FASCISM THE BLOODY IDEOLOGY OF DARWINISM

FASCISM CONTINUES TO POSE A THREAT TO THE WORLD IN THE 21ST CENTURY

HARUN YAHYA

All translations from the Koran are from "The Noble Qur'an: A New Rendering of its Meaning in English" by Ha Abdalha!! and Aisha "ewley# $ublished by "oo%wor%# Norwi&h# 'K( )*+, -E.)/// AH

A$ril# +,,+

Translated by -arl Rossini

Edited by 0a1id 2i1ingstone

3ublished by KULTUR PUBLISHING -atal&esme s%( 'retmen Han No: +/.4 -agaloglu56stanbul . Tur%ey Tel: 78/, +)+9 :)) ** ,;

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

The author who wr!tes under the "en-name #$%&N '$#'$ was born !n $nkara !n ()*+. #e stud!ed arts at Istanbul,s -!mar .!nan &n!/ers!ty and "h!loso"hy at Istanbul &n!/ers!ty. .!nce the ()01s the author has "ubl!shed many books on "ol!t!cal 2a!th-related and sc!ent!2!c !ssues. #arun 'ahya !s well-known as an author who has wr!tten /ery !m"ortant works d!sclos!ng the 2orgery o2 e/olut!on!sts the !n/al!d!ty o2 the!r cla!ms and the dark l!a!sons between 3arw!n!sm and bloody !deolog!es. #!s "en-name !s made u" o2 the names 4#arun4 5$aron6 and 4'ahya4 57ohn6 !n memory o2 the two esteemed "ro"hets who 2ought aga!nst lack o2 2a!th. The 8ro"het,s seal on the co/er o2 the author9s books has a symbol!c mean!ng l!nked to the!r contents. Th!s seal re"resents the :ur,an as the last Book by ;od and the last word o2 #!m and our 8ro"het the last o2 all the "ro"hets. &nder the gu!dance o2 the :ur,an and .unnah the author makes !t h!s ma!n goal to d!s"ro/e each one o2 the 2undamental tenets o2 d!sbel!e/!ng !deolog!es and to say the 4last word4 so as to com"letely s!lence the ob<ect!ons ra!sed aga!nst rel!g!on. The seal o2 the 8ro"het who atta!ned ult!mate w!sdom and moral "er2ect!on !s used as a s!gn o2 h!s !ntent!on o2 say!ng th!s last word. $ll these works by the author centre around one goal: to con/ey the message o2 the :ur,an to "eo"le and thus to encourage them to th!nk about bas!c 2a!th-related !ssues such as the e=!stence o2 ;od #!s un!ty and the herea2ter and to rem!nd them o2 some !m"ortant !ssues. #arun 'ahya en<oys a w!de readersh!" !n many countr!es such as Ind!a $mer!ca >ngland Indones!a 8oland Bosn!a ."a!n and Bra?!l. #!s books ha/e been translated !nto many languages and >ngl!sh @rench ;erman Ital!an 8ortuguese &rdu $rab!c $lban!an %uss!an .erbo-Croat 5Bosn!an6 &ygur Turk!sh and Indones!an /ers!ons are a/a!lable. ;reatly a""rec!ated all around the world these works ha/e been !nstrumental !n many "eo"le "utt!ng the!r 2a!th !n ;od and !n many others ga!n!ng a dee"er !ns!ght !nto the!r 2a!th. The w!sdom and the s!ncere and easy-to-understand style em"loyed g!/e these books a d!st!nct touch wh!ch d!rectly str!kes any one who reads or e=am!nes them. Immune to ob<ect!ons these works are character!sed by the!r 2eatures o2 ra"!d e22ect!/eness de2!n!te results and !rre2utab!l!ty. The e="lanat!ons "ro/!ded !n the books are unden!able e="l!c!t and s!ncere and enr!ch the reader w!th de2!n!t!/e answers. It !s unl!kely that those who read these books and g!/e a ser!ous thought to them can any longer s!ncerely ad/ocate the mater!al!st!c "h!loso"hy athe!sm and any other "er/erted !deology or "h!loso"hy. >/en !2 they cont!nue to ad/ocate th!s "ro/es to be only a sent!mental !ns!stence s!nce these books re2ute these !deolog!es 2rom the!r /ery bas!s. $ll contem"orary mo/ements o2 den!al are !deolog!cally de2eated today thanks to the collect!on o2 books wr!tten by #arun 'ahya. There !s no doubt that these 2eatures result 2rom the w!sdom and luc!d!ty endowed them by ;od. The author certa!nly does not 2eel "roud o2 h!msel2A he merely !ntends to ser/e as a means !n one,s search 2or ;od,s r!ght "ath. @urthermore the author makes no mater!al ga!ns 2rom h!s books. Ne!ther the wr!ter nor those who are !nstrumental !n "ubl!sh!ng and mak!ng these books access!ble to the reader make any mater!al ga!ns. They merely ser/e to earn the good "leasure o2 ;od.

Cons!der!ng these 2acts those who encourage "eo"le to read these books wh!ch o"en the 4eyes4 o2 the heart and gu!de them !n becom!ng more de/oted ser/ants o2 ;od render an !n/aluable ser/!ce. -eanwh!le !t would <ust be a waste o2 t!me and energy to "ro"agate books wh!ch create con2us!on !n "eo"le,s m!nds lead "eo"le !nto !deolog!cal chaos and wh!ch clearly ha/e no strong and "rec!se e22ects !n remo/!ng the doubts !n "eo"les, hearts. It !s a""arent that !t !s !m"oss!ble 2or books de/!sed to "ut the stress on author,s l!terary "ower rather than the noble goal o2 sa/!ng "eo"le 2rom loss o2 2a!th to ha/e such a great e22ect. Those who doubt th!s can read!ly see that the sole a!m o2 #arun 'ahya,s books !s to o/ercome d!sbel!e2 and to d!ssem!nate the moral /alues o2 the :ur,an. The success !m"act and s!ncer!ty th!s ser/!ce has rendered are man!2est !n the reader,s con/!ct!on. Bne "o!nt needs to be ke"t !n m!nd: The ma!n reason 2or the cont!nu!ng cruelty and con2l!ct and all the ordeals -usl!ms undergo !s the !deolog!cal "re/alence o2 lack o2 rel!g!on. These th!ngs can only come to an end w!th the !deolog!cal de2eat o2 lack o2 2a!th and by ensur!ng that e/erybody knows about the wonders o2 creat!on and :ur,an!c moral!ty so that "eo"le can l!/e by !t. Cons!der!ng the state o2 the world today wh!ch 2orces "eo"le !nto the downward s"!ral o2 /!olence corru"t!on and con2l!ct !t !s clear that th!s ser/!ce has to be "ro/!ded more s"eed!ly and e22ect!/ely. Btherw!se !t may be too late. It !s no e=aggerat!on to say that the #arun 'ahya ser!es ha/e assumed th!s lead!ng role. By the C!ll o2 ;od these books w!ll be the means through wh!ch "eo"le !n the D(st century w!ll atta!n the "eace and bl!ss <ust!ce and ha""!ness "rom!sed !n the :ur,an. The works o2 the author !nclude The 3!sasters 3arw!n!sm Brought to #uman!ty Commun!sm !n $mbush The ,.ecret #and, !n Bosn!a The #olocaust #oa= Beh!nd the .cenes o2 Terror!sm Israel,s Eurd!sh Card .olut!on: The -orals o2 the :ur,an The >/olut!on 3ece!t 8er!shed Nat!ons @or -en o2 &nderstand!ng The 8ro"het -usa The ;olden $ge $llah,s $rt!stry !n Colour ;lory !s >/erywhere The Truth o2 the F!2e o2 Th!s Corld Enow!ng the Truth The 3ark -ag!c o2 3arw!n!sm The %el!g!on o2 3arw!n!sm The :ur,an Feads the Cay to .c!ence The %eal Br!g!n o2 F!2e The Consc!ousness o2 the Cell The Creat!on o2 the &n!/erse -!racles o2 the :ur,an The 3es!gn !n Nature .el2-.acr!2!ce and Intell!gent Beha/!our -odels !n $n!mals Ch!ldren 3arw!n Cas Fy!ngG The >nd o2 3arw!n!sm 3ee" Th!nk!ng Ne/er 8lead Ignorance. The author,s other works on :u9ran!c to"!cs !nclude: 3e/oted to $llah $bandon!ng the .oc!ety o2 Ignorance 8arad!se Enowledge o2 the :ur,an :ur,an Inde= >m!grat!ng 2or the Cause o2 $llah The Character o2 #y"ocr!tes !n the :ur,an The .ecrets o2 the #y"ocr!te The Names o2 $llah Commun!cat!ng the -essage and 3!s"ut!ng !n the :ur,an $nswers 2rom the :ur,an 3eath %esurrect!on #ell The .truggle o2 the -essengers The $/owed >nemy o2 -an: .atan Idolatry The %el!g!on o2 the Ignorant The $rrogance o2 .atan 8rayer !n the :ur,an The Im"ortance o2 Consc!ence !n the :ur,an The 3ay o2 %esurrect!on Ne/er @orget 3!sregarded 7udgements o2 the :ur,an #uman Characters !n the .oc!ety o2 Ignorance The Im"ortance o2 8at!ence !n the :ur,an ;eneral In2ormat!on 2rom the :ur,an The -ature @a!th Be2ore 'ou %egret Bur -essengers .ay The -ercy o2 Bel!e/ers The @ear o2 $llah The N!ghtmare o2 3!sbel!e2 8ro"het Isa C!ll Come Beaut!es 8resented by the :ur,an 2or F!2e BouHuet o2 the Beaut!es o2 $llah (-D-I-4 The In!Hu!ty Called 4-ockery4 The .ecret o2 the Test The True C!sdom $ccord!ng to the :ur,an The .truggle w!th the %el!g!on o2 Irrel!g!on The .chool o2 'usu2 The $ll!ance o2 the ;ood .landers ."read $ga!nst -usl!ms Throughout #!story The Im"ortance o2 @ollow!ng the ;ood Cord Chy 3o 'ou 3ece!/e 'oursel2J Islam: The %el!g!on o2 >ase >nthus!asm and

K!gor !n the :ur,an .ee!ng ;ood !n >/eryth!ng #ow does the &nw!se Inter"ret the :ur,anJ .ome .ecrets o2 the :ur,an The Courage o2 Bel!e/ers Be!ng #o"e2ul !n the :ur,an 7ust!ce and Tolerance !n the :ur,an.

TO THE READER
The reason why a s$e&ial &ha$ter is assigned to &olla$se of the theory of e1olution is that this theory &onstitutes the basis of all anti5s$iritual $hiloso$hies( <in&e 0arwinism re e&ts the fa&t of &reation# and therefore the eAisten&e of Allah# during the last )*, years it has &aused many $eo$le to abandon their faith or fall into doubt( Therefore# showing that this theory is a de&e$tion is a 1ery im$ortant duty# whi&h is strongly related to the deen( 6t is im$erati1e that this im$ortant ser1i&e is rendered to all $eo$le( <ome of our readers may find the &han&e to read only one of our boo%s( Therefore# we thin% it a$$ro$riate to s$are a &ha$ter for a summary of this sub e&t( Another $oint to be stressed is related to the &ontent of the boo%( 6n all the boo%s of the author# faith5related issues are told in the light of the QurBani& 1erses and $eo$le are in1ited to learn AllahBs 1erses and li1e by them( All the sub e&ts that &on&ern AllahBs 1erses are eA$lained in su&h a way as to lea1e no room for doubt or !uestion mar%s in the readerBs mind( The sin&ere# $lain and fluent style em$loyed ensures that e1eryone of e1ery age and from e1ery so&ial grou$ &an easily understand the boo%s( This effe&ti1e and lu&id way of re&ounting ma%es the boo%s read !ui&%ly( E1en those $eo$le who rigorously re e&t s$irituality are influen&ed by the fa&ts re&ounted in these boo%s and &annot refute the truthfulness of their &ontents( This boo% and all the other wor%s of the author &an be read by indi1iduals or studied in a grou$ at a time of &on1ersation( The reading of the boo%s by a grou$ of readers willing to $rofit from them will be useful in the sense that readers &an relate their own refle&tions and eA$erien&es to one another( 6n addition# it will be a great ser1i&e to the deen to &ontribute to the $resentation and reading of these boo%s# whi&h are written solely for the good $leasure of Allah( All the boo%s of the author are eAtremely &on1in&ing( Cor this reason# for those who want to &ommuni&ate the deen to other $eo$le# one of the most effe&ti1e methods is to en&ourage them to read these boo%s(

CONTENTS
FOREWORD

INTRODUCTION THE ORIGIN OF THE FASCIST MENTALITY Cas&ists in the 3agan Dorld <$arta: A Model for All Cas&ists Cas&ism's Retreat in the Ca&e of Religion Neo53aganism and the "irth of Cas&ism 0arwinism and the Re1i1al of the 3agan <u$erstition of "E1olution" 0arwinism 3re$ared the Coundation for Cas&ism Criedri&h NietEs&he: An 6ll Mind Dho 3raised Fiolen&e Cran&is Galton: The 6ns$iration "ehind Eugeni& Killings Ernst Hae&%el: The NaEis' Ra&ist Theoreti&ian Cas&ism: The Return of 3aganism

AN ANALYSIS OF 20TH CENTURY FASCISM <o&ial -rises: Certile Ground for Cas&ism The 'nedu&ated: Cas&ism's Ha$less 3rey The Methods by Dhi&h Cas&ism -ame to 3ower "rainwashing Te&hni!ues of Cas&ism The 'se of 3ressure to Eliminate =$$osed 6deas The 6dols of Cas&ism: The <a&red 2eader Cas&ist Romanti&ism Cas&ism's Calse <a&red Falues The 6maginary Enemies of the Cas&ist <tate Cas&ist 3aranoia The Cas&ist 2o1e of Fiolen&e Cas&ism's 3oli&y of -on!uest The Cas&ist <ystem's Atta&% on Art

