caMOM JlocHTejy. Bvi&ejm cmo, yocranoM, aa je m y paHMJMM BeKOBMMa 6mjio ghmhhmx nojaBa. C?He cy HeM36excHe Kaa ce y jeflHoj cpeflHHM ynoTpe6^>aBajy y nHCMeHOCTH flBa je3HKa cpoAHor nopemia, ^aioie TaKBa kojm ca,npe MHore 3ajeaHMHKe ejieMeHTe. Mcto Taxo, aico KH.MceBHM je3MK je^ne cpeawHe 3HaTHO oacryna on, H>eHor scwBor roBopa, oh je craJiHO

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H3^oeH onacHocTM aa ce y H^era MHcpw^TpMpajy oco6mhc Tora roBopa. y HameM kohkpcthom cjiynajy 6vuio je TeuiKoKa Koje cy wajajie Ha nyry nMcaay hhctmm uriKBeHMM ie3MK0M, aan w
%

ohmx Koje cy CMeTajie 4a ce aoc^caho nwiue HapoaHMM. Hnje aaKO caB^a^aTM CBe nojcnMHOcra upKBeHOc^oBeHCKor je3MKa, y wacoBHOM cacTaBy penw, y o6^MUMMa naae^HMM m rjiaro^CKMM, 6^ary, y peneHMHHMM KOHcrpyKuw j aMa. HapaBHO, peHHMHKOM y xy cy CBeTOBH>auw y TeaceM no^o)Kajy Hero HJiaHOBM loiepa Koje hmxob cBaKOAHeBHM nocao CTaB^a y HenocpcuaH m MHTeH3MBaH fl04MP Ca M3BOPHMM ofipaCUJUMa UpKBeHOC^OBeHCKMX TeKCTOBa. OTyna je npoaop CBeTOBH>aKa y KH>M)KeBHOCT noxpeHyo CTBapw M3 paBHorece y kojoj cy one CTaja^e BeKOBMMa npe Tora. Y TpeHyncy Kaa ce Me^y aKTMBHMM nwcuMMa Hauuia BehwHa TaxBMX KOJM HMCy CBdUTeHa ^MUa, B^aAaBMHM UpKBeHOCJIOBeHCKOr y KftMHceBHocTM Mopao je .hoKm Kpaj, Koa Cp6a Kao m koa Pyca, a yocTaJiOM Kao iiito je m jiaTMHCKM y 3anaflHoj Ebpoiim noTMCHyr Kao je3MK yneHocTw 0H.ua Ka,n ce OHa Hauuia npeTOKHO y pyxaMa CBeroBHbaKa. Me^yTMM, HMje 6v.no jeflHOCTaBHO hm noneTM nwcaTM y HameM XVIII BeKy ao6pMM HapoOTMM je3MK0M 6e3 npwMeca upxBeHor. HeBo^>y Hwje cTBapano caMo Befee ^eKcmhko 6oraTCTBo upKBeHor je3HKa kojm je c jiaKofeoM M3pacaBao ancTpaKrae noJMOBe npea KojwMa je HapoflHK je3HK CTajao HeMofeaH. Ta ce npenpeKa MOce caBJia^aTM m HopMajmo ce caB^a^aBa y TaKBMM npwjiMKaMa TMMe ihto ce y KH>K)KeBHM je3MK Ha Hapo^Hoj ochobm npey3My norpe6He penw M3 upKBeHor. Mhoto je Beha TeuiKofea noTM,ua^a OTyjta iuto je niKO^a yqw^a ^aKe upkbchom je3MKy w iuto cy nocTojehe KH>wre caMo M3y3eTHO 6vint Ha hmctom cpncKOM. Kaa cy ce no rpaaoBHMa, HapoHHTO Meljy MHTe^eKTya^imMa, ctboph;m MMTaBM Manw aM6wjeHTM y KojwMa je je3HMK0 ocefeafte 6vuio HapymeHO uikojioBaH>eM m ;ieKTMpoM, m Ka4 je y to Ao6a M3pa3MTMX apyniTBeHMX Heje^HaKOCTM npecTM>K otmchoctm H3wrao TaKBO je3MHKO ocefeaae HaA ohmm Koje je MMa^a npocxoTa", nocTa^o je HCMoryhe aa BehwHa nwcaua oflje^HOM noMHe nwcaTM OHaKO xaxo Ta npoCTora roBopw. Cbc je obo boah^o cTBapaity je^Hor MeuiOBHTor KH>M)KeBHor je3MKa, OHora kojm fee ce Ha3BaTM oiaBeHocpncKMM. H>eMy je yocTajroM kphm^o nyr m caMo npeca^MBaHe pycxe kh>m*eBHoje3MMKe cMTyauMJe y apyroj hctbptmhm XVIII BeKa. Kaji cy ce ca upKBeHocaoBeHCKMM Morjra MeuiaTM pycKM e^eMeHni, 3auiT0 ce OH^a He 6m H,MMa npMapyxcM^M m cpncKK? Y nocaeaHoj HeTBpTMHM cTovieha obo je nocTano hcmmhobho. Paanoaw 4

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Ha npcoKynauMja nAeMMka m rpa^aHa. wnweicryajiaua. pycKMX MHoi cpeiHHM cy none ynnparw ohm y ay~ **** Pycwjy YMecTO V wy Kpaj B^aAaBMHe npeA npenia, 036ma>ho jc cmiicKV BJiaAy Koja II, Aa cBOJe HapoAe npocBerw Joc'mcJjom no* w MwKJe TepesHje Jocm<J)Oboj enocn, m Aa orpanaK, na y ocHaxw, m eKOHOMCKM nojiHTMKa npeMa CpaycTpnjcKa M upxBC. KaTO^MHKe hmmm moK 1770. HajsaA jc A03BOA>eH0 Toamhc Myapwja. jc nocroia 6Ma
II HuiHesJia je c bmJocm<J)OM a noA KH>wra, cpncKMX inTaMnaibc yHMJakcH>a. CBe je obo 3a Cp6e onacHOcr oa HenocpeAHa flMKa Pycnja, m A&fce Apa6mjio aKTycAHa acHBoraa creapHOCT, aok je BMiue cBaKOAHeBHUH. HenpncyTHa AaJieKo, y Hew ocrajana ra,

MupMjeBCKM je, HapaBHO, npeftnarao rpaljaHCKM je3MK, kojm CaMo Henonoxaj. 3ay3HMa cpeflMuiH>M oco6MHaMa no cbojmm Ha noAceha w ctm^obc", bmcokm, cpeflH>w m pa3AMK0BaH>e tobo je, HeM je3MKy O K0JMM3 pyCKOM HOCTOJaJIM Cy y HMCKM, KOJM JIomohocob. nncao paHMJe ffeueHMJa kojihko AycrpHJCKe B^acTM cy ycBOJMJie mewuiTa. MnpHJeBCKor m jesMKy, Kao hito mx ycBaja/ia m rpa^aHCKOM w o o hnvwmw eBOJiyuwja. MCTopHJcxa caMa m YrapcKOJ cpncKa MHTe^MreHOMJa y caHMH>aBajy nepwoa cnwieha XIX noneTaK m XVIII Kpaj
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MJiawx cpncKMX HHTejieKTyanaua Ha yHHBepsHTeTHMa y HeManKMM 3eM^>aAia. Me^y npoCBeheHMM Cp6MMa nontno ce onaxaTH Aa 3anaAHe KH>M)KeBHOcth He 3aocTajy 3a pycKOM, m Max je HaAMamajy, a AocuTej je
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y cpncKO apyuiTBO jaBHo yHeo TeMy o 6ecMHCJieH0cni MOHainTBa h npeiepaHOJ Mokw upKBe, hito je o6njia3HHM sum curyphhm nyTeM nonconaBano m no3Muwjy up kbchocjiobchck or je3MKa xao TaKBor. 3a craH>e AyxoBa KapaKTepncTHHaH je pe^epar kojm je 1782. ro4MHe yraeAHM m oa aycrpMjcKMX BAacrH ueiteHH TeoAOp JaHKOBwh MnpHjeBCKM, reHepa^HM MHcneKTop cpncKMX hikoaa y AycrpHjH, noAHeo uapy Jocn<J)y II o nMTaH>y a36yxe m je3Hxa sa cpncxe ihkwic. Oh ce eHeprwHHO aHraacoBao y OA^paHH kHpMJiHue Kojy je jeaaH uapeB AexpeT noxymao Aa orparoiHM Ha upKBeHy ynorpe6y, a 3a-niM je o6jacHMO pa3JiMKy M3Me^y TpHjy je3HKa, upKBeHor, rpa^aHcxor m nynxor. Ty je pa3JiHicy iwycTpoBao HanopeaHHM npwMepHMa 3a cBa Tpw je3MKa. Taico je no3HaTy 6H6^Hjcicy peHeromy sao y OBe rpw Bep3wje: a) upKBeHH AHjaneKaT: B^aceHM jecre, jer.ua noHOCjaT BaM h ssxeHyT m peicyT BCjaK 30^ raaro^ Ha bm JixcyniTe Mene pa^M. 6) rpaljaHCKH je3HK: B^aceHH jecTe Kor^a Bac tohmtm m Ha
sac xyjry m Bjcaxo sjio MeHe paw ^o*ho tobopmtm 6yy. b) nynicM je3HK: BjiaaceHw ere bm, Koje 6yay MeHe paaw roH Ha Bac yvtiv av ^ . i_ .____.

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nopeA pycKOCAOBeHCKMx m cpncKMX e^eMekhmpycKor pa3JiHKy oa 3a pycKMx. npaBMX m HaTa, join yBex BeKOBa noBMiue tokom MemaBMHa je KOJeM je3MKa, y xcBHor oiaBeHOcpncKOM KpwcTaJiMiue, ce y CTMrAa Aa CTeneHOr pa3BOJa M3Me^y HejeAHaKocTM mhoiutbom ca 4>JiyKTyaiwja je B^aAa^a naK oa Apyror, m Ae^a jeAHor M3Me^y Apyror, m jeAHor nMCua ce r^MMja jcshk je GiaBeHocpncKM Apyre. ieAHe peneHMue ao Moryfce 6m^o HaneAy je H>eMy Y y MaTMKa He MOe HanMcaTM. cpncKOxpBaTCKOM jesMKa, Apyra ABa HaJMaHe CBe hito nocTOJM y pycKOM. YMeTpeheM, m join eBeHTyajiHO y m pycKoaiOBeHCKOM, osor cTBapHOCTM npMKa3MBaH,a HaHMH cto rpaMaTMKe, aAeKBaTaH AaeKcaHmoaw je Aao kojm (sa npeceK cTaTMCTMMKM jesMKa je yTBpchmc CBaKM m nMcua CBaKor sa ce Aap MAaAeHOBMh) tac raacoBHor oaCBaKor norAeAy KOMnoHeHaTa y kyje VAeo pasHnx noBehasa^H Aaae, cy, Illaperouio 3 o6amk Hoca m rpaMaTMHKor nopeA nMcaua, HeKMX koa ofijiMKa ocraim cpncKO-CAOBeHCKMX JoBaHa pycKCW^ioBeHCKor, nosHaBaoua ocraaor m koa HajyneHMJer repzoew, Kao TaKBMX o6AMKa, PaJMka. Bm^o je m xm6pmahmx je3MKy. m3bophom jeAHOM hm y kojm He OATOBapajy crai-by cjiaseHOce cy Aa MsrjxeAaTM y Ha npBM noraeA motao 6m ackcmmkm H>eroB npeMMyfecTBa. cpncKOM jesMKy CTeKAa MHora iuto &M3HajesMKa, Tpnjy mam 4>oha 6mo je s6m P ackcmkc ABajy Wjaty tomc cpasMepHa 6MJia mmao Aa je H>eroBa MspaxaJHa Mok cpncKe rpa!)aHM3 noJMOBe 3a penM cy cTajaAe Ha pacncviaraay upKBeHOCAOBeHpasrpaHaTa cxe m ceocKe CBaKMAauiftMue, a^M m m VVf*norxpaibMBaHa crcwiekMMa CKa ancrpaKTHa JieKCHKa, ^3Hacnckm he oc^oHuy Ba H a VpeTMpaH,eM tcoaouikmx nMTaH>a y tto ya h BOKa6yAapoM, HeHa OApe^eH aetmhckkm m rpHKMM
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aflMMHMCTpaUMje, apyuiTBeHor TepMMHO/IOrHJOM CTHTVMCaHOM je3MK 6mo je, pa3yMe mciiiobmt OBaKO HayKa. mhotox m vpchefta H,era cy nmpoico yjiaaiue Y yrnuaje. apyre 3a h ce OTBopeH aycrpnjcKM kojm cy jesMKa C 6m HeManKor P M3 o6ptm m PChm kojm je y AycrpwJM cBaicoflHeBHO npw/iHKy aa CJiymajy, a

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wMa/m to m HaJKyjiTypHMjer rocnoaapeker y3 je3MK npecTM3KHK h 6mo je3MK je Ta.ua 6mo HeMaHKM CaM Hapoaa. Hajjaner eKOHOMCKM H
npcnyH cjjpaHuycKHX no3ajMMua; cpncKocjiOBeHCKM je m hmx y MacM ynnjao, mcto Kao m ^aTMHM3Me Koje je ynoTpe6^aBa^a ayCTpMJCKa a^MMHMCTpaUMJa. OBaKaB je3MHKM KOHTJIOMepaT (MBeo je y AtnviMa mhotox nwcaua, a noroTOBy y ny6jiMUHcraa*i. Ha crpaHMuaMa CAaeenocepncKux ejedoMOCTU Koje je ojs, 1792. ao 1794. H3,naBao y Beny CTe^aH HoBaKOBMh MoceMo oa je^Hor n^aHKa ao apyror npaTMTM je3MHKy BapMJaimjy ca CTajmo npoMeH^MBMM o^hocom M3Me^y e^eMeHaTa kojm npnnaaajy pa3HHM HSBOpHMM je3MUMMa. Hpfje TeuiKO cxBaTMTM 36or nera je OBaKBa BaBM^OHcka Kyjia MHorax je3MKa cTon^eHMX y jeaaH 6vuia BpJio jioui MHcrpyMeHT M3pa3a, ynpKoc cbcm cbom ^ckcmmkom 6oraTCTBy, npncyTHOM m noreHimja^HOM. HanopeaHocr M3pa3a mctot 3HaneH>a kojm noT*my M3 pa3Hwx je3MKa CTBapana je npMjiMKOM nwcafta CTa^Hy HeaoyMMuy. JIa ^m y3eTM cpncKy pen mjim upKBeHoc^OBCHCKy, vim MO)K^a pycKy, mjim naK HeKy oa noMOAHMX 3ana^HMX Ty^Mua? 06jeKTMBHor KpMTepMja 3a oa6mp HMje 6mjio, CBe je 3abmcmjio on nMinneBor BKyca". HMKa,n y cpncKOj cpeflMHM HMje OMJio TaKO MHoro jesM^Ke HecnrypHOCTM Kao Taaa m HMKaA hmcmo 6mjim TaKO aa^eKO oa jacHMx MepM^a ctm^ckc JienoTe, na hm oa npeiw3Hor Mspa^aBatta. YKpniTafte pasHMx cwcTeMa pe^w M H.MXOBMX 3Ha^eHa flOBOflM^O je HeCTO flO flBOCMMCJieHOCTM. Fen naj\eu y pycKOM m pycxocaoBeHCKOM 3HanM npcT yonuiTe, a *&mt y cpncKoxpBaTCKOM, o^hocho necTO nan^ c^aBeHOcpny ckom, oape^HH npcr. Pen nacr y pycKOM h pycKoc^oBencKOM

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nydan y pycKOM oaroBapa dueHbiii, ajiM 3aT0 pycKo nydnuik 3Haqw ompM^MKe niTO m Hauie duean. Kaxo ce CHafen y tom 3aMpmajy, Kaxo 0Aa6paTM pen Koja ke HMTaouy 6mtm jacHa? OHHTJieffHO, Haj6o*e je npecTMJiM30BaTM kohtckct aa 6m ce M3 H>era BMfleJio 3HaneHe peMM, mjim naK yonuire M36eraBaTM OBaKBe peHM. CaMO, Ty ce 6oraTCTBo ^eKCMKe y npaKCM npeTBapa y cmpoMameite. Ajim to HMje 6wjia HajBeha HeBO^a. JIa 6m ce Ba^aHO caBJiaaao OBaKaB je3MK, Tpe6ajio je ,no6po 3HaTM, ocmm cpncKOxpBaTcxor, join m upkbchocjiobchckm m pycKM, a noMajio m HeMaHKM M JiaTMHCKH. Ko ^a CTMITie to CBe aa HayHM, m to join o6wjiOBajia npMpyMHMUMMa 3a HMcy Koja BpeMeHMMa ohmm y yqefte je3MKa? Ko ce Morao noy3^aTM aa fee, aKO je caM M3yHMO CBe iuto Tpe6a, H>eroB HMTanau yBeK noceaoBaTM MCTa 3HaHa m CBe ao6po pa3yMerM? HeuiTo je Tpe6aJio ynwHMTM, m to 6pso, mTa y Hera cna^a, ,ga ce je3MK pacTepeTM m cpew, aa ce yTBpan 6m^o HMje ihto Kao 6mjio, HMje KpMTepMja oneT Ajim He. iirra a hm ^yflM kojm 6m jacHO BMAeJiM npo6^eM hm ayTopMTeTa HMja 6m ce pen nocnyiiiajia. C oBaKBMM npT/baroM yinno ce m y AeBeTHaecTM BeK. ^OAyme, caa je Befe 6m^o jacHO *a hmct upKBeHOaiOBeHCKM, a noroTOB^-pycKM KHM)KeBHM je3MK, HeMa 6yAyfeHOctm Koa Cp6a. Y3 to je rpa^aHCKo apyuiTBO 6m^o CBe 6poJHHje, nonyH>aBajyfeM ce M3 uimpmx HapoAHMX cjiojeBa, 6poj nwcMeHMX je3MKa eKCKJiy3MBHor nocTojaH>e yc^OBe 3a yKM^ajyfew pacrao je npMBM^enicaHMx, a apyiuTBeHa Mofe upKBe je ^araHo cna6M^a. Ca3peBajiM cy yc^OBM 3a HacTynaH>e Hapo;mor je3MKa.
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toch nem, a o6;imk nam tmm y jesMUMMa 3H3hm aeo (y c T aTOcm cpncKoxpBaxcKOM m y anjajieKTMAia m ^aHac hoctojm pe^ ct y TaKBOM SHaMefty; 04 cy MSBeaeHM m nec^a, ynetahe *WJ. VMecxo HecTo y pyCK OM ce Ka)Ke

cy aoHeKajm noapynja je3MHKor cpncKoxpBaTCKor HapoflM nMTanpecyjiHMM cbmm totobo fleBeTHaecTM BeK ca HepeuieHMM npnnpMBpcae Hepa3BMJeHe H,MMa cbot oncTaHKa. CMpoMauiTBy eM6pM0HaHii 3aocTajaH>e, KyjrrypHO apyjKMBa^M cy ce ,ny6oKO
rei^T awyajmaoBaH m npcpaljcH Obo noniaBJbe npcflcraBAa aoHciuie opojy nonacHOA* danac do Byca y H^aHKa Ham fe3UK u uamu napodu od 3ope, Moctap 1968/69.
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^pyiUTBCHMX CTpyKTypa M HC^OCTaTOK ncWIMTHMOACpHMX HMBO npHJiHxaMa HcpaapemcHM npoTaxBMM Y caMOCTa^HOCTM. hkc cy caMo jeAHo oa 3a*a, cBaxaxo 6mm je3Hxa KH>M)KeBHor 6netAvt Jcp Taj khmcbhh je3HK Haj6c3HaHaJHMJc. hm hc aAM hc HaJBckc, Tpe6ajio jc Aa nocTaHe MeAMjy M nocrojao, hm hcctmto kojh HMJc 6yAyfea xyATypa, Aa 6yae noayra Hanpcnca xcmbctm fee kojcm y xaxas fee 6mtm Taj ochobhh mhTora Oa ucjimhm. apyiHTBa y cTpyMCHT 3aBHCMJio jc xoamxo fee aximje Koje 6m TOKMae npenomoKm AOcerHyTM y Ay6nHy ApyuiTBeHMX cnojeBa mam y iuh-

poay npocTpaHCTBa. TcpMTopMJaJiHor pMHy Oho ihto ce oko roAMHe 1800. 3aTexAO Kao khmhccbhh je3MK y cpncKOxpsaTCKOM noHe6jby MO)xe ce caMo ycnoBHO 3BaTw ey^eMHCTMHHa nOMaAO M npMHCCTO UITO KaO JC MMCHOM, TMM MCHaTcpMMHa w khmxcbhoct" Ha coHMH>eHMJa HauiMx cnMcaTe^a OHora Ao6a. Aam join BHiiie Hero oa M3paacaJHe HcaopaljeHocTw, kopchmtmjmx HeAaha. Apyrnx, naTHO oa je kh,mccbhm JC3MK Taj y CTBapM, hmjc to HM 6mo jeAaH KH>M^ceBHM je3MK, Hero CKynMHa pa3HMX je3MHKMX TMnOBa y nMCMCHOJ ynoTpe6M, ca umpoxoM cxaaom BapMjaiuije cacBMM pa3AMHMTe y ABa ocHOBHa aM6wjeHTa npaBoc^aBHOM m KaroaHHxoM (MycAHMaHH, reorpa^cxw yxjbeuitchm M3Me^y xpMiufeaHa m xpuifeaHa m H3MeinaHM c H>MMa, ymm cy y op6MTy MOAepHor pa3BOJa tck mhoto xacHHJe, xaA wx je npecraHax Typcxe BAaAaBHHe Haj3aA npeHyo M3 MHoroBexoBHe xyATypHe oxpeHyTOCTM Mcx^yHMBO xa OpMJeHTy). y xy^TypHOM xpyry npaBoaiaBHMX HajBefee HeBOJbe c je3HynoTpe6e ABajy <J>yHxmi~ xom npoH3Jia3Hfle cy M3 amtaocmjc OHaJIHO flH^epeHUHpaHMX JC3MHXHX TMnOBa y MCTOJ flpyillTBeHOJ 3ajeaHHUH. C HapoAHMM je3MX0M je xoereHCTMpao, npBeHCTBeHO aiapa3rpaHMHeH>e, jacHO nncMeHOj ynoTpe6H, hchoboaho a y3 y ycTajbeHor 6e3 MemaBHHa 6ho oneT caM BeHOcpncxM xojh je xomo6jiMHja. JtHiviocHJa roije 6nAa caMO Ham npo6jieM, OHa je rwMxoBatta OAHOce y xy^Typw Maite-BHiiie cbhx npaBOCJiaBHHX HapoAHor M3Me^y pacnoH je eBponcxMx HapoAa. Koa PyMyHa, me
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xeBHor je3Mxa, BOAM^a, xpoa ocaMHaecni Bex h npBe aeueHHJe ncBeTHaecTor, nocreneHOM cpacTaH>y m xpMCTajiM3auwJM caaamH>er xH>H)xeBHor je3wxa Ha aomopoahoj ochobw, ajiM cHa>KHO npoeTor upxbchocjiobchcxmm cneMeHTMMa. CyuiTHHcxM mctc flajia je m eBo^yuwja xoa Byrapa. Koa Tpxa cy ce aTe T C3 y^ p xoHCTMTywcajiH je^aH npeMMuifeecynporcTaBAaH>a noJioBM Kao hm" apxaM3HpaHM je3Mx, c aM6MUH}0M BepHocrw cTaporpHKOM, je3Mx, ocJiOH>eH Ha caBpeMeHe xH>H)xeBHH HapoAHn" je^aH m flwjaaexTe; Ta je xoH<J)poHTauMj a ao AaHauiH>er AaHa ocTajja HepaapeiueHa, npMTHcxyjyfew MOAepHy rpnxy xy^Typy HenoTpe6HHM TepeTOM. Cse obo AyroTpaJHO pacnwHaH>e xH>H>xeBHMx je3wxa npaBoaiaBHMX eBponcxMx HapoAa npeACTaB^a y CTBapM Aeo Temxor HacAe^a cpeAH>er Bexa xoje je Ha hctophjcxh 3axacHeA0M eBponcxoM wcTOxy MMano Ao6pe yc^OBe Aa xoje cronefee Aye npHHuwna ABOjcTBa M3OAO^eBa BpeMeHy. Wtaa cpeAH>OBexoBHor w Me^y jeAHor cBeTor" h yHeHor je3Hxa upxBe m Hayxe, noHerAe w aAMHHMCTpauHJe, h AOMafeer M npocTOHapoAHor" roBopa, CTaja^e cy OApe^eHe ApyuiTBeHe peAauwje: bhiuh" je3Mx je npeBacxoaho 6no ynopwuiTe cBemTeHCTBa, 6apwjepa xoja je yTBp^MBajia fterosy cynepnopHOCT HaA HenocBeheHMMa. M poMaHexo-repMaH* *~ OK n CBC 4>a3y TaxBy & npe6o;ieo 3HaTHO paHMJe, cxh 3anaA je, THHCXH HHJe XOHaHHO nOTHCHyT OAHOCHO, y XaTO^HMXMM 3eMAaMa, CBeAeH Ha 4>yHXHMjy y caMOj upxBH. YocTajiOM h y eMaHuwnamfJH oa JiaTHHCXor pa3He 3eAUbe cy miiAe pa3^HHHTHM nyTe EBpone noAOBMHH hctohhoj Aax^e oneT y BMMa. y Yrapcxoj aaTMHCXH je ao>xmbco m XIX Bex y cAy5x6w aAMHHHCTpaTHBHor
je3Hxa.

xyAnxaMO HajBefew, ABOcrpyupKBeHOMCTHCHyo je jesMX .KOCT je npBa yxjiOH>eHa: pyMyHCxw e ca PY Koa caobchcxm, nax MH3 caMe upxBe, join y XVII Bexy. ' 33 HanopeAHOCT upxBeHOcnoBeHcxMX m HapoAHMX eAeMeHara, y V w khiMcTM^y hjokcm" amhmtoi MepM 3acTynAeHMx y w bhuicm m w
je3Mxa m upxBeHOcjioBeHCxor 6mo
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06je3HHXoj cpncxoxpBaTcxoj HeBOJbe y xpyry xaTOAMxa y ^acTH 6wAe cy cacBMM ApyKHHJe oa ohmx xoa npaBoaiaBHHX. Ty cy npo6AeMM H3BMpajiM H3 TepHropHJaAHe pacuenxaHOCTM XH>H)xeBHor je3Hxa, xao yocTajioM w caMe xhjHKcbhocth. TIoctojeAHa cAaBOHCxa, jeAHa TOTepaTypa, jaaa je jeAHa xajxaBCxa 6anxa 6yH>eBaMxa, jeAHa AaAMaTHHCxa, jeAHa Ay6poBanxa w Taxo HaMenpoAyKuwja, AHTepapHHX cmthmx Aajbe. M CBaxa oa tmx je BAaHMajia perwoHa, 3aBH^ajHor fteHHx npe CBera ny6^Muw CTHTH Twn xHMceBHor je3wxa. Tecxo6a aM6wjeHaTa Ha xoje cy ce ocjiaitane Te Taxo3BaHe noxpaJHHCxe xftHxeBHOcra y Apyroj npoBMHsawcra 6yAy je Aa mx noAOBHHH XVIII Bexa ocyfeHBana

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na k ohom HajropeM. CBe e pew, tc CMHOiy CBaKOM mriajme y j y3ajaMHnx yoioB^eHocTM mcKpyroBHMa 3anapaHHM obo 6mo y HapoaHe sajeaHHHKe cBecra. BejiHKH oacyerBOM c npciwieTCHO
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je3Mxa 6mo je, aoayme, o6yxBafeeH xpBa-rHauler Kam/WKa aeo CBCUlhy, a/IM je aa^be Ha MCTOKy XpBaTCKOM H MMCHOM CKMM ocrajano umpoKO noapyHJe, oa EaHKe, BapaHe m GiaBOHMje, ,ny6poBaHKor BocHe no aeaoBa npHMopja, rae npocTpaHMx npeKO 6nno no npaBHJiy caMO peraoH&nHo je onpefle/beite KpuikaHa
6yHeBaHKO, uioicaHKO, cyiaBOHCKO, 6ouiH,aHKo, ay6poBaHKo. Pa3JeflHHeHOCTM oBaKBe BpcTe koa npaBooiaBHMx Hnje 6mjio. MaKO reorpa4>cKM pacyTM mcto kojimko m ksltojiww, ohm cy hocmjim CBecT aa cy Cp6n, norxpaifeHBaHy tokom HaJTeacHx BeKOBa MCTopwje aejiOBaH>eM TlefeKe naTpwjapuiHje, Te HaoMOH&rae upK-

noe3MJa cpncKor ce^axa, rpa^aHCTBO ca cbojmm norpe6aMa m, xpoho^ouikm, sum c oacyaHOM y^oroM y mctofloflyme noc^ean>a pMJaTy cyKo6a, MHTe^eKryanHa OM^aawHa. ByKOBM MeraaHM 6hjw eBponcKor pBaHa o,acKopa Ha6yja^wx cy y Kpajftoj ^mhmjm aeo hobmx cHara npoTMB K^epMKa^M3Ma w 3a aeM0KpaTM3aimjy. Meljy
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BeHe opraHM3auwje y kojoj je HCMBejia, TpaHC<j>opMHcaHa sum He m aerpaaHpaHa, HeMaH>MfcKa noJiMTHqKa TpaawuMja. OBaKBy yjiory KaTOJXMHKa upKBa, CBe no XIX BeKa, HHje Mrpaaa. Ta upKBa, ca jaKMM ueHTpajiMCTMHKMM ycrpojcTBOM w opwjeHTMcaHa MHTepHauwoHa^HO, HMJe HAtana noce6Hy opraHH3auwjy 3a KaTOJiMKe cpncKOxpsaTCKor je3HKa, na naic hm apxwflwjeue3aflHy jeawHMuy xoja 6m mx CBe ofiyxBaTana. BepHHim cy 6mjih pa3e;beHM jypncAMkumjom pa3HMx Ha^MCKynnja mmjm ueHTpw HMcy yBeK 6nm/i y HauiMM KpajeBHMa. YocTa^oM ko,h KaTOJiHKa je HeaocTajaao m MHTeH3iMBH0 npMcyTHO npe,naH>e o HeKa#auiH>oj caMOcra;iHOctm (ay6poBaHKW M3y3eTaK OBfle caMO pejbe<J>HO mctmhc KapaKTep m AOMamaj npaBHJia).

