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Final Report Avina-21feb
Final Report Avina-21feb
DEMOCRATIC INNOVATION:
Contact person: Dr. Yanina Welp, Regional Director for LA C2D - Centre for Research on Direct Democracy eDC - Electronic Democracy Centre ZDA - Zentrum fr Demokratie Aarau University of Zurich Villa Blumenhalde -Kttigerstrasse 21 CH-5000 Aarau - Switzerland Tel fix: + 41 (0)62 836 94 31 Email: yanina.welp@zda.uzh.ch
Team
Uwe Serdlt, Vice-Director Centre for Research on Direct Democracy (C2D) Yanina Welp, Regional Director Centre for Research on Direct Democracy (C2D)
Content
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 1 ANNEX 1: PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 7 ANNEX 2: CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS ......................................................................................................... 8 ANNEX 3: ZUMO PROJECT PUBLICATION .......................................................................................................... 9 ANNEX 4: INNOVATIVE DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE DATA COLLECTION ............................................................... 11 ANNEX 5: DISSEMINATION AND NETWORKING EVENTS................................................................................. 14
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
After two years of working on the project Democratic Innovation: What Europe can learn from Latin America?, this report summarizes our achievements. The main objective was to develop research projects on innovative democratic practice in Latin America, to assess its outcomes, to build up and share knowledge as well as to extend networks. We organized four workshops, started two research projects with Latin American partners, participated in three Avina networking events, presented our output in numerous academic conferences (see Annex 2), gave ten talks in the form of invited lectures, up to now attracted one student from Latin America to stay in our centre, and had an output of roughly a dozen scholarly publications (see Annex 1). We would also like to mention the website we set up in order to facilitate dissemination: www.dd-la.ch . The report summarizes these achievements following the four types of activities we promised to undertake according to the project proposal presented in September 2008. A more detailed account of our activities can be accessed in the four separate reports we submitted every six months. Overall we think we are in line with what we promised with a small compromise we had to accept for the database part.
Workshops
1st Avina-ZDA workshop, Aarau, 18-20 March 2009, on decentralization and participatory mechanisms in Uruguay and Switzerland. This workshop lead to the ZUMO project (see below) and the dissemination of information on participatory budgeting as practised in Montevideo. The Uruguayan delegation received a theoretical and practical introduction on how local level public administration and participatory mechanisms work in the City of Zurich.
2nd Avina-ZDA workshop, Aarau, 5-6 October 2009, on civil society induced transparency initiatives and ICT-based tools to increase accountability. The expressed interest of Brazilian Avina leaders in the Swiss voting aid application smartvote lead to the Questo Publica project (see below). An important link with Transparency International headquarters in Berlin was formed. 3rd Avina-ZDA workshop, Aarau, 1 March 2010, on e-campaigning and eparliaments. Especially during electoral campaigns online platforms can take on the function of a monitoring tool enhancing the transparency of the process. At the end of this workshop the preparations for the operational phase of the Questo Publica project to cover the next Brazilian elections were initiated. Memorandums of Understanding with the Brazilian Parliament and Gov2U (www.gov2u.org), one of the major European providers of e-participation solutions, were concluded. 4th Avina-ZDA workshop, So Paolo, 13-15 July 2010, on the implementation of a voting aid application such as Questo Publica. The major purpose was to get the website operational. NGO representatives and researchers from Brazil, Switzerland, Germany and Greece had to coordinate the work to set up the Questo Publica website, to provide logistics to contact the candidates and to do promotion for the website.
We started to focus on urban areas in an effort to reduce the work load and instead of aiming at the universe of all cases started to build a typology from the democratic practices we identified. A synthesis or this work is presented for Caracas, Bogot, Buenos Aires and Montevideo in Annex 4.
In order to join forces we teamed up with a similar project in Argentina carried out by Cecilia Schneider, who had a scholarship from CONICET. Two articles in academic journals were published so far together with Cecilia Schneider (see Annex 1) which also allowed her to submit a research proposal at the Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda in Buenos Aires.
The experiences we made and the cases we collected over the past two years were entered into the already existing compartir database of Avina.