Cas&ism's Hatred of Domen The 0arwinist Roots of the Hostility to Domen Cas&ism's <eAual 0e1iations

FASCISM, RACISM AND DARWINISM Ra&ism and 0arwinism The NaEi Theory of Ra&e NaEi 3oli&ies: The 6m$lementation of 0arwinist Theories in <o&iety The Holo&aust <a1agery

FASCISM'S HATRED OF RELIGION The NaEis' Hatred of Religion The "Ra&ist -hristianity" of the NaEis The True Meaning of the NaEis' Anti5<emitism Cas&ism's Hy$o&riti&al 3oli&y on Religion The Two Ca&es of Mussolini Mussolini's -ommunist >ears The Men Dho 6ns$ired Mussolini: NietEs&he And 0arwin Mussolini's Calse 3iety How <$anish Cas&ism 'sed Religion Cas&ist Morals Are the =$$osite of Korani& Morals -on&lusion

PHARAOH: A FASCIST CHARACTER RELATED IN THE KORAN

THIRD WORLD FASCISTS The <a1agery of Cas&ism in 2atin Ameri&a A Middle Eastern Cas&ist: <addam Hussein

THE SILENT RISE OF FASCISM The Neo5NaEis Ra&ist Threat in Modern Euro$e "Dhite <u$rema&y" and the New Cas&ist 6deology Cas&ism in 0aily 2ife

CONCLUSION The -ure Cor Cas&ism 6s Korani& Morality MISCONCEPTION OF EVOLUTION

NOTES INDEX

FOREWORD
Cas&ism is %nown as an ideology that was born and flourished in the +,th &entury( 6t s$read ra$idly a&ross the world in the wa%e of Dorld Dar 6# with fas&ist regimes &oming to $ower in Germany and 6taly in $arti&ular# but also in su&h &ountries as Gree&e# <$ain and Ha$an# where the $eo$le suffered greatly from the o$$ressi1e and 1iolent methods em$loyed by their go1ernments( Against this o$$ression and 1iolen&e# they &ould do little more than &ower before it( The fas&ist di&tator and his administration heading su&h systems# where brute for&e# aggression# bloodshed and 1iolen&e were the rule of the day# sent wa1es of terror throughout the so&iety with their se&ret $oli&e and fas&ist militia# $aralyEing the $eo$le with fear( Curthermore# fas&ist administration was im$lemented in almost all le1els of so&iety# from edu&ation to &ulture# religion to art# the go1ernmental stru&ture to the military system# and from the $oli&ing organiEations to $eo$les' $ri1ate li1es( 'ltimately# Dorld Dar 66# initiated by fas&ists# was one of the gra1est &alamities in the history of man%ind# lea1ing as many as :: million dead( Howe1er# fas&ism is not an ideology found only in history boo%s( Although today there are no states that &all themsel1es fas&ist or who $ra&ti&e it o$enly# there are# ne1ertheless# in many &ountries in the world# go1ernments# $oliti&al grou$s and $arties who follow fas&isti& $oli&ies( Though the names and ta&ti&s ha1e &hanged# they &ontinue to infli&t similar suffering on their $eo$le( There is also a $ossibility that the &oming deterioration of so&ial &onditions &ould lead to further growth in the su$$ort for fas&ism( Cor that reason# fas&ism is a &ontinuing threat to humanity( This boo% has been written to &onfront this im$ending danger( 6t is intended to eA$ose fas&ist tenden&ies that arise under 1arious methods and forms# and to re1eal their true root and aim( Another goal of this boo% is to remo1e the "religious" fa&ade that fas&ism sometimes hides behind# and to re1eal it as a system &om$letely o$$osed to true religion( 6n order to &ure a si&%ness# it is first ne&essary to identify the 1irus that &auses it# to then fight it# and find an antidote to it( 6n this way# the &onditions that enable it to thri1e &an be eliminated# thus doing away with the si&%ness itself( 6n a similar manner# to be free of the horror of "fas&ism#" one must fight its ideologi&al basis and the influen&es that aid it in its growth( As we shall &ome to see throughout this boo%# the fundamental $rin&i$le behind fas&ism today is 0arwinism# whi&h is de&e$ti1ely $ortrayed as a s&ientifi& theory although it is not( Ne1ertheless# 0arwinism# whi&h $rofesses su&h &laims as "human beings are de1elo$ed animals#" "<ome ra&es ha1e been left behind in the e1olutionary $ro&ess#" and "through sur1i1al of the fittest# the strong sur1i1e and the wea% need be eliminated#" has been the sour&e of numerous harmful ideologies throughout the +,th &entury# and# es$e&ially# fas&ism( Therefore# as we shall be eA$loring in detail# 0arwinism bears mu&h of the res$onsibility for the o$$ression and 1iolen&e that has been brought about( E1en if we li1e in a &ountry where there is not a fas&ist mo1ement or fas&ist $ra&ti&es# where those who ha1e sought to $romote them ha1e been &he&%ed# and where 0arwinism has not been widely a&&e$ted# we must not lower our guard( All $eo$le of &ons&ien&e must engage themsel1es in an ideologi&al struggle against all for&es and ideologies that &ause mis&hief in the world and aim to destroy $ea&e and order( God has ordered man to li1e in $ea&e and se&urity( 6n the Koran He &ommands:

'ou who bel!e/eG >nter absolutely !nto "eace 5Islam6. 3o not 2ollow !n the 2ootste"s o2 .atan. #e !s an outr!ght enemy to you. 5Eoran D:D106

INTRODUCTION
Cas&ism is an o$$ressi1e $oliti&al mo1ement that first de1elo$ed in 6taly after )/)/# and then in 1arious &ountries in Euro$e# as a rea&tion to the $oliti&al and so&ial &hanges brought about by Dorld Dar 6( The name &omes from the 2atin word fas&es# meaning a bundle of rods tied around an aAe whi&h symboliEed authority in an&ient Rome( The term "fas&ism" was first used in 6taly by the )/++5)/+* go1ernment led by "enito Mussolini( And the figure of a bundle of sti&%s tied around an aAe be&ame the emblem of the first fas&ist $arty( After 6taly# fas&ist go1ernments &ame to $ower in Germany from )/;; to )/*:# and in <$ain from )/;/ to )/4:( After Dorld Dar 66# di&tatorial regimes set u$ in <outh Ameri&a and other unde1elo$ed &ountries were generally des&ribed as fas&ist( To understand the $hiloso$hy of fas&ism# we may &onsider the des&ri$tion that Mussolini wrote for the 6talian En&y&lo$edia in )/;+: Cas&ism# the more it &onsiders and obser1es the future and the de1elo$ment of humanity !uite a$art from $oliti&al &onsiderations of the moment# belie1es neither in the $ossibility nor the utility of $er$etual $ea&e( 6t thus re$udiates the do&trine of 3a&ifismIborn of a renun&iation of the struggle and an a&t of &owardi&e in the fa&e of sa&rifi&e( Dar alone brings u$ to its highest tension all human energy and $uts the stam$ of nobility u$on the $eo$les who ha1e &ourage to meet it( All other trials are substitutes# whi&h ne1er really $ut men into the $osition where they ha1e to ma%e the great de&isionIthe alternati1e of life or death(((( JThe Cas&istK &on&ei1es of life as duty and struggle and &on!uest# but abo1e all for othersIthose who are at hand and those who are far distant# &ontem$oraries# and those who will &ome after() E1idently# the main idea behind fas&ism# as stressed by Mussolini# is 0arwinist &onfli&t and war( Cor# as we saw in the foreword# 0arwinism &laims that "the strong sur1i1e# the wea% are eliminated#" for whi&h reason it suggests that $eo$le need to be in a &onstant state of struggle in order to sur1i1e( Cas&ism# ha1ing been de1elo$ed from this idea# $romotes the belief that a nation &an only ad1an&e through war# and regards $ea&e as an element that retards $rogress( The same line of thought was eA$ressed by Fladimir Habotins%y# widely regarded as one of the foremost re$resentati1es of Lionist Hews# and $ro$onent of the 6sraeli radi&al right# who summed u$ the fas&isti& ideology in a statement he made in the )/;,s: <tu$id is the $erson who belie1es in his neighbor# good and lo1ing as the neighbor may be( Husti&e eAists only for those whose fists and stubbornness ma%e it $ossible for them to realiEe it ( ( ( 0o not belie1e anyone# be always on guard# &arry your sti&% always with youIthis is the only way of sur1i1ing in this wolfish battle of all against all(+ As is e1ident from these words# and as we shall be seeing in some detail in the $ages that follow# fas&ism is a&tually an ideology that is set in a&&ordan&e with "the law of the ungle" as de1elo$ed by 0arwinism( Another feature of fas&ism to &onsider is that it is a nationalisti& and aggressi1e ideology based on ra&ism( This nationalism is far remo1ed from mere lo1e of &ountry( 6n the aggressi1e nationalism of fas&ism# one as$ires to see his own nation dominating others# and utterly humiliating them# and has no &om$un&tion about infli&ting

great suffering u$on its own $eo$le in the $ro&ess( Moreo1er# fas&isti& nationalism &onsists of using war# o&&u$ation# massa&re and bloodshed as tools towards su&h $oliti&al aims( 6n the same manner as fas&ist regimes use su&h means to dominate other nations# they also use for&e and o$$ression against their own nation( Cas&ism's basi& so&ial $oli&y is insisten&e on an idea# and obliging $eo$le to a&&e$t it( Cas&ism aims at ma%ing indi1iduals and all of so&iety thin% and beha1e in the same way( 6n order to attain this end# it uses for&e and 1iolen&e along all %inds of methods of $ro$aganda( 6t denoun&es as an enemy anyone who does not &om$ly with its ideas# e1en going as far as geno&ide# as in the &ase of NaEi Germany( The abo1e has been ust a brief des&ri$tion of the nature of the so&ial stru&ture and $oliti&al stru&ture of fas&ism( "ut the real $roblem is in identifying where the idea of fas&ism was born# how it then s$read# &ame to $ower# and too% hold of entire nations( 6t is im$ortant to understand these# be&ause# although $eo$le thin% that fas&ism was done away with at the end of Dorld Dar 66# it still rears its head in a number of forms( Cas&ism is not ust a $oliti&al system# it is also a mentality# and e1en if this mentality no longer leads to the establishment of $oliti&al regimes# su&h as NaEi Germany# or Mussolini's 6taly# it ne1ertheless &ontinues to infli&t suffering on $eo$le all o1er the world( <o we shall now eAamine the roots of the fas&ist mentality# and how it was able to grow in strength to the $oint of outraging the whole world in the first half of the +, th &entury# and fill it with suffering(

THE ORIGIN OF THE FASCIST MENTALITY

Cas&ism is an ideology whi&h has its roots in Euro$e( The foundation of fas&ism was laid by a number of Euro$ean thin%ers in the )/th &entury# and $ut into $ra&ti&e in the +,th &entury by su&h &ountries as 6taly and Germany( =ther &ountries# whi&h were influen&ed by fas&ism or ado$ted it# "im$orted" the ideology from Euro$e( <o# in order to eAamine the roots of fas&ism# we must turn to the history of Euro$e( Euro$ean history has gone through se1eral stages and $eriods( "ut# in the broadest sense# we &an di1ide it into three fundamental $eriods: )9 The $re5-hristian 7$agan9 $eriod( +9 The $eriod when -hristianity assumed &ultural dominan&e in Euro$e( ;9 The $ost5-hristian 7materialist9 $eriod( The idea of a "3ost5-hristian" $eriod may stri%e many readers as odd# be&ause -hristianity is still by far the ma ority religion in Euro$ean so&iety( "ut -hristianity is no longer a dominant as$e&t of Euro$ean &ulture: all that remains is li$5ser1i&e $aid to it( The real ideologies and &on&e$ts that now dire&t so&iety ha1e been formed# not by the di&tates of religion# but from the materialist $hiloso$hy( This anti5religious &urrent began in the )Mth &entury# and &ame to dominate s&ien&e and the realm of ideas in the )/th( And# it was the +,th &entury when the &atastro$hi& results of materialism were finally witnessed( 6n regards to these three $eriods# we &an see that fas&ism belongs to the first and third( 6n other words# fas&ism is a $rodu&t of $aganism# and was later reinfor&ed with the rise of materialism( Cas&ist ideology or $ra&ti&e was non5eAistent throughout the thousand or so years when -hristianity dominated Euro$e( The reason being that -hristianity is a religion of $ea&e and e!uality( -hristianity# whi&h &alls $eo$le to lo1e# &om$assion# self5sa&rifi&e# and humility# is the &om$lete antithesis of fas&ism( -hristianity is originally a di1ine religion# in&e$ted by the 3ro$het Hesus( After Hesus# it de$arted from its original form with some a$$li&ations and inter$retations( Ne1ertheless# it has managed to maintain &ertain as$e&ts of the essen&e of the true religion# with &on&e$ts su&h lo1e# &om$assion# sa&rifi&e# and humility# as set out abo1e( 2et us now ha1e a brief loo% at $re5-hristian Euro$e and eAamine the roots of fas&ism(

Fascists i

t!" Pa#a

W$%&'

Essentially# as a $agan &ulture# religion in $re5-hristian Euro$e was $olytheisti&( Euro$eans belie1ed the false gods they worshi$$ed re$resented 1arious for&es or as$e&ts of life# and most im$ortant were the gods of war# mu&h li%e those who ha1e a$$eared in ust about e1ery $agan so&iety(