Cp6wMa, rae cy KopeHM rocnouiTMHe 6m^m n^MTKM m r^e je 6yHywjcKM xcap n^e6ca 6mo aoMMHaHTa Hapo^Hor MeHTa^MTeTa m no^MTMHKMX 36MBaH.a, aMr^ocMJM HMJe 6h;io oncTaHKa, m 6op6a ce HMJe tAOTJia 3aBpuiMTM ApyKHMJe Hero TpHJyM<i>OM je3MKa ay,aw cKe cBaKMflauiH>Hi*e Ha,n H>eroBMM ,,0TMeHMM cynapHHKOM. Haic m He3aBMCHO Off. Byxa, nawy KpyroBMMa HeroBMX AyTMx npoTMBHMKa, Hapo^iM je3MK ce He3a^p>KMB0 npo6njao y CBe rpaHe ^MTepapHe ynoTpe6e. rioTMCKMBaH>eM wr^ocwje cnop ce OMe^aBao Ha ff&JieMy oko rpa^aHCKor m^m ceocxor roBopa xao noaa3MIHTa HOBOr KHMCeBHOr je3MKa H OKO Cy^6MHe TepMMHO^OUIKHX TeKOBMHa upKBeHOCJiOBeHCKe JieKCMKe. ByKOBa no6eaa je aoHeaa jeapMJM m MBonMCHMJM M3pa3, ajiw m M3BecHe )KpTBe y nonieay moKm ffSL ce peHMMa o6eJiece cbm noJMOBM, npBeHCTBeHO ohm ancrpaKTHW, KOJMMa je B^a^ao TajiauiftM o6pa30BaHM Cp6mh. Taxo ce ^orowwio aa je caM ByK Mopao yBOflHTM, y npeBoay HoBor sasjeTa m apyrae, nojewHe upKBeHOC^OBeHCKe M3pa3e kojm cy npe Tora 6mjim wciabyieHH M3 H>eroBor KifcMxceBHor
je3MKa.

no^OBMHa aeBeTHaecror Bexa yMeaa ce m koa Hac oaa3BaTM MMneparMBMMa MCTopMje. Ha je,zmoj CTpaHM noneo je jypMni na AHiviocMjy, a Ha apyroj o<}>aH3HBa npoTHB pacuenKSHOctm. FfpoTMB Kpynmix 3a;ia nonijio ce y 6oj KpynHHM cpcucTBMMa. Ma&o MMa McropMjCKMx napa/ie;ia M3 apyrwx je3MHKMx cpeawHa 3a TaKO TCMeAMre cBecHe HHxepBeHUHJe y je3MKy Kao koa Hac y ao6a Byxa KapauHfea m MJiMpaua. ByxoB bcjimkm noayxsar petJwreKTOBao je, nopefl TecHe aa ce a<}wpMHpa cpncxa HauMOHa^Ha MHflMBMflyajmocT, w jeaaH coUMja^HM cyaap. BepHocr rpaawuMJM 6paHMJiw cy upkbchm bcjimKOflOCTOJHMUM, ayCTpHJCKM n^eMMkM M Cp6MJaHCKH BJiaCTOflpiUUM, a y cynporaoM xa6opy nstrnm cy ce, npMKyn^ajyfeM ce nocreneHo, HenoraMHejiH ayx npBor ycTaHKa, npe6oraTa 4>OJiK^opHa
FIpBa

H&HpcKH noKpeT, noTexao M3 3arpe6a Ha oko SBe aeueHMJe nocjie noHcnca ByKOBor 6opeH>a, MMao je cacBMM ApyKHMJe o6eJiexcje, HauMOHanHo-no^MTMHKO. M npo6^eMM 3arpe6a 6mjim cy flpyrn. XpBaTCKa Hapo,UHa CTBap 6n^a je TaMO ^BOCTpyKO yrpoeHa, y mctm Max m repMaHM3auMJOM m noM^apMBaH>eM. BeHKa
ueHTpanMCTMHKa 6MpoKpaTMJa m M^apcKM 4>eyaanHM MaraaTM OTMMajiw cy ce o npeBJiacr naff, ceBepo3anaHOAi XpBaTCKOM, TaK03BaHHM IlpoBMHUMJajiOM. Y rpaAOBMMa, na w y caMOM 3arpe6y, BeiwKM aeo craHOBHMinTBa je roBopno HeMaHKM; eKcnaH3HJH Tora je3HKa HMje ftonpMHOCMO caMO H>eroB orpoMaH apyuiTBeHM npecTMJK, Beh m npHcycroo mhohix Hace^eHMX nopo,ztHua o6pTHMKa m TproBaua HeManKor nopeicna. A it&eMCTBO, HMJa je no^MTMMKa no3Mimja ynpKOC Hasa^OBaHby join yseK 6ma. 3HanaJHa, ocnaibSJio ce y oa6paHH cbojmx MHTepeca Ha yrapcKy apCToicpaTMjy, na je naK caMO M3r^aca^o 3aKOH o o6aBe3HOM yBO13 CpncitH Hkfon,

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npHJimee cy 6wjie T a K Be 4a uuxoae. je3Hxa y ce ke*y Mafcapcxor CJiy*6eH0r CMETpao 4>yHKUMJH HeKaKBMM JC3MK y I n&THHCKVL wnax 6o)bc aaTMHCKH Hero jeHapoimocTM xpBarcKC uitmtom cyce.ua. A Ha apyroj CTpaaw, ynponacHMX ABajy jC3MKa &bh 04 m BejiMxe mance. 3arpe6 je ce cy OTBapaae HeaahaMa, koc cbmm ckohomckm m xyjrrypHO 6p30 HanpewBao, Hanopeao ca 4>opMM-

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Beica. XIX rojiMHaMa ceTMM MBaH flepKOc je M3aiuao npaBHMK MJiaw 1832. ToflWHe KHM)iceBHOM je3MKy XpBaTCKe, Hajr3ajeflHMHK0M c npeflflWOM Hapenja, a rpo* MeuiaBHHM Ha 3acH0BaH0M CjiaBOHMje, MauMie m cboj nyBeHM MaHM^ecT o6jaBwo roarae wcTe je JaHKO flpauiKOBMh KyjrrypHMM nporpam ckohomckmm noOTTHHKMM, ca paspafeeHMM yjeflHH,eH,e Ta*a pacnaposHanno je oh 6op6e mom Kao uwb yxfla^MaTHHCKe h CaaBOHCKe XopBaTCKe, naHe Kpa^eBMHe npwcah nepcneKTWBM aa*oj a KpaJHHy, y jbVHYiyfcM Ty m BoJHy toj opy^a 3HanaJHa seMajta. y c^OBeHaHKMX ieanbeibe BocHe m noTeHuwjaJia npuBpeaHor CHaceHy Bwaeo y 6op6w .UpaiiiKOBMh je sajeAHMca QaBjaHax ckmx M^m P h v KyjrrypHOM yjewftefty CBeCT JC3HK0M. KftM^eBH^M qKOM ^MTepaTypOM H IHTOKaBCKHM caspejia kh^dkcbhoctm KaJKaBUiTMHa y o n<yrpe6w aa ce HanycTM Jby^eBHi 1836. je Kaa h npeKOHoh, Taxopekw ie HeoflO^MBO m je 6mo fle4>HHHto uiTOKascKH, Ha npeuiao raj y cbojoj faxm* je Othop TpaflHUM]OM. BMUieBeKOBHOM THBan hhh pacKH^a ca Byx, wsasnao Cp6a koa je kojm 6ho cjia6 y nope^efty c ohhm apyuiTBe6h^o HMJe cBaxaxo h 3aT o uito y XpBaTacoj MHOBauwTajeBOM yrpo)iceHM 6h^h hhx cnara hhjm 6m HHTepecw HOTy 0H MM30 Y jOM. A HM CaM MJIMpCKM HOKpeT HMJe HeyHacTynaHe nnaimu^ mccto kojom je MMnpecMOHMpaJio, m CTpaiHHBor Hapojim>aKa M3 TpuinKa. ^^ noaHeo je xojy *ptbom HaA JiaMeHTMpa Kaaa AaHac Kpjiwa KajxaBCKor po^or ynorpe6e 3arpe6 oapHHyfeH ce Hoeran^y B H>ero 3a yMeBaH,e y ^bhoctm, HMJe TeuiKO nahM pa3 ^mcto vm necHMKa, KaJKascxor ij< pol)eHor xaJKaBua m saBMMaJHor KajxaBCKor HanyuiTaH,e je TaL ^axo cxBaTMTM aa 3arpeo rpa^aHciw je kojm jeaMKa 6m^o HajjanM ho^mtmhkm hotcs no^MTMm na Ky^rypHH, H,eroB Mxa^a noByxao. Bes tot noresa KpafcH. 6M OCTaO flOMaUiaj eKOHOMCKM MKM M - je ip, AVtttf noxpeT npcnopo ^ je3MK0M C xajxaBCKMM x^MHceBHMM xpBaTexo m npMBpeMeHO, HanycTMO, aoayuie item ca^aja , m^mpcxmm, KH,Minxor nopeK^a m HeoapebeHor 1. noHetxa Oa 3aTo uiMpoxMM m uiMpoxo npMXBaTOMBMM. a JXam H nocTaje doAuaiuHCKa u CAaeoncna xopearcxa, Aamiifa
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noneuMMa rpaljaHcxe MHTejiMreHuHje. C noynmaja TepMTopMjajiHor njieMcraa m janaH>eM aAMMHMCTpauwje pacTao je m 3Hanaj 3arpe6a Kao iiojihthHKor cpeflwurra. flodpe ycjiOBe TOMe npyacao je m HeroB cpehaH reorpa<})CKM noaoacaj. Hefce 6mtm oiynaJHO uito cy ce MoaepHe npecTOHMue XpsaTCxe, Cp6nje m Eyrapcice pa3BHJie y 6;ih3hhh ceBeposana^HMX rpaHMua CBaxe oa tmx 3eMajba, ynpaBo Ha TanKaMa r#e y hmx yjia3H Maracrpajia 3ana#Ha EBpona Uapwrpaa. y npBMM .neueHMJaMa XIX Bexa ctckjim cy ce MHorw yaioBH
paibeM rpaJjaHcrea m cTeneHMM ona.aaH.eM
3a excnaH3Mjy yaore 3arpe6a Kao ueHTpa. rfceroBOM CBe 6orarM~ jcm TproBanxoM cnuiexy rpe6ajio je uiMpe Tp>KMiiiTe, aok je wHaMKHHa AUia^a HHTeJiHreHUHja 6wjia 3aMHTepecoBaHa 3a npoCTpaHHJy c<$>epy xyirrypHor 3paneH>a. Ann aoMauiaj nojiMTMMKC MohM 3arpe6a y tom rpeHyncy HMJe 6mo aajieK. Mcnoa aeroBe

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MacTM 6njia je M3y3eTa BoJHa xpaJMHa, Haa .HajiMaunjoM h McrpoM oh HMJe MMao HMKaKBe MHrepeHuwje, hslk m cnaBOHCKe npoBMHUMJajiHe xcynaHwje MMaae cy noce6aH cTaryc m TeuiH>e
Be3e c YrapcxoM. CBe je tc rpaHMHHe nperpaae Tpe6ajio caBJiaaaTO, Hajnpe ycnocraajbaibeM xyjiTypHor jeflMHCTBa 6yaykM aa

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Henocpe^Ho iiojmthhxo yje,aMH>eH>e HHcy aonyiiiTaJiM hm 6enm Bop hm yrapcKH BejuMxauiH. Ty ce, MeijyTHM, Mcnpe^MO Kao CMeraa xajxaBcxn roBop 3arpe6a kojm je 3arBapao H>eroB xyjiTypHH yrwuaj y cxyneHH npocTop IlpoBMHaMJaJia Ha ceBepo3anajiy XpBaTCKe. Taj roBop, npenyH aMJajiexaTCKHX oco6eHOcm, 6mo je jesBa pasyMAMB jbyawMa BaH Tora npocTopa h HMJe nyao ioto je xpsaTcxa xajxascxa KH>H)xeBHOCT, c ycKOM JbyacKOM 6asoM m y nonieay ny6jiMKe m y nonicay noTeHUM j ajiHMX nncaua, m ys to npMTeuiH>eHa Ha concTBeHOM T^y jiaTMHCKMM, HeMa^KHM m M^apcKHM JC3HKOM, noHeTKOM XIX cHwieha yr^aBHOM BercTMpaaa. Ako ce XTeao ctbophtm MuiTa b^hko, Tpe6ano je HanyurraTM, m to uito npe, Taj je3HK Ma^xe hocmboctm h Ty ^MTepa*ypy TaHyuiHor axa. Bmo je to jeanHM HanHH *a ce oflcww

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UAupcKa, Ta npoMeHa MMeHa hmjc npoH3auiJia M3 TajeBe caMoBOJbe. Ewaa je, HanpoTMB, HeH36jecaH pe3yjrraT OHora pa3BoJHor npoueca y KOMe je npnje csera Tpe6ajio npesjiaAaTH noxpajMHCKy pacujenKaHOCT m ocjctamboct. Taj cc naic ochobhm npcayBJeT 3a nocraHaK MOAepHe HauMje HMje Morao nocndtH HaMeTaH>eM jeaHor noKpaJMHCKor MMeHa, Hapjenja m npaBonMca cBHMa ocrajiMMa"
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ripcucTaBa o KOHanHOM o6yxBary HjmpcKor KH>MccBHor jc3MKa m Mflwpcice cBecTM 6wjia je koa MJiwpaua y noncncy Atyroa. MaKCMMajiMCTMMKM chobm cy yKJbyHMBaJiM CBe JyxcHe GioBeHc, naK m Byrape. Y toj enocM, KaA cy poMaHTMHHM mji&w HauMoHaJiM3MM rjieAaJiH mnpoKO y Aan>MHy, KaA je npeA OHHMa EBpone

caspeBano yjeAMH>eH>e MTanwje m yjeAHH>eH>e HeManKe m KaA ce noHMH>aJia KpHCTanncaTH naHCJiaBMCTHHKa Mncao, MAeaji BejiHKe MjiMpaije MCfl Cka^poM (IllKyTapw), BapHOM m EijiaKOM (Bmjiax)" HMje Mopao H3i7ieAaTH npeTepaH. Ajim cTBapHOCT je yjeAHH>aBaHy, HnaK, nocraBHJia yace Me^e. ripe cBera HHTepecoBaHe WAHpaua 3a Byrape ocrano je AeicnapaTHBHO m naaTOHCKo. FIpMAMice Hwcy OMorykaBane ycnocraBJbaKbe KOHTaKTa c_H>MMa, TaKO ycaoBa KaMOJin CTpaHe, a 6yrapcKe ca hm OA3MBa 6mjio HMje Aa cBecr. HatmoHaJiHy je3MK m khjMdkcbhm m^mpckm npwMe Aa ohm vpno IIIto ce TMMe GioBeHaua, mjimpum cy Ha h-mx mmcjimjim 036itJbH0, yTOJiHKO npe iiito 3aHeTHHUHMa HJiHpH3Ma, poaom Kajca M AaneK. wsnieflao roije yonuiTe je3MK c^OBeHaHKM KaBUMMa, c^OBeHanKe CTpaHe 6kjio je koa nojeAHHaua wcicpeHe xejbe j& ce 6HJia HajCMHcay tom je emraoAa Bpa30Ba y HjmpH3My; npn^e 3HaMajHnja, ann He m jeAHHa. Ajim jesHHKe moctobc xa CaobchKajKaBHanynrraH>eM cbojmm M^wpuH caMH cy nonajiwjiM UHMa je3MKa KOKH>M5KeBH0r C^OBeHaHKOr MHAMBMAyaJIHOCT IUTMHC
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yHHHM^M caMO Henpe^a3HMjoM, Cp6M cy ce BeK 6mjim KOHCTMTyMca/iH KyjiTypHO m noJiMTMMKM. Y to flo6a Befc je nocrojaJia npM^MHHO pa3rpaHaTa HOBa cpncxa KH>MxceBHOCT, m MaTMua cpncKa, m jaxa noJiMTMMKa opraHM3auMJa Kap^oBaMKe mmrponoJiMJe, m ocjio6o^eHa cpncxa ap)icaBa. OKyn^aH>e oko Tor KOMaaa cjio6o,ne 6mjio je Kao HaimoHa^HM Mflea;i MHoro npMpoaHMje oa opMjeHTauMje Ka jejmoM ueHrpy y^aAeHOM m reorpa(t>CKM no6mo aoboaho to HMje m kojm MeHTanMTeTOM, y3 m BepoM M jimtmhkm eMaHUMnoBaH oa AycTpMje aa 6m Morao npMB^aMMTM. CaMO M3 HecxBarafta MCTopwje Mory ncmiuaTM npe6auMBan>a uito Cp6n HMcy join y oho BpeMe ojwyHwm aa ce cTone y jcaho c MJiMpUMMa. PIjimpcko npM&iHacaBaJfee Cp6MMa Mopa^o ce no npnpoflHOJ Jiomuw CTBapw orpaHM^MTM Ha je3MMKy 3ajejHMay M Ha yo6^MMaBaH>e M^eje o 6paTCTBy 6e3 noMCTOBekefta. TaKO cy Kao cy6jeKaT m o6jeKar OKyrubaHa y jcimy HauMjy ocTaH
KaTOJiMUM cpncKOxpBaTCKor je3MKa.

cTMxoBMMa ripeiiiepHOBMM y^BpuAeHa Heonc3MBO m HaMHO noreHUHjajia TepapHor cmb aoKa3 m Max mctm kojh cy 6m y ce 6m aparaueHa fla McyBMiue TeKOBMHa BejiMKa Tor je3MKa m cBOje aKunje xa ocTawo MjmpiiHMa je TaKO HanyuiTaTM. CMe^a
cpnc^ye ce Koje o6jiacTM OKyn^aH,e Ha o6jeflHH>aBaH>a CBeay CTBapM mjimpum Cp6MMa ca y hm Ann jesMKOM. CKOxpsaTCKMM mhtcHauMOHajiHe nonieay He 6ap cpeke, y HMcy MMa^M MHoro yHMnoKymajM cy Kojy 6apMJepoM rpauMJe. Mso^oBaHM BepcicoM

Ha uiTOKaBuiTMHy m ycBajaHe M^wpcKor MMeHa yicJiOHHflH cy rjiaBHe nperpaae Koje cy Mor^e CTajaTM M3Me^y 3arpe6a m ohmx KaTo^MKa cpncKOxpBaTCKor je3Mica kojm HMcy MMa^M xpsaTCKor onpeae;beH>a. Cbcct o HaimoHa^HOM jejmHCTBy nonejia ce 6p30 uimpmtm. Kaa je aomnije HanyuiTeHo m^mpcko MMe m noHOBO npMrp^eHO xpsaTCKO, noApynje o6yxBakeHO tmm HMeHOM 6m^o je Bek 3HaTH0 npocTpaHMje. ripouec ce HacraBMO m aaa>e Kpo3 AeBeTHaecTM BeK m npBe ^eueHMJe ABaaeceTor, MecrHmmmho CBe ao y MeljypaTHy enoxy. Bm^o je m Mecra, Kao uito je fly6poBHMK, rAe je onpeAeAMBaae noneAO y AeBeTHaecTOM BeKy a 3aBpmeH0 y ABaAeceTOM, aok je y hckmm ApyrMM cpeAMHaMa, ctoHamer Ae^o ueflHHH naK npouec 6yH>eBanKa, y 6aHKa Kao jieka (HapaBHO, KOHcraTauMja o cKopauiH>eM AaryMy onpeAeAMBaH.a HMyKo^MKo He ocnopaBa ayTeHTMMHocT <J>aKTa onpeAeAeKaHacTynaJia je necro MAeje HauMOHaAHe hoctm). Kao HocMJiau TouiMHKa upKBa, Koja je tokom XIX BeKa m caMa CTeK^a HauMOmmo xpBaTCKO cy pa3H<yiM xcynHMUM HanHM nenaT. PoAO^y6MBM eHiaiaBe Ha KaTOJiHHKe cy uito Kao MecTa TaKO yAajbeHHx AO AMJaneKTOM jyXCHOMOpaBCKHM TOBOpM Ce MCTOHHOM KoCOBy MMa rosop imjm BaHaTa pyMyHCKor Ay6MHM mjim KpainoBaHM y TMMOHKy OCHOBMUy.
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HarwcaH y BpeMe KaA ce o cTBapwMa aajiexo MaH>e 3HaAo Hero aouhmjc, h KaA cy CTBapM m crajane 3HaTHO ApyKHnje Hero AOUHMje. 3arpiKeHOCTM, Mcl)yTHM, HHje 6mao y OAroBopy kojm je ByKy ynymo BorocAaB UlyACK yno3opaBajykw Aa Hapcnjc hc Moace 6mtm KpMTepwj jep nocToje A0Ka3n Aa je w Me^y iiitoKaBCKMM KaTOAMUMMa oApaHMjc xpBaTCKO mmc noHerAe 6mao y ynoTpe6M. C Apyrc crpaHC, m caM UJyAeK je peaAMCTMHHo npM3HaBao Aa CAaBOHUM He 30By je3MK cboj xpBaTCKMM, Hero c^abohckmm mam iiioKaHKHM". Join BMiue Hero ByK, oh jc Har^amaBao MAejy HapoAHor jeAMHCTBa XpBaTa m Cp6a y3 abojctbo MMeHa, aAM je Befe TaAa nocrajano jacHO Aa hmjcahoj oa Asejy CTpaHa HMje cbcjcaho tac fee ce ycraAHTM rpaHMua M3Me^y 6pake. 3ajeAHMHKM je3MK He Mopa yBeK 6mtm moct M3Mei)y ABejy HauMja. rioA OApe^eHMM ycAOBMMa, oh naK saouiTpaBa npo6AeM pa3rpaHMHefta. Aam koa ByKa m MAMpaua Taj npo6AeM nnax HMje ctm3ao Aa yKAOHM ocHOBHy HOTy y3ajaMHc Ao6pe boa>6. 06e cy CTpaHe 6mac McyBMiue MyApe Aa 6m MorAe He cxsaTMTM koamko cy osa ABa HapoAa ynykcHa jeAan Ha Apyrw m Meibyco6HO
je

noTpe6Ha. ByK HMje 6j*0-a npaBOM nyTy TpaKehM y je3MKy mcpmao 3a pa3AHKOBaH>e Cp6a oa XpBaTa. Mampckm noKpeT je cbojmm MarwcTpaAHMM nore30M npMXBaTaH>a uiTOKaBCKor HapeMja Kao xpBaTCKor KH.M)KeBHor je3MKa yHanpeA mckayhmo TaKBO AeJbeH>e. CaMMM TMM KOH4>eCMJa JC OCTajaAa jeAMHM KpMTepMJ, MaKOAMKO ByKy M3TAeAaAO Aa 6m ce tomc MHOCTpaHUM motam HacMMjaTM" (KaKo je oh peKao y cbom OAroBopy UlyAeKy, AonyuiTajykM morykHocT m TaKBor MCTopMjcKor MexoAa). HapaBHO, 3awcra jc noTpe6Ha Ay6oKa 3aocraAOCT Aa 6m npMnaAHMUM ABejy xpninkaHckmx upxaBa kojm (MBe y mctom Mecry m roBope mctmm je3MKOM TaKBa cbojoj BepcKOJ aco6m npMApy*MAH m HauMOHaAHy. Aam 3aocTaAocT je 36MAa 6MAa Ty, npakeHa ohmm HMMano xpnuikaH-

ckmm aHTaroHH3MMMa kojc je y A>yAC ycaAMAO MHoroBeKOBHO obmx nonpMiiiTMMa mhotmm Ha upxaBa. Xpmctobmx pMBaACTBO Aeo6a y HapoAy HMje 6hao, ocwm 4>oakaophc HMKaKBe KyAType BaH 0He KOjy je HOCMAa upKBa. M oho iuto ce AaHac Ha3MBa KHM)KMue 6oroA>y6Hc Ha cboamao necTO ce TaKO AMTepaTypoM jcCByAa totobo 6mam cy pcaobhmom mam 3a HapoA. )KynHMUM
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yKJiana^y y xpsaTocy Jcbhoctbbhom no*aje ce hc eK a MH fflT0 * flaBaJI n0B0* oueH>yjy npimaAHocx *a p Smo saHcra BaH,c ABqy crpyja OropneHO P yaioBHMa. y hobmm npMMapcKar rpa*a aaBpm^o cc THMe ihto ohoj cxpanM Ha kojoj cy cTaja iiphkjiohhao nyvancTBO

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eicaBCKor m njeMSMe^y paaJiMKy aaMarjbHBao y iwcafty 6Hjia je jewonpaKcw cojiywja y ByKOBa xaBCKor MsroBopa. roicaifea cbojmm AparaM aoOApwuao Hwje HHxaa ce CTaBHa* oh je ByK, AOAyme, noKaxeopMJH Y HapenjeM. wjeKaBCKHM MakMM 6wpa Hapenje, npaBo Aa cBaKOMe npM3HajykH innpMHe 3MBao BMine kojmx je Tpe6ajio 36or pa3Jiore M3Hajia3MO paAO ybck naKO je BojboCp6n OBOMe ra MnaK, ria y y HJeKaBHUH. npeAHOCT flaTM cy TpeHyncy KaA YnpaBO noaiyniaAH. y Hwcy Cp6wJM h flMHM

