EXPERIMENT NO-8: To study the anisotropy ratio of aluminium sheet by 2 !

"old rolled#
Objective: To find the plastic anisotropy ratio for the Aluminum tensile samples. Requirements: 3 Aluminum sample (00, 450 and 900 from rolling direction), Scre gauge, !ernier calliper Principle: "n our daily#s life e use many metallic structures that loo$ to %e in the form of cup or tu%e,
li$e all types of &essels, utensils, automo%ile panels etc. They all formed %y sheet metal deep dra ing operation. 'eep dra ing is done %y placing a %lan$ of appropriate si(e o&er a shaped die and pressing the metal the metal into the die ith a punch ()ig **.*). "n the deep dra ing of a cup the metal is su%+ected to three different types of deformations. )ig **., represents the deformation and stress de&eloped in a pieshaped segment of a circular %lan$ during deep dra ing . The metal at the center of the %lan$ under the head of the punch is rapped around the profile of the punch and in doing so all thic$ness is reducing.

)ig **.* 'eep 'ra ing of a cylindrical cup a) %efore dra ing %) after dra ing

)ig **., Stress and deformation in a section from a dra n cup

'ra ing operation classified into dra ing ith apprecia%le decrease in all thic$ness called ironing and dra ing ith little change in all thic$ness, called sinking. The ironing process is %asically the same as tu%e dra ing ith a mo&ing mandrel. The predominant stress in ironing is the radial compressi&e stress de&eloped %y the pressure of the punch and the die. 'ra ing ithout reduction in all thic$ness is %asically the same as tu%e sin$ing or tu%e dra ing ithout a mandrel. The predominant stresses are an a.ial tensile stress from the action of the punch and a circumferential compression from the dra ing in of the metal. To impro&e dra a%ility, the potential failure site near the %ottom of the cup all must %e strengthened relati&e to the metal deforming %y radial dra ing near the top of the cup all. /oughening the punch or ithholding lu%rication to the punch may also help in this regard. "t ould also %e possi%le to ea$en the metal in the flange relati&e to the failure site %y selecti&ely heating the metal in the flange area. 0o e&er, %y far the greatest impro&ement in dra a%ility comes a%out %y the control of crystallographic texture in the sheet that is to %e dra n. The correct te.ture gi&es the proper orientation of slip systems so that the strength in the thic$ness direction is greater than that in the plane of the sheet. The resistance to through thic$ness thinning as measured %y R, the plastic strain ratio of idth to thic$ness in a sheet. R measures the normal anisotropy. A large &alue of R denotes high resistance to thinning in the thic$ness direction (direction normal to the plane of the sheet). R1 ln (wo/w)2ln (h0/h) 3here w0 and w are the initial and final idth and h0 and h are the initial and final thic$ness. Since thic$ness measurements are difficult to ma$e ith the precision on the thin sheets, the e4uation can %e re ritten using the constancy-of-&olume relationships. /1 2h 1 2-( 5l) 1 ln (wo/w)2-ln (w0L0/wL) 1 ln (wo/w)2ln (wL/w0L0) 3here L0 and L are the initial and final gauge length

Since most rolled sheets sho a &ariation of elastic and plastic properties ith orientation in the plane of the sheet, it is usual to allo for this planar anisotropy %y R a&eraged o&er measurements ta$en at different angles to the rolling direction of the sheet.
R

1 (R05,R455R90)24

3here R0, R45 and R90 are the normal anisotropy &alue for the samples in 0 0, 450 and 900 from the rolling direction Thic$ness (h)

3idth (3)

8auge 9ength (9)

)ig **.3 Aluminum Sample

Equipment: "nstron machine that as used for 6.periment no. 3 (Tensile testing of Teflon sample) Experimental Procedure:
*. 7ar$ all samples for the reduced gauge length (uniform idth) ,. 7easure all the dimensions (8auge length and 3idth %y !ernier caliper and thic$ness %y Scre of the gi&en lead sample 3. 9oad the *st sample up to mar$ in the machine 4. :se crosshead speed as ,mm2min 5. Start tension test till the :TS (ultimate tensile strength) point ;. :nload the sample and measure its dimension again <. /epeat 4-; for other , samples gauge)

Report:
*. 3rite dimensions reading for all three samples %efore and after tensile test ,. =alculate 6ngineering >ield strength and :ltimate tensile strength of all three samples 3. =alculate R of all three samples and =alculate R 4. ?lot 6ngineering stress &s. engineering strain cur&e of all three samples in the same graph

Questions:
*. 3hat are the typical R &alues of common engineering 7aterials and manufactured %y them using sheet metal dra ing operation@ ,. 3hat is more important, R or R and hy@ 3. 3hat are the precautions to %e ta$en during plastic anisotropy testing@ 4. 3hat is effect of 8rain si(e on the R &alue@ hich products can %e