This $restige the gods of war en oyed in $agan belief was the result of these so&ieties' regarding 1iolen&e as sa&red( 3agan $eo$les were essentially barbari& and li1ed in a state of $ermanent warfare( To %ill and s$ill blood in the name of their nation was seen as a sa&red duty( <a1agery and 1iolen&e of almost e1ery %ind &ould find ustifi&ation in $aganism( There was no ethi&al foundation to forbid 1iolen&e or brutality( E1en Rome# thought of as the most "&i1iliEed" state in the $agan world# was a $la&e where $eo$le were made to fight to the death or torn to $ie&es by wild animals( The Em$eror Nero &ame to $ower by ha1ing &ountless numbers of $eo$le %illed# in&luding his own mother# wife# and ste$brother( He had -hristians de1oured by wild animals in the arena# and tortured thousands of $eo$le sim$ly be&ause of their beliefs( An eAam$le of his &ruelty was his setting the &ity of Rome on fire# as he $layed the lyre and wat&hed the horrible s&ene from a window in his $ala&e( Though Rome was immersed in a &ulture of 1iolen&e# the barbarian and $agan nations of the north# su&h as the Fandals# Goths# and Fisigoths# were still more sa1age( They stro1e to wrea% de1astation on ea&h other# as well as $lundering Rome( The $agan world was a $la&e where 1iolen&e $re1ailed# where the use of brutality of e1ery %ind was en&ouraged# and where there was no &onsideration at all for ethi&s( The best eAam$le in the $agan world of a "fas&ist" system# in the modern sense# was the Gree% &ity5state of <$arta(

S(a%ta: A M$'"& )$% A&& Fascists

<$arta was a military state# dedi&ated to war and 1iolen&e# and alleged to ha1e been founded by 2y&urgus in the Mth &entury "-( The <$artans im$lemented highly regimented system of edu&ation( 'nder the <$artan system# the state was 1ery mu&h more im$ortant than the indi1idual( 3eo$les' li1es were measured a&&ording to whether or not they would be of use to the state( <trong# healthy male &hildren were dedi&ated to the state# while unhealthy babies were abandoned to the mountains to die( 7This <$artan $ra&ti&e was ta%en as an eAam$le by the NaEis of Germany# and it was &laimed# under the further influen&e of 0arwinism# that the si&%ly needed to be eliminated to maintain a "healthy and su$erior ra&e("9 6n <$arta# $arents were res$onsible for raising their sons until the age of se1en( Crom then# until the age of )+# &hildren were $la&ed in teams of ):# and those who stood out for their abilities were sele&ted to be leaders( -hildren s$ent their time strengthening their bodies and $re$aring for war by $ra&ti&ing s$orts( 2itera&y was not &onsidered im$ortant# and there was little interest in musi& or literature( The only songs &hildren were allowed to sing and learn were those of war and 1iolen&e( 7The edu&ation of &hildren from the age of four under the fas&ism of Mussolini and Hitler was 1ery similar9( The <$artan &ustom was to indo&trinate $eo$le in the s$irit of war# at the eA$ense of art# literature# and edu&ation( =ne of the most im$ortant thin%ers to ha1e offered detailed statements about <$arta was the famous Gree% $hiloso$her 3lato( Although he li1ed in Athens# whi&h was go1erned demo&rati&ally# he was im$ressed with the fas&ist system in <$arta# and in his boo%s $ortrayed <$arta as a model state( "e&ause of 3lato's fas&ist tenden&ies# Karl 3o$$er# one of the foremost thin%ers of the +,th &entury# in his famous boo%# The Open Society and Its Enemies# des&ribes him as the first sour&e of ins$iration for o$$ressi1e regimes# and an enemy of o$en

so&iety( 6n su$$ort of his &ontention# 3o$$er refers to how 3lato &almly defended the %illing of infants in <$arta# and des&ribes him as the first theoreti&al $ro$onent of "eugeni&s": (((J6Kt is im$ortant that the master &lass should feel as one su$erior master ra&e( 'The ra&e of the guardians must be %e$t $ure'# says 3lato 7in defen&e of infanti&ide9# when de1elo$ing the ra&ialist argument that we breed animals with great &are while negle&ting our own ra&e# an argument whi&h has been re$eated e1er sin&e( 76nfanti&ide was not an Athenian institutionN 3lato# seeing that it was $ra&tised at <$arta for eugeni& reasons# &on&luded that it must be an&ient and therefore good(9 He demands that the same $rin&i$les be a$$lied to the breeding of the master ra&e as are a$$lied# by an eA$erien&ed breeder# to dogs# horses or birds( '6f you did not breed them in this way# don't you thin% that the ra&e of your birds or dogs would !ui&%ly degenerateO' 3lato arguesN and he draws the &on&lusion that 'the same $rin&i$les a$$ly to the ra&e of men'( The ra&ial !ualities demanded from a guardian or from an auAiliary are# more s$e&ifi&ally# those of a shee$5dog( '=ur warrior5 athletes (( must be 1igilant li%e wat&h5dogs'# demands 3lato# and he as%s: '<urely# there is no differen&e# so far as ; their natural fitness for %ee$ing guard is &on&erned# between a gallant youth and a well5bred dogO' These 1iews of 3lato# who regarded human beings as a s$e&ies of animal# and $ro$osed that they should be "e1ol1ed" through "for&ed mating#" &ame to the fore on&e again with the ad1ent of 0arwinism in the )/th &entury# and were im$lemented by the NaEis in the +,th( De shall be eAamining this in the $ages that follow( Dhile defending the <$artan model# 3lato also ad1an&ed another as$e&t of fas&ism# the state use of re$ression to administer so&iety( 6n 3lato's 1iew# this $ressure should be so &om$rehensi1e that $eo$le should be unable to thin% of anything a$art from the orders of the state# and beha1e in &om$lete adheren&e to state $oli&y# forsa%ing the use of their intelligen&e and free will( The following words of 3lato# !uoted by 3o$$er as a &om$lete statement of the fas&ist mentality# des&ribe the stru&ture of fas&ist order: The greatest $rin&i$le of all is that nobody# whether male or female# should be without a leader( Nor should the mind of anybody be habituated to letting him do anything at all on his own initiati1eN neither out of Eeal# nor e1en $layfully( "ut in war and in the midst of $ea&eIto his leader he shall dire&t his eye and follow him faithfully( And e1en in the smallest matter he should stand under leadershi$( Cor eAam$le# he should get u$# or mo1e# or wash# or ta%e his meals (( only if he has been told to do so( 6n a word# he should tea&h his soul# by * long habit# ne1er to dream of a&ting inde$endently# and to be&ome utterly in&a$able of it( These ideas and $ra&ti&es# $romoted by the <$artans# as they were by 3lato# eAem$lify the fundamental &hara&teristi&s of fas&ismIthe $er&e$tion of human beings as mere animals# fanati&al ra&ism# the $romotion of war and &onfli&t# state5s$onsored re$ression# and "formal indo&trination(" <imilar fas&isti& $ra&ti&es are also dis&o1erable in other $agan so&ieties( The system set u$ by the $haraohs# the rulers of an&ient Egy$t# is in &ertain as$e&ts &om$arable to <$artan fas&ism( The Egy$tian $haraohs built u$ state systems founded on ideals of military dis&i$line# and used them to o$$ress e1en their own $eo$le( Rameses 66# the tyranni&al Egy$tian ruler# who is belie1ed to ha1e li1ed in the time of the 3ro$het Moses# ordered that all male Hewish &hildren be %illed# a &ruelty reminis&ent of the infanti&ide in <$arta# and the $sy&hologi&al forms of o$$ression he infli&ted on his own sub e&ts also re&alls the fas&isti& system des&ribed by 3lato( As God re1ealed in the Koran# 3haraoh offered his sub e&ts the following tyranni&al ultimatum : "...I on ! "#o$ !o% $#&' I "(( )!"( * &n+ I on ! ,%-+( !o% 'o '#( .&'# o* /(0'-'%+( (" 7Koran# *,:+/9 And he threatened those magi&ians who re e&ted his $agan beliefs and led to the true religion by following Moses# "((( H&1( !o% 2( -(1(+ -n #-) 2(*o/( I &%'#o/-3(+ !o% 'o +o "o4...I $- 0%' o** !o%/ & '(/n&'( #&n+" &n+ *((' &n+ '#(n I $- 0/%0-*! (1(/! on( o* !o%." 7Koran# 4:)+;5)+*9

Fascis*'s R"t%"at i

t!" Fac" $) R"&i#i$

The fas&isti& $agan &ulture whi&h dominated Euro$e disa$$eared in stages with the s$read of -hristianity in the +nd and ;rd &enturies A0# first to Rome# and then to all of Euro$e( -hristianity &arried to Euro$ean so&iety the basi& ethi&al &hara&teristi&s of the true religion re1ealed to man by the 3ro$het Hesus( Euro$e# whi&h had on&e en&ouraged 1iolen&e# &onfli&t and bloodshed as sa&red# and been &om$osed of different tribes# ra&es and &ity5states &onstantly at war with one another# underwent an im$ortant &hange( 15 Ra&ial and tribal wars disa$$eared: 6n the $agan world# all tribes and ra&es saw ea&h other as enemies# and there was &onstant fighting between them( Ea&h $agan so&iety had its own gods and totems whi&h it in1ented# waging war in their name( Dith the &oming of -hristianity# there was a single belief# &ulture# and e1en language in Euro$e as a whole# thus the &onfli&ts of the $agan world &ame to an end( 25 3ea&e and &om$assion &ame to be &onsidered sa&red# instead of 1iolen&e: 6n $agan so&ieties# infli&ting bloodshed# suffering and torture was seen as heroi&# a&tions that a$$eased the imaginary "gods of war(" 'nder -hristianity howe1er# Euro$ean so&ieties learned that $eo$le should lo1e ea&h other and eAer&ise &om$assion 7e1en for their enemies9# and that the shedding of blood was a great sin in the sight of God( 65 The $er&e$tion of human beings as a s$e&ies of animal disa$$eared: The <$artans regarding their warriors as e!ui1alent to "wat&h5dogs" was an eAtension of the "animist" belief wides$read in $agan so&ieties( Animism im$lied as&ribing a soul to nature and animals( A&&ording to animism# there was no differen&e between a human being and an animal# or e1en a $lant( "ut when religion &ame to $redominate# this su$erstition disa$$eared# and Euro$ean so&ieties realiEed that human beings $ossessed a soul gi1en to them by God# and were &om$letely different from animals# and &ould not# therefore# be sub e&t to the same laws( These three as$e&ts of $aganismIra&ism# bloodshed# and e!uating human beings with animalsIare also the basi& &hara&teristi&s of fas&ism( 6n Euro$e# they were 1an!uished by -hristianity( 6n the Middle East# the same 1i&tory was a&hie1ed by 6slam o1er Arab $aganism( "efore the ad1ent of 6slam# the Arabs 7and other Middle Eastern and -entral Asian so&ieties9 were warli%e# blood5thirsty# and ra&ist( The <$artans' barbari& "abandonment of unwanted &hildren to die" was ado$ted by the $agan Arabs# in the form of burying their female &hildren ali1e( The Koran mentions this sa1age $ra&ti&e: W#(n '#( 2&2! ,-/ 2%/-(+ & -1( -" &"7(+ *o/ $#&' 0/-)( "#( $&" 7- (+. 7Koran# M): M5/9 W#(n &n! o* '#() -" ,-1(n '#( ,oo+ n($" o* 8'#( 2-/'# o* & +&%,#'(/5 '#( 1(/! '#-n, $#-0# #( #-)"( * #&" &"0/-2(+ 'o '#( A 9M(/0-*% #-" *&0( +&/7(n" &n+ #( -" *%/-o%". 8Ko/&n: ;6:1<5 The Arabs# and other Middle Eastern and -entral Asian &ultures# were only transformed into $ea&eful# &i1iliEed# intelligent so&ieties o$$osed to bloodshed after they were enlightened by 6slam( Thus they were freed from the old tribal wars and nomadi& sa1agery# and found $ea&e and stability in religion(