H anyiiiTaH>eM

npo6;ieM je ao6mo ByKOBHM eKcnAHUMTHOCT K a 3aoiiiTpeHy rjiac jar <*) kojm je sa anaKa hnp^cKor crapor

KOHa^HO npMXBaTimH ByxoBO HaMeno HapoAHor je3MKa, ohm cy yTBpAMUEK eKaBCKM M3rOBOp y CBOM KH>MCeBHOM je3HKy. OMebmahm cy pa3Ji03H TaKBor onpeAeAHBanba. Y HaJBekeM AeJiy C$~ 6nje m y Bojboamhh roBop je eKaBcwn, y caMOJ Cp6mjm njeKaBCKM npeaeiiM Ha 3anaAy 6ham cy ckohomckm h KyjrrypHo c;ia6HJe pa3BHjeHH, TaKo Aa mm je HeAOcrajao npecnK kojm 6m mm Morao aaTM ayropMTeT y3opa. JloAaJMO Aa cy ce Me^y pcnaTMBHO 3aocra/MMa HanasHjiH m Cp6w Aa;se Ha 3anaay, npeKO rparoiua ra^auiHe Cp6Mje, rae ce Taxo^e roBopnao HJeKaBCKM (y Bochm m XepueroBMHM, CaHuaKy, UpHOj TopM, Ja/iMauMJM m XpBaTCKOj). Cacbmm npHpoflHo, a^MMHMCTpaqMJa m xy^rypa y Cp6njM m Bojboamhm nocerjie cy 3a flOMahMM ^MJajieKTOM, a He 3a hckmm flpyraM. )ewa cpeAHHa Koja je Haj3a4 crana Ha cBOJe Hore npocTO je pemaBana npo6jieMe BJiacTMTe xyfee Ha HajjiorMHHMJM HannH, 6e3 MKaKBMx 3ajm>HX mmoim. HenpaBejma cy npe6auwBaHia Koja cy ce icacHMJe nyna aa cy Cp6n ycBajajyfeM eKaBMuy M3HeBepMJiw

ByKOB KftMxeBHM AoroBop c MJiMpuHMa 1850. y Beny. ByK Taj floroBOp Hwje noniMcao Kao hchmjm Ae^eraT, sek Kao noje^MHau, a ocmm Tora XpBaTM HMcy npMXBarH;iM MjeKaBCKM M3roBop Ha ByKOB 3axTeB, Hero M3 cbojmx no6y.ua. M Haj3aa. y aco6m Koja je HacT&na BekM ^eo Cp6a Ha eKaBCKoj CTpaHM, a XpBaTM m Man>M Aeo Cp6a Ha MjeKaBCKOj HaJBeky uiTeTy noAHe^M cy caMM Cp6n. 3aT0 je mhoi-o yMecHMJe o obom nMTan>y pa3roBaparM ca r^eAMiiiTa MynpocTH nocrynaKa yKO^MKo TaKBa peTpocneKTMBHa pacnpeAaH>a yonuiTe MMajy CMncna. BecKpajHO .naTreKOBMAMtM oa CBora BpeMeHa, ByK je y CTBapw 6mo jcmiHM TaAauiH>M Cp6wH kojm je y pacnpaB^aH>e o M36opy KH>MceBHor Hapenja yHOCMO m ocbpt Ha Hamy 6pahy pMMCKora 3aK0Ha, Koja c paaoiuky HaMa pyKe npyacajy". Ako ce 3aMMC^Mmo aaHac Ha^ cbmm acneKTMMa AOUHMjer pa3Boja, MOeMo Hafew flOCTa pa3^ora aa 3acaAMM0 uito cy BoJBOflMHa m Cp6nja npe jeflHor BeKa MHCJWJie caMO Ha ce6e, C apyre CTpaHe, 6m^o 6m nperepaHo aKo 6mcmo mm ropKMM pe^MMa npe6auMJiM 36or TaKBe BpcTe oa^y^MBaH>a, pasyMJbHBe m MaK HeM36KHe y aM6MjeHry kojm je MMao jacHO KpncrajiMcaH HauwoHajiHM MAeHTMTeT m kojm je 6mo ynyheH Ha to aa cbojmm npo6^eMMMa TpaCM ^eKa npe CBera concTBeHMM cpeACTBMMa. CacBMM je flpyicHMJM 6mo no^oxcaj m ctmji 3arpe6a mmjm je Beh npBM noTe3 y Hapo^HOM npenopoay HanyuiTaH>e xpsaTCKor MMeHa m KaJKaBCKor KH>M5KeBHor je3MKa 6mo AMKTMpaH ocekaHeM concTBeHe HeaoBOAHOCTM m CBemfey o noTpe6M noBe3MBan.a c apyrHMa. Ta fee ce paa/iMKa y npMcxyny HacTaBHTM m flouHMje y noJiMTMUM KHM)KeBHor je3MKa: Cp6n, y^y^KaHM TMMe uito MMajy csojy apcaBy, nyuiTake KH,w>KeBHM je3MK &si cc pa3BMJa cnoHTaHO, a XpBaTM, ca ny;ioM H3ouiTpeHMM y aycTpoyrapcKOJ no^MTMHKOJ K^auKa^Him Hapoaa, CTajiHo ke noaeuiaBaTM csoj khjMjkcbhm je3MK noTpe6aMa Koje npOMCTMHy M3 oflHoca npeMa oko^hom CBeTy, npe CBera npeMa caMMM Cp6MMa. JcuMHe KpynHMJe MHTepBeHUMJe y ByxoscKOM kh>M3kcbhom je3Mjcy Koa Cp6a ocTBapeHe cy 3a ByKOBa KMBora m noTMny 04 caMor ByKa. Toamhc 1836. oh je yBeo nMcane cyrJiacHMKa x m y flOMafewM penMMa (a He caMO y CTpaHMM), a 1839. yKJiOHHO je jeKaBCKo joroBaH>e y rpynaMa t/ w dj, BpakajykM npMMepe Kao hepam vutn fyetja Ha cTapnje raacoBHe jxmkobc Tuna rjepaTu*

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187

jesMK m nosehao pao H apxaH3 raecHO je Byx cayiaja 6a %: a y H6;iH*aBa,yfcH n ra npaB^HOcm P e TOW rpaMa fteiwe v eH CTeneH KH)HceBHMM lesnuHMa, a HapoHHTo yonurre jeaHKy w 6pake p MM . K

cko) rmcaH>e 1832. o6jauiH>aBao

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EB^rSSHCKm o Hapowoj ochobmum ^SK name TS'o6i HapoHHM ^J nw noiv^y x h ^mT^al M Byx yMeo
Bykobe cxBara^a cy ra *a CBOJe flBejy oco6MHa y

kh>h~

onpaB*a npnAHjajieicniMa, h oh

nsroBop ce oxprHe ofl *a je OB*e r^oBHMa Upne Tope). join y B e K xeuiKO rip*rasa je Koja orpaHHHeHOCTM noicyniaja ynwnecmx 6or 3 HenoBep*HBe cpnace ayxose, HjexaBHua MoaeaHpana Obwo nepaoay. y npeixo^HOM KpajeBMMa aanaxmfM Cp6a jcshk y wMaceBHK nocraJia je y6pao 6e3 TpaHCJC3MK ByKOB IipHXBaTOIH KOJK Cy, M C3MM MJeKaBUH, nosMUHJe Ha eicaBCKM M3roBop. je3HKa KitHXceBHor urroKaBCKor ycBajaHe je M koa XpBaTa hjihdckh npaJoflyuie, Hapenja. nwTafte pea ahcbhm CTaBiwio Ha 3Haica e yBoijeiteM pemeiteM, cojiomohckmm BonMc je jeflHMM nwcaaa oko TeuiKoke yKJioHMO aa-raHHue, neniKe npey3eTor M3 3HaKa. Tora M3roBopa npooaeM h M36pncaH jaTa, am thmc HHJe pa3Ha TeopujcKM, wmpw cy AonyurraAM tpm ham naK neTHpM

no rpa^oBHMa (a y

LSe Sa

Sow

TMMe uito je Taj aMj&neicaT o6mnaH y nHCM03HaH>y CTapwHCKOMy" h uito je H nyHHjw\ ripsn apryMeHT ce oahocm Ha aySpoBaHKy KH>H)KeBH0CT, npw mcmy ce 3aHeMapyje 6oraTa MKascKa (aoayme npeTOKHo HaxaBCKa) ^MTepaTypa HeKaflauiH>e M^eTanKe JlajiMauMJe, a Taxo^e m bc^mkm y^eo MKaBCKMX e^eMeHaTa y je3MKy paHe Ay6poBaHKe noesHJe. #pyrw apryMeHT, o M nyHohn" wjeKaBCKor H3roBopa, Kpwje y ce6w CBaKaxo m HHTyHTMBHy cno3Hajy aa jcamho Taj H3roBop nysa rjiacoBHff HaeHTMTeT jaTa kojm je y exaBCKOM oahocho MKaBCKOM HsroBopy M36pwcaH je,zmaHeH>eM ca e oahocho u. Ha toj cy ce cnosHaJH 3acHMBanH m caBeTM Koje cy w^Hpuw ycKopo none^w aaBaTM o TOMe aa Tpe6a 6ap y HMTaH>y H npMyHaBaTM ce" wjeKaBckom H3roBOpy, 3a Mokn narjbe yna3HTM, rae ce i nHcaTw MMa". .UpaxuKOBwk je Me^y CBOJe pa3^ore yBpcTwo m pacnpocTpaHeHOCT
MJeKaBHue, HaBOflekw ayr cnncaK KpajeBa rae ce ona ynoTpe6AaBa. 3Haw>a o HaiuwM awjaaeKTMMa 6w^a cy Taaa pyawMeHTapHa Te Hac Hefee 3aMyawTM uito je ilpauiKOBHk o6yxBaTMo m o6^acTM y KOJHMa ce He roBopw MJeicaBCKH, Kao m TaKBe rae MJeicaBCKM roBope yraaBHOM Cp6w. Oh, yocTanoM, HMje 6eao o& no3MBaH>a Ha HsroBOp npaBOC^aBHwx; y H>eroBOM Ha6pajaH>y Haui^a je Mecto m UpHa Topa. Oa apyrwx pa3^ora motjik cy Ha M^wpue ae~ jiosaTH m nocTojaH>e ByKOBor je3HKa, Kao h 6oraTCTBO HapoaHe noe3Hje y ByxoBMM 36HpKaMa. rio6jiw)Ke yTBp^HBaH.e CTBapHe HCTopwjcKe yaore cBaxor or obhx MOMeHaTa 6m^o 6h 3aaaTaK aocTojaH aeTajbHe CTyanje. Ajih jejmo je jacHO: ca r^eawuiTa nojiHTMHKHX HHTepeca CHara Koje cy crajajie Ha neay apyuiTBa

H3roBopa,

am

bwum Kojy je tom 3arpe6aHKOM ycsajatty MJeKaBHue Hener MapKaHTHor, HaoKO H3lk napaAOKcajiHor. HaHMe Ha 3eMA>HiiiTy xaaamnbe XpBaTCKe hmHjexaBCKM cy roBopwrn caMo Cp6n m, Ty h TaMo, XpBaTH y xobom cyceacrey m noA h>mxobhm yrwuajeM. KpajeBH me xaTOAyjihhkh xHBajb ayroxTOHO y Bekoj MacH roBopn HJexaBCKH mix BocHe 6poBaHKO npHMopje, acaobm ueHTpajiHe m hctohhc 6h;im cy Aajiexo M3BaH rparoma XpBaTCKe. Tla m y tmm yAaA>eHHJHM KpajeBHMa KaTOJIMUH C MJeKaBCKHM ffHJa^eKTOM Hwcy Hapowro 6poJHM. Hmxob yaeo Me^y KaTOAHUMMa Hauier je3HKa He npeMauia jeany aeceTHHy. HajsekM aeo urroKasaua KaTOJiMKa HMa HKaBcxe roBope, na je h Me^y caMHM MJnipuwMa 6w^o Takbhx HKaBaua (BjeKoaiaB Ba6yKHh, MntaT A^oJ3MJe Bp^wh), a^H H.HXOB roBop hh1c 6ho y3er xao y3op. TIo6cxhjm cy, OHHnieflHO, apyni MOTHBH. .SpaiHKOBHh ie csoie MieKaBCKO (TaMHMie we-KaB-

cy y npaxcn cBe Bwuie AaBaAH npeAHOCT wjeKajoin 1832. ynoTpe6HO rpocj) ZlpauiKOBHk. MMa y

y 3arpe6y, cpekHHJM ce H36op Hwje Morao yHMHMTM. CaaKaKO je 6wo y npaBy JL Bpo30Bwk (Kojio 1963, crp. 613) Kaa je Mcmuao Kao no6yay HaTJeuaH.e y xpajeBHMa 3a Koje HHje 6mjio y noneTKy jacHO xoke jtm ce OKynHTH oko obc mjik OHe HaunoHajiHe je3rpe". Ocmm Tora aparoueHO je 6rjio npeMomkaBaH>e pa3^HKe npeMa Cp6HMa y XpBaTCKOJ. npHXBaraH>eM uiTOKaBCxor HJexaBckot wjajieKTa kojmm ohm roBope H36erHyTa je onacHOcr aa ce ca KH3KeBHOCTH oasojeHe we KOHCTWTyKUiy Ha T^y XpBaTCKe Asa THna KH>H?KeBHor je3Mxa. HjeKaBime, nrroKaBCKe Tay aajeaHHMKOM HamaBuiM ce Ha yim$HKa~ nornyHHJoj o pa3MHuiAaTM ByK h mjtmpuh cy nonejiH Taj iaca 4>opMy;mcao 1845. Byx je UMJM je3HKa h npasonMca.

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CySBuna nautez feauxa Kao opyfa

Kyjirype

189

AorjepaMo W1W m OBaxo. ce CBaxa KH>wra <> jeAHaK, Aa TaK yflC g k hom jeaMK y npcuiTaMnaTM oa JIaTMHCKMJex cAOBa MO*e oa caobb a na iiCMO OH^a JlaTHHCKHMa, cx aBeHCKM j KH>H)KeBHOCT..." jewy MMaxn h HapoA 6hth jeiWH

bmK, BepaH MAeaAy 3ajeAHMHKor KH,M5KeBHor je3MKa sa XpBaTe,

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P^S
2S Zo
SMr

wE?1846

K Hk m UIy*eK. Ba6y noAP*aBajy ra xarcropHHKM na*H>e k yaanyn oahoc ce mo ctbo MAMpaua P h Bvxa MaMeJy ko]mx e raKo^e noAeMMKe, C 3 h>mxob m n2noB- Hax KaKaB fecMO ysaAya y3AP*aHOc-ni tohom noHCKM, oaHiuy
Koje je

..

ca cbojmm cphckmm boamo ByK yTacnpaBaL 6eHKOM Kh>mspxynau AO*MBeAa y jc cT^PCAHHUMMa. CapaAH,a HaupTy 4>M3HOHOMMje KOHKPCTHOM TOM 1850, icBHOMAOFOBOpy 6m nperBopno kojm npaBonnca m M K a je 3 aaicAHHHKar KftHxeBHor

11

TpaHCAMTepauMjM ysajaMHOj AHpeKTHOJ v cxBapHOCT Mauiraftc o .flOAyuie, OBaj hMpMAMucM. k aaniHimoM TCKCTOBa imcaHMX pasAora. H3 ABa to m ocTBapeH, m AoroBop HMJc OAMax cy oa Cp6a kojm aaHMHMfe, capaAHMK MAaAM ByK h ftcroB BA3CTM CTBapHC H3A MMaAM TO A06a HMCy y AOKyMeHT, nOTlMCaAH CTpaHe oa MAMpaua, Apyre c a jesMKOM, KH,MeBHMM cpncKMM Meijy cuchom, KH*MceBHOM rocnoAapHAH kojm cy y XpBaTCKOj yraApyrocTeneHor oa A>yAM caMO HauiAM ce cy nornMCHMUMMa je MAMpaua CTaB. Oa pe3epBMcaH canyBao Taj uaja, aok je caM yMoryhe 6mao 6m Aa KOHuecnja cyBMine 3axTeBao AoroBop hmtm mx y jeAHOM Aaxy. Tla nnaK, Taj tckct je ocrao AeAOTBopaH Kao nporpaMCKM MaHM<J>ecT oa npecyAHor 3Hanaja 3a npaBau aKimje y noroHeM nepnoAy. Jlpyra noAOBMHa XIX Bexa 6wxa je y XpBaTCKOj pa3Ao6A>e craAHor npHcycrsa TeMe o khhxccbhom je3HKy w npaBOiwcy, y cpeAMuiTy na>KH>e jaBHOCTM. HerAe Ha noHency Te enoxe aoiiiao je ao BeAMKor pacAOjaBaH>a Me^y ohm Ma kojm cy boamam pen y JC3MHKMM nMTaHiMMa. ileueHHje cy npouiAe McnyfteHe 6op6oM H3Md)y pa3Hwx CTpyja Aa Ha Kpajy eroAeha ocTaHe Ha nonpMiiiTy caMO jeAHa TeHACHUHja, h c h>omc ac4>mhmtmbho yo6AMneHa ocHOBMUa MOACpHOr KHM3KeBH0r je3HKa KOA XpBaTa, MACHTMHHa, yocTaaoM, c ByKOBCKOM 6a30M KH>MeBHor je3Hxa koa Cp6a. TpaAMUMja MAMpcKor noxpeTa 6MAa je oAMHeHa y 3arpe6a<*} iukojih y Kojoj je raaBHy pen noseo AaoaAo Be6ep TxaAMe-

Cp6e m Caobchuc C obom cpeAH>anKOM CTpyjoM cyKo6jbaBaAM cy ce, c o6a 6oKa, eKCTpeMHMJM CTaBOBM. Join oa 1844. Tpajao je cnop ca 3aAapcKMM cnMcaTeA>CKMM KpyroM OKynA,eHMM oko 3ope daAMdTUHCKe. Tm 6paHM0UM TpaAMimoHaAHor MKaBCKor KH.MceBhot je3MKa JlaAMauMje, npeABoi>eHM Ahtom Ky3MaHMfeeM, ctojekM Ha peraoHaAHMM m MCKA>yqMBO KaTOAMHKMM no3MimjaMa, 0A6aqMBaAM cy poraTo I", a noroTOBy MjeKaBCKM M3roBop, 3a kojm cy HarAamaBaAM Aa je oco6MHa M CAMAMTeAax 0AUMnA>eHe UepKBe M3T0MHe". C H30AaimoHMCTHHKor cTajaAMuiTa, HaAaxHyT OTBopeHOM mp)kh>om npeMa Cp6MMa, rpMeo je m Ahtc CTapnebmK, aAM je OAHeKyA nncao uiTOKaBCKM eKaBCKM oh jcamhm Me^y XpBaTMMa. OTeAOTBopeite cynpoTHor eKCTpeMa 6mo je OpaH KypeAau, AOMMHaHTHa cpurypa PMjenKe iukoac TaKo^e oco6eH>aK m noAeMMHap M3AauiaH y nopyraMa 3a onoHeHTe, aAM XIIHpOKO CAOBeHCKM OpMJeHTMCaH. BeUITaHKM CTBOpeHM je3MK Hetobmx cnMca, Ha uiTOKaBCKoj ochobm a npoiuapaH apxaw3MMMa m MaKaBM3MMMa, npeTeHAOBao je Aa nocTaHe 3ajeAHMMKM kh>meBHM je3MK Jy>KHMx CAOBeHa, m Hax Aa OBe npM6AM)KM 3anaAHMM M MCTOHHMM CAOBeHMMa.

HMjeAaH oa eKcrpeMHHx npaBaua HMje MMao 6yAyfeH0CTM. 3aAapcKa cenapaTMCTMMKa CTpyja, ypaH>ajyhM cBe Ay6A>e y 6ecMMcao jeAHe npoBHHuwjaJiHe n^ar^opMe, yracMAa ce caMa oa ce6e. 3opa daAMUTUHCKa je o6jaBA>MBaHa nac MKaBCKMM, nac MjeKaBCKMM HapenjeM, y 3aBMCHOCTM oa CMeHMBaHa amhhoctm Ha noAO)Kajy ypeAHMKa, CBe ao 1866. KaA je M3amao nocAeAH>M MKaBCKM nMcaHM 6poj. CoAyimja Kojy je noHyAMO CTapneBwh 6MAa je yHanpeA ocy^eHa Ha nponacT 36or CBOje yHyTpauiHe npoTMBpeHHOcTM. IllTOKaBCKa eKaBMua je, HapaBHO, MMaAa jeAHO c*36ma>ho npeMMyfecTBo: 6MAa je noTeHimjaAHM moct Ka Cp6MMa y Bojboamhm m Cp6mjm, aAM ynpaBO to hmjc 6MAa ceA.a Ahtc GrapneBMha hm ohmx kojm cy cAymaAM HieroB rAac. C Apyre CTpaHe, KypeAHeB poMaHTMHHM noKyinaj 6mo je aHaxpOHMHaH y BpeMe KaA cy caobchckm KH.MceBHM je3Mim yseAMKO 6mam KOHCTMTyMcaHM. Cbc je jacHMJe nocTajaAO Aa cy ce m Caobchoh OAffyHMAM 3a noce6aH nyT. TaKO je KypeAMeB KtbH^eBun jesMK yMpo ca caMMM KypeAueM 1874.

UaeAe Msuk

Cyd6una naiutz jesuKa xao

opyfya

xyarype

191

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hcBa y caMOM 3arpc6y. H>crca jc 3aoiyra uito jc bcamkm Pjchhmk JyrocffaBCHCKe aKaACMMjc nonco M3^a3MTM aAanTMpaHMM Bykobmm npaBonwcoM. YcKopo cc Ha xopM30HTy nojaBM^a m hobb rcHcpauMja xpBaTCKMx ByKOBaua Ha hmjc jc ntno crao HcyMopHM Tomo MapCTMli. Kao m koa Cp6a xojy AcucHMjy pannjc, m koa XpBaTa je OA ccAaAiAeccTMX roAHHa noMc^o ocBajaTM yBcpcH>c Aa cc M3 JC3MHKC m npaBonMCHc aHapxHje mocc M3ahM caMO aocbcahmm npMXBaTasteM Byxa. ByKOBo pcmcHbc je 6mjio jcaho m craMCHO, AOK jc co^yuMja BaH Byxa 6m^o mhouitbo, Taico Aa jc nncau yseK Morao 6MpaTM CBOjy ^Mmy <J>opMy^y, noMano camhho hcKaAauiH>MM oiaBCHOcpncKMM cnMcaTCtoMMa oa kojmx je cBaKM CTBapao concTBeHy MemaBMHy upKBCHOcOBeHCKor m HapoAHor je3MKa. Ys to cy ByKOBa penicH>a 4>acuwHMpaAa hbpctom yHyrpamH>0M JiorwKOM, aok cy Apyre KOM6nHauMjc hocmjic y ce6w e^e-

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Hsauuia je 1899, a abotomhk P/ eM jeauica Kthuxeenoz cpncKOta MseKOBMha m 1901. roam*. Eposa jeauKa xpearcKOza 06a huk Byxa, aaHMHufea m ByxoBnx jesMxy Ha npcTCHO aeaa, aacHOBaHa AO)KMBCJia cy, nopea xpynHMx noxBajia, yMOTBopMHa, HapoAHHX xpBaTCKor saHeMapHBaifca jeawMKor 6jiara. s6or KpMTMKC m ouiTpc aeaoM onpaBaaHa, Hapowro ao6pwM 6HJia npc6auMBaHa Ta cy MBCKOBMfea, xojm je nponycmo aa m Bpo3a PjenHuxa y noway o6mhhmx y kh,mxccbhom je3Mxy cacBKM penn mhoihtbo o6yxBarH xpMTHHapii cy 3a6opaBjbajiH M crpaHC apyre c Aaw, tc cnoxe. cy cacTaBjbanM PjennuKa w, Haaa aaHac, k 3a6opaBAajy mccto aeJia noaeuiaBSUiH npeMa nocraB^eHOM cBOJa TpaMaruKe, powro, npHxaace npecex, ce Beh aa ce 6mo aa HMje WJb Taj A muty. orpaHKHaBana MoryiiHocT upnefta HaMCHa jc Taxsa yaop. npyxM pa3JiMxyjy oa rpa^e npwcc kojm H3Bopa apyrnx MarcpMjana xsakeHe xao MoaeJi. M3Metjy XpBaTa KKHMa oaHoca onniTa cc Me^yBpcMCHy y
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Beurroj aycrpwjcxoj nojiMTMuw noropuiajia. 6HJia yBCJiMKO h Cp6a tomc HMana JlaBOBCKw yaeo je 3aBaay. y noccjc jc aa ycneao aycrpHjcxa oxynaujija Bochc m XepueroBHHe 1878. roaKHe, noTope ca TypcKOM m UpHe Cp6HJe jrpaTOBa ycTaHaxa cpncxMX
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noBoaoi6Tjoiii were roawHe xpBaTCKM Ca6op ce o6paTMO uapy <DpaH>M JocM<J>y c npccyioroM aa ce npwnpeMM je M3 XpBaTcxoj. Uap XepueroBHHe m Bochc npMcajcawH>eH,c nooieawue no aaM cy MHMuwjaTMBy, ry oa6auno paaaora cbojmx ynwiHxo HeM36pHcaHe, ocrajie XpBaTa m Cp6a Oimocc M3Mc^y Hajiory no XpBaTcxoj ycraHxa 6ocaHcxor y bpcmc iipc dito cy 3a

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^aHCxe CTpaHKC Yraca Cp6a crpaaao je m 36or HecnaBHc aycTpo4>M^cKe no^MTMxe noc^eaH>wx 06peH0BMha. 3aomwjaBaH nwcaHeM lUTaMnc Ha o6eMa CTpaHaMa, aHTaroHM3aM je KyjiMMHupao y y^MHHMM H3rpeaMMa npoTMB Cp6a y 3arpe6y 1902. roaMHC ila wnax, CBe to HMje OMeno npouec cBe aoc^eaHMjer ycBajaH>a ByxoBCKor KH>nceBHor je3nxa y XpBaTcxoj. OBa MCTWHa caMO Ha npBH norjiea Mo^ce M3r^eaaTM HenpwpoaHa. Jep 3anoMeTH npi>uec je oaroBapao TKH>aMa m npncTanwita m npoTMBHMxa 6paTCTBa, paayMe ce, M3 pa3aMHMTMX pa3^ora. Ohm kojm cy yKcnenvi neHeTpaimjy y BocHy m OAHapo^aBaite Cp6a y XpBaTCKOj Mor^M cy 6mtm caMO 3aaoBOAHM TMMe uito je kh>mxccbhm je3MK XpBaTa CTMuao o6^mhjc Koje je noBekaBa^o H>eroBy npMXBaT^MBOCT ynpaso y tmm cpeawHaMa. KoHBepreHTHM pa3Boj KHMceBHor je3MKa Cp6a m XpBaTa y XIX BeKy npMB^aHM naH.y Kao mctophjckm M3y3eTaK; MHane je xoa GiOBeHa y XIX m XX sexy aoMMHMpa^a TeHaeHimja uenan>a m noBeha^a 6poja KH>MceBHMx je3MKa. Me^yrMM yjeaHaHaBan>e r^acoBHor m Mop4>ojioniKor cMCTeMa xao m opTorpa4>cxmx hopmm xpajeM XIX Bexa HMje hm M3aa^exa 3HaHM^o nyHO noMCTOBehMBaae cbmx nojeawHOCTM y cpncxoxpBaTCKOM kh>mhccbhom je3Mxy. OcTao jc 3HaTaH 6poj pa3^Mxa y pcmhmmkom 4>oHay. To je aoMeH cyBMine oncexcaH aa 6m ce Morao caB o6yxBaTMTM HeXOM HaMCpHOM K0aH(J)MKaUMJOM OCMM UITO HMJe HM 6mJI0 036m^>hmjmx noxymaja aa ce to ynHHw. Taxo cy cTBopeHM 4>eHOMeHM xoJM ce aanac o6mmho Ha3MBajy BapMjaHTaMa Hauler xh>hxceBHor je3Mxa.