Although this is probably the weakest point of our work over the last two years we can nevertheless present output in the form of two scholarly articles and to have shared our knowledge with the Avina network. The data assembled so far will certainly also serve as a basis for future work.
Research
Our research efforts focused on the two projects we identified and prepared with the help of the ZDA-Avina workshops. ZUMO, Decentralization and Participatory Democracy in Montevideo In 1990 a process of decentralization and administrative devolution was launched in the city of Montevideo. The city was divided into 18 zones. In each one of them, a municipal service was established under the name Centro Comunal Zonal (CCZ). The aim of these municipal services was to progressively develop a bond with NGOs and neighbourhood associations. The most innovative part are the Concejos Vecinales (neighbourhood councils). These are consultative organs, recognized by the Municipal Law, with powers of advising, monitoring, legislative initiatives and, in some cases, co-decision. In spite of the advances of this initiative, the results have not been as successful as expected. Our study is supposed to identify the good and
bad practices of this model in order to use the positive outcomes to reinforce the experience. The main output of this project is a joint book publication. The book will be launched in both Uruguay (with the support of the Ombudsman) and Switzerland (in cooperation with the Uruguayan Embassy). QUESTO PUBLICA, Monitoring Platform for the Brazilian Elections 2010 Given the lack of confidence citizens have in Parliament, reinforced by frequent corruption scandals, the initiative sought to reinforce accountability and transparency during the election campaign. Knowing that a rather large proportion of the population does not know who their representatives in Parliament are or what they do, the platform was seeking to focus on the candidate's profiles, experiences and political preferences. The main output of this applied research project was that our consortium managed to implement the first voting aid application ever on the Latin American continent (see report 4 for results). The second implementation is currently online for the upcoming Presidential elections in Peru under the name: www.peruescoge.org .
Over the past two years and already before we built up a network of organizations linking Latin America and Europe via Switzerland. Below we synthesize the effect of all our activities in a graphical form (see Annex 5 for a detailed list of activities). The closer to the middle the more involved was an organization in our activities. The grey links represent contacts and interaction between actors with the help of events organized by us.
CEISAL Uni Oxford TCE ECU Guanajauto MEX IFE MEX UBarca
Uni Kln
Intentencia Montevideo Dep Decentralizacion Part Budget Off Montevideo Ombudsman Mont Poder Ciudadano ARG Agora Democratica ECU
U Delaware, USA Stadtentwicklung Zri IEP Peru FLACSO ECU U Andina ECU PUC ECU SAAP ARG UNDAV ARG FLACSO MEX UdelaR URU UNSAM ARG Synergo H2G Q Seefeld
UCA URU
CEISAL Uni Oxford TCE ECU Guanajauto MEX IFE MEX UBarca
Uni Kln
Intentencia Montevideo Dep Decentralizacion Part Budget Off Montevideo Ombudsman Mont Poder Ciudadano ARG Agora Democratica ECU
U Delaware, USA Stadtentwicklung Zri IEP Peru FLACSO ECU U Andina ECU PUC ECU SAAP ARG UNDAV ARG FLACSO MEX UdelaR URU UNSAM ARG Synergo H2G Q Seefeld
UCA URU
As we can see in Graph 2 through our activities we were not only able to link organizations from different regions but also from the state, the private and the academic sector.
ANNEX 1: PUBLICATIONS
BOOKS
(forthcoming). ZUMO Project Book, ed. by Defensoria del Vecino, C2D, IDEL, UdelaR; Descentralizacin y Participacin en Montevideo. Los concejos vecinales y un aporte sobre la gestin metropolitana. 2011. Welp, Yanina and Whitehead Laurence (comp) Amrica Latina: caleidoscopio de la innovacin democrtica, Ed. FLACSO- Mxico.