N"$+Pa#a is* a ' t!" ,i%t! $) Fascis*

Although Euro$ean $aganism was su$$ressed by -hristianity# it did not die out( 6t sur1i1ed under the guise of 1arious tea&hings# mo1ements# and se&ret so&ieties# su&h as the Creemasons# and re5emerged in a definite form in Euro$e in the )?th and )4th &enturies( A number of Euro$ean thin%ers# influen&ed by the wor%s of an&ient Gree% $hiloso$hers# su&h as 3lato or Aristotle# began to re1i1e &on&e$ts from the $agan world( This neo5$agan &urrent be&ame in&reasingly influential# and in the )/th &entury# sur$assed -hristianity and im$osed itself on Euro$e( 6t will be useful to eAamine the main outline of this lengthy $ro&ess here# without ne&essarily going into details( The 1anguard of neo5$agan mo1ement was those thin%ers %nown as "humanists(" 6nfluen&ed by an&ient Gree% sour&es# they tried to s$read the $agan $hiloso$hies of su&h $hiloso$hers as 3lato and Aristotle( The belief they $rofessed in the name "humanism" was a $er1erted $hiloso$hy that ignored the eAisten&e of God and man's res$onsibilities to Him# but instead &onsidered man a great# su$erior# and inde$endent being( The influen&es of humanism too% on further as$e&ts with the $hiloso$hy of the Enlightenment in the )4th and )Mth &enturies( Enlightenment $hiloso$hers were influen&ed by and fier&ely defended materialism# an idea whi&h de1elo$ed in an&ient Gree&e( 7Materialism is a dogmati& $hiloso$hy $ut forward by su&h Gree% thin%ers as 2eu&i$$us and 0emo&ritus# $ositing that only matter eAists9( The rebirth of $aganism is &learly e1ident in the Cren&h Re1olution# widely a&&e$ted as the $oliti&al end5 $rodu&t of Enlightenment $hiloso$hy( The Ha&obins# who led the bloody "terrorist" $eriod of the Cren&h Re1olution# were influen&ed by $aganism# and nurtured a great hatred for -hristianity( As a result of intensi1e Ha&obin $ro$aganda during the fier&est days of the re1olution# the "re e&tion of -hristianity" mo1ement be&ame wides$read( 6n addition# a new "religion of reason" was established# whi&h was based on $agan symbols rather than -hristianity( 6ts first signs were seen in the "re1olutionary worshi$#" on the Cesti1al of Cederation on Huly )*# )4/,# whi&h were then widely disseminated( Robes$ierre# the ruthless leader of the Ha&obins# brought about new rules for "re1olutionary worshi$#" setting out their $rin&i$les in a re$ort under the name "-ult of the <u$reme "eing(" The most signifi&ant out&ome of these de1elo$ments was the &on1ersion of the famous Notre 0ame -athedral into a "tem$le of reason(" The -hristian i&ons on its walls were torn down# and a female statue %nown as the "goddess of reason" was ere&ted in the &enter of it# in other words# a $agan idol( These $agan tenden&ies were $ortrayed among the re1olutionaries by a number of symbols( The liberty &a$ worn by the re1olutionary guards of the Cren&h Re1olution# and whi&h often be&ame a symbol of the : re1olution# des&ended from the $agan world and the worshi$ of Mithras( The rebirth of $aganism# and the beginning of its intelle&tual dominan&e o1er Euro$e# also led the way to a rebirth of fas&ism# itself a system rooted in the $agan world( 6n fa&t# NaEi Germany# with its system reminis&ent of that $ra&ti&ed in <$arta# was based on $aganism( Towards this de1elo$ment# a number of fundamental &ultural &hanges were ne&essary between the Cren&h Re1olution# at the end of the )Mth &entury# and NaEi Germany# at the beginning of the +,th( These im$ortant &hanges were brought about by a number of thin%ers during the )/th &entury( The most im$ortant of these was -harles 0arwin(

Da%-i is* a ' t!" R".i.a& S/("%stiti$ $) 0E.$&/ti$ 0

$)

t!"

Pa#a

=ne of the su$erstitions to sur1i1e from $aganism# but whi&h only began to be re1i1ed in Euro$e in the )Mth and )/th &enturies# was the "theory of e1olution#" a theory whi&h maintained that all li1ing things &ame into eAisten&e as the result of $ure &han&e# and then de1elo$ed from one to another( 'naware of the eAisten&e of God# and worshi$$ing false idols whi&h they themsel1es de1ised# $agans answered the !uestion of how life &ame about with the &on&e$t of "e1olution(" This notion is first seen in ins&ri$tions from an&ient <umeria# but was gi1en sha$e in an&ient Gree&e( 3agan $hiloso$hers su&h as Thales# AnaAimander and Em$edo&les# &laimed that li1ing things# in other words human beings# animals and $lants# formed themsel1es from su&h inanimate substan&es as air# fire and water( A&&ording to their theories# the first li1ing things suddenly emerged in water and then ada$ted to the land( Thales had s$ent time in Egy$t# where the su$erstition that "li1ing things formed themsel1es out of mud" was wides$read( The Egy$tians belie1ed that in this way the frogs whi&h a$$eared when the waters of the Nile re&eded were formed( Thales ado$ted the su$erstition and attem$ted to $resent a number of arguments on its behalf# $ro$osing that all li1ing things &ame into eAisten&e by and of themsel1es( These &laims of his were based solely in theory# not on eA$eriment and obser1ation( =ther an&ient Gree% $hiloso$hers em$loyed the same method( AnaAimander# a student of Thales# de1elo$ed the theory of e1olution# gi1ing rise to to two im$ortant modes of Destern thought( The first of these was that the uni1erse had always eAisted and will &ontinue to eAist into eternity( The se&ond was the idea that li1ing things e1ol1ed from ea&h other# an idea whi&h had slowly begun to ta%e sha$e in Thales' time( The first written wor% to dis&uss the theory of e1olution was the &lassi&al $oem On Nature# in whi&h AnaAimander wrote that &reatures arose from slime that had been e1a$orated by the sun( He thought that the first animals li1ed in the sea and had $ri&%ly# s&aly &o1erings( As these fish5li%e ? &reatures e1ol1ed# they mo1ed onto land# shed their s&aly &o1erings# and be&ame humans( "oo%s on $hiloso$hy des&ribe how AnaAimander sha$ed the foundation of the theory of e1olution: De find that AnaAimander of Miletus 7?)) "(-(5:*? "(-(9 ad1an&ed the traditional e1olutionary idea# already !uite &ommon in his day# that life first e1ol1ed from a ty$e of $re5bioti& sou$# hel$ed along a bit by the rays of the sun( He belie1ed that the first animals de1elo$ed from sea slime whi&h had been e1a$orated by the 4 sun rays( He also belie1ed that men were des&ended from fish( 6n short# one of the two fundamental &om$onents of 0arwinism# the &laim that li1ing things e1ol1ed from ea&h other as a result of &oin&iden&es# was the $rodu&t of $agan $hiloso$hy( The se&ond im$ortant element of 0arwin's theory# "the struggle for sur1i1al#" was also a $agan belief( 6t was the Gree% $hiloso$hers who first suggested there was a war for sur1i1al between li1ing things in nature(

The notion of e1olution# whi&h the $agan $hiloso$hers had &onstrued# not by eA$eriment and obser1ation# but by abstra&t reasoning# began to be reiterated in )Mth &entury Euro$e( 6n $agan thought# the &on&e$t of e1olution was &alled "the Great -hain of "eing#" an idea that influen&ed su&h early defenders of e1olutionary theory as the Cren&h s&ientists "enoit de Maillet# 3ierre de Mau$ertuis# -omte de "uffon and Hean "a$tiste 2amar&%( 6n his Histoire Naturelle, "uffon re1eals himself as "an eA$onent of the do&trine of the Great -hain of M "eing# with man being $la&ed at the to$e of the -hain(" "uffon's e1olutionist 1iews were $assed on to 2amar&%# and e1entually inherited by -harles 0arwin( -harles 0arwin's grandfather# Erasmus 0arwin# was an e1olutionist who adhered to $agan beliefs( Erasmus 0arwin was one of the masters at the famous -anongate Kilwining Masoni& lodge in Edinburgh# <&otland( He also had &lose &onne&tions to the Ha&obins in Cran&e# and the Masoni& organiEation of the 6lluminati# whose founding $rin&i$le was the hatred of religion( Crom the resear&h he &arried out in his eight5 he&tare botani&al garden# he de1elo$ed the ideas that would later go on to sha$e 0arwinism# &olle&ted together in his boo%s The Temple of Nature and Zoonomia. The &on&e$t of "the tem$le of nature" that Erasmus em$loyed was a testament to the $agan beliefs he ado$ted# a re$etition of the old $agan belief that nature $ossesses a &reati1e for&e(

Da%-i is* P%"(a%"' t!" F$/ 'ati$

)$% Fascis*

The myth of e1olution# a lega&y of <umerian and Gree% $aganism# was introdu&ed into the Destern agenda with -harles 0arwin's The Origin of Species# $ublished in )M:/( 6n this wor%# as in The Descent of Man# he dis&ussed &ertain $agan &on&e$ts that had disa$$eared in Euro$e under -hristianity# and ga1e them " ustifi&ation" under the guise of s&ien&e( De &an outline these $agan &on&e$ts whi&h he attem$ted to ustify# thus $re$aring the groundwor% for the de1elo$ment of fas&ism# as follows: 15 0arwinism $ro1ided the ustifi&ation for ra&ism: 6n the subtitle to The Origin of the Species, 0arwin wrote: "The 3reser1ation of Ca1oured Ra&es in the <truggle for 2ife(" Dith these words# 0arwin was &laiming that &ertain ra&es in nature are more "fa1ored" than others# in other words# that they were su$erior( He re1ealed this dimension of his ideas regarding human ra&es in The Descent of Man# where he $ro$osed that Euro$ean white men were su$erior to ra&es su&h as Afri&ans# Asians and Tur%s# and were $ermitted to ensla1e them( 25 0arwinism $ro1ided a ustifi&ation for bloodshed: As we ha1e seen# 0arwin $ro$osed that a deadly "struggle for sur1i1al" ta%es $la&e in nature( He &laimed that this $rin&i$le a$$lied to both so&ieties and to indi1iduals# that it was a struggle to the death# and that it was !uite natural for different ra&es to try to eliminate others for its own sa%e( 6n short# 0arwin des&ribed an arena where the only rule was 1iolen&e and &onfli&t# thus re$la&ing the &on&e$ts of $ea&e# &oo$eration# self5sa&rifi&e# that had s$read to Euro$e with the ad1ent of -hristianity( 0arwinism thus resurre&ted the notion of the "arena#" an eAhibition of 1iolen&e de1ised in the $agan world 7the Roman Em$ire9( 65 0arwinism brought the &on&e$t of eugeni&s ba&% into Destern thought: The &on&e$t of maintaining ra&ial su$rema&y through breeding# %nown as eugeni&s# whi&h the <$artans had im$lemented# and whi&h 3lato defended by the words# "=ur warrior5athletes must be 1igilant li%e wat&h5dogs#" re5emerged in the Destern

world with 0arwinism( 0arwin de1oted whole &ha$ters in The Origin of Species to dis&ussing the "im$ro1ement of animal ra&es#" and maintained# in The Descent of Man# that human beings were a s$e&ies of animal( <ome time later# 0arwin's &ousin# Cran&is Galton# was to ta%e his un&le's &laims a ste$ further# and $ut forward the modern theory of eugeni&s( 7NaEi Germany would be the first state to im$lement eugeni&s as offi&ial $oli&y9( As we ha1e seen# 0arwin's theory seems to be a &on&e$t that &on&erns only the s&ien&e of biology# but it a&tually formed the basis for a totally new $oliti&al outloo%( Dithin a 1ery short time# this new attitude was redefined as "<o&ial 0arwinism(" And as many historians ha1e &ome to a&&e$t# <o&ial 0arwinism be&ame the ideologi&al basis of fas&ism and NaEism( The effe&t of 0arwinism's $ortrayal of war and &onfli&t as ne&essary has been analyEed in great detail in 3aul -roo%'s -ambridge 'ni1ersity $ubli&ation Dar inism, !ar and History" The De#ate o$er the %iology of !ar from &The Origin of Species& to the 'irst !orld !ar ( -roo% has made it &lear that by $resenting war as a "biologi&al ne&essity#" 0arwinism formed both the formal ustifi&ation for the Cirst Dorld Dar# as well as for 1arious other warli%e tenden&ies in fas&ism( -roo% writes: 0arwinist dis&ourse &onferred a$$ro1al on a range of do&trines glorifying $ower# status# elitism# &on!uest and re$ression( 0ifferen&es between &ultures# genders# &lasses and ra&es were redu&ed to fiAed biologi&al differen&es# im$rinted in humans during eons of sele&ti1e struggle( 0arwin's &onfli&t model generated militarist / and ra&ist eAtra$olations that &onferred a$$ro1al on war and im$erial struggle as 'biologi&al ne&essities'( Crom su&h J0arwinistK assum$tions# a 1ariety of un$leasant &onse!uen&es &ould be deri1ed((( Dar is rationalised((( As Crederi&% Dertham has argued# if 1iolen&e 'is all in human nature# and if we are all guilty# then nobody is guilty( And if we are all res$onsible# no man is res$onsible' (((The Cirst Dorld Dar was $ortrayed as the final 1indi&ation of the mythology of bestiality# en&oded anew in terms of neo50arwinian geneti&s and ), instin&t theory( 0arwin thought of using Hobbes's $hrase 'war of nature' as a heading to his &ha$ter on struggle in his $ro e&ted 'big boo%' Natural Selection (((He s$o%e of &reatures 'o1ermastering' one another: 'through his &ontinual use of highly dramati& language re$resenting the life of organisms in nature as some heroi& war# with attendant battles# 1i&tories# famine# dearth# and destru&tion# 0arwin &reates the image of a great literal struggle )) for eAisten&e @ an image whi&h $er1ades the Origin(' As -roo% has stated# 0arwin not only $ro$osed that human beings were a "s$e&ies" des&ended from animals# but $ortrayed war and &onfli&t as "the origin of s$e&ies(" This falla&y would be the ustifi&ation for the $romotion of war and the ideology of &onfli&t# in fa&t# for the growth of fas&ism itself(

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There was another )/th &entury thin%er influen&ed by the neo5$aganism attendant to 0arwinism# and who eA$anded on it# thus hel$ing to establish the foundation for fas&ism: The German $hiloso$her Criedri&h NietEs&he(