ce nocae uito w cMMnaTHsepw, ycraHMHxw K3 Eena xanmcHM Cp6w Xepuem Eochh noswuMJa oko y icynaitKJe pacnaaMcaaa 6op6a Grande enm* nancxa hm roBMHH. Hwjc ocTara 6c3 oajexa npanpoTMB upxBe xaTOJiHHXe mumis Koja jc OTBopnaa o4>aH3HBy noc*anexMx najasa BoaiaB*a, a noroTOBy jc Te*cax 6mo oajex afta m Cp6a HCMa Xpsaraoj "^; HHKa y Ca6opy aa y a i-jimum P Cp6m cy hhx bcpckhx mxoaa y Kojmia yc >u hmm aejcTBo HauMOHa^HC MHaHBMayaaHocTM. Hccpchno jc ncm CTpaHKC npaaa hmjm jc nacoaor a c e * HcirpMJaTejbCTBO npcMa w nacMMHM caaBoccp6cKO) y ;

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KanaH ByKOBau, ynopHo oaaH ByKOBMM npwHuwnMMa 36or kojmx je MeH>ao npaBHJia xaMO r^e caM ByK hmjc 6mo aocneiiaH; a c apyre cxpaHe BopaHMheB npaBonwc, wcxpaJHo BepaH Byxy y KOHKpexHMM peiueftMMa. A;ih y xom xpeHyxxy jeAHa cut ^Bejy syKOBCKMX KOHuenuMja Hacxynajia je icao cpncxa, a apyra icao xpBaxcKa. M k&a je ycicopo 3axwM hobm 3BaHMMHM komitpommchm npaBonwc ycBojwo bcjimkm aeo Be^wheBwx HHcmauMja, xo je aoMB*eHO xao HaMexaite M3 Beorpafla. 06pa30BaHe BaHOBHHe XpBaxcKe 1939. OMoryhw^o je 4a ce Ha H>eHOM noapyHjy 0A6aim 3ajeaHM4KM npaBonMc m noHOBO yseae BopaHMfeeB. A^m ce xajiac noBpaxHor KpexaH>a HMje Ha xoMe saycxaBMo. KpyroBM kojm cy aoiu^m Ha Bjiacx y BaHOBMHM noBepoBa^M cy aa je ,no6po aa ce XpBaxH je3HKOM iuxo Bwme pa&KWKyjy oa Cp6a. MMa y HauwoHajiHcxMHKOM xpaceHy je3Mikmx pa3^HKa no CBaicy aeHy Hener npauMOHa^Hor m npoMauieHor. Y3ajaMHa noce6Hocx cpncKor k xpBaxcKor Hapo^a HMje 3acH0BaHa Ha je3HKy; aa je je3HK y nwxafty, xo He 6n hh 6n^a ABa Hapo.ua, hjih 6m ce join y npouuioM Bexy uixoKaBUM, naKaBUM m KajKaBim npexBopw^M y xpn noce6He HauMOHanHe ue^MHe. Mhoro cy c&oxceHHJK h Ay6a>M hcxophjckm 4>aKxopn kojm onpeae^byjy XpBaxe m Cp6e Kao flBe Hauwje, na cxora HMje noxpe6Ho cKpexaxw xoKOBe je3HHKor pa3B0Ja aa 6m ce norapaMJia HauMOHanHa MH4MBM,nyajiH0cx je^HMx m^m flpyrMx. BeuixaHKO no4M3aH>e je3MMkmx nperpaaa hcmmhobho ocMpoMamyje o6e cxpaHe oay3MMajykM mm MorykHOcx aa ce icopncxe ohmm uixo je cxBopno napxHep y KH>MceBHOCXM, y ycaBpuiaBaHiy M3pa3a, y cxpyHHoj ;iHxepaxypM, y npeBo^MMa ca cxpaHMx je3Hica. IlpeaBOJMXM jeaaH KH>M)KeBHM je3MK 3HaHM ocxaBMXM o6e cxpaHe ca npeno;iOBJbeHMM ny6^MKaumohmm noxeHuwjajioM. A/im icaa AyflMMa 0B^a,na aHMM03Hocx mjim ManoayuiHa HeBepnua y BMxajiHy cHary CBor Hapo^a, ohm he, y yBepeHy aa ra cnacaBajy, hmhmxm m oho uixo My HaHocw
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TAHBouiky o6aBe3HBajie cy Ha pa3MMiujbaH>e peiueH>MMa. PemaBan>y ce Ty MOce npMCTynwTM cBaKM nyT ca bmuic hjim MaH>e mHpHHe. Mjim keMO cjiyuiaTH o,hhocho HHTaxH nojeaMHita oHaxo xaxo je oh HaBHKao Aa roBopu mjim nwiue, m^m keMO 3axTeBaTH aaanTauMJy. Obo He 3HaHM aa je inMpMHa yBeK h 6e3yaioBHO onpaBflaHa. HacTaBHMK MaTepHer je3MKa y ochobhoj uikcwih CBaKaxo ke o6aBjbaTM cboj no3MB aaeKBaTHHJe aico aeuy 6yae y^wo ohom Bway KH>M5KeBHor je3MKa kojm je o6wnaH y h.mxobom aM6MjeHTy. HapaBHO, y ue^MHM y3eB, CTeneH To^epaHiuije je^Hor KoaeKTHBa npeMa apyKHMJeM Twny MCTor je3MKa 3aBMCM nor^abmto Off, eMouwoHa^Hor oaHoca npeMa cpeflMHH xoja ce cJiy^cw tmm TMnoM. JlM^eMaMa osaKBe BpcTe npMapy(MBajia ce Koa Hac y npBMM nocjiepaTHMM roaMHaMa, M'noMcnba xojy je crBapao npaBonMCHM naypaaM3aM. ToaMHe 1951. M3auiJio je y 3arpe6y aeceTo M3aaH>e BopaHMkeBor npaBonwca, a 1952. npepal>eHH BeJinkeB npaBonMc y Beorpaay m, xao Tpeku Ha noapynjy wctor je3HKa, ByKOBMkeB y CapajeBy. jesnicy h npasonHcy MHHUMJaTMBa 3a niMpoxy awcKycMJy noTeiora je 1953. roaMHe oa JTeronMca MaTMue cpnexe. OaroBopn xoje cy Ha aHiceTy JleTonnca aaaw jbyaH H3 pa3HMx crpyKa,

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3a HanpeAax y MorykHOCTM cy ^H g e)KM ou ^MHrBMCTM, m rpaHHue TMX aHM^M 03H m ^ nwcuw

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cTa^HO

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caniacHocT oko CBaxe nojeiWHOCTM y xonaMHOM o6ocTpaHa M teKcry. TaKO cy reK KpajeM 1967. M3aui^e npBe aBe KH>wre penHHKa, oneT y flBOCTpyKOM H3aaH>y. Y 3arpe6y cy Te KH>Hre aoMeKaHe pacpa^HMa acecroKe kphthkc m to 6am M3 Ta6opa 3arpe6aMKor cyM3flaBaMa, MaTwue xpBaTCKe. 3aMepa^o ce uito penhmk HMje oboaho wcTaxao pa3/WKe Me^y BapwjaHTaMa kh>M5kcbHor je3HKa m uito y o6pa^M MaTepnja^a HMje y cBaKOM M3,naH>y aocJieaHO flasaHa npe^HOCT ^ckchum H3 concTBeHe cpeflMHe. Hncy M30CTaJiH hh noKymajw fla cc Ha ocHOBy Heice cmthmuc noxa)Ke fla cy XpsaTM npouuiM ^ouiHJe oa Cp6a, waxo cy ce mor^w Hakw m mcto Taxo 6e3HanaJHM npMMepw 3a cynpoTHO. Ra 6m ce peMHHK flMCKpcawroBao y uejiMHM, Tpa>xeHe cy m apaMaTM3oBaHe cna6ocrH w rpeiuxe y noje^HHocTMMa o6pane. 3a6opaBM^fO ce &a 6m ce c npMMeHeHMM KpMTepMjwMa mot^h M3BpkM pyr^y m noHexw flpym Hainw peMHMuw, a noroTOBy MOHyMeHTajiHM PjenHMK xpBarcKora m^m cpncxora je3Mxa kojh H3aaje JyrocjiaBeHCxa axa^eMMJa 3HaH0CTH h yMJcrHOCTM y 3arpe6y w kojm je Hajca^pMcaJHHJH h HajaparoueHMJK oa nocTojekwx peMHMxa Hauler je3Mxa. Hm Taj peMHMK He o6ejfe)KaBa BapMJaHTHy npMnajjhoct peHH, a norpeuiaxa y H>eMy MMa cpa3MepH0 BMuie Hero y kojm, yocTaaoM, A0Jia3M ^ia nonyHH pe^HMKy ABejy A^fMua 6o^Hy m cpaMHy npa3HMHy y Hauioj Ky^rypw: HeMa KH>Mre xoja 6m jejiHOj Kyjirypn 6n^a Heonxo^HMJa oa penHMKa 6aui TaKBe BpcTe, a mm ra, OTKaKO nocTOJMMo na ao Hauiwx ^aHa, hmcmo ce6n CTBopM^H. lloc^e ouitpmx pacnpaBa y jaBHocrM, MaTMue cy jaHyapa 1969. y 3arpe6y nocTMr^e KOMnpoMHC no xojeM ce aa^a o6pa^a pe^HMKa y 3HaTHOj MepM npn^aro^aBa 3axTeBMMa 3arpe6aqKMx xpMTMnapa. y 4)e6pyapy 1969. 3ajeaHMHKa KOMMCMja obomc ABejy MaTMua je cTMJiH30Bana m normica^a 3aK^yMKe flpjKekM ce hbpcto 4>opMyjiauHJa ca 3arpe6aHKor cacraHKa, a y MapTy 1969. MaTMua xpsaTcxa je oafiMfla Te 3ax^>yMKe TpaxcehM oa MaTMue cpncxe aa npMMM H>eHe MaxcMMawHe saxTeBe kojk Ha 3arpe6anKOM cacraHKy HMcy npoui^M. Kaa to MaTMua cpncxa HMje npMXBaTM^a, MaTMua xpBaTcxa je o6jaBH^ra cBery aa hoboca^cKM napTHep npeKwaa capajuty. Ta#a je nocTa^o jacHO ,oa AeTajbMMa y pcHHMKy hmko HMje o36maho hm npMiiaBao SHa^aj kojm ohm HeMajy m joa je y MaTMim xpsaTCKOj jeaHOCTaBHO OB^aaaao pacno^oxceH>e npoTMB CTBapaH>a 3ajeflHMHKor peMHMKa. Ta*

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6yxaMa.
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Ykcwiwko, Aaxjie, jc3MM30JiauMOHK3My. 6;iMca pcuieH>a Tpaxcc

Hanopa ocrajy KOopAMHauwja w capaAH,a w 3ajcAHMuiTBO mko npM uiMpeM Ha3MBy, ocTaHCMO mm m paanora Aa MMa CTBapHOCT, jcsuKa hocmjio xao MMe cpncxo 6m Koje npcAHDCTMMa ynpKac CTapoM ynorpe6oM, mckohckm ocBeurraHO o6eJie>KJe HauMOHarao mctopmjHaimjc caMonorBpl)MBaH,a y cjicmcht a 3HaMajHO m Kao aKo 6m cc noxaMcbyTMM, npexcHBJbaBaMO. kojm ckom TpcHyTKy OCT3JIO 6n OAP*aTM, MOe HC SajCAHMUITBO 33AO Aa CC JC3MHKO CJiyuajy 6m kojc jc3MKa MMCHy y H aM Aa cc BpaniMO cpncxoM cbc Cp6e. sa M3Jia3 MoryfcaH jcamhm aco6c 6mjio

II

Y3

HAJBA)KHMJA JIMTEPATYPA OAEJBAK I: OA nOMETAKA AO BYKOBMX BPEMEHA

M3AAH>A TEKCTOBA (AEJIMMMHHO

TaKBC

O H>MXOBOM

JE31

EomuiHh, Bajira3ap: Hapodtie tijecMe us CTapufux Hajeuwe npuMopacux aanuca. IGfcHra npBa~x*pacnpaBOM o 6yrapummaMa" m c pjewHHKOM. Bworpaa 1878.
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Orapiiiie

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iTun

i'^---

230
+

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je3UKa.

\.

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BeorpaA 185, U62>
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umjetnosti. Zagreb,

1967 stvaranja Jugoslavia do prtporoda od kn\ilevnost Hrvatska Barac, Antun: knj. I II, Zagreb 1960, 1964. Bwmfc, AaeiccaHaap: ByK u Ranmuk. Beozpad 1947. feauK. Beokhmxcbhu napodnu 3a 6op6a Bejmh, A^excaiwap: Byxoea

X, 1931.

Kod ^ype CAoeenaua Xpeara Cp6a t feduucxBO BwMh, A*eKcaHaap: Jcsuhko 5eoq>aa-Jbya6opHMK, .HaHMHHheB caepeMenuKa. wezoeux ManuHuha u

rpaA 1948.

CxljeBH*, CraHoje: C**J.

^^S^
0,

6^aHa 1925.
BenMh. AneKcaiwap: Oko namez KMxeettoz
fesifM.

Beorpw l9 ".

1958. Zagreb Hrvatskof. u stranaka Bogdanov. Vaso: Historlfa politiikiU jeziku. Kolo, nov# nauke t iezika aaieg Brozovic, Dalibor: Na putovima
Berija 1. sv. 10. Zagreb 1963. irpi#iv. it 17, Kritlka sata. \ezilnog kruinicl Brozovic. Dalibor: O sadan\em tasu na Zagreb 1971. , ,_. Zagreb 1969. Iezika Hi \ezik rfeinika?
t

5SST*V*^i=S STZS. ^:
1914-1921.

Brozovic, Dalibor: Kfeinik

TU.k .,

(to. muzeja u Sarajevu

ft-a. *- -"*
I

k Z

-" ""*
1

1970. Brozovic, Dalibor: Standard* )ezik. Zagreb \ugos\avenskol Brozovic, Dalibor: $tan\e i problemi u

lingviHict.

ntoarad Titogrd

(4).

1889.

Unbegaun, BorU: Le,

VcneiicKKft, B. A.:

. *

Apxwccic

cucreAia ueP Koeoc

'^^^

1969.
*
%

Pwobh o Byxy Kapaunby

miTepaType ys TexcT

BycoOM

HM*.

MoCKBB 1968.

236

Ua&Ae Jieuk

Cyd6una namet /mka nao opyha nyAjype

237

Vince. Zlatko: Znalenje Frana Kurelca kao tezikoslovca. Raspravc Instituta za jezik I, Zagreb 1968. Vince, Zlatko: Filoloike ikole u razvoju Urvatskoga kn\\Uvno%a jezika. Jezik

2-3, 1968-69. Bpxonau, Paausoj: KapaKTep u pad 'hype JLanunuka. Hobm Can 1923. BymoBHh, R&Hiuio: UpuA03u npoynaeatby Hyezomeea je3UKa. JyxcHocjioBeHCKH
XVI,
SV.

exaecxoz IleTpOBHK, JIparoAY*: TlpUAOt KapaKrepwayuju pawn** u3Mefyy jiHHrBMCTMxy m ufeKaecKoz kh>umc9hoz je3UKa. 36ophhk 3a <j>MJiojiorMjy h XIII/1, Hobm Caa 1970. ByKa. BeoTleuiMKaH, MMTap: Ham KhbuxeeHu je3UK na cro zoduna nocAuje

rpaa 1970.
CKepjiMh, JoBan: Hcropuja Hoouje cpncKe KthuxceeHOcru.
3.

ma., Beorpaa

4>MJiOJior 9,

1930.
i

1953.
Krsti*: Razlike izmedu Urvatskog
i

Guberina. Petar

Kruno

srpskoga hnji-

ievnog

jezika.

Zagreb 1940.

OreBaHOBMk, MMxawjio: CreapaH>e \eduncjea KH>uxe8H0Z jeauKa Cp6a u Xpeara u danamtbe crawe roz jeduncTea. Ham jc3K XVIII, cb. 12, 1970.
Hrvatshi kn\lievnl \ezik
t

1925. KapaoBiw CpeMCKH cnucu. Cmtmm/m T&ypo: JUhmhiA,

pltanfe vari\amta (zbornik). Zagreb 1969.

Mbm*,

cpnctcoxpearcKoz KH>KxeflHc* npoynaeatba acnenru RaHauttbtt Mimica:

B.

1961-2. Hobm Caa IV-V, ^MHrBMCTMicy m 4>MaoaorHjy je'suKa. 36ophmk 3a \e3UKa ca uautuM danawwuM khmBytcoeoz nope bene jedno Mmjikb: MbhK, mmrBMCTMKy 1, 1957. m 4>MJiojiontJY sa 36ophmk \3ukom. xceeHUM
Ivid,

nPABOriMCM, PEHHMUM, TPAMATMKE, JE3M4KM CABETHMUM

Andrid, Nikola: Brantf jezika hrvatskoga. Zagreb 1911.

Milka: Problem norme u kHJiievnom

3,

jeziku.

Knjizevnost

jezik

XII.

sv.

Beograd 1965.

Ivid

Pavle-

Za

ravnopravnost, a protiv cepanja jezika. Jezik

XVI

sv. 4,

1969.

Caa 1964. Hobm Paduneeuha. Bpauna je3UK Mai*. Bojucaan: UecnuHKu sv. 11-12, SaraXIX, Zivot ispitu. popravnom Varljante na
Isakovi*. Alija:

jevo 1970.

jezik nainarodni za KaradiUd Vuka Jagic. Vatroslav: Zasluge meduvarijantHi bosansko-Uercegovalki JaTkovic, Srdan: Pogled na 1967. Sarajevo 5. sv. 1, knj. Pregled

BeanK, AjieKcaitnap Tlpaeonuc cpncKOxpearcKoz KthuxceeHOZ jeauKa. 1. mm. Beorpaa 1923, 2. M3a. w npeMa nponMCMMa MHHMCTapcTBa npocBCTe* 1930. Hobo, aonYH>eHO h McnpaBJbeHO M3aaH>e Beorpaa 1950. (uuaMnaHO 1952). Boranid, Dragutin: Pravopis krvatskog tit srpskog jezika. Zagreb, 1. izd. 1921, od 5. izd. 1930. do zakljufcno 7. izd. prema propisima Ministarstva prosvjete", od 8. izd. 1941. do 10. izd. 1951. ponovo po prvobitnim pravilima.
:

"

Broz, Ivan: Hrvatskt pravopis. Zagreb 1892. Broz, Ivan,

i

jezilki tip,

F. Ivekovid: Rjedntk

Urvatskoga jezika

1II, Zagreb

1901.

Vukovid, Jovan: Pravopis savremetiog

naU%

jezika.

dio. Sarajevo 1952.

jezik u teoriii K*\il*vnl Ljudevit: Jonke.

praksi. II isd.,

Zagreb 1965.
Koriensko pisanje. Priredio Hrvatski driavni ured za jezik. Zagreb 1942.

KamiA, JoBaH: J*3uk MuAOsana (MuAom X*uk Joean MMpam: LobmH,

Koroman,
rajevo 1970.

Budaicoeuha.

Hobm^Caa 1968

Ceeruk).

stole. 2ivot XIX, postole a gredu, Veselko: Uvlake

^^^^30
sv.

Marettf, Tomislav: Hrvatski Hi srpski jeziini savjetoik. Zafereb 1924. Maretid, Tomislav: Gramatika i stilistika krvatskoga Hi srpskoga knjtUvHOg
jezika. 1. izd. 1899, 2. izd. 1931, 3. izd. (bez stilistike) 1963.

M.retU. TomUl.v: R*e

**
I

rtfl

M*~ *~
.

'"'""

MaTMua cpncKa h MaTMua xpBaTCKa: Tlpaeonuc cpncKOxpearcKOza tctbuxceahoz je3UKa. Hobm Caa 3arpe6 1960 (m oaroBapajyhe aaTMHMMKo H3aaHe:
Matica hrvatska i Matica srpska, Pravopis krvatskosrpskoga knjiievnog Novi Sad I960). jezika, Zagreb Maraua cpncxa m Manwa xpBaTCKa: Pennine cpncKoxpearcxoza KHtttxeeuoz (h oarosapajyKe 1969 1967, 1967, 3arpe6 Hobm Caa fesuKa IIII. srpska. Matica i hrvatska Matica KH>Mre: Be npBe aaTHHMMKo M3aaH,e Novi Sad 1967). II. Zagreb , I Rjecnlk krvatskosrpskoga

JAZU

10, Zagreb 1892.

:

Markov*, Svetoxar
govini. 2ivot

TwrtJ
.v.

**

XIX,

U-12.

1970.

"***
.j,Jh

(nm leztku

u Bosnf

Heree-

H0bk. Bwcrop : By *

XPtk.

Beorpaa 1967.

aa wuixc36ophmk |am. cKoea kk>m**k0< 1953 (1954).

_*,,

,.

..__,_..._

..

f._.....L

its

* M L rt u. i*jiUu

U Zemunu

1904.

*<*

4fe^

'

-.

*\

tf.

tf.

O
pwjM

ByKOfiOJM cpmckoa* PfeHHUKy M3 1818. zodwHe

239

h>mx 6m cc cBaicaKO raeaajio Kao Ha aparo m aparoueHO Hacae^e, ajiw cacBMM no CTpaHM off. raaBHMX pa3BOJHMX TOKOBa. TeK TMMe uito je h>mxob je3MK yuiao y TeMe/b Hamer KH>HeBHor je3MKa, Morjie cy m 0He ykw y TeMe/b Hame

Hamc

jiMTepaType.

Ha

M3 PJEHHMKY CPnCKOM BYKOBOM

I.

1818.

KMWH*

MECTO KH>MrE Y MCTOPMJM

Pjhmum npuo cimca ByKOBMX Hevia cvMfte, on cbkx apyro hhjwho Hasec-m Moxe He T^SSai^ie HaK ce Behy y.ory oaKrpaao 6h xoje Ky.rype y

hc?S SSL

HOBe KH>M>KeBHOCTM. Je3MK je ochobho opy^e KyjiType m yonuiTc jbyacxor spyuiTBa. Opybe HaJHeonxoaHHje, HajyHMBep3ajnnije m HajcBaKOflHeBHMje. JloMamaj ByKOBc 3ac^yre oape^yje npe cBera HMiteHMua ,na je oh aao onTMManHy ocHOBMuy HauieM khiM^ccbhom je3Mxy. H>eroB je3HK 6mo je KyuwicaMO c4>MKacHHJM MHCTpyMeHT apyuiTBa Hero je3MK kojm je oh 3aTexao y 4>yHKUMJH KH>HeBHor m M36auMO M3 re (^yHKUMJc. lilraBMme, y OKO^iHOCTMMa oHor mctopwjcKor TpeHynca, cbm apyrw nraoBM ie3HHKHx cojryuwja kojh cy ce Morjiw car^caaTH 6mjim cy oacy,HHO HH4>epHopHM y nope^CH>y C OHKM KOJH je M3HeO ByK. ByKOB JC3MK MMaO je Ty jCflHOcTaBHy m Be^MKy BpjiMHy aa je 6mo JiaK, H>era je npoceHHM Cp6hh 3 h a o, y rjraBHHM inrraMa, caMMM tmm uito je 3Hao cboj
MarepHM roBop. HacynpoT HeMy, cjiaBeHocpncKH ce Mopao y h m t m, ayro m 3aMeTHO y uikom m nocJie H,e, y3 onacHocT aa HeroBO caBJia^aBaH.e ocTaHe HenornyHo m y3 h3bcchoct na he H3pascaBaH,e h>mmc yBeK 6mtm caneTO m HecnrypHO. (Ha CTpaHy to uito y tom je3MKy m HMje 6mjio HopMe hmtm yoninTe nexor MBpcTor oc^OHua, jep je oh 6ho MexaHM^xa h npoH3Bo^Ha mcmaBMHa asajy m^m Tpnjy je3Hica, upKBeHOCJiOBeHCKor, cpncxoxpBaTCKor m eBCHTyajiHO pycxor). ByK je yuiTeaeo nOKOJieH>HMa Cp6a oho orpoMHO pacMnaH>e CHara xoje 6w ycne,mio aa je CBaKH nojeflHHau Mopao noce6HO y^MTM KH>HceBHM jc3HK. CeM Tora Cp6w cy ,ho6m^h KH>M>KeBHM je3HK kojmm cy ce MorjiH H3pacaBaTw npupoflHO m Henocpe^HO, a He Myuaso h ca CTajiHHM ncHxojiohikmm onTepeKeftHMa. M iuto je HajBaacHWje, cpynieHe cy cbc HenoTpe6He nperpa,ne Koje cy crajajie M3Me^y cpncKHx Maca m cpncKor KHrfiaceBHor jesHKa. Taj je3HK HMje ocrao npHBHJierMJa Mano6poJHMx kojh cy HManw npH^Mxe h cpcncTaBa 3a ayroroanniH>e uiKOJioBatbe. n^e6ejau, ce^aK h ycraHMK, ByK je m Kao -KyjrrypHH CTBapanau ocTao npe^cTaBronc h opy^e HajHanpwHMjer KpHJia cpncKor ,pyniTBa. HapaBHO, KHH>KeBHM je3HK no npHpoBH CTBapH He MOMt 6mtm laeHTMHaH ca cBaKHaauiftHM roBopoM Heo6pa3osaHor ho-

peTyuiw como cy 6mie pHoay

y
t

ic3MKa

MMa

oneT,
je

ByKOBOJ HMTaBO] y UCHTpaJIHO MCCTO

)C KOJC OA MaTCpMJa JC3HK ce KOje H3 MaxepHJa je BpeMe C3MH Byxosa J rora: KperHWJe oa

gj
CH0CTM

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CMHOiy tc pcmm).