BOOK CHAPTERS
2012 Welp, Yanina "El referendo en Amrica Latina", in Bicentenario de la Independencia de los Pases de Amrica Latina Historia y Modernidad, Universidad de Marie CurieSkodowska, Lublin, Polonia (Polish - Spanish edition) 2011 Welp, Yanina "Bridging the Political Gap? The adoption of ICTs for the improvement of Latin American Parliamentary democracy", in Zahid Sobaci (ed.), E-Parliament and ICTBased Legislation: Concept, Experience and Lessons, IGI Global Publisher. 2011 Welp, Yanina and Serdlt, Uwe "Jaque a la representacin? Anlisis de la revocatoria de mandato en los gobiernos locales de Amrica Latina, in: Welp and Whitehead. 2010. Yanina Welp, Amrica Latina ante un desafo: renovacin democrtica y TIC, en Democracia digital, participacin y voto electrnico, Ediciones del CEPS, Madrid, Espaa. 2009. Referendum Campaign Regulations in Europe and Latin America, in: Hug, Simon and Karin Gilland (Eds.) (2009) Financing Referendum Campaigns, Palgrave, 200-227. (Uwe Serdlt with Tobias Zellweger and Irne Renfer, c2d, University of Geneva).
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ndice de contenidos Prlogo Introduccin Marco terico Histrico Protocolo de investigacin Anlisis de Montevideo Anlisis de Canelones Conclusiones
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Equipo de trabajo Coordinacin general: Defensora del Vecino de Montevideo: Ps.Soc. Fernando Rodrguez; Mag. Alejandro Casas; Lic. Marianela Fernndez. Centre for Research on Direct Democracy (Universidad de Zurich): Dr. Uwe Serdlt; Dra. Yanina Welp Plan Cuenca del Arroyo Carrasco Uruguay Integra: Camilo lvarez Trabajo de campo: Instituto de Estudios del Desarrollo Regional y Local Universidad Catlica del Uruguay: Dr. Jos Arocena; Mag. Javier Marsiglia; Lic. Paula Ferla; Lic. Alejandra Marzuca Instituto de Ciencia Poltica- Universidad de la Repblica: Dra. Alicia Veneziano; Lic. Soledad Guerrero
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ANNEX 4: INNOVATIVE DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE DATA COLLECTION Instituciones de participacin ciudadana deliberativa en Bogot, Buenos Aires, Caracas y Montevideo 1
INSTITUCIONES de PARTICIPACION DELIBERATIVA Descripcin Bogot Encuentros ciudadanos; Cabildos abiertos; Audiencia Pblica; Presupuesto Participativo; Espacio Cvico distrital, Mesas de Concertacin, Agendas Ciudadanas Locales Personas y organizaciones inscritas en un registro previo. Buenos Aires Presupuestos participativos Plan de prevencin del delito Audiencias pblicas Caracas Presupuesto Participativo; Cabildos abiertos; Control social; Consulta pblica Montevideo Agenda Montevideo; Plan Quinquenal Plan Estratgico de Desarrollo Zonal (PLAEDEZ); Prespuesto Participativo; Asambleas vecinales abiertas; Foro Ciudadano Tienen derecho a voz y a voto todos los ciudadanos y/o representantes de asociaciones habilitados para votar en un distrito Convocado por el gobierno local. Para el PP se acordaron reglas con los consejos vecinales.
Instituciones
Sujeto
Ciudadanos y organizaciones del distrito. Las audiencias requieren de registro previo. Convocado por el gobierno municipal y otras instituciones locales. Las audiencias estn reglamentadas por Ley nacional y local. En el caso del PP es vinculante, en los otros casos es slo consultiva
Ciudadanos e instituciones; en algunos casos se requiere registro previo Regulados por leyes nacionales. El cabildo abierto es convocado por las autoridades
Origen
Regulados por leyes nacionales. Segn la Constitucin y el Estatuto, las audiencias son convocadas por las JAL y pueden serlo por el Consejo Distrital. Consultiva, deliberativa, no vinculante salvo para los Encuentros ciudadanos y las Mesas de Concertacin Entre 1995 y 2005 se llevaron a cabo 33 Cabildos abiertos distritales y locales. PP desde el 2009: uno en cada JAL.
Tipo de participacin
Consultiva y deliberativa El PP es convocado cada ao desde 2005, hubo foros ciudadanos en 1992, 1996, 2005 y 2008. Todas las instituciones de PCI han sido convocadas al menos una vez.