NietEs&he was born in a 1illage near 2ei$Eig in )M**# and was fas&inated by Gree% &ulture# learning Gree% at an early age( 6n )M?M# he began studying $hiloso$hy in the <wiss &ity of "asel( NietEs&he hated di1ine religions# su&h as -hristianity# 6slam and Hudaism# but was fas&inated by the $agan &ulture of an&ient Gree&e( He formed a &lose friendshi$ in "asel with Dagner# the best5%nown &om$oser of the age( Dagner# who had &ome to fame with his Die ()tterd*mmerung 7The Twilight of the Gods9# was a German ra&ist who was also fas&inated by $agan &ulture and hated di1ine religions( 7Dagner would be regarded as Germany's greatest &ultural genius throughout the Hitler $eriod9 )+ NietEs&he's $ublisher# 3eter Gast# &alled NietEs&he "one of the fier&est anti5-hristians and atheists(" Another testament to NietEs&he's hatred of religion is the title of his boo% +nti,-hrist( 6n his boo% Thus Spa.e Zarathustra# he tried to set u$ an ethi&al system beyond di1ine religion( A&&ording to H( C( 3eters# NietEs&he's biogra$her# his $hiloso$hy rested on Roman and Gree% $aganism# and in his writings he &alled for "a new ); -aesar" to transform the world( NietEs&he had a $arti&ular hatred of the ethi&al 1iews of -hristianity# 6slam and Hudaism( 6n his o$inion# &on&e$ts su&h as lo1e# &om$assion and humility# must be abandoned and re$la&ed with a so5&alled "master morality" whi&h a&&e$ted the warli%e and ruthless state of nature( 6n Thus Spa.e Zarathustra# he wrote# "=f all that is written 6 lo1e only what a man has written with his blood( Drite with blood# and you will eA$erien&e that )* blood is s$irit(" NietEs&he was also a ra&ist( He maintained that one $art of man%ind was &om$osed of /#ermensch 7su$erman9# and that the others had to ser1e and obey them( Curthermore# he &laimed that these so5&alled "su$ermen" would found an aristo&rati& world order# a theory whi&h was $ut into $ra&ti&e by Hitler's armies at the start of the <e&ond Dorld Dar in )/;/( These two as$e&ts of NietEs&he's $hiloso$hy# his ra&ism and re1eren&e for 1iolen&e# are allied &losely to 0arwinism( NietEs&he's thought was in fa&t strongly influen&ed by 0arwin( 0arwin's dis&rimination between the different ra&es &onformed &losely to NietEs&he's $er&e$tion of "su$erior and inferior $eo$les(" NietEs&he also ada$ted his hatred of religion with the atheism of 0arwin( 6n his boo% Dar in&s Dangerous Idea, the 0arwinist writer 0aniel -( 0ennett des&ribes 0arwin's influen&e on NietEs&he in the following way: "Criedri&h NietEs&he saw Pan e1en more &osmi& message in ): 0arwin:(((6f NietEs&he is the father of eAistentialism# then $erha$s 0arwin deser1es the title of grandfather(" 0ennett eA$lains in great detail how 0arwin and NietEs&he's ideas run $arallel# and although NietEs&he seems to &riti&iEe 0arwin in some of his writings# he gi1es many eAam$les where NietEs&he &learly a$$ro1es of 0arwinist thought( After NietEs&he's death# the most im$ortant eA$onent of his $hiloso$hy was his sister# Elisabeth NietEs&he( <he stood out as an a1owed su$$orter of NaEi ideology in Hitler's Germany# and announ&ed that her )? brother's model of the "<u$erman" had been brought to life by Hitler( NietEs&he's influen&e on NaEi ideology is a reality that has been stressed by a great many historians( D( -leon <%ousen writes that# when "Hitler wrote Mein 0ampf# it was as though NietEs&he was s$ea%ing from the )4 dead(" Another historian# George 2i&htheim# writes# "6t is not too mu&h to say that but for NietEs&he the <<I Hitler's sho&% troo$s and the &ore of the whole mo1ementIwould ha1e la&%ed the ins$iration to &arry our their )M $rograms of mass murder in Eastern Euro$e(" )/ As the historian H( C( 3eters $uts it# many ha1e &ursed NietEs&he as "the father of fas&ism(" 6n his boo%# The Myth of the 12th -entury# the NaEi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg o$enly $raised NietEs&he( Hitler3ugend

7Hitler >outh9# the youth wing of the NaEi mo1ement# too% NietEs&he's Thus Spa.e Zarathustra as a sa&red teAt( Adolf Hitler had a s$e&ial monument ere&ted in NietEs&he's memory# and in&e$ted the foundations of an +, edu&ational &enter and library "where German youth &ould be taught NietEs&he's do&trine of a master ra&e(" Cinally# the Criedri&h NietEs&he Memorial "uilding was o$ened by Hitler in August )/;M( NietEs&he's influen&e was not limited to Germany# it was also im$ortant in 6taly# the birth$la&e of fas&ism( The $oet Gabriele 0'AnnunEio# who may be regarded as the ins$iration behind Mussolini# was greatly +) influen&ed by NietEs&he's $hiloso$hy( Historians note that 0'AnnunEio's su&&essor# "enito Mussolini ++ a&%nowledged a debt of gratitude to NietEs&he as well( The disasters infli&ted u$on man%ind by fas&ism# whi&h NietEs&he had ins$ired# $ro1ide histori&al e1iden&e of ust how harmful were the German $hiloso$her's 0arwinist ideas( NietEs&he# who o$$osed the di1ine morality that God re1ealed to man%ind to show it the true $ath# and who $ro$osed ta%ing man%ind to the modern age by re$la&ing that morality with a brutal and o$$ressi1e so&iety# had $ut forward 0arwin's idea that man is a s$e&ies of animal# and di1ided man into su$erior and inferior ra&es# is the best eAam$le of the dar% reality into whi&h a la&% of religion draws indi1iduals and so&ieties( Moreo1er# NietEs&he's life itself ser1es a warning( At ** he was ta%en to a mental hos$ital# where his illness grew steadily worse# until he died ra1ing mad( 6n )/,+# a do&tor &alled 3( H( Mobius warned $eo$le "that they should beware of NietEs&he# for his wor%s +; were the $rodu&ts of a diseased brain(" "ut the Germans had great res$e&t for the diseased $hiloso$hy of this disturbed mind# and so NaEi Germany was born( NietEs&he died of sy$hilis in a state of mental de&ay in a lunati& asylum( His $ri1ate life was no less troubled or diseased than his $hiloso$hy( 2i%e all those who ha1e e1er denied the eAisten&e of God# he met a 1ery un$leasant end( 0o not let those who rush headlong into disbelief sadden you( They do not harm God in any way( God desires to assign no $ortion to them in the hereafter( They will ha1e a terrible $unishment( Those who sell belief for disbelief do not harm God in any way( They will ha1e a $ainful $unishment( Those who disbelie1e should not imagine that the eAtra time De grant to them is good for them( De only allow them more time so they will in&rease in e1ildoing( They will ha1e a humiliating $unishment( 7Koran# ;:)4?5)4M9

F%a cis Ga&t$ : T!" I s(i%ati$ Ki&&i #s

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Another im$ortant )/th &entury ideologue# who hel$ed lay the foundations of +,th &entury fas&ism# was Cran&is Galton# %nown as the founder of the theory of "eugeni&s(" De ha1e already dis&ussed the &on&e$t of eugeni&s( 6t saw $eo$le as a s$e&ies of animal and was the $rodu&t of a mentality that imagined that the same rules a$$lied to human beings as to animals( 6t held the belief that the human ra&e &ould be de1elo$ed by "breeding methods#" as with dogs or &attle( A&&ording to the theory# so&iety's si&% and deformed must be $re1ented from multi$lying# 7if ne&essary# they should e1en be %illed9# and healthy indi1iduals should "re$rodu&e" as mu&h as $ossible to ensure strong and healthy later generations( This $oli&y was one that had been im$lemented by the warrior &ity5state of <$arta# and defended by 3lato(

Dith the domination of -hristianity# eugeni&s had found itself relegated to the dusty shel1es of history( 'ntil 0arwin's The Origin of Species was $ublished( 0arwin de1oted the o$ening &ha$ters of his boo% to the sub e&t of raising animals# drew attention to those breeders who raised more $rodu&ti1e breeds of horses and &attle# and then $ro$osed# later on in the boo%# that these methods &ould be a$$lied to human beings( 'ltimately# it was 0arwin's &ousin# Cran&is Galton# who widened the road of eugeni&s o$ened by his un&le# and who brought the sub e&t onto the world stage by formulating it into a &om$rehensi1e $rogram( As we might imagine# Galton was a fier&e su$$orter and follower of 0arwin( 6n his autobiogra$hy Memories of My 4ife# he writes: The $ubli&ation in )M:/ of The Origin of Species by -harles 0arwin made a mar%ed e$o&h in my own mental de1elo$ment# as it did in that of human thought generally( 6ts effe&t was to demolish a multitude of dogmati& barriers by a single stro%e# and to arouse a s$irit of rebellion against all an&ient authorities whose +* $ositi1e and unauthenti&ated statements were &ontradi&ted by modern s&ien&e( The &on&e$ts that Galton denigrated as "dogmati& barriers" and "an&ient authorities" were religious systems and beliefs( 6n other words# 0arwin was the reason for Galton's "great turning $oint#" gi1ing u$ his beliefs# and turning to the atheism and the ra&ism# remnants of $aganism( =ther than 0arwin# Galton was also influen&ed by another e1olutionist ideologue# the Cren&h $hysi&ist 3aul "ro&a# who $ro$osed that human intelligen&e was dire&tly related to brain siEe and# hen&e# to the siEe of the head( 6n order to allegedly "$ro1e" this# he tore u$ 3aris gra1eyards and measured hundreds of s%ulls( Galton united "ro&a's su$erstition about brain siEeIwhi&h would subse!uently be $ro1ed to be utterly wrongIand -harles 0arwin's "animal breeding" $hiloso$hy( The result was the theory of "eugeni&s#" being that &ertain ra&es of humanity are su$erior to others# and that those su$erior must be %e$t un&ontaminated by those inferior( Galton first $ublished his ideas in )M?/# in his boo% Hereditary (enius( 6t dis&usses a number of "geniuses" in "ritish history and &laims that they bore $ure ra&ial &hara&teristi&s( 7Among these "geniuses#" he did not negle&t to in&lude his un&le# -harles 0arwin9( 6n a&&ordan&e to his &laim# Galton then suggested that the English nation $ossessed an inherently su$erior blood to other ra&es# and that ste$s needed to be ta%en to $rote&t that blood from &ontamination( These theories he &onsidered to be a$$li&able not ust to the "ritish# but to all ra&es( The -anadian author 6an Taylor has this to say in his boo% In the Minds of Men# in whi&h he &onsiders the so&ial effe&ts of 0arwinism: He JGaltonK was now left with the &laim that &ertain ra&es were inherently su$erior and that their su$eriority was fiAed fore1er from the $ast as well as into the futureP The &on&lusion to Galton's argument then followed that# for the sa%e of man%ind's future# $ollution of the $re&ious su$erior gene $ool +: by interbreeding with inferior sto&% had to be sto$$ed at all &osts( Galton $ro$osed that legal measures needed to be ta%en to $re1ent "inferior ra&es $olluting the su$erior(" 6n his 1iew# marriages needed to be legally regulated( To name his ra&ist5e1olutionist theory# Galton loo%ed to the $agan world whi&h had on&e $ra&ti&ed the same ideology( 6t was Galton who &oined and first used the word "eugeni&s#" from the Gree% for "good birth(" 6ne1itably# those who belie1ed in 0arwinism# also belie1ed in

eugeni&s( Cinally# the Eugeni&s Edu&ation <o&iety was established in )/,4# based at the statisti&s de$artment of 'ni1ersity -ollege# 2ondon( 6n )/+?# the name was sim$lified# and it be&ame the "Eugeni&s <o&iety(" The Eugeni&s <o&iety maintained that all handi&a$$ed $eo$le should be "steriliEed(" -harles 0arwin's son# 2eonard 0arwin# was $resident of the organiEation between )/)) and )/+M# and its most a&ti1e member( After Great "ritain# eugeni&s began to attra&t su$$orters in the 'nited <tates( E1olutionist &ir&les there &arried out a great deal of $ro$aganda on the sub e&t in the )/+,s and ;,s# and &ertain states $assed the laws %nown as "<teriliEation 2aws(" These laws allowed men and women belie1ed to be geneti&ally wea% or si&% to be steriliEed( These laws are now seen in the 'nited <tates as an eAam$le of the detriment of ra&ism( Dhat is more# the idea is now seen as a su$erstition# totally at 1arian&e with the s&ientifi& fa&ts( The re&ent human genome $ro e&t has shown that the geneti& differen&es between ra&es and indi1iduals are 1ery small# and that it is stu$id to e1en attem$t to &onstru&t any re$rodu&tion $oli&y based on them( Human ra&es were &reated e!ual by God( 6n the Koran# God says: M&n7-n+= W( 0/(&'(+ !o% */o) & )& ( &n+ *()& (: &n+ )&+( !o% -n'o .(o. (" &n+ '/-2(" "o '#&' !o% )-,#' 0o)( 'o 7no$ (&0# o'#(/. T#( no2 ("' &)on, !o% -n Go+>" "-,#' -" '#&' on( o* !o% $#o 2("' .(/*o/)" #-" +%'!. Go+ -" A 9Kno$-n,: A 9A$&/(. 8Ko/&n: ;?:165 The wea% and geneti&ally si&% must be treated with affe&tion and &om$assion# $rote&ted and nurtured# not "steriliEed(" "ut instead of this a$$roa&h# re1ealed to us by God as a religious moral duty# the Destern world# at the beginning of the +,th &entury# turned to eugeni&s# a $rodu&t of $aganism and the theory of e1olution( And# the s&ale of the sa1agery that this $agan5e1olutionary theory led to will be re1ealed when we &onsider the &ase of Germany(

E% st Ha"c3"&: T!" Na1is' Racist T!"$%"ticia

The last name along the $ath from 0arwin to the NaEis that we need to &onsider is the Eoologist Ernst Hae&%el# Germany's best5%nown 0arwinist and a fanati&al su$$orter of eugeni&s( 6n the history of s&ien&e# Hae&%el is %nown for his theory that "ontogeny re&a$itulates $hylogeny(" A&&ording to this e1olutionary theory# Hae&%el was &laiming that embryoni& de1elo$ment re$eats "e1olutionary history(" He thought that the stages of embryoni& de1elo$ment re$eated the adult stages of the an&estors of a s$e&ies( 6n order to su$$ort his theory# whi&h he de1elo$ed under the influen&e of 0arwin# Hae&%el made a number of drawings of embryos# in whi&h# it was later realiEed# he had made deliberate distortions# and that his theory was a forgery( Hae&%el was a &harlatan who used falsified e1iden&e to ma%e 0arwinism s&ientifi&ally a&&e$table( Another instan&e of Hae&%el's erroneous s&ien&e is the theory of eugeni&s( He ado$ted the theory# from su&h names as -harles 0arwin# Cran&is Galton and 2eonard 0arwin# and too% it further# by suggesting a return to the <$artan model of an&ient Gree&e: 6n other words# to murdering &hildrenQ 6n his boo% !onders of 4ife#