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Ty

ce

oaUx

M3 a jcsMMKO-npaBonMCHor

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CH y 'ocHOBHuy

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BynoBOM cpncKOM PjeHHUKy us 1818, zodune

241

HMjanca Koje m noJMOBa Kpyr h B eKa JaaeKO uih P <poH h iuh fl pen* h o6pxa. m saxxesa P o6e;ie*M aa xpeoa fe3H K osaKBHx n o t p e 6 h h x ceM 6hjio, je V^iaBenocpncKOM jesHKy MOBeKa M3 Hapoaa, h mhofo cBaKOAHeBHOM npeMa KO,e cy flce xaKBMX pa3/.HKa, x h e n oxp e 6 h HJia napoAHa. 36or 6 hhjc jcsKKa cor inro caMa ocHOBima npnpo fle, cnaBeHocpnem rpaMaxHHKe m wacoBHe paaawca. oZx Hero mxo nuixeBHH je 3M K Hapofla M3 HOBeKa ^?S^kkm aa yKaoMio xaj xeMejwrro je aacayra 6hxh. ByKy npnnaaa

km,*

A ramu

Eh ot
mop"
C;10j

ByKOBa H eH 3 6e>KHO sohocm co6om xpaje. xeKOBHHa *pxBOBaH,e KOHTMHyHTera, noresa h h 3 k osaKBor hchoct ko CMaftHXH P yTanei, to MO*e Bpe fl H0cx. Md,y. y noaMXHBHy KOHanny LoTh H-erosy totobo He3HaTHa y nope^y 6iua je *prBa canajy MaxoM cy 6h wieparype oraflamH,e a npw3BOflH ca o6o,e. KftHxeBHH to m*h HeaKxyeaHM, 4Se Whocth hah hhM H,eH npe<p h paapa^H Hero npe Apyro cBe je 6ho Shk flP apaBHOxeace, y yHyxpauifte crTyMeHT rcpaaa. Be3 h h3hmKpMcrwmcaHe nocwao SEhom ocipaH,y. oh HHJe mxexa fl a ce a6hao 6m Koje a TcMCxeMe Maneiba 3 hohobBpaxa oxBopena ocxaBHO Myapo yocxa^oM je B4 A 6h KOJMMa 3a a3a M3 upKBeHOOIOBeHCKMX P OHHX HOM

pSSSaSS^wia mmiSwr
Kbom

Skom

noMeHyTe flMCTaHuc 6w^c HeynopcAMBo MaH.e, nnaK 4>ppMMpaaw CBOJC nOCc6HC KHM)KeBHC JC3MKC YoCTa/IOM CaM pyCKI* KH>M>KeBHM je3MK ce ynpaBO y ByKOBO &o6a KOHaHHO o^sajao oa upkbchoc^oBeHCKor kojm je aorafla Cp6nMa cy)KMo Kao moct Ka pyckom. y XIX seicy yonuiTe Hwje 6nno ycnona ,aa ce cpncKa icy^Typa HenocpeaHO Hac^OHM Ha pycicy npeKO sajejmnHKor kh>meBHor je3MKa, Ha HaHHH cninnaH cpeAHOBeKOBHOj je3MHKOj m xyjiTypHOJ y3ajaMH0CTM npaBoc^aBHux C^oBeHa. A jeAMHo to Mor^o 6m ce, HapaBHo caMo y 0Apcl)eH0M cMMc^y m ca MHoro pa3HOBpcHHX orpaaa, cxBaTWTH Kao eBeHTya^HOCT ca 036hahmm jaKMM crpaHaMa. CBe Apyro, CBe uito je y Me^ynpocTOpy' M3Me^y OBe cojiyuwje m mctophjckm ocTBapeHor Apyror eKCTpeMa, ByKOBcKor KH>M)KeBHor je3HKa, 6mao 6m HeocnopHO iutctho. 3aAOBOAjMTM Ce CTiaBeHOCpnCKOM MeiUaBMHOM 3HaHMAO 6m MCKAyMMTM ce M3 pycKe Ky^TypHe 3ajeAHMue m pycKor Ky/rrypHor Tp)KMniTa, a wnaK McnycTMTM OHa orpoMHa npeMMyfecxBa Koja npy^a kh>k>KeBHM je3MK Ha MCTMHCKM HapOAHO] OCHOBMUM.

S
"

cxa

YoCTaAOM HM OBAC MCTOpMJa HMJe ocTaB^ana MHoro H30opa.

Pa3Boj cpncKor ApyuiTBa 3axTeBao je Aa KH>M>KeBHH je3MK 6yAC uito pa3yMAMBMJM MacaMa, m CAaBeHOcpncKM je tokom BpeMeHa nocTajao CBe BMiue cpncKM, a cse Man>e M cAaBeHCKM". ByKOBO AeAO ce yx^onwAO y jeAHO onuiTMJe CTpyjaH>e, uito My HKyicotfiKKO He OAy3MMa 3Hanaj. BeAMMMHa bcamkmx AyAM m jecTe y TOMe uito cy ycneuiHo M3bpiumam 3aAaTKe Koje je o6eAe)KMAa MCTopMja. ByK je npM tom je3MHKO mirage peuiMO TeMe^HMje Hero uito 6m mko ApyrM Ha H>eroBOM Mecry, a yjeAHo je paAMKaAHO 3a-

yBoK

ByKOBor pa fl a. Y m 3k KaxKaa pycKH, a 3 6ho je xecHO BeaaH Mopa Beae oBe OpeKHA HHje aaxo oApeflKx*. TcMaHiTH cnoco6HOCx Hauier Mopao ,e xaKO^e a npe ay 3M MajyfeH H3 pycKor, V AHxepaxypa. ABejy HenocpewocT KOHxaxxa M0 e " riyuiKHHOM, P ca KH,H*eBHOCT, km je pycKa e

TST^S^^Se

ce jaBHXH,

Sk ^h SSSipSU

noJSTiSJrrara

. jaB^a ce no. nepHOAy npe Byxa cpncxH

xsaTMo m npaBonMC.

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Zm

noanr. jew cm \*W " f A cbcxckh cpopMax. *^

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H Hen0 caMe noroxoBy a npH^MKaMa, y McxopMJCKMM TO noynHO ,e Bp^o HKa. je 3 HapoAHHX LMeljy iajy cy kojmx a koa Max m YKpaJMHUM m BenopycH,

Y-"^ ^ *^

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^

ByK yBeo y KHbKxeeBHoer MMnpecHOHMpao je ny6AMKy joui jeAHOM oco6mhom: ocmm uito je 6mo HapoAHM, oh je 6mo m jexaBCKM. .Qok je 3a oho npBo ByKy yBeK 6hao Jiaxo Aa HaseAc o6jeKTMBHe pa3^ore, oko OBor Apyror oh je 6mo y HenpMAMim c MOTMBauMJOM m apryMeHTM Koje je oh ao Kpaja noCTeneHO npMKynno 1 He Mory M36pMcaTM yTMcaK Aa je npaBa
Je3MK kojm
je

JeKaBCKO Hapeqje je HajpacnpocrpaibCHHJe Mel)y Cp6icMa; hhmc cy HcncBaHc totobo CBe Hamc Hapo^Hc necMc; y H>eMy ce rmcaH>eM paanuicyjy H3BecHe penw Koje ce exaBCKM jeaHaKO ninny (nonjeeaTU h nonufeeaTu) oho je Haj6.BH)Ke upKBeHocnoseHCKOM jesMicy; oho je h flHJajicKaT fly6poBae Vn.uwonunrru -pavn ira viVrruu.vi<> tmannf-jraRHe Co6e _C HS.IHOM DDahOM PlIM*
16 CpncKK itapoA h tbcroB Jcsmk

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y

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ByKoeoM cpncxoM PjeHHUKy U3 1818. zodune

24 J

noneTKy: oh je noMeHyo y caM * ^ua K oiv ie oh 1 3 "- H *" y je 6m;i jiaKme 6m 3an> * jeKaBCKH nncao ^ MaTepH,MM xepueroBaHKMM HapenjeM . Y^PCTM . y KH,H*eBHOCTH. MM e ofl cpua je 3H eHaAa npe jeflaH hob npo&KM. Kyarypy

^issni^
je

j^

y-^f^^OHO ww *
craBMO cpnccy

(floayuie,

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naH n0TP

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ce ca jeKaBCKM

mTaM .
g HJla np M -

je

o TOMe y kojoj je Mepn mctopmjcxh hobm6m*o MaroBopa S*e*e jexaBCKor norpeoa moivio 6m romeoa cpncxMX ycKO B o Ca rOTra cy ce, y oho H^aaMJiM Cp6a ueHrpM ^HMie LaBHH xyarypHM exoo&iacrMMa aeM^Muiry, y eKaBCKOM a H caaa, m Kao B^le HajaxTHBHHJHM. y ceBepHOj C P 6m,m m Boja npncnpeMHa 6ua HHJe ueHxpHMa ny6 TO Ka y thm ,e 0H a 6m, a xaa 6o ByKOBOJ P SSHiiniy. To jc uiko^o kh^bhom pacxoa cTBopnao y Sax ycneumo aupmeiu. to je h exascxy Bapiqairre. we hm? taLcy icox Cp6a xojh.m flaHac Mxa aanaay Ha 6m C 6m jm P Eracy. CaMO nS>e je a K a, a orypiio By 6m*o *a HMJe k exaBcxo Hapenje Morao mstobop jexaacxM je a 6o*e 6iuo Cp6e B e c a 3 6h fe hhhhth MO>Ke HaMa ce aanac 6ht2 ycBOJen cBySe. Yoct^om, noHexe h H,HMe c a jeaMKa. Hor Soj tbo y rmcafty xH,H*eB jar aa oiosa or H noce6 cBaiaH,eM 6efeH H 3 motto y HeBO*e, Ipyre HMTao ce 6m kojm ^thhhuh) e y hMp^HUH, y oaynMpao, JP J omrpo TOMe ce Byx KpajeBMMa. y pasHMM npeuM3o npasonMca tteroBor Hapymaaaao ochobhh npranmn

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6m 6m^xo yMCMo)Kaa M cnoBa. HCMa M3MC^y 4>^ Kope^auwjM hoj iuto floc^eaHocTM, noHeurro oa JKpTBOBao oB,ne ByK m jc aa CHHje eTO, ByK to hmjc A^m, pa3^oraM. m c noneuihc mmhmo MHane jc /' Hanefly ^a je 6mjio uuTa 6m TeMy y Ha Harai)aH>a w a yMMHMO, HMcy HajcpeKHMJM HaHMH aa cc cxBaTW MCTopwja. Kh,m5kcbhm JC3MK c fCojwM jc ByK M3aiuao y PjCHHRKy itera ojiroBapao je y ochobm TaAauiHeM TpmnfeKOM roBopy. M3 khwuikm e^eMeHTM, aJiM cy nporHaHM npoKJiaM^TMBHO 6win cy nornyHOCTM. cnpoBeae to ce cnpeMM^M y aa pa3;i03H npaKTMHHM TeuiKO Hwje Pjchhmk npaTe kojm TpaMaTMUM w y ripeitroBopy Ha6pojaTM Ha aeceTMHe penw kojmx HeMa y caMOM penHMKy. Oa kh>m)kcbhm rpa^MTM M^y3opHO je noKa3a;io aa ce nonenca caMor MMa HapoaHOM. npHcyTHHX e^eMeHaTa y je3MK MCK^ynMBO ofl nwcaTM c M3pacajHMM mo>kc He ce KoJMMa o CTBapK tojimko Texcaxa. m nacTMpa cBaKMaaiiiH>Hiw npeMa 4>0HiioM nofleiueHMM aJiw jc aoiiHHje, obomc rosopw o &a M36eraBao McnoHcnca ByK je 1847, o6jaB^eHor 3aBera, HoBor npeBo^a CBor y npearoBopy Koje a roBopMMa, HapoflHMM HeMa kojmx y penw aao Ayr cnwcaK penw tmx HeKe oa tckct. raj npeBoaefeM je oh wnaK ynoTpe6MO
*
.

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(ByKa Cxe*. J P jMfl yi* 1845, jeaxKy, y Bejy ca oco6HTuieM doda H uM<, o cpncKOM 155-lse;. crp. III, KapauMfca T<it m HO/icjMHHick cnucu ByKa CtoJ). 1 npearoBop npBOM H3ay PjeiHHKa, ctp. XVII. b VK obo kobo B aj ymuao Y je 3HMM*Mio je a je h apyn, cpncKM ayxop koj JiyK paaoM, cnHcareacKHM 4>0PMHpatt.e y B P ee km ce oh ncnubao 6aBHTH r ,e oh EoBaHOB, 6ho jeKa.au. Poaom 3 Ocaxa y Bochh, 38 yniaBHOM J" Hanncao CiiMHopeHHOCT cpwcKoj BCTa A eH, K jeKaBCK ^ aa onpee,eH,y cBaMKo je n<Mp*ao ByKa y
.
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.

Kapa^a

UucMa

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raacoB* nocp6^eHMM c (ac^mmmmho 6MJie cy upKBeHocOBCHCKe ocraHe ce Aa TpyaekM ByK, caM CKOBao hmm jimkom), aok je Apyre jesMKy. HapoaHOM penw TBop6e y npMHimnMMa iuto BepHMJM Apyrwx M3 pe*MMa no3ajM^eHMM npeMa hm ByK HMJe 6wo CTpor MSBeCHM saApace ce aa HeonxoflHOCT AOKasMBao je M3Bopa, m HaK c^a6aHKMX, 2 6o*ecT Ta nypwsaM, CTpaH 6mo TypuM3MM. H>eMy je cy BpcMe K3A Y ersMcreHUMJy. 3a ManoAymHMX m ynjiaiueHMx M jc KaA CMHOHMMM, TaKOpekM 6mto AyuiMaHMH TypMMH" m KpBaBO H3B0JCOHy M OTMe nOHOBO npTWO Aa TJiaHMTe* BeKOBHM TypcKMM npeMa craB ByKOB HesaBMCHOCTM, BaHy MpBMuy cpncKe Mae KOMniicKca h oa MpCHe oa peMMMa 6mo je cjio6oa3h 6orafee*y nyT otbopmo ByK peaAMCTa bcjimkm je BpeAHOCTM. Taxo npeysMMaM3Bopa, MoryfeMX o6ajy ms Hainer KftMxeBHor jeawxa . u a n mrruv iewva m. v on>aHMHeHOJ MepH, CTBapaHeM neo*a ynoTpe6*aTH ce PfeHHUK Hamica p y aajbCM xeKCTy OBor je M3pMMwro mrnameno raMO y3eB (M 3 PjcMHHxa oaHaiH n P BO H3flaH,c xa jc Tpc6a cxBaTKTM apyicHHje). n*.fmiwXX ctpy lipri5ofT 3 KjiaciwHe cy aerose 4>opMyaanMJe h
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ByKoaoM cpmckom PjeMHutcy M3

818. toditue

245

je3MKy. npucyTHHM Obo je 6mjio Befe o6pacuMMa y 3orw3aMa no Koje cy cJieamie 6p3M pa3Boj enoxaMa je jep y noTpe6HO npeico join yBeic aohocm y cBaKoj m aohocmo apyuiTBa Hamcr m c ftMMa xwjbafle hobmx pein. nojMOBa hobmx xwjbaae aeucHMJM PjeHHMKy y npoceiHOM TeKCTy ByKOBOM HeMa y kojmx pew Yfleo npejia3M necTO neaeceT nony6jiMKy uiKpoicy 3a aaHac nwcaHOM Koje cy aaTe y ByicocMepmmaMa pa3BOJHMM 3axBaJbyjyfcM cto.

bom

jieKCMHKor <pOH,na npoiuwpeH>a Haraor npouec OBaj fleny,

6e3 ohct BeuiTanKor m norpeca mjuio cpa3MepHO niao je ca nypncTM<n<a onTeCTBapa Koje cwryauHJe concTBeHe OTe*aBaH>a

peheHOCT. oflJiyHHO Ha ochonocTaB^eH PjeHHHica, H3flaita npBor Je3MK (Tpiunkicor) caaprcao roBopa HapoflHor offlpe^eHor BMuy jeflHor MHOBaujija CKopaimtHX hckojimko m oco6nHa, je, nopea ocrajwix OBaMO flMJaJiekTMMa. HauiMM CBHMa 3ajeflHMMKe Koje MHaie Hwcy tsb. HajpemMa, HapoflHMM x ejiMMHHauwja y cnaaa aooieflHa JyeeoJKa), saraM heparu. (ran joTOBaibe HOBMJe mjim jeKaBCKO mh, h (jaeHuya) en y <wh. ca.) m y (maozu ma mh y npeTBapaibe KOMroieKCHOMepy noBwmaBaJie npoMeHe ma, (cyMJba). OBe cy yHyrpafterosy cMaibHBUie aaxne cth y rpaMaTOMKOM cMcreMy, ce aa anoMarajy yseao x Taxo je oacycxBo
,

nifty npaBM^HOCT.

opa, (imp. caMoraacHHKOM MMencKe ocHOBe Mory aaBpuiasa h how Bapam ct yraaraoM cnaa, cupoMa), aok cy ocxaae npoMene OM/ere d:t)y Aeheru, actum cynncmnKe aJirepHauMJe (t fc y ht.;. raeau raMa e m y herera, h a y nyruuK HajaMAUK; ose nojasa naroMHJiaBafte y KH,H*eBHOM jesMKy HMJe noacejbHO cy e to Ys npaKTMHHMM. Bpcre, one ra nune tokmm m Me cpncKOM npeMa pacrojaH* oco6mh ysehaBaae jeairey ocxa wmokbhom npeMa k raKO^e a nponiaocTH, Ky 3M y je y ByK XpBara. h caoBeHCKMx napoaa, nope* oct^kx jean? OBe HairycTHO pa3BOJy cbom WUHHJeM ** V na nouiro ce npwmKOM cbojmx nyroBaaa
:

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(ca x, rtnnw crapMJM oaroBapajyhM ce raMom^M ny y Mory iJb) ca > ca mh rpaacKMX roBopMMa h aHKOM y B 6po y XepueVoBHHM. ilpyro M3 flaH,e ByKOBor M n cy Koje y OBaj npebe HM nyr. OopMe ynynyjx y 3 M3aaH.y ce tom jcnme. xao tux Y ochobhc papajie Kao

6e 3 HajHOBMjer

o^e JJ W*J*'
jotobw*

Ha o6;iHKe ca x, t/, dj, mh ow. mh>. Taxo je Byx oacrynwo oa nojewHMx upTa TpuiMkicor roBopa m oa Hanc^a mohojimthc amjaJicKarcKC 6a3e KH>MMceBHor je3MKa, ajiw je Ta hc^oc^cahoct 6vma OMwr^eflHO onpaBjtaHa. riopea ocTa^wx pe3yjiTaTa oHa je OJiaKiua^a XpBaTMMa npw6^wcaBaH>e bykobckom je3MKy. Be/iMKM Ky^TypHM peBOJiymfOHap 6mo je cno6o^an oa eKCTpeMM3Ma. Oh HMje 6mo no cBaicy ueHy aoc^cuaH y 0CTBapMBaH.y npHHimna, 6am 1 aaTO uito je 6wo AOCJieaaH y MyflpocTM. M y norjieay npaBonwca ByK je, oneT 6aiu y PjenHMKy, npoHaniao Haj6ojbM Moryfeii nyT. Rok je y nomeay je3MKa onTMMa^HO' peiuenbe ^excajio y ,zieMOKpaTM3auMJM, y npaBonncy je Tpe6aao npMMeHMTM 4>oho^ouikm npMHuwn. y je3MimMa Kao uito je cpnCKOxpBaTCKM, npasonwc je Haje<J>MKacHMJM aKO penpoayKyje oho uito ce CTBapHO M3roBapa, m npw tom caMO OHe 04 rjiacoBHMX nojaBa Koje c^y>Ke 3a pa3^MKOBaH>e 3HaneH.a {paKne He m no3MHmoho yc^OB^>eHe 4>OHeTCKe HnjaHce Kao uito je pa3JiHKa H3Me^y 3aTBopeHor Haa3y6Hor h y uada, 3aTBopeHor 3aflH>OHenHaHor h y 6auKa m crpyJHor 3a3y6Hor h y neu3U]d). OBaxaB npaBonHC MMa mcto npeMMykcTBO xao m KH>wceBHH je3HK Ha 6a3W HapoOTOr: oh je JiaK. H>era HHJe noTpe6HO Hapo^MTO ynHTH, 40boaho je npM nncaH>y ce oc^ohmtm Ha ocefeaH>e concTBeHor M3roBopa, a y MMTaH>y ce ApxaTM HanncaHor c^OBa. Obo, HapaBHO, OJiaKiuaBa 3a4aTaK uiKO^CKe HacTaBe h npouiwpyje xpyr Jbyw Kojw yrjiaBHOM npaBH^HO nwuiy. ByKOBo paTOBan>e 3a cpncKH npaBOimc 6vljio je caMO aeo onuiTer npoueca cyonaBaifca eBponcKwx (w mhothx BaHeBponcKMx) Hapoaa ca Hea^eKBaTHOM rpa4)MJOM .HBejy iviaBHMX nocTojehwx eBponcKwx a36yKa. A no6e.ua ByKOBe opTorpa4>wje koa Cp6a 6hje^MHM ji3l je y Me^yHapoaHHM pa3MepaMa, npBM w flocaa totobo nornyHM ycnex Ha obom 4>poHTy. Hm JIaTHHH^a hh fewpMJiHua Hwcy 6vint HaqwH>eHe 3a norpe6e aaHauiifeHX je3HKa: o6e cy OHe aaanTauuje rp^Kor aji$a6era, no^euieHe npeMa noTpe6aMa jiaTMHCKor o,uh. cTapocnoBeHCKor
Houhhjh pa3B0j KifcHMceBHor jc3MKa noTMCHyo je hjih m cacBMM yiuohmo joui noHCKy AMjaJicKaTCKy oco6mhy npncyTHy y ByKOBOM je3Micy, tbko Hnp. 046auHBaH.c nowcTHor KOHcoHaHTa y nena mjim Tutja, 38tmm TMn rprubeTu (MecTO TprtjeTu), TMn oeufex (mccto oeux) m Tn uufecaM (mccto HucaM). Obmm jc KopcKUMjaMa HacTBBJbcH npoucc kojm je sanoieo caM ByK.
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Uasne Meuk

ByKoeOM cpncKOM PfeHHUKy to 1818. zodune

247

jC3MKa. CyiUTMHCKy pa3JIMKy M3MC^y H>MX HMHH TO IHTO je JiaTWHMua MaH,e-BMine 3aapHcajia rpMKM MHBeHTap CJiOBa, aok ra je kwpMJiMua 6htho npoinupMJia jioAajyhw 6jM3y neTHaecT 3HaKOBa. Osa flMBepreHuwja, hmjm kopchm Jiexce y pejiarnBHOj 6jimckoctm

jiaTMHCKor niacoBHor cwcTCMa craporpnKOMe m y Bp;io cneuw4>hhhom 4>OHonoinKOM KapaKTepy crapocnoBeHCKor, MMana je aajieicocoKHe nooieflwue. Y je3HUHMa kojh ce cnyxe jiaTHHMuoM ocHOBHa HeBOJba npoM3Jia3HJia je M3 HeaoBOJbHor 6poja nocrojenpw6eraBaTM aiirpafewx 3HaKOBa. 36or Tora je 6mjio noxpe6HO

xy^rypa 6n^a HajHenocpe^HMje H3JioceHa ynmajy je^He ApyKMMJe m HaAMokHe uMBM^M3auwje. PeaKuwja cpncicor apyuiTBa Ha osaj npwTHcaK 6w;ia je iiBOCTpyxa: c jeAHe crpaHe OTnop, y Te(HM aa ce o^yBa HauwoHajiHa MHawBMAyajiHocT, a c apyre CTpaHe npM^arobaBaH>e m npwxBaTaH>e TeKOBMHa, iiito je joui jane 3eceic;io m MHane TaHymHy hmt KOHTMHyMTeTa ca HauiMM cpeAH>MM BeKOM. YocTajiOM y cpncKoj cpeAHHM m norpe6a 3a pe<}>opMOM a36yKe 6HJia je M3pa3MTMja Hero pyr,ae, jep je cTapa a36yxa 6vtna HaponwTO HenoaecHa ynpaBO y npMMeHH Ha niacoBe
Hairier je3MKa.

4>mmhmm win

4>OHeMc kojmx Hwje 6mjio y jiaTMHCKOM, am Koje cy npucyTHe Hapoaw kojm roiiiiy obomc Hacynpor je3MUMMa. MoacpHKM y Cjiobchm, eranpaBOCJiauHM 6vum yFJiaBHOM cy to a hwpJtTiKuoM, ocno6o,ne cyBHiuHwx ce 3aaaTKOM aa npea HajneiiAe jajiw cy npeyse-rax M3 MexaHHHKM CJiOBa CBera, npc aiOBa Ty je 6mjio, CTBapw Hucy aiOBa (oBa m v, o, y Kao I T-aKBHx ty rpHKe a36yxe, BpeMe Kafl cy He 6ap jesrac, rpHKw y 6raa norpe6Ha hk 3a CJiOBa H aHHH>ex je 6h*o Tora Ocmm npccafecHa y fcwpHJiHuy). cJioBeHcxe nojewHe ofiejiexe aa onpasaaHO, hkx, y CBoic BpeMe cboj cMwcao. irary6iwia Me^yspeMeHy TJiacoBe, aw Koja cy y caoneHpassoj fcoHMonow Oa enoxe coJiyncKe 6pake HaoBaMO a pas6po pe*yKUHje 3 npaBuy ckmx ic3MKa B04M0 je npexeacHO y nenonocnjw oiOBa "imcoS raxo *a cy noje^na 4>ohcjiona^MB^aBa^o Tpc6Ha, urn je h>hxobo murae o6kmho ao ac koa ce cy (oBaKO r^aca oiroBapajyfeer mxy cApT

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ByKOBe peBo^yimje HMje caMo y TOMe iuto je 6vtna npBa m uito je noxasajia nyT w apyrwMa, Beh h y TOMe iuto je H>eH 3a,naTaK 6mo HajcjioxceHMjn, a Mnax ao xpaja ycneuiho pemeH. Oco6chocth Hauler je3MKa mhhmjic cy h3jihhihom h jeAHy Tpefey rpyny TpaflMUMOHajiHwx Kmpm^ckhx CJiOBa. To cy CJiOBa THna n h w Koja Hajneuihe 03HanaBajy je^aH BOKaji, ajin MCTOBpeMeHO w yMexuiaHOCT npexxo^Hor KOHCOHaHTa. Y je3MHMMa Kao iuto cy pycKM m^h 6yrapcKM OBa oiOBa HcnyH>aBajy Bp^ro KopncHy 4>yHKimjy, jep c^ry>Ke aa o6e^ece yMeiciiiaHe cyr^acHMKe KOjwMa o6n^yjy niacoBHH chctcmm tmx je3HKa. Mei>yTHM y cpncKOxpBaTCKOM M30CTaje uejia cepuja TaKBHX coba (oTyAa ce Ham je3WK hhhm w tbp^h"), a c h>om m noTpe6a 3a cTOBHMa OBora Twna. ByK je Ta c^iOBa nporaao H3 cpncice a36yKe, ajiw je THMe 3aoiirrpHO npo6^eM o6eAeaBaH,a ohhx r^acoBa 3a xoje TpaaHimoHajiHa hnpw^Mua HMje HMajia c^osa. Ty cy 6hah npe CBera cyraacHMiw h, i), a> m h>, kojh, HCTHHa, roicy HfleHTHMHW ca pycKMM MJiH 6yrapcKHM yMeKuiaHHM cyr^acHMimMa, ajm cy ce 3a HeBCWby Mor^w o6e;ie>KMTH y3 noMok CJiOBa 3a yMeKiuaBaHe, m naK je h nocrojaKa xaKBa npaKca. ByK ce HMje 3aAOBOAwo obhm ho^obhmhhm peiueH>eM h yBeo je hobc 3HaKOBe 3a cneun^HHHe cpncKoxpBaTCKe cyr^acHHKe, M36auyjykH yjeAHO KOHanHO cnoBa 3a yMeKmaBaste. Thmc je oh ctboPho cacBHM hob THn hnpHJiHue, 6e3 cepHJe cwoBa Koja cy oryaofjia 3a BP& cywuecHBHa raaca. YnpaBO oBaj pacKHA ca BeKOBHMa ocBeurraHOM 4>h3mohomhjom feHpM^Hue, ca eHOM 4>yHAaMeHTajiHOM cneuH^HHHomky, aaje ByKOBOM ocTBapeay n } o6nacm a36yKe Kapaicrep peBoayuHJe, a He cawo pc4>opMC.