Prcticas
1
Experiencias de PP ms activas entre Experiencias previas de PP en 19932002 y 2005. 1995 y experiencias desde 2005 en el Las audiencias son frecuentes pero municipio Libertador. tienen menor participacin
El perodo abarcado en cada ciudad es desde el ao en que se registra una institucin participativa hasta la actualidad. Bogot 1991-2009; Buenos Aires 1996-2009; Caracas 19992009; Montevideo 1990-2009.
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INSTITUCIONES de PARTICIPACION SEMI-REPRESENTATIVA Descripcin Bogot Junta Accin Comunal (JAC); Juntas Administradoras Locales (JAL), Veeduras Ciudadanas, Consejos de Planeacin Local (CPL), Consejo Consultivo de Ordenamiento Territorial, Consejo Territorial de Planeacin Distrital (CTPD). Consejos sectoriales distritales y locales (Paz, Cultura, Salud, Juventud, Infancia, Ambiente, Poltica Social,etc) Ciudadanos o representantes de organizaciones del Distrito. CTDP, CPL y Consejos sectoriales: Representantes de las JAL, diversas organizaciones, designados por el Alcalde. Veeduras ciudadanas: representantes de organizaciones civiles y ciudadanos. Buenos Aires Caracas Montevideo
Instituciones
Consejos Consultivos Consejo Local de Planificacin Honorarios Pblica (CLPP); Consejos comunales Plan Estratgico de la Ciudad parroquiales; Asamblea de Consejos Social y Econmico; Ciudadanos; Junta comunales del Plan Urbano Ambiental y temticos Ciudadanos y/o representantes de asociaciones civiles (tienen que estar registrados en el caso del Plan Estratgico)
Consejos Vecinales
Sujeto
Ciudadanos elegidos por el pueblo. Ciudadanos y/o representantes de Las organizaciones deben asociaciones habilitados para votar registrarse. en un distrito
Origen
Regulado por normas locales y leyes nacionales. Convocados Regulado por normas locales por el gobierno con excepcin de las veeduras. (consejos). Convocados por el gobierno local. Deliberativa y consultiva Excepcin: JAL deciden a travs de los planes locales de desarrollo y el CTPD que es vinculante CTDP, CPL y Consejos sectoriales: muy activos. Veeduras: 2004 -2010: ms de 50 veeduras distritales y locales. Deliberacin y consulta (decisiones no vinculantes)
Regulados por leyes nacionales; convocados por las autoridades Vinculante (comprobar)
Tipo de participacin
Consultiva
Prcticas
Desde 1996 funcionan 16 Consejos Consultivos. El Plan Estratgico rene entre 30 y 50 organizaciones.
Los consejos comunales estn extendidos, como tambin las asambleas de ciudadanos.
1 El perodo abarcado en cada ciudad es desde el ao en que se registra una institucin participativa hasta la actualidad. Bogot 1991-2009; Buenos Aires 1996-2009; Caracas 19992009; Montevideo 1990-2009.
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2 Uno en cada distrito de la ciudad. La participacin ciudadana en estas elecciones ha variado 1993 (7,28 del padrn%), 1995 (8,77%); 1998 (11,17%); 2001 (10,68%). hay variaciones considerables entre distritos.
Vinculante El voto no es obligatorio en el pas en ningn caso Referendo revocatorio: en Miranda (2007) pero no procedi.
Se realizaron algunas Consultas sobre transporte Referendo revocatorio: se pidi una vez y espacio pblico e intentos de revocatoria que no (2005) pero no se lleg al umbral de firmas. prosperaron.
Fuente: Elaboracin propia en base a la normativa nacional y local y a los organismos electorales correspondientes. La tabla registra las instituciones de democracia directa en funcionamiento en cada ciudad desde la incorporacin de las primeras instituciones de PCI (1991 en Bogot; 1996 en Buenos Aires; 1999 en Caracas) hasta la actualidad. Montevideo no se incluye porque no cuenta con instituciones de democracia directa.
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Graph by www.apes.ch
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