Hae&%el $ro$osed the "destru&tion of abnormal new born infants" without hesitation# and &laimed that it &ould +? not "rationally be classed as murder4 becase these ch!ldren were not yet consc!ous. Hae&%el wanted all the si&% and deformed# who may be an obsta&le to the so5&alled e1olution of so&iety# not ust &hildren# to be eliminated as a re!uirement of the "laws of e1olution(" He o$$osed treatment for the si&%# &laiming that this obstru&ted the wor%ings of natural sele&tion( He &om$lained that "Hundreds of thousands of in&urablesIlunati&s# le$ers# $eo$le with &an&er et&Iare artifi&ially %e$t ali1e in our modern &ommunitiesP without the slightest $rofit to themsel1es or the general body(" He further re&ommended that a &ommission should be set u$ to de&ide the fate of indi1iduals( '$on the de&ision of the &ommission the "'redem$tion from +4 e1il' should be a&&om$lished by a dose of some $ainless and ra$id $oison(" This barbarism# u$on whi&h Hae&%el built his theory# was to be $ut into $ra&ti&e in NaEi Germany( <hortly after &oming to $ower# the NaEis instituted an offi&ial $oli&y of eugeni&s( The mentally ill# the deformed# the blind from birth# and those with geneti& diseases# were gathered u$ in "steriliEation &enters(" These $eo$le were regarded as $arasites that s$oiled the $urity of the German ra&e and its e1olutionary $rogress( <ome time after being se$arated from so&iety# they were e1entually %illed under s$e&ial orders from Hitler( 6t is a well %nown fa&t# $ronoun&ed by many historians who ha1e studied the sub e&t# that Ernst Hae&%el's ideas and the 0arwinist ideology in general# were the ideologi&al basis of NaEism( 6n his boo% The Scientific Origins of National Socialism" Social Dar inism in Ernst Haec.el and the (erman Monist 4eague # the Ameri&an historian 0aniel Gasman $resents eAtensi1e $roof of this( A&&ording to Gasman# Hae&%el "be&ame +M one of Germany's ma or idealists for ra&ism# nationalism and im$erialism(" Hae&%el left NaEism an organiEational and an ideologi&al lega&y( =n the one hand he de1elo$ed the theory of eugeni&s and ra&ism# and on the other he founded the "Monist 2eague#" an atheist asso&iation# and this $layed a ma or role in the effe&t the NaEis had on the edu&ated se&tion of so&iety( -ambridge historian and 4ondon Times ournalist "en Ma&intyre eA$lains the 0arwinist thought that Hae&%el left as his lega&y to the NaEis: The German embryologist Hae&%el and his Monist 2eague told the world# and in $arti&ular# Germany# that the whole history of nations is eA$li&able by means of natural sele&tion: Hitler and his twisted theories turned this $seudo5s&ien&e into $oliti&s# attem$ting to destroy whole ra&es in the name of ra&ial $urity and the sur1i1al of the fittest(((Hitler &alled his boo% Mein 0ampf# "My <truggle#" e&hoing Hae&%el's translation of +/ 0arwin's $hrase "the struggle for sur1i1al(" This 0arwinist influen&e at the root of NaEism and other fas&ist ideologies will be eAamined more &losely in later se&tions of this boo%(

Fascis*: T!" R"t/%

$) Pa#a is*

At the beginning of this &ha$ter# we identified fas&ism as a system of 1iolen&e that emerged in $agan so&ieties( The basi& reason for this 1iolent tenden&y in fas&ism &omes from the $hiloso$hy of "worshi$$ing strength#" that might is right( The strong ha1e the right to rise to the to$ and &rush the wea%( Cas&ists greatly

admire the strong# but hate and des$ise the wea%( The fundamental $rin&i$les of this $er1erted $hiloso$hy are waging war# shedding blood# ruthlessness and &ruelty( Against this $er1erted mentality that emerged in <$arta# in the arenas of the Roman Em$ire# and in the $agan barbarian tribes from the North of Euro$e# there is the beautiful morality God has re1ealed to us by means of religion( As re1ealed to man throughout history by $ro$hets and holy boo%s# su&h as the Torah# the Gos$el and the Koran# what matters is not" strength#" but "truth(" Human beings must be udged by whether or not they &onform to what God has re1ealed as the truth# not by their strength( The strong are &harged with being gentle and &om$assionate to the wea%# not &rushing and o$$ressing them( A human being's duty is to $rote&t the wea% and be mer&iful and $ea&e5lo1ing# not to be &ruel and ruthless( Modern fas&ism# with its roots in the )/th &entury# is a $rodu&t of ideologies that desire to o$$ose those rules of morality re1ealed to man by religion# and to re$la&e them with a ra&ist# blood5thirsty and &ruel &ulture of $aganism( The neo53agan tenden&y# whi&h began with the Cren&h Re1olution# was gi1en sha$e by Criedri&h NietEs&he# and &arried forward to NaEi ideology( E1olutionists su&h as -harles 0arwin# Cran&is Galton and Ernst Hae&%el stro1e to gi1e so5&alled s&ientifi& su$$ort to this rising $aganism# by denying the eAisten&e of God# and attem$ting to demonstrate that all of life &onsists of a "struggle for sur1i1al"# thus ustifying ra&ism( The Ameri&an historian# Gene Edward Feith# sums u$ these de1elo$ments in his boo% Modern 'ascism" 4i5uidating the 6udeo,-hristian !orld$ie this way: "Cas&ism is the modern world's nostalgia for $aganism(((( ;, 6t is a so$histi&ated &ulture's re1olt against God(" NaEism &learly re1ealed that fa&t( The NaEis defended $aganism# both during the early stages# and also when they &ame to $ower in )/;;( They tore German so&iety away from -hristianity# and tried to turn it to $agan beliefs( E1en in the )/+,s# Alfred Rosenberg# the NaEis' foremost ideologue# was already &laiming that -hristianity would be unable to generate suffi&ient s$iritual energy under the Third Rei&h that was to be set u$ under Hitler's leadershi$# and that the German $eo$le would ha1e to return to the old $agan religion( A&&ording to Rosenberg# when the NaEis &ame to $ower they would ha1e to re$la&e all the -hristian symbols in &hur&hes with swasti%as# &o$ies of Mein 0ampf# and swords symboliEing German in1in&ibility( Hitler was influen&ed by these 1iews of Rosenberg# although he refrained from im$lementing the so5&alled German religion be&ause he ;) was afraid of what so&iety's rea&tion might be( Howe1er# im$ortant neo5$agan $ra&ti&es were eA$erimented with during the NaEi era( Not long after Hitler &ame to $ower# -hristian holidays and festi1als were re$la&ed by $agan ones( "Mother Earth" or "Cather <%y" were &alled on at wedding &eremonies( 6n )/;:# -hristian $rayers in s&hools were sto$$ed# and then all lessons &on&erning -hristianity were banned( As made &lear in the boo% The 7in. S asti.a, whi&h dis&usses the NaEis' $agan ideologies 7and homoseAual tenden&ies9# "the re1i1al of Helleni& $aganism be&ame a fundamental as$e&t of the NaEi ;+ identity(" The same boo% stresses the fa&t that there was a homoseAual tenden&y in that $agan mo1ement whi&h formed the basis of NaEi identity( 6t also gi1es an interesting eAam$le of the NaEis' lin%s to Gree% $agan &ulture: Dho were these "intelle&tuals" who $o$ulariEed NietEs&hean fas&ism in GermanyO <tefan George# one of Germany's most $o$ular $oets of the time# was a $ederast# and "a guiding eAam$le" to the -ommunity of the <$e&ialP( "George and his dis&i$les" writes =osterhuis and Kennedy "re1i1ified Holderlin's &on&e$t (riechendeutschen 7Helleni& Germans9((( His J<te$hen George'sK last boo%# Das neue 8eich 7The New

Kingdom9 $ublished in )/+M# "$ro$hesied an era in whi&h Germany would be&ome a new Gree&e"( 6n )/;;# ;; when Hitler &ame to $ower# he offered George a $osition as 3resident of the NaEi A&ademy of 2etters( 'nder NaEi rule# many $oli&ies were im$lemented that were aimed at establishing a re5awa%ening of $agan &ulture( <&hool&hildren were taught the so5&alled "Glorious $re5-hristian German history#" and 1arious rites and &eremonies# lega&ies of $agan &ulture# were held all o1er Germany( All NaEi meetings were in the form of traditional $agan &eremonies( There was almost no differen&e between NaEi rallies# held under the shadow of flaming tor&hes# where slogans full of hate and hostility were shouted and Dagner's $agan musi& $layed# and the $er1erted &eremonies &arried out thousands of years ago at $agan tem$les and altars( To re5awa%en $aganism# the NaEis also used the arts( An&ient Gree% &on&e$ts and symbols began to $redominate under NaEi rule# and many statues similar to Gree% one were made $ortraying strong men and women of the Aryan ra&e( Hitler dreamed that a "su$erior ra&e" would be formed through eugeni&s# and a &ruel and o$$ressi1e "world %ingdom" would be established based on the <$artan model( The eA$ression "The Third Rei&h" is a testament to this dream( 7Hitler attem$ted to found the third and greatest German %ingdom after two others whi&h had eAisted $re1iously9( "e&ause of this dream# :: million $eo$le lost their li1es in the <e&ond Dorld Dar# the bloodiest &onfli&t that the world had e1er seen( The geno&ides NaEis &arried out against 1arious ethni& grou$s su&h as the Hews# Gy$sies# and 3oles# as well as $risoners of war from other nations# were of a sa1agery un$re&edented in history( 6n the neAt &ha$ter# we will see under what &onditions fas&ism &ame to $ower# and how it $ro&eeded on&e it had done so(

AN ANALYSIS OF 2@TH CENTURY FASCISM

The $re1ious &ha$ter eAamined the &ultural roots of fas&ism# how the ideology was a re5awa%ening of $agan ideas reinfor&ed by 0arwinism( These fa&ts are most im$ortant for understanding the roots of the fas&ism and fas&ist mo1ements whi&h s$rung u$ in the +,th &entury( Howe1er# we must also &onsider how these mo1ements were able to &ome to $ower in so many &ountries in the +,th &entury# what methods they em$loyed on&e they had done so# and the nightmare that resulted( Right after the end of the Cirst Dorld Dar# the first fas&ist regime of the +,th &entury was established in 6taly by "enito Mussolini( Hitler's Germany and Cran&o's <$ain followed( 6n the )/;,s# fas&ism be&ame a $o$ular $oliti&al ideology# fas&ist $arties both great and small were set u$ in many &ountries# and fas&ists &ame to $ower in Austria and 3oland# thus the whole of Euro$e was affe&ted by it( There are numerous similarities between fas&ism in Euro$e# where the &learest eAam$les of fas&ism were seen# and 2atin Ameri&a and Ha$an# where the mo1ement also too% root and flourished( Generally s$ea%ing# fas&ism made use of &haos and instability within a &ountry to im$ose itself on its inhabitants# by $resenting itself as an ideology of sal1ation( =n&e fas&ist go1ernments were established# the $eo$le were %e$t under &ontrol by a miAture of fear# o$$ression# and brainwashing te&hni!ues(