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1 YoJiaKo OApei^yjy. Hero m 3anacajy, Jiaxo caMO He ^awuM w cTajiOM, TeuiKoke ce obmm He wcupnAyjy. CuTyamijy OTOKaBajy MHoro6pojHH aicueHaTCKM Ay6^eTH npucyTHM y cbmm roBopwMa, a join Bwuie AMJajieKarcKe pa3^MKe Koje ce Kpehy y ABa npaBua. y roBopMMa ca HOBouiTOKaBCKOM aKueHTyauHjoM, aaicjie npMHuwnwje^HO hctom Kao uito je ByKOBa, jaBJba ce wnaic mhoiiitbo OACTynana y axueHTy nojczmHMx penw m rpaMaTMMKwx o6^MKa, a noBpx Tora nocTOJe uiMpoxe 30He c aKueHTyauwjcKMM cwcTeMMMa 6mTHO pa3JIHHMTHM Oft HOBOIUTOKaBCKOr. JfcyflMMa H3 Takbmx xpajeBa npaKTMHHO je HeMoryhe && Hayne ocehaTM hobouiToxaBCKe axueHTe, H3y3eB axo flo6njy CTpyMHO ^MHrBHCTMqKO o6pa30BaHie. Jchmhh HamiH ^a OBaxBH noje^HHuw caB^a^ajy rwcaae thx axueHara 6mo 6w aa yne MexaHMHKH kojm ce axueHaT nwine y xojoj penn m y xojoj rpaMaTMHxoj xareropHJM. CBe je to Byx Mopao 3HaTH, vum 6ap ocehaTM, OHfla xa,a je oa6mo aa yBeae o6e^ecaBaH3e npo30flMjcxnx e^cMeHaTa y cboj rpadpmKM cwcTeM. OflMCTa, axo 6m ce npo3oawjcxe nojaBe cMCTeMaTcxM penpoayKOB&ne y nMcany, cpncKOxpBaTCXM npaBonwc 6m ce ox, Haj^axmer y EBponw npeTBopMo y jeaaH op, HaJToxwx. UeHa xojom je nJiakeHO obo ^jhhobcko ynpoiuhaBaae CMTHa je y nope^eH>y ca ao6mtxom: y nocTOJekeM HanwHy nncaaa aocTa necTO ce nojeHMHe peqw m o6^mum nojaB^yjy xao xoMorpacpM m pa3jiwxyjy ce o6mhho caMO noMofey xoHTexcTa, Maxo y M3roBopy HMcy npaBM xomohmmm (zpdd m zp<id, ren. pytce m mh. pyne

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IloyHHO je o6a3pero ce Ha oho iuto cc aorowio ca ByicoBHM npCTXOflHMUWMa M MHCHMpaTOpWMa. Op^eJIMH m floarrej, nyrai Ao6pOHaMcpHMX M3JaBa o norpe6M aa ce name Hapoam H>HMe HCAOCTajajia jaHMHa Kapaicrepa norpe6Ha Aa ce kmbot nocBera 6op6w 3a CBOJa yBepeita. Mpicajb ce CBora cTaBa jaBHO Oflpexao, a Mw^OBaHOB ce OAao ajiKOxoay m HecTao ca xopM30HTa. Max m caM BaHpeAHO AapoBwra m yMeHM KonwTap MMao je ca cbojmm pe4>opMaTopcKMM M^ejaMa BMiue ycnexa koa Cp6a, rae mx je cnpoBeo nocpeACTBOM ByKOBMM, Hero y concTBeHoj cjioBeHaHxoj
CpeflMHM.

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je Ayra h TpaAMiwja ueraHy, Kao je3HK cpncKOxpBarcKH TpaMO CBe ao Bexa na uiecHaecror AeueHHJe nocjieAH>e Join oa 6oraTa. HacTajinx ocTBapefta HM3 ce pe*>a AeBeTHaecTor, aeueHMJe npBe o6^acTHMa, ocTBapeHa Koja KaJKaBCKMM MJ1H npMMOpCKHM y peHHMKa, iirraMnaHMx bcjimkmx ocaM ocTajior nopea o6yxBaTajy BpaHypeAHMKa, m^h TBopaua h>mxobmx MMeHWMa no3HaTwx nofl JaM6peuiHBeJiocreHua, BeJie, Xa6Ae^wfea, fle^a MHKaa>e, nwka, TpyaoHajneuihe ae^a peMHMim, Th CTyjiwja. h Bo^TMi,iHja fea, M Ay6wBMx (Jjparapa, onwcyjy je3HK m h;ihpckh", w AakMaTHHCKM KajxaBh uiTOKaBCKoj MaKaBCKO], JteroBoj cjiobmhckm" y hjim HeHTannjaHCKHM, ^aTMHCKHM, ra ca nopeAe m BapHJaHTM cxoj MaHKHM m Ma^apcKHM je3MKOM. MaKO Hwcy cbh jeAHaxe BpeAhocth, obm cy paAOBH yr^aBHOM 3aAOBCVbaBaJiw norpe6e cbojmx cpeAHHa w cbojmx enoxa, a w AaHac cnyce Kao ofiwjiaT H3Bop MaTepuja^a 3a HCTopujy Hauler je3HKa m 3a pasyMeBaHbe crapnx TeKCTOsa. Me^yTHM, y yceM Kpyry KojeM je ByK npwnaaao, nomyHy totobo 3aTeKao ByK je Cp6a npaBOC^aBHMX cpeAHHH y nycTom y obom AOMeHy. ^OAyme, 1790. roAKHe H3amao je y Beny HeMetjKiH u cip6cKiti cAoedpb Ha 719 + 326 crpaHa, sum OBaj HenoTnHcaHH pe^HMK kojh ce npunHcyje uiko^ckom AHpeKTopy Teoaopy w ABpaMOBwhy y CTBapw Hwje pe^HMK Hamer je3HKa. Cep6cKH MaTepwjaJi y HeMy je yrjiaBHOM MeuiaBWHa upKBeHOCAOBencKor m pycKor, caMO cnopaAMMHo y6aneHe cy y H>era 3aHcra cpncKOxpBaTCKe peMH. OBaKO cacraB^eHO AeJio HaByKAO je, nornyHO cxBaT^>HBO, Ha ce6e 3noBOJby aouhmjmx McnHTHBana Hamer je3HKa m hhko My Hwje nocBeTHo 036HAHwjy nacH>y. A^m join npe OBor Ae^a, nocBekeHor MHTpono^Kry Mojcwjy IlyTHHKy h CBaKaKo pa^eHor c HHcnHpaimjoM M3 MwrponoAHJe, Hauiao ce Ham je3MK 3acrynJbeH y jeAHOM ApyroM jieKCHKorpa4>cKOM noc^y. y CaHKxneTepc6ypry cy 1787. m 1789. H3auuia Asa TOMa ynope,aHor peMHMKa ABecTa je3HKa kojm je H3Aao HeMa^KH nyronwcau Ilajiac Ha MHwuMJaTHBy itapwue KaTapHHe h no MaTepnjany cKyn^eHOM Ha H>eHy 3anoBecT, a Bek 1789. oah. 1791. nojaBMJio ce y TpH TOMa hobo, nponiHpeHO m nonpaBJbeHO M3AaHe y peAaicuHJH TeoAopa JaHKOBwka ,,Ae MupHJeBo". Osaj paHHJH HaA3opHHK cbhx cpncKHx uiKOJia y yrjieflHH Cp6MH, AycTpwjM, 6mo je y to Ao6a bmcok <|)yHKUMOHep y pycKOj npo-

OHOra

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TIaejie

Meuk

ByKoeoM cpncKOM PfeMHUKy 3 1818. zodune

255

M3flaH.a peMHMKa Haia3MM0 M 06a Y a^MMHMCTpaiUlJM. CBCTHO) (kojm MaH>e BKiiie oaHnwpMJcKor" nopea je3MK cpncKH" npBOM M3aaH>y y cpncKw" Y flMJajiem-y). ay6poBaMKOM TOBapa pcmm, Hajneiuke ax H apycKMX aocra yMeuiaHO je MaTcpwjan Mjimpmjckm" je, oner, o6jmuMMa. cpncKMM npaBMM nopeao ca M3 flaTHHHHKOr TpaHCKpMnUMJOM feMpHJIMMKOM HarphcH HeBCUITOM MicaKBor no3HaBaH,a Taaauifter jia6e3 M3BpuiCHOM M3BoproiKa, m naic 6e3 paayMeBaita npMMopjy, nauieM y npaBonnca THHMHicor apyroM M3aaH,y jey JamcoBMfe c3bchh T MaTcpMjaJia. P caMor yMMBaaeM Obmm jc3MKa 06a rpeuiaica y McnpaBHO b*m aco )eaaH apyroMe. oihhhmjh cy nocranM kjckm" cpncKH" m mto P mchvio saiobyHMTM tcuiko Bcpsnje npBc ocHOBy ILok 6m cc Ha to je BepsHJM apyroj jeaaH, cTsapHOCTM y aa cv ra Ba jesMica y CAoeapt, mqe CpaeHureAbHwIi Tora nopea Befe oHMFJieflHO. A*m m caMo uito He aeKCMKorpa<pMjH. cpncKOJ 3H aHMO bwimkh aorabaj y HauiMX seMa^a m 6mo reuiKO npHCTynanaH,

wm

KOJH HMJC HM pyCKM HM UpKBCHOOIOBCHCKM, na hM HapOHMTO cpO^aH c hckmm Ofl hmx. Ta MCTMHa, TaKO onurreno3HaTa ^aHac,

hmmoao HeocnopHa y ohmm BpeMeHMMa Kan jc eBponcKa aiaBMCTMKa, Ta^a join y npBMM noneuMMa, Mor^a cy TeiccTOBMMa kojc nMcajm jcsMKy no cy Cp6M cpncKOM o flHTM
HMJe U3rnejiJia

ie

Msamao flaaeico oa yxymw cacBHM 6mo ero je m MarepMJa* y R>eMy BeKa XVIII cpnecor 6u;iaHC aeKcmcon^cKH je Taxo pew. 28 5 ,eonurro, mkny je KO aa OBOMe 06jamiwi*e ja^H. ocrao cy km BpeMe Y enocn. roj Cp6a y ko4 JSopMJeHTauHJM Snfoj m pycKor 6me

orpa

^aHMue

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upKBeHOcaoBeHcicor cpncKor, M3MeW o npeacraBe jacne 6mtm Mora HHJe HeyxBar^HBe, h

HM,e poncxBa rypcKor iipmtmckom yacacHMM nweftc: new

TMM Kao oner y epecoBaH HaM je no3HaT m xy, aMHTepe HT 3 o Cxpax HaroBopy. KororrapoBOM no pawo je oh

KonMTap, kojm je yBe^MKO 6mo npoHMKao y npaBO CTaH>e craapM, BepoBao je 4a 6m je3MMKo pa3rpaHMHeH>e AonpMHe^o aa ce Cp6n oflBOje oa Pyca m y Ky#~ TypHOM, na k rKWMTMHKOM nor^eay. JImhhoct cnoxceHa oa mhorwx npoTMBpeqHOCTM, oh je y ce6n hocmo Hanope^o cjiobchckm osaKBoj kom6mh3umjm mm jtawac m aycrpMJCKM naTpwoTM3aM. MOXceMO mmcjimtm ami xoheMO, sum KonMTapy je 0Ha M3r^re,ziajxa aorMHHa m oh jy je naK npeTBopMO y pyxoBoaehe Haneno cBOje jasHe fle^aTHOCTM. AycrpMJCKM ueH3op oiobchckmx KH>Mra npoBeo je cboj BeK y yBepeH>y aa ce MO)Ke 6mtm KopMCTaH y mctm Max m AycrpMJM m cnoBeHCTBy. AycTpMja je MMajia McropHJcicy MMCMJy fla npMicynM m npocBeTM Cjiobchc fla mx yBcae y EBpony. AyCTpMJa, Be^MKa m jewHa 3aMcra uwBM^M30BaHa AP*aBa ca npeTeCHO C^OBeHCKMM CTaHOBHMUITBOM. AjIM ayCTpMJCKMM MHTepeCMMa CTajane cy Ha nyTy aM6Mimje je^He apyre Be^MKe caoBCHCKe 3eMJbe, Aoayine MaH>e uMBMJiM30BaHe, KonMTapy Ty^e m He4pare PycMJe. IIlMpeH>y Aycrpnje Ha cjiobchckom jyry 6mo ce McnpeHMO, Kao MohHa npenpeKa, pycKM yTMuaj Ha Cp6e. Be3aHM BOcrpyKMM Be3aMa aioBeHCTBa m npaBooiasjba, Cp6n cy y Pycmjm rjiejxajiH 3auiTMTHMKa m rapaHTMJy aa cpnereo MnaK Hehe nponacTM. M to He caMO Cp6n ca Typace CTpaHe CaBe m ,HyHaBa. YnpaBO cy aycTpMJcKM Cp6n omjih tm kojm cy y XVIII Beicy yBe^M pycKy Bep3MJy upKBeHoaiOBeHCKor je3MKa, j& mm 6yae 6pana npoTMB KaTO^MHeHa m repMaHM3auMje, a noMano m aa mm 6y#e yTexa 36or cBaKOAHeBHor HeMHTe^MreHTHor npe3Mpa ayCT^jcKMx MohHMica m HMHOBHMKa npeMa cpncKOJ HeKy^TypHOCTM m npMMMTHBH3My. CxBaTao je KonMTap iia craapM He May KaKO

am Hajneiiihe He cboj mm je3MKOM.

^J^?* me ce KonMTap > Z cpn'cTcTBapH, ^JSJToSS 6m*o k 6h Ty

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6m1Upo

jesMK, Kaico ca

norpeey, HayHHy KnmrraD MMao y _^ jioaaHH MCTMHa a M>om roBop* jKCJieo a ce jaBHO

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^ r^

cboj

bmw
*.

m cbojckm ce Tpywo aa nonpaB^a ko^mko Moxte. Hacrojao je aa HaBe^e aycrpMJcKe BJiacrw Ha npe;iycpeT*MBMJe cBOjy Kyjrrypy nocraBC Ha nocrynafte npeMa Cp6MMa, a Cp6e tcmca HapoAHor je3MKa m tmmc ce yffaae om Pyca. Ajim 6cmkm ynpasjbaHM MMajm cy csojy noOTiTHKy m cBoje npeapacy^e, z Cp6n Koje je KonMTap cpeTao cse ao Byxa, HMcy 6mjim boahk
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257

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bcjimkmx saaaTaKa oko npMXBare cc aa KaupM hhcv 6mjim w H macro yo Ka* TaKo je KonMTap jc Tora iesHKa 36or to o6jaBH npMJaxenoxypwo aa m HOBexa npaBor Haisaa Haxnao peueH3MjaMa. jaBHOCTH m y *HMa y nMCMMMa

.apMTa,

ByKa c B e cBoje ynyfewBao KonMTap y je aa HcMaMO flOKaaa BepoBarao aa cy re HMJe oner, Kao nooyae MHTMMHe ByKa. YocTajioM to on caKpwBeHe TpaJHO ocTaTH nooY-ne Monie je KoriMTapa, HapaBHO, m ByK BaxHOCTM. npMMapHc m HMie on KonwTapa nooiypasjiosn na H>eroBM cy ajiM Boaeo m nouiTOBao, Koje je oBaj HMao na ohmx oa apyKHMJH cacBHM 6htm ma Moparo je cacBHM apyKHHJH 04 6wo naTpHOTH3aM ByKOB ra HaroBapa. TJiy. To mtje 6mjio HeoapeHBpuifeeM mhoto Ha KorotrapoBor, poflOJby6jbe, Befe npoaycrpwjcKO MaH>e join a cjiobchcko, feero 3a MCTMHy na *y6aB ohm Byxy otbopmo je Komrrap cto cpncKo. ce nocBcnf ohmcmByKa, na H>era, saxTeBa on, K pony cBojeM" tmm KpeHyo oanyHHo je ByK w jesHKa HapoaHor cpncxor

mm

Baay

nyreM.

noneo ByK je on je3MKa, oko nocao Ha Taxo ce BauHBmM TIucMeHHija je Msanuia Serosa rpaMaTHKe. Matter saaaTKa, on noxBana, nyHOM peueH3MJoM aoneKao je KonwTap Befe 18X4, a jy m rpaMaTHxy 6ojby y3 join m apyry, Hanwine *a HsasoBa ajra h 6mo peueH3wje 3aBpiueTaK je3HKa. HapoflHor cpncKor to peHHHK penHMK, carrara aKO ByKy, fee aa o6efeaHe je HecBaKMflainibH: je Koje 06efeaH>e HsaasaHa". Hafen w He caMO norpaacHTH, Befe m oh je ao Koje ajiw jeaa, m w Tpyaa crajaao Kororrapa aouHMJe
Kpaja nacro Mcnyroio.

yneHor KH>H)KeBHMKa JlyxMjaHa MyuiwuKor. Ty je ByK 06aBHO'npBy i^asy nocJia oko peHHMKa: cKynwTM cpncxe penw KOje fee 6mtm y penHMKy. Ty je, HapaBHO, Tpe6ano TpaxcMTH no conctbchom cefeaity h BepoBaTHo jiobmtm penw Koje cy HajmasM^e y CBaKO^HeBHOM KOHTaKTy c oko^hhom. A^m a He 6m iuto nponyctho, ByK ce nocny)KMO h HeKHMa o,n peHHMKa npMMopcxMx m KaJKaBCKMX JieKCMKorpa<}>a. Ty My je M^ejy cBaKaKO Aao KonMTap, a oh My je yocTsuioM m noaiao peHHMKe. Ilo npenMciw M3PjeMHMKy M3r^eaa Mefyy h>mx ^BOJMue m no npBOM 06jaB^eHMjy aa cy Ty 6M^a aeJia Mnxa^be, Rena. heme, JaM6peuiMfea, Be^ocTCHua, BojiTMMMja m CTyjiMJa. Tm cy ce peranuM, aoAyme, motjiu Hafen m mhoto 6^M^ce LLlMuiaTOBuy, y xapJiOBaHKoj MMTpono^Mjckoj kh>mjkhmum, anM ByK HMJe 6mo p&n npocMTM noMofen cep6CKOMe je3MKy y HaJBefeera HenpMjaTeAa H>eroBa" (MMTpono^MTa GreBaHa CTpaTMMMpoBwfea) m KonMTap je erora Ha ByKOBy mo^6y Hece6MHH0, Ha cboj pM3MK noc^iao aparoueHe tomobc M3 csoje jimne 6M6jiHoreKe HecMrypHOM nznvDKaHuot&" M3 Bena npeKO HoBor Caaa y IllMniaTOBau. ByK je Muiao Kpo3 OBe peHHMKe (a yocTanoM m Kpo3 Befe noMMH>aHM HeMetjKuj u cep6cKuj cAoeap M3 1790) on jeflHe penn no npyvc w McnMCMBao je OHe Koje je h caM 3Hao M3 concTBeHor je3MHKor MCKycroa, a M3ocTaB^ao ohc
Koje cy

My

6vuie Ty^e.
1

caMor 3HaMO on peHHHKy Ha pa.ua noHency cmm6ojihhhom O MCJeneHe xapnije pnc HMTaB je mm aohmo pnjeHH 3a a ByKa: 1 3. cennMCMy on je Kororrap ocmmhw". y jmcTMfee Ha jeaHaxe y caj ByK moj flofipoBCKOM: jas^ao nooeaoHOCHo 1815. TeMopa 2 npwcMcreMaTCKH Hwje ByK MnaK, Ajih paw cpncKH PenroiK". OHyo Ha nocao o^Max Ty, y Be^y, Hero TeK jaHyapa 1816. ) npoBec je ByK MaHacTMpy 4>pyu*KoropcKOM IIlHuiaTOBuy. y tom HeKO^HKO Meceux
1 CKynAttHu zpOM. u hoacm. cnucu
III,

OBaj cycpeT TeKOBMHa xpsaTCKe ^eKCMKorpa4)Mje ca noneUMMa cpncKe, y3 noApniKy m CTapaH>e je^Hor Be^MKor C^OBeHua, 3aoiy>Kyje na HaM ^aHac 6ye noce6HO apar. Bmo je to jeaaH on npBwx KOHTaKTa obhx Tpwjy Hapo.ua Ha no^>y Ky^Type. ByKOBa npenncKa, Taj r^aBHM H3Bop HaniMX 3HaH>a o TOMe KaKO je PjeHHMK HacTajao, o6aBeniTaBa Hac m o ^eKCMKorpa4>cKMM npo6^eMMMa c KojMMa ce ByK cy^apao paaefen y IUwuiaTOBuy. aa HaBOAM m npM^orc Oh je KonMTapa nMTao 3a caBeT n& H3BeaeHe on npn^eBa, 3aTMM noBpaTHe niaro;ie, ko^cktmbhc MMeHMue, AeMMHyTMBe m ayrMefrraTMBe. Bm^o je, jWJfce, Mel)y H,MMa

1896, 66.

OB^e y ftcroBOM AaHauH>eM 3Hiey. IIpeHcceH Ha OHy enoxy, Taj M3pa3 HHje npeuM3aH: y ao6a ica* cy pcMHHim Hacraja^H, xpBaTCKo M**e hmjc 6kao tojimko pamnpcHo xao Aanac, TaiCO fla TBOPUM peHHMKa HHCy CBOJ JC3HIC Ha3MBWH xpBaTCKMM. CaM ByK 3B30 je OBe peHHMKe moKaHKHM (TaKO cy Cp6a y oho BpeMe Ha3MBaAK xaroAHKe
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Ha mhcmcthpeo xoMe ,e KonMTap m pen*, Da3 roB0pa o pacnopeay fl3KJIC 6C3 rpynMCaH,a a36yHHM PM Soro W* M a Kpa, kh,mH TypunaaMa BajaH,a H 6e 3 3fl TkxXm cpmctby h naBopuMa Marehobmm cbojhm m o jaB*ao S^Te KonMxapy

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KOjerje .HSBawonuue H3 * HaMacTMpy" y JewOM

,e aanwcao npexo KOje oa Kpymeaua Shoj 6a6M H3 wcoJiHHe npmyiue H,eoco^hcktm AHJa^eKarcKC hmjc cy

neTecer necaMa

je 6p 3 o; sek oaMHuaao pe aH>e B ya36yHa McnMCHBa^c m joihx 3a Pjchhmk fee aa Konnxapy ByK je jaB*,ao Mapxa 17 fee m aa nocxaB^ene) pea hjcmk y (xj. cbc P nyroB 6mxm win 10 aM,a*eKo noaaxaKa hobhx npHKym JaTMM oxnkH y Cp6HJy aa an P M,ia cpeaMHOM nerae ByK je mxo thm! Cyaehn no TOMe je roxoBa 6naa PjenHHKa oko nocaa 4>a3a y Cp6Hjy, osa 3 o npeKpaken. je 6mo 6p Cp6wjy nsaex y ByKOB aTxaaa. Mmxpobmuc Koa npeaasa rpaHMHHor oa nyxoBaH>e na cBeo ce Oh a. Ma3eMy H npexo Eeorpaaa H3 o Eeorpaaa h Ha nospaxaK 6m)M C npofleo xaaa je P kojmko y nieaa aa 3 a ohhx Meceu aana MaxeaMJaaeKaxcKor 3HaxHMJer Bvk HHie hm npMKynMO Herar raaBHK 6nao m xo je aa yocxaaoM, pnjaaa. A imxaH,e je, npexnocxaBnpMaor roBope KOje y LroBor nyxa. MMa wwmifja onacne 2 nexe ynaeo 6mo Byx y ce Mnoapara TIonoBHka aa ycramMna*ory no 6m saxo aa nocaoBe" m aa je Hinao y Cp6HJy Ajim MMCHjy. noaMXMHKy Hexy xaJHy ice eMMrpauMJe o6aBMO *yae sa e H noBoa> HHMaao m Myrae npw^HKe y CP 6mjm 6nae cy

M3 npBor ycTaHKa. Y3 noMok TypaKa, Mm^ouj ce c thm ^yawMa HCMWJiocpaHO o6panyHaBao, y xe>KH>M aa ce ocjio6ozm cbmx morykwx cynapHHKa y 6op6w 3a B^acT. Bam cpeaMHOM Maja 1816. nory6^eHM cy Ha KaneMeraaHy Ha y>KacaH HaMMH FleTap Mojiep h PaawM riexpoBMh, yr^eaHe cxapemuHe kojm cy y Kapakopl^eBoj Cp6M]M Mrpajm Ba^KHy y^ory. HeMaMo aoxa3a aa je ByK hocmo nopyice eMMrpaHaxa 6aui obmm a^yaMMa, anw je msbccho aa je aora^aj ocxaBMo Ha H>era HaJTe>KM yTMcax. He ocxBapMBtuM cBoje aMJa^eKxoaouiKe naaHOBe, ByK je no^ypno aa ce noHOBo Ha^e Ha x^y AycxpMje. IloHexKOM jyHa 1816: oh je 6mo onex y UlMiuaxoBuy. .Hpyra ^asa nocaa oko peMHMKa cacxojana ce y npeB0^eH>y cpncKMx peHM Ha HeMaMKM m aaxMHCKM. Jlo^yuie, npBo6wTHO je
f

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Mopao ByK re a jc fl MJa^eKTH3MC npHMcrno je npaBOM c je h 1811-1813. A xaMO y)K6oBaH,a cBor c fl 3a BpeMe Upa npMjare^ua, a H,ero B fonua y cbojhm niicMMMa Byxy KOje ocoOMHa nopca yocTa^oM, ca^pjKM KapananmA. Je3MK h,chhx nMcaMa KOCOBCKO-peOfl^HKa ApyrHX pcncpTOap 60F3T HCTMMC GrOJaHOBHk, M npM^HMHO

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*n wHacxeo, otmctm, wcaT*, mh*. mh*. odaMHO, wr., k> y koj* PTaMa BOJBO^aHCKMM ca ctapoct neure Hi ht^.). aoaymc M3MeiuaHHX cbc flo c r c P ByK Ajih M3pa3KaBaH>a. cy TJma' yacMBajie npccTM* OTMeHMjer cycpexa Tora a 04 nMTaHa, c KonMTapoM HM|e 6mo aaMHTcpecoBan 3a jc3MHKa

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hspo^hm. hmct Msr^eaao kojm My HMJe jesMK je npeawpao maubc s M. nonoBiA, ByK Ciefa Kapayuk* Beorpaji 1964, ctp. 100-102.