S$cia& C%is"s: F"%ti&" G%$/ ' )$% Fascis*

There were great similarities in the so&ial and $sy&hologi&al ba&%grounds of those &ountries where fas&ist states &ame to be established( Most of the &ountries &on&erned had been defeated and hea1ily damaged in the Cirst Dorld Dar# and thus its $eo$le were worn5out and weary# ha1ing lost their husbands# wi1es# &hildren# and lo1ed ones in the war( As well# these &ountries suffered from a shattered e&onomy# $oliti&al instability# and a general feeling that the nation was in a state of &olla$se( 3eo$le were suffering materiallyN the 1arious $oliti&al $arties were in&a$able of re&tifying the nations' $roblems# in addition to fighting amongst themsel1es( Essentially# the $o1erty 6taly was fa&ed with as a result of the Cirst Dorld Dar was the most im$ortant fa&tor in the rise to $ower of 6talian fas&ism( More than ?,,#,,, 6talians had died as a result of the war# and u$ to half a million $eo$le were &ri$$led( The greater $art of the $o$ulation was made u$ of widows and or$hans( The &ountry was beleaguered by an e&onomi& re&ession and high unem$loyment( Although the 6talians had suffered great losses in the war# they had a&hie1ed 1ery few of their aims( 2i%e many other nations eAhausted by the war# the 6talian $eo$le longed to re&a$ture their honor and former glory( A&tually# this was a feeling that had been gathering in&reasing strength sin&e the end of the )/th &entury( Modern 6taly loo%ed ba&% with nostalgia at the greatness of the Roman Em$ire# and felt it had a right to former Roman territory( Curthermore# there was a feeling of ri1alry with the ma or $owers of the world# and 6taly ho$ed to raise itself to their ran%# or# to rise to "the $osition it deser1ed(" Affe&ted by these as$irations# the 6talians ho$ed to be&ome as $owerful as Great "ritain# Cran&e and Germany( <o&ial# $oliti&al and e&onomi& &rises also $layed the ma or role in the establishment of NaEism in Germany# whi&h had been defeated in the Cirst Dorld Dar( 'nem$loyment and a finan&ial &risis added to the disa$$ointment of defeat( 6nflation rose to le1els that had seldom been e!ualed( <mall &hildren $layed with ban%notes worth millions of mar%s# be&ause money# whi&h lost 1alue by the hour# had &ome to be worth no more than $ie&es of $a$er( The Germans wanted to restore their lost honor and return to a better standard of li1ing( 6t was with the $romise of fulfilling su&h wishes that NaEism would emerge and win su$$ort( 3re5fas&ist <$ain also demonstrated &lose similarities to these &ounties( The loss of its &olonies on both sides of the Ameri&an &ontinent at the beginning of the )/th &entury had led to a serious diminishment of self5 esteem( "y the beginning of the +,th &entury# <$ain was in a state of semi5&olla$se( 6ts e&onomy was failing# and the $ri1ileges a&&orded to the aristo&ra&y o$ened the way to great in usti&es( The <$anish loo%ed ba&% to the days of a great and $owerful <$ain with great longing( Another &ountry where fas&ism &ame to ha1e enormous influen&e was Ha$an( 6n $re5fas&ist Ha$an# the higher strata of so&iety were 1ery &on&erned about the s$read of MarAist ideas among the young( "ut they were unable to determine how to rid themsel1es from that $erni&ious ideology( 6n addition# su&h so&ial &hanges were 1ery dis&on&erting for a so&iety so tightly bound to its traditions( Camily bonds loosened# the di1or&e rate rose# res$e&t for the elderly diminished# &ustoms and traditions were abandoned# an indi1idualist tenden&y began to emerge# degenera&y among the young rea&hed grie1ous $ro$ortions and there was an alarming in&rease in the sui&ide rate( 6n these &onditions# the future stability of the Ha$anese so&iety was regarded as in eo$ardy( All of the abo1e led to a ba&%ward5gaEing nostalgia( 2onging for the glory days of the $ast# and attem$ts to re1i1e them# was the first tra$ the $eo$le fell into leading to their be&oming fully ensnared by a fas&ist regime(

Neither must we ignore the mena&e of &ommunism# whi&h at that time was threatening to o1erta%e the whole world( 6t may be that a number of nations submitted themsel1es to fas&ist regimes in order not to fall 1i&tim to that brutal# ruthless and o$$ressi1e ideology# es&a$ing one e1il only to be tra$$ed by another# belie1ing fas&ism to be the "lesser of two e1ils("

T!" U "'/cat"': Fascis*4s Ha(&"ss P%"5

Another fa&tor that o$ened the way to fas&ism was the ignoran&e and la&% of edu&ation of many &ommunities( Edu&ation had suffered hea1ily during the &haos of the Cirst Dorld Dar( A great number of young edu&ated $eo$le had lost their li1es on the battlefield( 6n general# this led to a lowering of the le1el of &ulture in so&iety( 6t was largely the ignorant who su$$orted fas&ism# fought in its name# and be&ame $awns of its &hau1inisti& $oli&ies( "e&ause the fundamental ideas on whi&h fas&ism were based 7in other words# ra&ism# romanti& nationalism# &hau1inism and fantasy9 &ould only be widely a&&e$ted by the unedu&ated# sus&e$tible as they were to &rude# fa&ile slogans( <u&h $eo$le# seeing themsel1es as tra$$ed# loo%ed for easy way out( They embra&ed fas&ist leaders# as if they were a %ind of lifebelt# as Eri& Hoffer says in his boo% The True %elie$er: Cor men to $lunge headlong into an underta%ing of 1ast &hange# they must be intensely dis&ontented yet not destitute# and they must ha1e the feeling that by the $ossession of some $otent do&trine# infallible leader or some new te&hni!ue they ha1e a&&ess to a sour&e of irresistible $ower( They must also ha1e an eAtra1agant &on&e$tion of the $ros$e&ts and $otentialities of the future( Cinally# they must be wholly ignorant of the ;* diffi&ulties in1ol1ed in their 1ast underta%ing( An eAamination of the so&ietal &onditions that $re&eded fas&ism ma%es light of the fa&t that many $eo$le had ust su&h a $sy&hology(

T!" M"t!$'s 65 W!ic! Fascis* Ca*" t$ P$-"%

Cas&ism had its first su&&esses in 6taly( Mussolini too% ad1antage of the so&ial tensions and longing for &hange among the 6talians# and after the war# mobiliEed former soldiers# the unem$loyed and uni1ersity students# with slogans &alling for a return of the glory days of an&ient Rome( Mussolini organiEed his su$$orters# %nown as ""la&% <hirts#" in a !uasi5military format# and whose methods were founded on 1iolen&e( They began to &arry out atta&%s in the streets against grou$s they identified as their ri1als( Dith their Roman greetings# songs# uniforms and offi&ial $arades# they aroused the emotions of the unedu&ated and the disenfran&hised( =n =&tober +/# )/++# :,#,,, fas&ist militants under the &ommand of siA generals mar&hed on Rome( "e&ause the %ing %new what the for&e that o$$osed him was &a$able of# and that there was no way he &ould o$$ose them# he &alled on Mussolini to form a go1ernment( As a result of the de1elo$ments that followed# the

6talian fas&ists finally &ame to $ower( A while later# Mussolini banned all other $oliti&al $arties( <ome of the o$$osition leaders were sent into eAile abroad# and others were im$risoned( Hitler &ame to $ower by similar methods( The NaEi mo1ement was born in the early )/+,s# and &arried out its first 1iolent a&t in the Muni&h "eer Hall $uts&h( =n No1ember M# )/+;# Hitler raided a meeting at the Muni&h -ity "eer hall where "a1arian <tate -ommissioner Gusta1 1on Kahr was s$ea%ing with military units# no different from an organiEed gang# and ?,, <A troo$ers( Hitler entered the meeting in a great rage and o&&u$ied the $remises( Ciring at the &eiling# he said that he was announ&ing a national re1olution( "ut this &ou$ was a failure( Hitler was arrested and li1ed as an eAile for nine months( Nonetheless# in later years# the NaEis grew stronger by terroriEing their o$$onents and in&iting anti5<emiti& hatreds( E1entually# the NaEi 3arty be&ame an im$ortant $arty in $arliament( Throughout all this# of &ourse# the NaEis fre!uently resorted to illegal methods# mu&h li%e the 6talian Cas&ist $arty( =n Hanuary ;,# )/;;# Hitler was made &han&ellor( The $ost was &onferred u$on him by the elderly 3resident Hindenburg# who was aware that the growing $ower of the national <o&ialist Mo1ement was in&reasingly mena&ing# and therefore# made Hitler &han&ellor in order to a1ert a &i1il war( Dhen Hitler again ran for ele&tion in Mar&h# li%e all fas&ist administrations# the NaEis em$loyed terror# intimidation# and de&e$tion( After the ele&tions# the German $arliament immediately $assed the Enabling A&t# whi&h made Hitler di&tator of Germany for four years( 6n this manner# the administrati1e and law5ma%ing $ower &ame into Hitler's hands( "ut# shortly thereafter# the eAtent of his $owers was in&reased still further( 6n August )/;*# at the death of Hindenburg# the offi&es of $resident and &han&ellor were oined together# with Hitler assuming them both( Hitler followed $oli&ies mu&h li%e those of Mussolini( 6n addition to brute for&e# Hitler also made use of 1arious ty$es of anti5demo&rati& methods( Cor instan&e# he banned all o$$osition $arties# and outlawed trade unions# thereby &om$letely eliminating $ersonal freedoms( NaEi influen&e was felt in all wal%s of life( E1en uni1ersity $rofessors were re!uired to ta%e an oath of loyalty to Hitler( 6n <$ain# Cran&o &ame to $ower in the aftermath of a bloody &i1il war( <u$$orted by Hitler and Mussolini# Cran&o's army defeated the &ommunists after a long and fier&e war# and too% $ower o1er the entire &ountry( Cran&o then set u$ a $arti&ularly o$$ressi1e regime# and ruled the &ountry with an "iron fist" until )/4:(

,%ai -as!i # T"c! i7/"s $) Fascis*

There was one $arti&ularly egregious feature of 6talian fas&ism and NaEi Germany: its attem$t to brainwash its &itiEens( This $rogram was founded on two basi& &om$onents# edu&ation and $ro$aganda( 6n Mein 0ampf# Hitler wrote# "3ro$aganda is a means and must therefore be udged with regard to its end((( 3ro$aganda in the Dar was a means to an end# and the end was the struggle for the eAisten&e of the German $eo$leN &onse!uently# $ro$aganda &ould only be &onsidered in a&&ordan&e with the $rin&i$les that were 1alid for this struggle( 6n this &ase the &ruelest wea$ons were humane if they brought about a !ui&%er 1i&tory((( All $ro$aganda must be $o$ular and its intelle&tual le1el must be ad usted to the most limited intelligen&e among those it is addressed to( -onse!uently# the greater the mass it is intended to rea&h# the lower is $urely ;: intelle&tual le1el will ha1e to be("

Hitler was &ertainly effe&ti1e in his use of $ro$aganda( Cor instan&e# the well5%nown dire&tor 2eni Riefenstahl was re!uested to $rodu&e a NaEi $ro$aganda film# Olympia( 6n Triumph of !ill# another film by Riefenstahl# Hitler was shown as an almost di1ine being( 3agan NaEi ideology was $raised in all these films# and ultimately im$osed u$on so&iety( =lym$ia was one of the old &enters of an&ient Gree% $agan &ulture( The &ity# with its famous statue of the Gree% god Leus# was a fitting symbol of the $agan ideology of NaEism( All fas&ist regimes# not ust Hitler's# used $ro$aganda in a most effe&ti1e way in order to im$ose their will on the $ubli&( Mussolini o$enly stated this: Cor me the masses are nothing but a herd of shee$ as long as they are unorganiEed((( The Roman greeting# songs and formulas(((all are essential to fan the flames of the enthusiasm that %ee$s a mo1ement in ;? being(((E1erything turns u$on one's ability to &ontrol the masses li%e an artist(

T!" Us" $) P%"ss/%" T$ E&i*i at" O(($s"' I'"as

=ne interesting eAam$le of fas&ism's efforts to brainwash so&iety were the boo% burning &eremonies in NaEi Germany( The first of these too% $la&e on May ),# )/;;( <tudents from German uni1ersities# whi&h had $re1iously been re&ogniEed as the best in the world# gathered in "erlin and other German &ities# and burned boo%s whi&h &ontained "un5German" ideas( Thousands of boo%s were burned# to the a&&om$animent of NaEi salutes# songs and military musi&( 6n "erlin# NaEi 3ro$aganda Minister Hose$h Goebbels ga1e a s$ee&h to the students stating: The brea%through of the German re1olution has again &leared the way on the German $ath((( The future German man will not ust be a man of boo%s# but a man of &hara&ter( 6t is to this end that we want to edu&ate you( As a young $erson# to already ha1e the &ourage to fa&e the $itiless glare# to o1er&ome the fear of death# and to regain res$e&t for deathIthis is the tas% of this young generation( And thus you do well in this midnight hour to &ommit to the flames the e1il s$irit of the $ast( This is a strong( great and symboli& deedIa deed whi&h should do&ument the following for a world to %nowIHere the intelle&tual foundation of the No1ember 70emo&rati&9 Re$ubli& is sin%ing to the ground# but from this wre&%age the ;4 $hoeniA of a new s$irit will trium$hantly rise((( The fas&ist state $ermits only its own ideology to be taught( =utside of that# nobody must be allowed to thin% anything else# or else# he will be $unished# ha1e his boo%s burned# or be silen&ed in some other way( Ea&h indi1idual is seen as a tool at the ser1i&e of the ideology of the state( Those who do not agree with the ideology are intimidated into doing so( Therefore# the edu&ational system was rendered to the &om$lete ser1i&e of the fas&ist state( The &om$lete transformation of the edu&ational system was outlined in the +,th arti&le of the basi& $rin&i$les of National <o&ialism( Right from $rimary s&hool# &hildren were raised without any ethi&al 1alues or human feeling# and in a way de1oid of affe&tion or &om$assion( They were edu&ated under the $rin&i$le that the strong are most right#

and that it is essential to em$loy for&e to a&hie1e one's aims( The organiEation &reated for German &hildren between the ages of ),5)M was %nown as the Hitler3ugend# or Hitler >outh( All those who oined the Hitler >outh were warned that they must be highly 1igilant in their daily li1es# and should s$y on all those o$$osed to the NaEis( <ome of them e1en denoun&ed their own $arents( The Hitler >outh grew steadily# and by )/;:# ?, $er&ent of youth were enrolled in it( Another ta&ti& used by all fas&ist regimes has been to &on&eal the true history from so&iety# and in its $la&e# to tea&h a fi&titious 1ersion# written by themsel1es( The $ur$ose to this has been to build a &ulture in whi&h the fas&ists' ideals &ould thri1e# enabling them to be&ome both more $o$ular and more firmly rooted in so&iety( The understanding of history# as well as $hiloso$hy# throughout the edu&ational $ro&ess were entirely monitored by the fas&ist state( As they were edu&ated by the system# $eo$le were entirely unaware that they were being brainwashed in fas&ist ideology# and that all other ideas were &om$letely &ensored(