xpe6aao aa ce aa npeBoa na HeMaMKM m MxajiwjaHCKM. Taxo cy 6ap KonMxap m Byx 6m;ih o6ekaj!M FlaB^y Co^apMky kojm je CKynjbao npeHyMepaHxe 3a Pje^HMK no npMMopjy. .flouHMJe je obo M3MeH>eHO, Ha >Kaaocx m ^yxfty Co^apMka kojm je xBpaMO aa je o6efeaH>e o MxajiMJaHCKOM npeBoay ynpaBo m npMByK^o H>eroBe npeHyMepaHxe. ByKOBO 3HaH>e xaxo HeManKor, xaxo m aaxMHCKor je3MKa 6m^o je HenoxnyHO (oh je ^axMHCKM ynpaBo ynMO y lllMmaxoBuy xokom CBor 6opaBKa 1816). ByK m KonMxap cy ce Haaajiw aa ke oko npeBoaa Ha HeManKM Byxy noMokM MyuiMuxM. A^m Taj KifeHHceBHMK nyH bc^mkmx n^aHOBa, kojm je y 5KMBoxy Mnax xaxo Majio ypaawo HMJe MMao BpeMeHa. CaB nocao ocxao je Ha Konwxapy. Ja caM BaMa Ka3ao", nncao My je Byx aBrycxa 1816. aa kexe Bm MMaxM noc^a oko Cp6cKor PjenHMKa BHiue Hero ja M cxBapHO, Kaa ce ByK-y cenxeM6py BpaTMo y Be**, noneo nMcaMa je nepMoa McxpajHor 3ajeaHMHKor paaa. M3 ByKOBMx MyuiMUKOM ca3HajeMO aa cy oh m KonMxap ceae^M y ByKOBOM cxaHy CBaKO Bene, McnonexKa oa mecx ao ocaM, a KacHMJe oa pensa MaxepMjaa o6pa^yjykn m nperaeaajykn uiecx ao aeBex, 6w KonMxap penn, a cBaKe 3HaneH>e o6janiH>aBao 6m hmk. ByK aaBao HeMaMKM m aaxMHCKM npesoa- To je xpajaao cse ao anpMaa 1817. Kaa je nocao oko npeBol)eH>a 6mo npnBeaeH xpajy. Kojoui m aoaao MeHTopa m MHcnnpaxopa y^oaw nnxap je xaKO cbojoj hc6mxm Mokn Hefee MMe HMJe xoayxopa He3axBajiHy 4>yHKuHJy
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O
nwcaHO y3 HacAOB KH>Mre. H>eroBo cTapaHe oko PjenHHKa ocTaje o6pa3au no^cprBOBaHe OAaHocra, KAejw m npnjaTeA>y y mctm Max ByKOBa rmcMa MyniwuKOM H3 OBe enoxe nyHa cy HeKor TpMjyM4aJiHar TOHa. HwKaA ByK HMje 6mo toahko ycrpenTao, TaKO M^aAaJiaHKM OAymeBA>eH Kao y OBe AaHe KaA je nocrajao CBCCTaH inaHce Aa y HCMBory ynvam HeiiiTO OAHCTa bcjimko, m Kajn je M3 AaHa y AaH nocMarpao KaKO acho pacre m yofijinnaBa ce. A w 3a ByxoBO HHTe;ieKTya;iHO 4>opMMpaH>e obo je 6mo OA-nynaH nepMOfl. CBaKO^HeBHO y HenocpeAHOM KOHTaKTy ca BejiMKaHOM CJiaBMCTMKe, m to npoJiasekn CMcieMaTCKM Kpo3 ueaoKynaH MaTepwjajr Haiuer je3HKa, ByK je Taja HecyMHbMBo HayHMo Bwuie ho MKaaa. FIoboaom CBaxe penw noHaocofi, KonwTap My je otKpwBao oho iuto je 3Hao. A 3Hao je OAHCTa MHoro. y MHoro6pojHMM onacKaMa y3 nojcuMHe penw oHHivieAHM cy TparoBM KonMTapoBHX 3HaH>a o Hajpa3JiwHHTMJMM je3MHKMM nojaBaMa, TaKBMMa Kao uito cy Hnp. aycrpwjcKM AHjajieKiraMH vum hoborpMKM M3pa3M. Capa^yjyfew c KonwTapoM, ByK je npeHHcrao nojmobco crapocAOBeHCKOM je3WKy m Haynwo Aa pa3JiHKyje H>eroBy pycKy peaaKUMJy oa cTape cpncKe 3a Kojy je CMaTpao Aa je npBo6MTHa. A ca3peAO jen ByKOBO rJieAaite Ha Ham je3MK m npaBonwc, na w caMO H>eroBO AapoBMTO je3MMKo ocehaite KpKCT&KHcajio ce y CBecHO 3uan>e Hainer je3MKa. Aam y jeflHOM nor^e^y Kao Aa je ByK ocrao HeoAflynaH To KonnTapoM. c paAa 3ajeAHMHKor Meceon inecr obmx m nocae npoPje^HMKy, 06ja6Aenuje o ByKOBO y npaBonwca. je nMTaH>e npaBormcTapMM yrjiaBHOM nncaHO HapaBHO je 6wao jiehe 1816, noKa3yje He 1818, npoJieha c o6ja6AeHttje, BTopo com, sum hm ByKOBa m yocTaAOM, je, TaKBa norjieay. obom HeKM Hanpe^K y ^waHuw H>eroBM m a rowme, 1818. cpewHe npenwcKa CBe ao Befe yBeBpeMe to je ByK y ny6jiMKOaHM noHeTKOM Te roAHHe. sa Haj6o^M 6wo npaBonwc AHKO 6MO HaHMCTO c tmm KaKaB 6h aa yBepeay CBaKaKO y Cp6e, aAw je wnaK m Aa*e TaKrasMpao, nyocpncKy o&6wm Morao 6m KopeHHTO HOsaTopcKM npasonwc mcuchc h npcHyMepamc ^ MKy off, ftera.y Ao6a aok je xpa^MO npaTaKBMM c wsa^e ByK je CBaKaKO CMarpao HeonopryHMM j& c weKOKeTHpao h oh je o xoMe ct^ho MHCflHO bohkcom. 'n*W Beh **> n yse^e ne caMO oiOBa jom aaBecxM Morao 6m MyiUHUKOM Off, 14. Maja 1817. oh Be**
vubaff.y

ByKoeoM cpncKOM P\tHnuKy M3 1818. zoduue

261

npMMJepa.. l>e 3^paBMj pa3yM xaxce, aa Tpe6a ejb w u ByKOBa npenwcKa noKa3yje ^a ce oh y oho BpeMe en> h jOT KOHcy^TOBao oko npaBonwca c hckojimko Jbyjwi c MyinMUKMM, repmnKeM m Co^apidieM. yTOJJMKO npe MopaMO npeTnocTaBMTM ^a je obo 6mo m CTanaH npeiiMeT ByKOBMx pa3roBopa c KonMTapOM, HMje je Mnuifl>eHe oh uchmo Bume ho MHMje m c kojmm je y Beny 6mo y cBaKOAHeBHOM ^mmhom aoflwpy. CaBcra Tepuiwha h Co^apwha HMcy ce noKa3ajiM kopmchm, aok je on cyrecTMja MyuiMUKor ByK ycBojMO OHy y norjieAy o6^MKa c^OBa f). MHane, MHiuAeH>a MyuiMuxor 6n^a cy Kone6;bHBa m He yBeK Hanpeima^ a ByK Kao ff,a ce CBe Bwuie npMKJiaH>ao pa^HKa^HOM peuieHy. M Kaa je Haj3aA y npojiehe 1818. aouijio ao xirraMnaflba pe^HMKa, oh je Aao y uiraMny pyKonnc peAwroBaH hobmm npaBonHcom, ohhm kojh je y ochobm 3aApcaH ao AaHac. Hwje HaM no3HaT0 KaA je ByK H3BpniM0 npoMeHy y pyKonncy Koja je CBaKaKO 3aAaAa AOCTa nooia. ^a am je to 6hjio npenpaBAaHe y noaieAH>eM TpeHyrKy, nocAe H3HeHaAHe OAAyKe ByKOBe Aa nocTynw no caBecTH? Viim je MOXAa pyKonwc 6mo npeyAeuieH join mhoto pa1 npwjaTeAia? HMJe, KpwmoM oa cpncKe jaBHOCTM, na h oa ByKOBMX MaKO je Pje^HMK jom anpwjia 1817. 6wo yr^aBHOM cnpeMaH,. oh je yuiao y niTaMny M3TAeAa tck anpujia cAeAehe toamhc To je BpeMe ByK cBaxaKO ynoTpe6HO 3a H3paAy IlpeAroBopa w CpnCKe rpaMaTHKe kojh HAy y3 PjenroiK, a TaKo^e w aa yHonieH>e AonyHa m wcnpaBaxa. yocxaAOM, H3nieAa Aa cy noHexe cTBapw 6hac ocTaBA,eHe HepeuieHe cse ao nooieAHer naca. Join 13/25.
.
.

Am

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ByK je o npaBoimcy PjcHHHKa o6aBccrao MyuiMUKor tck Heme KpajeM ccnTeM6pa vum noneTKOM oicro6pa 1818, y nHCMy Koje Ha acanocr hhjc canyBaHo, sum o KOjeM 3HaM0 H3 o^roBopa MyuiHUKor, nyHor 3rpa)KaH>a (ByKOBa npenwcKa II 230) MaKO je Byx noieo aoateano ynoTpc6^aBaTM MOcaa Taj hctm npaBonnc jom y nMCMy MynmuKOM on 11/23. jyHa 1818 (a h y kojcm paHHjeM, aaHac M3ry6ACHOM nHCMy). Y upvuior npeniocTaBUM o cbcchom cKpHBatty M0>K4a 6m roBopuno m to mTO cy y3opiw o6pajic pew o6jaB^cHMje) y Btopojm o6ja6Jieuujy o PjeMHHKy (xao yocrsuiOM m caMO to 6nnn flaTM y CTapoM npasonMcy, Maaa je Taj or^ac foamao y MapTy 1818, Henocpcano npc noneTaK niTaMnaita PjeHHinca. C apyre CTpaHc, Henc uiTaMnapcKc rpeuiKC y PjeqHMicy npyxcajy, TaKo^c Bp^o HecMrypHy, umnunjy HaKHaflHO npcje PjenHMK 6mo npBO cnpcMACH CTapMM npasoimcoM, na Tex npaBAaH. Ajim y cbbkom c^ynajy ctojh oho iuto hctmhc Jb. CTOjaHOBMh (HKmoT u pad Byna Cte<f>. Kapatfittka 140), na je .cBOJy pe4>opMy 6yKr ByK 6PHWAHB0 KPHO 00. jaBHOCTM cse ok Pctohk HHje <^io HauiTaMnaK *
1

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ccnTCM6pa 1818. nncao je ByK MymwmcoM Aa he rpaMaTHKa y3 Pjcmhmk 6mtm Ha HeMaHKOM, ajiH jc oHa nnaK OAWTaMiiaHa Ha cpncKOM, CBaxaKO tokom HOBCM6pa mctc toamhc. Aam 6mao je oko PjeHHMKa m npo6^CMa cacsHM ApyKHHje Bpere, TaKBHX kojh cy aobcam y imTaH>e caMo HberoBo M3;iaaceH>e. Obc HCBO^be casAaAaAM cy ByK w KonMTap tck noaic ayror h MyMHor psaH>a kojc jc 3axTCBano m BeAHKy ynopHocT k MHoro
AOBMT/bHBOCTM.

Tpe6aAO jc rrpc cscra HahM cpcACTBa 3a uiTaMnaH>e KH>nre. Bhao jc to oncc*Ho acao KOMnJiMKOBaHor crrora, jxaioie Hew3HecnrypHe npo^c. Roaywe 3Hanaj TaKBor ae/ia AaBao jc Haay Aa he oho 6hth KynoBaHo, noHerAe H3 naTpwoTM3Ma mam Ay6aBH Ka KH>H3KccTBy, a noHerae m paAH npaKTMHHe KopMCTH. CpncKOJ ny6AMUH Pjchhmk je Morao noaiyKimi Kao H3B0P 06aBeiiITCH>a He TOAHKO O COnCTBCHOM je3MKy, koamko o HeMaHKOM a AaTMHCKOM, jesnuHMa kojh cy Taaa y AycrpuJH AOMHHMpaAM HC CaMO aAMMHMCTpaUHJOM, Beh H Ky^TypHMM *Hbotom, a yKoaiHKO ce TMHe HeManKor, yniaBHOM m ckohomckmm. Oryaa je ByK panyHao Ha npeHyMepaHTe, Jby&e kojm he cbojom npem^aTOM y craapn KpeanrnpaTM H3AaBaH>e KHwre. Aam, waico npcmjiare h ^cwsaxHy jc opraHM30Bao mnpoxy Mpeacy CKyrubana
6e3*cHO cxyno, a

oacyAHy Ba^KHOCT m o6aBC3ajia je m Byica n cpncKy KynTypy. Yocra^om# TnpKa jc h y y^o3M Meuene yMco aa H36enic HoenaHM ry6HTax. Oh cbojc 4>Phhtc HMje nomioHwo, Kao urro cy ynMHw^H ^apyni Ao6poTBOpH h Kao iuto 6m cc moitio 3ambyHHTH hj ByKosor jaBHor npM3HaH>a\ Beh mx je nosaJMHo c tmm jssl no 3aBpuieHOM uiTaMnaH>y npeyaMe ue;iOKynHo H3iUH>e h npo^zajoM Han^taTM CBOje noTpa^MBaHe. IIIto ce tmhc yr^eiuor noMopwuiKor ruieMMha m BcnenoccoHMKa Case JeKcnuje, kojm je iuo neT ctoTMHa 4>opMHTM m MMTpono^MTa CTCBaHa CTpaTMMMpoBnha, s^aCTWiMHa xy^nMHCKor, hmjm je Aap M3Heo TpwcTa 4>opmhtm. ohm cy npM^osKM^M noMaao M3 cyjere, a noMano m saseiieHM ByxoBHM o6jas^eHMJMMa Koja cy HaroBeuiTaBajia anaTHo ApyKMMjy KH>Mry. A 6wto je CBawaKo, 6ap koa TeKe^Hje, m MCKpeae poju>Ay6MBe CBecTM o tomc Aa je npBM cpncKH peHHMK wnaic, 6e3 06 m pa Ha cbc Apyro, acjio Koje Tpe6a nonxoMohM. JeAHor HMeHa, Me^yTMM* HeMa Ha cnwcKy, naKO 6m My Ha hckm HaHHH Ty 6hao mccto. KH>a3 Mhaohj 06pcHOBKh, kojcm cc ByK o6pahao y yBepeH>y m kojm je Aa My je Ay>KHocT Aa noMorae obskbo npcAyaehe HMje Hauiao aa BpeAHo Aa msabojm naK m 6mo o6peKao noMoh M3 cbojc Kace Kojy cy Beh TaAa noHMH>aM xiyHHTH xapann ms
jc

TnpKMHa noMoh, KywxaMo Bcha 04 cbmx apymx, MMajta

arHTauHJy, ByK raje Morao Hahn npeHyMcpaHaTa aobo^ho Aa TpacwujTe, Kynrypno Cpncxo THpaaca. m CJiora TpouiKOBc noKpMJe oncrany Mory hc Aa eAHUHJe KopwcHe toamkc hh AaHac kojcm y 6c3 no-rnope, Taaa jc 6mao jooi KywKaMo MaH>e h capoMainHMje npeaoMMiu^ajiw yocra/iOM, ce, cy mho juufe. A Hamc Hero y ^eKajyhn Aa bhac xohe am KtfcHra aaMcra wsahw m xaKBa he 6mtm. 6mo to je TyacaH mcuchc. Tpaacn TaKo je ByK cnao na to na jc Ty Bhao HMajy. kojm A>yAH nocao, to TpaaceH>e noMohn oa noao CBe hchsbcchocth h o6pTa, m noHM)KeHa, m csaKojaKMX iwecnMcax caM m HeKaKO jc CAeAH,er HMHa pacnAera. A TyataH 4yiXHHM HailWIM. HajsaA ce cy MeHMTMx Ao6poTBopa, ohmx kojm cpncKy AeMOKpaTH30BaAO jc kojc napa^OKCOM, H3AaaceH>e Aeaa

craAexa rpa^aHCKor H3 6oraraui KyjiTypy OMoryhMAH cy jcAaH npoinBHaj^yhn MHane osa ^BOjnua h ^a oxona fcy&uiw 6eHKM TMpKa, Teo&op aMUM tc hctc scMOKpaTM3au^je. UHHuapHH ^eHe CBOje HaroBOpy jc nrr xMJbaaa 4>0|>mhth no Tprwau, saaoowo. TpajHO 6ho croicaTca HHic je npHjareJbCTB xpomh

UCAor 6eorpaACKor namaAyKa. Rok ce y Tpa)KCHy MaTepnjaAHe nomopc Mopao y npBOM pcAy aHra>KOBaTM caM ByK, HaAaCH>c H3AaBana 6mao jc yrAaBhom KonMTapos saAaTaK. IIpo6^eM HMje 6ho Aax: y aycTpwjcKOj MOapxMJM jcamho je 6yAMMCKa iuTaMnapMja MMaaa AOSBO^y Aa urraMna cpncKe KH>Mre, a Hoj je, HacTojaH>cM MMTponoAMTa CTpaTMMMpoBMha, 6mao 3a6paH>cHO Aa o6jasA>yjc KHMre npasonwcoM ApyKMMjMM oa yo6MMajeHor. riepcneKTMBa je MsrACAaAa xepMeTMHKM sarBopeHa. CxBarajyhH o36mahoct cMTyaunjc, KonMTap jc join spno paHO noneo Aa TpaxcM pcuieH>c, KopMCTehM cc cbojmm MHoro6pojHHM Be3aMa m noAO)KajeM ucHSopa oiobchckhx KH.Mra. H>croBM Hanopn huiah cy oa HaroBapaH>a nojcAMHMx 6enkmx uiTaMnapa Aa TpajKe A03BOAy 3a uiTaMnaH>e cpncKMX KH>Mra A nncaifea aiyyK6euHx npeACTaBKM HaAAOKHMMa y obom CMMcsy* Aam uiTaMnajm ce mam HMcy momm npMAo6MTM, mam 6m cc Kamm

npwroBop

PjeMHHicy, crp.

XV.

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ByKOflOAl

CpMCKOM PjCHHUKy M3 1818. zodwHe

265

chmjc yrwianiMAM w upcaommcjimjim, aok cy oneT bmcokm $opyMM ApxcaBHe ynpaBe 6mm A,03Jia6ora HeeKcneAMfMBHM, nax m oHaa Taico BOJby. cy ce nocne AOBpmeTKa Ao6py noKa3MBaJin cy KaA npwnpcMaH>a peHHMKa 3a niTaMny HM3ajiM Meceuw McnyH>eHH M3HeHa^a hmjc ce yicasajio pemejte. cbc aok hcmmpom, m 6pMit>M Kajryijepa MexnTapMcra, JepurraMnapMJa Beny je y IlocTOJaJia HMajia Hexy OApaHHJe join reHepajmy je Koja KaTOJiMxa, MCHa noBWacTWuy 3a uiTaMnaH>e KH>wra Ha cbmm mctohhmm je3Mu.MMa. KoijMTap cc y Ao6ap Mac cctmo MexwrapMCTa m HMH>eHwue aa mctohhw. Eapnjepa Kao je 6wjia npohn mq^cc JC3MK cpncKM m

jycHM cbm he Haw aa MJiy3opHOj m noMajio y a TpaawMJe, JiaTMHMMKOKOM6MHOBaHy je^Hy npMXBaTMTM Kpaja AO C^OBeHM yBO^eHe 6m KaxBoj 3aMMCJiwo m oh je KaKBy aa6yKy -fewpM^MMKy

H3wrpaHa. GiaraH>e TCKCTa je nonejio, H3nieAa, HerAe y Mapry 1818. no3He jeceHH. IlpBo CBe ao 3acro]a, H3BecHMX 6e3 He m TpajaJio, pmmckom c naniHaacaobm cy peMHMK, aok caM je OAurraMnaH TeK 3aTMM. KpajeM hopea Ha aouijim KH>nre no^eTKy UMJOM y noHcncoM AeneM6pa Bek a oKOHHaHO, 6mjio je uiTaMnaH>e

'

nyT. Oiobo kpmm^o cBaxaKO kwpMJiMuy jyacHOcaoBeHCKy jore y ajm foipMAMUM, Hamoj noTpe6HO npeKO 6hjio 3aMCTa je aa raac j je ByK ysowo, H,eMy je Ha pacno;iaraH>y CTara Kaa TpeHyncy y rpa^aHnpaBO MMana Beh Aoraa cy Koja oiOBa ja^o HeKOJiMKO ocraja^a 6e3 pe4>opMOM H>eroBOM Koja cy a kMpMJiMUM, cTBa y i, U Hnp. i cjiOBa, tmx hcko oa M3a6pao ByK je 4yHKUMJe. Jla Mecro HajnoAecHMJe) cyMHe 6e3 6m^o npso 6m kojhx mjim b (oa a36yxe cpnexe nouiOKHaBafty o npMMeA6e 6m 3HaKa /, M36erao H>eroBMM Aajyfen ACueHMjaMa, npaTM^e ynopHO nocjie Koje cy ra 1 npoTMBHMUMMa y pyxe ]e^mH apryMeHT. C tmm ce apryMeHiimje oh, ajiw MCTynaTM, jaBHO ^taKo Morao tom, AOAyme, HMJe ApyuiTBy, cpncKOM Moh 3anajbMBy y MMao no^ymanaTOM, peH KanoKymaja aycrpMJCKMX 36or HaKocrpemeHOM yBeK join TaAa
t

BeM6pa TlojbCKy w Pycnjy, nyT mctopmjckm y cboj Ha Byx je icpeHyo pacrypa. oh ra Tmpkm Aa pemmK ocTaBJbajy^w npwMepasamw^afty xHTpMHy HeTcy y noKasao Tupxa Hwje

npcnwaTHHica 6mjio je yBeK join 1820. paxa peHHMKa. nonencoM KH>nry. ao6mjim roicy nrro nporecTOBara KoiM cy ce scajiwro h je ona KOjMMa ohwx nporecra Aam join mhofo raacHRJH 6mam cy
Aocnejia y pyice.
Heroo36mjbho M3a3Ba Morae Tom cv craapH y PjeHHMKy * M cpncKOJ ce kojmm y npaaua aH,rnimcTa^Hua WB OHHinfeeH 04 MK je 3 napoAHH cy: To Sra^a mTo. ^aBCKO npaBonnc BencKHX e^eMeHaxa, peBonyuHomicaHM noobo hmc nojaBMO, Y PjenHHK ce Ka*a penje. Me^yxMM, 1 BHKy. HaJBHine na*H,e h

m
to
B
* *

loi

J?

3a Hajr^acHMJy

arpocLte y cpncKOM ApymxBy 3HaHaja: or rpefeepa3pe ctm oa HeneAHH MHoro6pojmi h PHAmum norpenma nore 3 a choch, H t^tho*. hh raxry y hh y

j,

noMSUio y

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J* cpncxy ootojh

m ^CZ5*
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npMByiaie cy

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f

TOAMHen>a m oflnapo^aBaHia. MMa pa3^iora 3a BepoBa^e Aa je ce Koje peMH m peHHMK yBpcTM ByKy Aa cyrepMpao y Konnrap je Aa je cnrypHO a ApyniTBy, npncTOJHOM M36eraBajy y o6mhho tmx yHometba oatobopm oa ByKa 6wao Aa Mokn y KonMTapeBOJ CBaKaxo, fla je je, C/viaTpao yHHHHo. penw. A^m oh to HMJe 6Mfee a jesHKy, penM cbmx nper^ieA y nornyH Hayuw norpe6aH MecTA^w HecTauiiiyxa. BpcTy OBy 3a ckjiohoctm Aa je MMao m ManoApyrw ohm cbm m TproBUM nouiTeHopoAHM H,ejuiM napocM, cy ohm npeHyMepaHaTa, cnMCKy raMO y rpa^aHM ja MMeHa xopy je cyMHe Aa HeMa y ApyKTOje. CTBap npMMMJiM cacBMM je cMrypHO a^M Haj6yHHMJnx, 6mo oa xMnoxpMSMJe norpAc rjiac npeMHomnia 36or He3aAOBOA,cTBa MCKpeHor Aa je Ty 6mjio m 33to Aa HapyHMJiw 6mak mhohi cy xojy jaKMx Mspaaa y kh.m 3 m

6m mm m3
1

H>e

ynMAa

Aeixa.

Ba

6mc> jaK

oa

Ti^7apaBHo,
mTO
|e

He 3HaK a ce nnje npaBonnc 6mo hccto npeflMer kphtmkc.

. npo^ **

pyxonitcHoj y / Aa 6m napaaoxc ****** vim nyHonpaaaH 6mo (kojm jc i a npe By K a, Kao uapHJaHTa 3HaK obo Aa* Pyca. ko h aeh 6a, C c'mo koa to He SttyJ). P npej9w| ByK je aa HHfteHHua ctojh u Byxy h H,eroBMM npoTHBHWUHMa a aTHHHue, a He H3 Khp^ickmx pyxonnca XVIII nepcneKTutu '*?"* 3nax )y i^iweHOBMha MeKcawipa paajacHHo je pw 4>aicyiiTeTa y hobom Oiwo3o4>cKor ToaMmftaK ckoz hupuAUHKOZ ttpaeottuca,

6m

BeKn, anaic

nocrojao

je

teymm

t'*^ - ^"?^

Caay

VII.

1962-63, 45-52.

Hunt

Vlsuk

O
Halje nyTa,
je BeJiMKan

ByKoaoM cpmckom PtenHutcy to 1818. zoduue

267

Byxosa m KonHTaposa Aajia npnHenpoMHUiACHOCT Taico ie AHCKBaKHcfrMKyjy npeA pernm Aa e4>opMC ^ocy xmUaHHUKMa P cc roBopn o cbmm Ymccto ny6;mKOM. cpncxoM jc KH>wra ynocHAa y cpncxy KyJixoje HOBMHaMa oS; KpynHMM eras, CByAa ce HainnpoKO saysMMa H>HAta ia cc npeMa motjio 6mtm.> oakcte ac*o jc kojmx 6ca cnraimaMa b* caMo m*mboueiwiBaiba. npaBor 6mjio hmjc Tv vraaBHOM h PjcTOoca nojaBe ocehao npc cc kojk CTpaTOMipoBiih. norpe&io ce h caM Aa 3a CMaTpao je Aa twimko hcchitphmm je noBcpoBao Aa je AOiuao caA narpoHa, HberoBMX vbpctm y peA Ty*6a ho/ihuhjm a6or hm .floayiiie, npoTHBHanaA. TpcHyTax aa yHHiiiTH KH>nry, a cy yeneaa aa HMJe penHMKy CKapcAHOcm y e<J>eKaT Me^y CpHenocpczum h,ch MMHMMyM Ha nopyre cBeae na m ohm oAo6paBaj*a, niacoBH 6mjim pctkm 6wMa. CacBMM cy pa3roBope Bo^eHe m nncMa npHBaraa y ckpmbchm y cy-ocraJDi y HCTMpM oxa. Kyfee, y iiimHcycncx koa npcTpneo Pjchhhk Taxo jc Hok O H,eMy noxB&ae. je w npH3HaH>e aohchbco jc oh cBcry poxoM OAynicB^CHO niicao TpMM, h,mmc ce y cbojkm paAOBHMa cjiy^cwo ,Ho6poBCKM, H,CMy cy anJiayAwpaJiH nojbCKK m pyem HayHHwm* KojHMa je Byx npc3CHTHpao cBOJe p.eno. 3a yneHy EBpony, Pjenhmk je nocrao M3BOp no3HaBaH>a cpncKor je3MKa, iviaBHH v voPje^HHK necaMa, HapcuHMX H3aaH,MMa c 3ajcnHO tobo jeflHHH. npopoK Hwje Hmko mmc. MeljyHapoAHO y o6e36cwo ByKy jc concTBeHOM 3aBHMajy", tbpaw cTapMHCKa M3pcKa. HcraHa je aa cc necTO Aora^a aa bcjihkm Jbyw 6yay 6otf>e cxBafceHH y ry^HHM Hero y cbojoj 3eMAH, ajiH je KCTHHa m to Aa caasa o6hhho max

Maxap w o6njia3HHM npaBueM, ao cpeAime H3

norexao.

icoje

Sape^M

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H3AaH.e PjeHHHKa HHKa^ Hwje nocTajio CTaHaapAHH npwpyHHHK kojh he ce CBaxoaHeBHo KOHcy^TOBaTM. M,o ByKOBe nofieAe, Ha Hera je BetiMHa yqeHHx Cp6a r^e^ajia nonpeKo, a Jjanicoj OAUiajmHH oho cc Hwje Mor^o AaBaTH y pyxe 36or HenpwcToJHHx penw. Jlommje ce, ynpaBO HexaKo McroBpcMeHO ca KOHaHHHM ycneuiHHM o6ptom y ByKOBoj 6op6n, nojabhjio m Apyro HManbe PjcMmoca, 6oraTMje h OMMuiheHO oa Henoce^Hnx M3pa3a, Koje ce HaMax npeT3opw^o y 6w6^Mjy cpncKHx 4>w^o^ora.

Me^y Cp6wMa npBo

HoBMHe y je3HKy h npaBonwcy cnpoBecHe y npBOM

H3,naHy

PjeMHMKa nocrajie cy cTajiHa KapaKTepHCTHica je3MKa ByxoBMX enwea kojm cy ce nojaBJbHBajiH 3aTMM. H>MxoBa npMcyTHOCT 6mBajia je CBe aeaoTBopHMja ca cBaKMM hobmm HanncoM ByKOBHM, a aaTHM w HeroBMX cjiea6eHMKa. CBaKaxo, npBo M3flaH>e PjeMHMKa HMJe ae.no kojc je ocTBapMAo no^eay, a^M je Ty (J>opMyjiMcaH nporpaM kojm jy je M3BOjeBao. Hnje to 6mo TpeHyTaK TpMjyM4>a, Befe pa3BMijaH>e 3acTaBe noA kojom ce, nocJie Ayrc 6op6c;
HaJ3aA TpMJyM(i)OBajio.

HI.
^

nPEiirOBOP PJE^HMKy
je

Mnoro roAMHa aouHHje, ByxoB npoTHBHMie JoBaH Xauwk OBaxo jc oiwcMBao y Yryxy HI (1846) peaiemfjy Cp6a Ha Pjchhhk, nocMaTpajykw je H3
1

csor yraa: *Cp6jbH cy, HapoHKro noaie M3aaHor PjeHHWKa (1818. rofl.), bhKajiH #a Byic y cBOjeMy imcaifcy He Ha6;byaaBa npKcrojHOCTM, aa ce 6e3o6pa3HO K cpaMOTHO mpaxaBa, xoje Bpe^a HyBcreo MOpaJiHO, h caMO npunvmn cbhaapHMa k roBcaapHMa, a He cnHcaTtibHMa, koh cy yHMTe^H MJiaAexn m Hapoaa; a oh (tj. KonHTap, npHM. II. M.) OKpCHyo craap apyKHMje, m yBepaBa CTpaHe Aa Cp6^n h CpncKH cnHcaxeAM Ha H.era BHHy, nrro oh CpncxH npocTO

uiTaMnaH>e KH>Mre 6h;io Beh yBej[MKO nooAMaK^o, AaKAe y nooieAH>eM TpcHyncy, ByxoB ripeATOBop HMje ue^oBwr TeKCT, Befe cMeuxa Ba^KHMx HaMe^HMX KOHCTaTaimja, TCKyke no^eMMKe, o6aBcuiTeH>a TexHMHKor KapaKTepa m nojeAMHOCTM kojmx ce ayTop HaKHaAHO cctmo. Ila MnaK, cbojmm K^yHHMM nacaCMMa npeATOBop ce yBpuikyje y peA BejiMKMx AeKAapauMja, ohma kojc HajaBAyjy mctopmjckc enoxe.
.

HanMcaH 6ap ac^mmmhho y BpcMe KaA

n& HasHBajy npocm Hapo^HH CpncKH je3MK cBMH>apcKHM w roBeaapckmm; a Jbym cTpaHM, Ma h HajyMeHHJH, MHc^eKw aa je to Taxo, MOpanw cy no TOMe h o H>eMy h o apyniMa apyrojamije cyaHTM, Hero urro jeer" fCxyzpomatuhku u noAeMunm cnucu ByKa Creifi. Kapayuha III, 224225).
nmiie, m

nmm

IIo^eTaK npeATOBopa Aaje eKcno3Mimjy npo6ACMa cpncKor KH>M)KeBHor je3MKa, OHaKO KaKO ce Taj npofi^cM npMKa3MBao y oho Ao6a y onwMa KonMTapa m ByKa. Ty Hana3HMO npomraMOBaHe CBe ocHOBHe craBOBe h>mxobot r^cAaH>a: o MHAHBMjiyaji-

268

Uaene Meuk
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ByicotaM cpncicaju P|eHNMicy M3 2818. zodune

269

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jeaMUM CJiaBCHOcpncKor jeaMKa, o roMe sa jc ocHTej npsn MCTaKaT Tpc6y ce nnme HapoaHMM cpncKH* jcsmkom, ajiw * a T0 T! flOHaC HMJC OCTBapeHO. HapOHMTO OCCTAMBy TaHKy

vK

a V jtow^rt, u iuMe fla oh 3acnv>KYie na v a . - ybe y KH,H*eBHOCT, o HeaonycTMBoc Mem

i

koj jihctw uiTOKaBCKHX AMJajieKaTCKHX TwnoBa (epueroBaHKO MCTOHHOxepueroBaHKM m^m M^a^M xepueroBanKM iwjajieKaT, peKOCOBCKO-pecaBCKM awjaJieKaT, cpeMamco uiyMacaBCKO

noratjajio je HaBol)eH>e cpe,zu*>OBeKOBHKx cpncicwx TeKcroBa mi camix upKBeHOC^OBeHCKHM je3MKOM 6e3 pycw3aMa, M3 nera npo" K M3Jia3H aa cjiaBeHCKM y pycKoj peueH3Mjw mije 6mo CTap M nt HCKBapcHM JC3MK caMMx Cp6a, KaKo ce BepoBajio Ha MHTponojemtckom flBopy y Kap^OBUMMa. Maxo ce noHeurro oa oBora Ha-

npOTMBHiiKa

^a3M k y paHMJMM ByKOBMM cnwcwMa a nororoBy Koa KonwTapa obo je npBM ByxoB CKCTeMaTCKM MaHwcfcecT o je3MKy, KOJeMy ce yocrajiOM npnapy >Kyj e m o6pa3Jio>KeH>e pecfcopMMcaHor npaBOrraca. C HaynHe crpaHe ByKOBM apryMeHTH cToje Ha bmchhm aKO mx MepMMO m flaHauiH>MM MepmiMMa; Ma^o6poJHe cy Henpem*3HOCTO y aeTajbWMa Kao oho o to koa IIojbaKa w KpaH>aua (Ty je CBaKaxo caM KomiTap CMMnjiw(J)HKOBao cTBap aa 6m M36erao ayra pa3JauiH>aBaH>a), o caMoniacHMKy w kojm ce HeonpaBflaHO MaeHTM<i)MKyje c HeMaHKMM m Ma^apcKMM u, vum o TOMe aa ce y GiaBeHCKOM" zocnodb, padocrb n oi. M3roBapa rpyn a niacoBHux HeMa rpnKOM mjim aa y padoch hto., zocnofy,
i

>

e > iy-

JaKM cy m apryMeHTH Koje je ByK cynpoTcraBKO ihto ce Hero npe join Hanao pe^HHK ByKOB 3eHTy" kojm je Ha oaBwme ca jejmoM Ha KpHirocy nojaBMO, sacHMBajyfai CBOJy
OBaj Hcapa

L. peueH-

noracin

peueHswja, Ta pcmirey. o oraacy HanMcaHOM KonMTapoBOM n0OTTa MM oko Kpyra m necyMH^BO 3

H,eroBor nepa M3 BepoBarHO bp*o BMfca, a Beobacliter Oesterreckischer crraBa 6MJia ie o6jaBjbeHa y ncry a 3 6cmM ce Hoeunaua P XaB^keBHM my ieHCK*" je3*K Kao

Ty

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ce

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onora BpeMe je3*K nape*** cpncKM o^yje P jcsmk^Bi*" cycewnx M3 e*eMeHTOMa Harden n0n * a,y MecTMMa y ohmm c MMmHaMO peaeaary je HHane a >*jahho, OT ] ByKOB npe^TOBop caapxcK oncepB auHJaMa.

J^J^ ^ pew^^ ^^^S!^nB nMW

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4H)CK0-cpeMCKw mjim uiyMaAMjCKO-BoJBobaHCKH imjaneKaT). 3aMeHa jaTa, xoja hmhm 6a3y ByKOBe noae^e, HcrauaHa je m npe Byxa Kao npBopa3peAHa flMjaneKaTCKa AMCKpMMMHaHTa, a m iiawac ce CMaTpa jeAHMM oa ochobhmx KpnTepuja K^acM<J)MKauwje uitoKaBcioix roBopa, caMO uito ce y hobmjc BpeMe y3 H>y o6mhho CTaB^a m axueHTyauMJa Kojy ByK He noMHH>e, Ma.ua je OHa y CTBapw HaJ3HaTHHJa Mei>y oco6nHaMa Koje oaBajajy w pecaBCKO Hapjenje" oa M cpeMaHKora". Jouhmjm McnMTHBaMM Bpahajin cy ce noHeKaoi Ha to noM&no 3aroHeTHO ByKOBO HrHopncaH>e japaCTMHHMX npHHUMncKMx paa^MKa M3Me^y aKUeHTyaUHJCKMX CWCTCMa no AMJajieKTMMa. IloMMuiAajio ce Ha to aa je oh Te paa^MKe npeKyTKMBao jep cy HapymaBane H>eroBy c^HKy je^MHCTBa m onheHMTe npaBM^HocTw" Haiuer je3MKa, a 6whe m aa ce oh oceKao HecwrypHMM y 6e^exeH.y oBaKBMx aKueHaTa. MHane obo KpaTko norjiaBJbe o jpijajieKTHMa noKa3yje m to #a ByK HMje cmctcMaTCKM 6ejie)KMo Ha TepeHy rjiacoBHe h rpaMaTHHKe oco6wHe AwjajiexaTa. Obo Bpeaw w 3a aouHHjy enoxy H>eroBor paaa; wsy3eTaK hmhh jczmo H>eroBo nyTOBaH>e no jyro3anaAHMM KpajeBMMa 18345. MHane ce ByKOBe AwjajieKaTCKe oncepBauwje HajneuiKe 1 3anMiBaHe penw. IIIto je no^e^a Ha wiaorpaHM^aBajy Ha jieKTe wnaK yrjiaBHOM cpekHO M3am;ia, 3aaiyra je TpaawuHJe Koja je Beh nocTojajia, a TaKo^e m ByKOBe Tpe3BeHOCTM. Oh je yMeo Aa M3 Mace cbojmx oiyHajHMX yTwcaKa npMKyn^eHnx tokom aoawpa c ^by^MMa h3,hbojm oho uito je 6htho. HapaBHO, osa je noaejia HenorayHa, jep y H>oj HeMa penM o wjajieKTMMa kojm 2 ripwycraHKa. ce He roBope y Bojboamhm hjih y Cp6wJH npBor MekeHo je Beb aa je obac M30CTaBAeH MKascKM wjaaeKaT kojm
3aje4H0 c anpnopHOM npMCTpacHoaifey, vt Heno3HaBan.c cTBapHor craH,a onroBopHo je 3a ^ecre ByKOBe 3a6^y^c o tomc aa cy BOJBobaHCKM 4wja^ckthsmm y cTBapw KBapeH>c je3MKa kojc noTMMc on KH,HceBHMKa. MaKo je hccto 6opaBMo y Bojboamhh, Byx hhkah hmjc noKymao a no6^wxc carjiexa KapaKTepHCTMxe BojBofeaHCKMx roBopa. CSo^yme, oh cc y Bojboahhm HaJBHUie saflpacasao y CpeMy, a TaMo je flHJJuieKaT HajMaibe cneuM4>MHaH.) 2 Ocrao je HeyoneH, nopefl ocTa^or, npw3peHCK0-TMM0MKM aHjaseKST kojh ce roBopw Ha jyroHCToicy Kapa^op^eBe Cp6Hje (y icpajeBHMa oko AjiwcCMHua m TyprycoBua, ,aaHaiiiH>er KHaxceBua).
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).

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pa Bjkobmm 3erynaK OBaj n0 aeKCHKorpacpa. Ymccto aa y

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. pa3 TaKTOHKMX fteKMX B,eOKaT M p uih6h hmhhjio *> ce *a My occtfuHa- uo je fl a H apryr npMKa3 MBajiM xao opyfc npeHyMeMe^y ByK a to Jm *

or

HaH3MM, upneHc cy HaJBeKwM awiom H3 upkbchooiobchckmx M3Bopa. Totobo cbc OHe 6mic cy y iirwpoKoj ynoTpe6M koa oiaBCHOcpncKHX niicaua. Cbojom cnMcaTCACKO\4 npaKCOM ByK jc noTBp^MBao &a hmjc Moryfec nncaTM hmctmm HapoAHHM je3MK0M o npeAMeTMMa kojm cy M3BaH CBaKM^aiiJH>Mue HapoaHor )KMBora. y CpncKoj rpaMaTMiiM jc Tora, pa3yMC ce, join MHoro bhuic. Yko^mko M3^araH>c Ay6^e 3ana3M y CTpyqHe CTBapn, yTO^nKO jc y tckcty Befen yaco TCpMMHa Ty^MX HapOAHOM jC3MKy.

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TpaMaTMKa Koja npam npBO M3,ziaH.e PjcMHMKa (a Koja jc M30CTaB^>cHa y apyroM M3flany, csaKaico 3aT0 uito jy jc 1850. roAHHe 3aMeHH^a 3HarHo caBpincimja AaHMHKfceBa S\ana cpnctca zpaMaruKa) Hwje 6nna npBa rpaMaTMKa norcicna M3 ByKOBor ncpa. Jom 1814. 6n?ia jc o6jaBjbeHa ByKOBa UucMenui^a cp6cxoza \e3uxa, npBa rpaMarnKa Haincr jc3MKa hmjm jc ayTop 6mo Cp6wH. Taj paA TaAeHTOBaHor, ajin HcyKor noncTmiKa, HacTao y 3HaTH0J AtepH aaanTaujijoM Mpa30BMJkeBor PyKoeodcrea Kb cAaeencr^ik zpaMMaTutfi, ayroBao je MHoro HaejaMa m^m m HcnocpeaHMM cyrccTMJaMa JlyKc MnAOBaHOBa m CaBe MpKajba. CpncKa rpaMaTMKa Kojy caapJKM Pjchhmk je TCMc^MTa npcpaaa JlucMeHuije Koja o6cjiecaBa nopcn ocTajior m npc^cHM nyT iimiiihcb. MaKO hcuito Kpaha oa YlucMenutje, CpncKa rpaMaTMKa jc tckct KyawKaMO caapcaJHMJM, 6oraTMJM noaauHMa. Byx je obac yBco HMTasa HOBa norjiaBJba: o KoncoHaHTCKMM a>rrepHauMJaMa, o yaBajanby r^acoBa, o cjiobchckmm cjioBMMa. Y flpyrMM c^ynajcBMMa aoAao jc hobc HancjiHc oncepBauMJe (o TpK Bpcre npMACBa, o 3HancH>y ripwacBCKor BM.ua, o KaTcropMJaMa y npoMeHM rjiaro^a) m;im jc yBeo HOBe KOHKpeTHC hmh.chwuc. OrpoMHO 060rafeeH.e aohcjim cy m axucHTM KOJMMa cy CHa6acBCHM o6amum y napaawrMaMa. Y3 to cy aeKinraauMOHC napaanrMC npouiMpcHC 4>opMaMa ^oKaTMBa (oner KomrrapoB caBCT, <J>opMY caH join ofi^MUMMa napaawrMc rjiaroJiCKc a nucMenuije!), pcucH3MJw y
raanwicKc MMeHMiie.

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rpaMaTMUM cc npBM nyT jaBJba MaH,e-Bwme komcaBpeMenor cpncKoxpBarcKor cncrcMa o6jiHHKor rurcTHa cma Uucmchu H u je 6ho t caiw Y AeKjmHauMJe. tanu V WMcny noje^HOCTM. Y noBaaomx mhoi-mx 6c3 Stvp rar cucreMa, KOAtraeKCHHje KO]a nocraBsaarHO o6*acTH KOHjyrawe. TluCMen^a je npyxsua aeKaHHaiwja, Hero La tokc sae rpaMaraica je ycne;ia Cpncxa reK * BCOMa OBaauiny cnuy. je moxab jew By K Cp6nMa Mefcy cucreMa. Lpra Kocxyp ynpaBJBeH 6yayhH0CT, crarao y norm KDi'M ie paachM MMao noneTaK KOw4>MKauMJe 3HanHJio: CBe obo je cxsaTWO iacHO urra HameM je3M K y. nayxe o noneraK m je3MKa HOBor KH>H*eBHor caBera m oawrpajiM noacnmaj KoimTapoB cy CBaxaKO y OBOMe ocreapeaa wnaK jiera Ha Tewmrre ajiM yaory, HesaMenAMBy KpwcTajiHsaimjy aohckbcjio ocehaae jesHHKO Bvxy H> e r o b o je je yowo oco6wHe Hakojk raj 6ho je oh y CpncKOJ rpaMamuH, 4>yHaaMeHTajiHMx 40 HaJTasaxsaTy 04 umpoKOM uler je3HKa, y ce y rpanoHaBjbajy oncepBauwja ByKOBHX HaHMJHX. MHore oa HHepuwje ms tojihko He aaHac, cse 40 jeswxa MaTMKaMa Hauier Mecry. cbom Ha cy uito 3aTO kojimko rpaMaTHHapa, TlucMeHuijOM c nope^en>y rpaMaTMKe y Cpncxe MaH,H o6mm UuY H30craBJbaH>MMa. MHoro6poJHHM HapaBHO, nocrarayT je, aejiOM BekwM Hacjie^eHor Henorpe6Hora aocra 6vuio cMeHutju je Cbc je to rpaMaTMKe. upKBeHocjiOBeHCKe Mpa30BwfeeBe join je sawcTa uito oho Ha ae*o CBOJe CBoaeliH ByK caaa H36aimo, Hem cTepeoTMnHa crpaaana TaKO cy jesHK. peJieBaHTHO sa Ham rpaochobhmx o6jauiH>eH>a HeTaHHa m npoay6jbeHa, a noHCKaa rpaMaTMMKor HMeHMue, pe<w, Ue4)HHMUMJe MaTMHKMX noJMOBa TBop6w o HanoMeHe m cy >KpTBOBaHe HTa.)poaa, 6poja, naaexca o^eBMflHO je uito oho caMO Ka3HBane Koje cy raanwicKKX oftrnxa KOHJyrao Ilor^aBJbe npeTxo^HO. HaBcacHHX M3 caMHX o6^MKa koim o6MKa HaBO^eH>eM TlucMen^u UMjh, xwnepTpo4)HpaHo y Taico 6a^acTa. Tora je loicy oco6jma Hauier je3KKa, oaio6o^eHo ), HaK^OHeHMJe (cocnaraTe^HO KOHJyKTMB cy nyuiTeHH hms soay napTMUwnn sajior"), (CTpajxaTe4HM nacwBa encexHe napaawrMe je obmm rpaMaTMKa Cpncxa oi. KapajeMU Tuna m 3tipe3CHTa nacwsa

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Ha HenourroBaifee npaBMJia o cyrjiacHHHKHM je,imaMeH>MMa y nojeAHHHM oiyHajeBMMa tac ce KopeHCKH aeo penw AOAMpyje ca npe4>uiccoM kjim HacTaBKOM 3a TBop6y penw. HajnpocrpaHMja osaKBa KaTeropnja 3axBaTa npnMepe ca dc m dm: odcjiyxcuTu, zpadctcu, zocnodcreo, odtueraru. ByK je 6mo CBecTaH OBor npo6^eMa; McnoHcnca ra je naic Mynw^a He^oyMMua Kaxo aa nocrynw. CBoje pa3^ore h npoTMBpa3^ore oh je caonuiTMO y CpncKoj rpaMarwuM, crp. XXXXXXI. Ty ce bmot aa ra je 36yroio M3roBop ca if vum c MecTo rpyne re (oah. dc). M3 H>eroBe 4>opMyAaimje W3^a3w aa je oh y cbom roBopy MMao o6;iMKe /byuxu, 6patjKU, zocnor^KU, a npHMepn y caMOM peMHHKy cBeflOne aa je MMao raxo^e m zocnocreo* octne, ocejturu, ocujeijdTu, ockohutu, ocrynaru, ocyKaru m cji., cBe Kao je^MHe Moryke mjim 6ap HajnpMCHMje o6,roiKe. Fla MnaK, oh ce HMje ycyAMO aa aocjichho nnme oBaxo jep y apyniM npMMepMMa (A>ydcj60, nadcKaKuearu, odcAyoKuru, nodcupuru) macoBHa npoMeHa y HeroBOM roBopy HMje Minjia flan>e op, npeTBapaaa dc y re. A nouiTO ce m dc m re TeinKo M3roBapa" oh ce o zuiytrao w 3a BapMjaHTy HajBepHMjy M erMMOJiorMJM y CTBapM Mopcpo^oiiikom Hane^y (od- y odeuru odAOMuru, odMahu, na npeMa tomc m y odejehu). Obb.} ycTynaK Ha^eny nporHB Kojera ce ByK HHane TaKO cecroKO 6opno ocTBapeH je y Pje^HMKy Bp^o kojic6ambo, ajm je AOUHMJe Ha nyTy HopMMpaH>a ByKOBor m ByKOBCKor kh.m>KeBHor je3MKa CBe nonrnyHMje yoninTaBaHO nncaibe dc, jcamho Koje hm y KojeM cjiynajy He oaroBapa raacoBHOJ CTBapHOCTM. TnMe je npMnpeMAeH MaTepnjan 3a npaBonMCHe 6ojeBe Haiuer CTOJiefea. Y3 obo oflcrynaae npMJObyHM^o ce m hckojimko apymx, cmthmjmx, Koja cpefeoM HMcy ao6m^3 npncTyn y aouhhjm oprorpa4>CKM KoaeKc: xe^a, Hapyn6uHa cejedon6a (nonymt c ynykMBawbeM Ha napyyi6una, ce}edoyi6a) HM3 penn Ha M3X-, oner ya ynykMBaH,e Ha npaBM^HMJe mx-. (Pe*ra Kao eofycreo h dexcrao Koje cy 3a,najie r^aBofiojby aouhmjmm noKoaeifcHMa HMcy cnaAaae y ByKOB je3MK.) Jlpynf uMioryc oacrynafta y kopmct Mop4>cwiouiKor Hanwa TWMe ce npMAiepa ca /. On nojeAHHaMHMx ByKOBMx cwryimja y Be3M c obmm HeKe cy HanyiuTeHe, aJiM cy apyre floxcMBe^te m name AaHe, CTBapajyhM noHeKaa mi TeniKofce. Taxo cy ce nopea ocraaHX yHBpcTM^a m npaBMJia M3 kojmx npoM3MJia3M Aa cc / mane y npMce
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VI.

AKUEHTM

M3Me^y CBa neTMpM cpncKa aKueHTa. Ako ce ca,a; ocBpneMO Ha oco6mhc caMe ByKOBe aKueHTyapenpe3eHTyje aKueHTyowximHO cHa fla KOHeraTOBaheMO UMJe, HajroBopMMa cpncKoxpBaTCKMM Koja je cTpyKTypy y auMJcKy
3acMCTeMa aKueHaTCKor OBaKBor C4>epa pacnpocTpaft.eHMJa.

AKucHaTCKM 3Hauw cTaB^aHM cy CMCTeMaTCKM Ha oapeahmuc y PjcHHMKy m Ha npwMepe y napaAMmaMa y CpncKoj rpaMaTMUM (a noHeKaa m Ha MaTepwjaji BaH napaAMfMM). HMjeima
cpncKa KKbwra npc Pjc^HMKa Hwje caAp)Kajia tojimko noaaTaKa o Hamoj aKucHryauMJM, a HwjeAHa nocjie H>era HMje 3a6ejie>KMjia TOAHKO H08UX HWH>eHMU.a O OBOMC KOJIMKO npBO M3AaH>C PjCHHMKa. Cmctcm aKueHaTCKMx 3HaK0Ba kojmm cc ByK cJiy>KMo y.ofloj kh>H3H npcy3CT je, Kao ihto je no3Ha*ro m Kao uito ce necTo noMMH>e, oa JlyKe MunoBaHOTa. Taj cwcreM canMH^aBajy MetupM 3Haxa MMjy Bpczmocr ByK o6jaiiiH>aBa Ha erp. XXXVIXXXVII. Ako Ta o6jauiH>eH,a npeBeAeMO Ha AaHaimty TepMMHOJiorajy m HHTepnpeTwpaMO Ha AaHaniH>H HaMMH, 3aKJbyMwheM0 fla 03HanaBa Kpance aKucHre, r Ayrw y3Jia3HM. ~ ayra cMJia3HM mjim HeA yaacronHe AyxuHe, ase mjim tpm, a ay>KMHy, aKixeHTOBaHy osHake (y OBe penw. Kpaja na caora ao 03HaneHor nones oa jom npMMeHMO nyT npBH je ByK cflyx6ii) mctobcthoj AWH,e-BMine kojom hobmh3 jeAHa jaBAa'M ce PjcHHHKy 4 nMCMeHMUM. Ajbc y je ynorpe6a nocefaor To oA-MH;iOBaHOBa. ce oh 6htho oasaja HMje OBOMe K By y McTMHa, 3H aKa * 3 a KpaTKK CM^aaHM aKueHaT. asajy M3Me^y paamoy je 6mo AOC^ewH. H>e My ce tohm^o iw raMO o6encw mmaho KpaTKHX aKuenara

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cy KapaKTepwcajic mmct" ByKOBCKM axueHTyauMjcxH Twn, a nocc6ho mm jc 6w;ia apara HCHBoroicHa cjiokchoct totobo cbmx moryfcwx oflHOca y oBaKsoj aKueHTyauHJM. Grora cy ohm nperai Ha nocao aa ocBeTJie m pa3paae cbc tc nojaae Koje cc y npBOM M3AaH.y PjcHHMKa, npM3HaJMo HCTHHy, HMcy 6ani jacHO oupTaBane. Oraaxo jc flaHMHMh y apyroM M3flan>y PjeHHMxa, a noroTOBy y cbojmm aKUCHarcKMM HJiaHUMMa, M3Heo Ha BHaeao xwjbaae nojeAMHOcTM, noyKc o MHoro6poJHMM KaTeropMJaMa nocaeaxueHaTCKMX .ny^KHHa, o saMpuieHoj m cynTMJiHoj MrpM noMepan>a axUCHaTa y napaflMmaMa m o npecxaxaH>y axueHaTa Ha npe&nore nocTane cy HeM30craBHM aeo HauiMX rpaMaTMKa m npaBonwcHMX pcMHMKa. Ajim 3a ny6;iMxy obo cbc HMJe Jiaxo caBJiaflAHBo, Hapommto He 3a Jbyac kojm HMcy poaoM M3 30He ByKOBCKc aicueHTycpeaMiirra KyjiTypHHX HauiMX schMHa cc cc sa auMJc. A aorojiMJio na m Hobm Caa, 3arpe6, Eeorpaa, 30He: re BaH <J>opMMpaJia TMTorpaa. UeTHH>e, KparyjcBau, Hum, Ocmjcc, Chjimt, PwjcKa, npomicaHor 4>MHece 3a nyjio occfeaay HcMajyfeM y cbom jcsmhkom hcmb m Hajiemhe rpaaoBHMa obmm aKueHaTCKor cHcreMa, cbct y MO*e hc jep 3Haxe, axueHaTcxe uiaHcy aa HayHM ynorpe6^aBaTM ce kojm aKUcnara m M3roBopa cBora M3Mc^y bc3 ycnocraBH ^a Y

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totobo pcaobho M3flBajao noce6HMM 03HaKaMa jom npnnaAe^OM BehwM Aoayiue, Koje cy, peMM KaTeropMJy je^Hy ocekatte je3MHKO je mx ajiM rosopy, MarepiteM Aa^e H,eroBOM KBa^M^MyneHMX n>yw) kojimko cejbaKa, tojimko He (AOAyiue, KOje KOBajio xao crpaHO Te^o y HameM je3MKy. To cy TypuM3MM Ty^Mua, ocTa^MX TMMe ce IIIto 3bc3amuom. o6e^e>KaBao je ByK 06m3bophom o HanoMeHOM cHaSAeBeHe m oa h,mx cy noHexe Konnrapa, jiMKy. OBaKBe HanoMeHe, Koje noTMHy CBaKaxo oa (TaKO, je3MKa rpHKor M3 penw nojeAMHMX nopeKAO yxa3yjy Ha KOMad, KaMUAa, jeeTuuoha, dpyM, apzaiun, aparoc, Ha npMMep: npoKonKocurep, Meratiuja, opjaTuu, nauazuja, nanafyyp, naroc,

ByK

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AaHauiH>MM je3MHKMM ocekaiteM. Takbc cy ycu8Hyru, 3a6paeuru 3a6pcKHyru, 3a6pojuruce, 3<xKpeaeuru OHUMa, sarpHaruce, 3aycruru 3U8Karu, 3uduue Aucuv\e ma adoauk, nadAajaru, Hanettaru, nacnjeru, oJcctmoc, oamaTuce, npoAueen, pacnucaruce, npuKpacruce, 2, nodMasaru nucKaparu, yKe6aru, CMyhKaru, yriA>yeaK, cAU3aruce, cuAeuuja, pofyaKaruce, MHore Apyre. Totobo 36ym* m meepdaru wa/buenuHa, WKaeuija, Morae Taxo jc3Jucy ayro HMjaHce TaKBc cc y cy MCTMHa Aa

Am

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