T!" I'$&s $) Fascis*: T!" Sac%"' L"a'"%

The most im$ortant element of fas&ism is the leader# whose name is gi1en $rominen&e in e1ery as$e&t of so&iety( The Hitler# Mussolini and Cran&o regimes were &lear eAam$les of this( The titles used by these di&tators# "0er CRhrer#" "6l 0u&e" or "El -audillo" all signify the same thingI "The all5%nowing leader(" And# indeed# the three ran their res$e&ti1e states totally a&&ording to their own desires# while their &losest &olleagues and most senior offi&ers were left out of the de&ision5ma%ing $ro&ess( Cas&ism as&ribes an almost sa&red $ower to the leader# in order that he &an maintain his a$$eal and in&rease his a&&e$tan&e among the $eo$le( The leader is the ruler of the whole &ountry and of its $eo$le# $ortrayed as being $art of him( A Nationalist <o&ialist leader# Herr <$aniol# s$ea%ing at <aarbrue&%en in Hanuary# )/;:# said: 6 do not belie1e that the -hur&hes will &ontinue to eAist in their $resent form( 6n the future religion will be ;M &alled National <o&ialism( 6ts $ro$het# its $o$e# its Hesus -hrist# will be &alled Adolf Hitler( 6n a similar way# Mussolini was seen in 6taly as someone with s$e&ial abilities# a su$erior being# &hosen and formed es$e&ially for the tas% in hand( The &ommandments and $ronoun&ements issued by Mussolini were &alled the "Cas&ist 0e&alogue#" and the eighth of these# "The 0u&e is always right#" be&ame a slogan that was ;/ heard all o1er 6taly in the )/+,s and ;,s( "y )/;:# membershi$ of the fas&ist youth organiEation# the =$era Nationale "alilla# be&ame &om$ulsory for all 6talian youth( >oung 6talians who be&ame a member of "alilla *, swore to "(((belie1e in Rome the eternal((( in the genius of Mussolini# in our Holy Cather Cas&ism(" Another method em$loyed to $ortray the fas&ist leader as sa&red was the $utting u$ of his $i&ture and statues all o1er the &ountry( This had a $rofound $sy&hologi&al effe&t on the $ubli&# who &onstantly felt

themsel1es within the leader's $ower and under his &ontrol# and e1en# that he was always wat&hing them( Mussolini's offi&ial $ro$aganda ser1i&e used to ad1ise the $ress how# when and whi&h of his $i&tures was to be $rinted# on whi&h $age# in what arrangement# and in what siEe( 6n these $hotogra$hs# "6l 0u&e" a$$eared before his $eo$le in $om$ous $oses: brandishing a sword# stressing e&onomi& de1elo$ment in a har1est area# addressing young fas&ists# as a tireless wor%er or s$ortsman( 6n ea&h &ase# Mussolini was $resented as the hero of the $eo$le( News$a$er $ages were adorned with $i&tures of him flying $lanes# um$ing hurdles on horseba&%# swimming# s%iing in the Al$s# fen&ing# in $ara&hutist &ostume et&( <o effe&ti1e was this $ro$aganda that e1en his oldest friends used to stand to attention whene1er they saw him( Thus Mussolini was able to satisfy his enormous ego# not e1en allowing his oldest friends to sit down# but %ee$ing them on their feet for hours( The methods em$loyed to $ortray the fas&ist leader as su$erhuman# during the eras of Hitler and Mussolini# are also used by modern fas&ists in our own time( The fas&ist di&tator in 6ra!# <addam Hussein# is su&h an eAam$le( Cor years# the streets of fas&ist 6ra! ha1e been &o1ered with huge $i&tures of him( And# in them# he is shown in different roles as leader of the $eo$le: as a farmer in the &ountry# a wor%er in a fa&tory# as a soldier in the barra&%s( He ma%es his $resen&e felt e1erywhere# in an attem$t to gi1e the im$ression of being "one who sees and %nows all#" in other words# a sa&red being(

Fascist R$*a ticis*

Howe1er# fas&ism &ertainly does not &onsist merely of the leader and the fas&ist $arty around him( 6n both NaEi Germany and 6taly# there was tremendous $o$ular su$$ort for the regime( This was $rodu&ed in a number of ways( Cas&ist regimes are not sim$ly "authoritarian#" &rushing their $eo$le into silen&eN they are also "totalitarian(" The $arti&ular feature that attra&ts $eo$le to a fas&ist ideology in a totalitarian system is "eAtreme romanti&ism(" 3eo$le who ha1e irrational and romanti& or emotional atta&hments to ideals and mo1ements in their own time or in history are easily led and mani$ulated# and &an e1en be $ro1o%ed to &ommit &rimes( 6f su&h $eo$le &an be &on1in&ed that the &ruelties re!uired of them are &arried out for a sa&red &ause# su&h as the "su$eriority of their own ra&e#" there is no limit to the in usti&es they &an be deluded into &ommitting( Cas&ist regimes re&ogniEe this# and do their utmost to %ee$ their $eo$le in a state of irrational emotional eAuberan&e and agitation( They $resent what a$$ear to be sa&red 1alues to the $eo$le and en&ourage them in self5sa&rifi&e for the sa%e of the state# to des$ise other nations or ra&es# and e1en to torture and %ill( Cor this reason# fas&ist regimes ha1e always tended to atta&h great im$ortan&e to mass rallies# mar&hes# meetings and &eremonies( Their aim is to form a shee$5li%e sense of unity in the $eo$le( The $eo$le are first di1erted from religion with symbols# statues# days of remembran&e# flags# tor&hes# and uniforms( Grand mo1ing &eremonies are designed to re$la&e the eA$erien&e of religious ones( These indo&trinated &rowds &onform to the fas&ist ideals# in false oy and eA&itement# as if &arrying out an a&t of di1ine worshi$( The fre!uent re$etition of written and shouted slogans# &ries# martial musi& and salutes are a 1ital $art of fas&ist &eremonies(

These fas&ist &rowds are de1oid of any %ind of intelligent thought or beha1ior( All that remains is a grou$ of $eo$le whi$$ed u$ by slogans# songs and $oems# but deaf to all reason( These masses# who identify themsel1es and their leaders with heroes from mythology or legends from the $ast# &arry out their atro&ities with an artifi&ially indu&ed sense of "heroism(" 6f the day &omes when they are &alled to a&&ount for their a&tions# they say they did it for the nation# and that they are a&tually its heroes( Those who followed Hitler and Mussolini did so under the effe&ts of su&h hy$nosis# $er$etrating their atro&ities in this state of false eA&itement( 'nder fas&ism# a $erson's natural lo1e for his $eo$le and &ountry is turned into a dangerous sentimentality and a mindless loss of self5&ontrol# whereby whole so&ieties are dri1en to %ill by eA$loiting these emotions( 7see 8omanticism" + !eapon of Satan, Harun >ahya9

Fascis*'s Fa&s" Sac%"' 2a&/"s

Cas&ism is a faulted &reed whi&h sets out to do away with di1ine religions and to re$la&e them with $agan beliefs( And# it is to be eA$e&ted that# if false# those 1alues whi&h it holds as sa&red must also be false( Cor instan&e# the NaEis re$eatedly used the slogan "%lut and %oden" 7"lood and <oil9# and made symbols out of both &on&e$ts( Cor instan&e# during Hitler's unsu&&essful $uts&h in )/+;# one of the swasti%a flags# wet from the blood of wounded NaEis# was turned into a sa&red reli&( -alled "%lutfahne#" 7"lood Clag9 it was &onser1ed ust as it was# and was the most sa&red symbol at all NaEi &eremonies( =ther# new flags were tou&hed to it# so that it *) might transmit something of its own "sa&red" !uality( Dar and 1iolen&e# two more fundamental elements of fas&ism# are $agan &on&e$ts that it attem$ts to $ortray as sa&red 1alues( 6n di1ine religions# the aim is to &reate a so&iety and world free of 1iolen&e and war# whereas under fas&ism# war is a 1irtue by itself( Cas&ism belie1es that a $eo$le gain honor and strength from the wars it wages and from its slain( Naturally# this belief leads to further wars and the shedding of more blood( Cas&ism &ontinually $re$ares new atro&ities and a ri1er of bloodshed(

T!" I*a#i a%5 E "*i"s $) t!" Fascist Stat"

Cas&ism is a &om$letely hollow ideology# and needs to be in a &onstant state of agitation in order to sur1i1e( The fa&tor that most strengthens the fas&ist state in the eyes of its $eo$le is the myth of "internal and eAternal enemies(" All fas&ist states &reate imaginary enemies# and de&lare all out war on them( The di&tatorshi$ see%s to strengthen by re$eated daily media &o1erage of glorious 1i&tories o1er the enemy( And this ins$ires the belief that# "in order to $rote&t the $eo$le from these great dangers# it is ne&essary to be harsh and ruthless to the o$$osition(" The fas&ist regime &lings to $ower with the e1er5$re1alent idea of "us and them#" and of imaginary enemies of the $eo$le( A ustifi&ation is thus $ro1ided for the erosion of the for&e of law# 1iolations of human

rights# and state terrorism( Those who &riti&iEe fas&ism are automati&ally a&&used of &oo$erating with the imaginary enemy( Hitler &hose the Hews and &ommunists# Mussolini the &ommunists# and in our own time# fas&ists su&h as <addam Hussein the 'nited <tates# and <lobodan Milose1i& the Muslims# as enemies# and all &reating an artifi&ial unity with this imagined threat( This fi&titious danger is fas&ism's most im$ortant $ro$aganda wea$on# by whi&h a grie1ous mena&e is said to eAist# and the fas&ist leader is $ortrayed as a "hero" who will sa1e his $eo$le from it( 6n this illusory s&enario# the artifi&ial enemy is always brought under atta&%# and the fas&ist leader heroi&ally re$els him and defends his $eo$le( That is why the $eo$le of 6ra! are still so atta&hed to <addam Hussein# des$ite all his o$$ression( <addam has eA$ertly managed to use his own ruthlessness in the media to denoun&e other &ountries as enemies(

Fascist Pa%a $ia

=ne of the most blatant features of the fas&ist state is its distrust of its own $eo$le# and the way by whi&h it attem$ts to eliminate e1erybody it has doubts about through ruthless methods# e1en to the eAtent of murder( Nearly all fas&ist regimes institute "se&ret $oli&e" for&es to %ee$ their own $o$ulations under &ontrol and weed out the o$$osition( The infamous Gesta$o is a $roof of the s&ale of the torture and sa1agery that the $aranoia of fas&ist regimes leads to( 6n his boo% The True %elie$er, Eri& Hoffer des&ribes the $oli&y of fear im$lemented by the NaEis to %ee$ the $ubli& under &ontrol( The ran5and5file within the NaEi $arty were made to feel that they were &ontinually under obser1ation and were %e$t in a $ermanent state of uneasy &ons&ien&e and fear( Cear of one's neighbors# one's friends and e1en one's relati1es seems to be the rule within all mass mo1ements( Now and then inno&ent $eo$le are deliberately *+ a&&used and sa&rifi&ed in order to %ee$ sus$i&ion ali1e( Cas&ism belie1es that if $eo$le are left to their own de1i&es they will both betray the regime and be&ome de&adent( The way to bring the $eo$le to heel is by the use of re$ression( The Cren&h $hiloso$her George <orel 7)M*45)/++9# one of the ideologues of fas&ism# and who was a $arti&ular influen&e on Mussolini# heads the list of those who belie1ed in the idea( <orel maintained that so&ieties naturally be&ame de&adent and disordered( 6n his 1iew# this de&ay had to be $re1ented by the use of for&e# through the establishment of a totalitarian order( Cas&ist $aranoia still &ontinues today( 6t is this sus$i&iousness that lies behind <addam Hussein's ha1ing his &losest relati1es %illed on $ossibility of "betrayal(" After ousting 3resident Ahmad Hassan al5"a%r in )/4/# <addam had more than half the "aath 3arty# of whi&h he was a member# %illed( The &riteria for eliminating $eo$le were their intentions# he said# to a1oid the harm they might &ause the family in the future( His son 'day is in &harge of the terror ma&hine of li!uidating the "traitors" in the family( <addam's gang of assassinsIall thugs# $sy&ho$aths and %illers from his own &lanIbe&ame the &ore of a s$e&ial se&urity a$$aratus that he moulded in )/?,'s on the NaEi << style( 6t is %nown that <addam showed them the 1ideo of the Romanian di&tator Ni&olai -eauses&u's fall and eAe&ution reminding them that they &ould meet an end similar to that of the *; se&uritate if the regime was to fall(

T!" Fascist L$." $) 2i$&" c"

6n a re$ort titled ""ritish in Afri&a 2a&% Killer 'rge" $ublished in The Ne 9or. Times of Hune +*# )/*+# Hames Aldridge des&ribes the NaEi 1iew of war and %illing in these words: The German &ommanders are s&ientists# who are &ontinually eA$erimenting with and im$ro1ing the hard# mathemati&al formula of %illing( They are trained as mathemati&ians# engineers and &hemists fa&ing &om$li&ated $roblems( There is no art in it# there is no imagination( Dar is $ure $hysi&s to them( The German soldier is trained with a $sy&hology of the darede1il tra&% rider( He is a $rofessional %iller# with no distra&tions( He ** belie1es he is the toughest man on earth( This model of "$rofessional %iller" em$loyed by the NaEis is a &ommon feature of fas&ism( Cas&ists regard the use of for&e and 1iolen&e as an end in itself( The influen&e of 0arwinism $lays a ma or role here( The 0arwinist su$erstitions that human beings are nothing but de1elo$ed animals# and that only the strong &an sur1i1e# did away with the ethi&al 1alues( 2o1e and &om$assion were re$la&ed by feelings of aggression# re1enge and struggle# sentiments that were $resented to $eo$le as a s&ientifi& ne&essity( Cas&ists see &onfli&t as a law of nature# and belie1e that $ea&e# se&urity and &omfort im$ede the $rogress of man%ind( Mussolini's words# when o$ening the Cas&ist -ulture and 3ro$aganda <&hool in Milan in )/+)# are *: an indi&ation of this# where he identified a&tion as the for&e that would lead fas&ism to 1i&tory( A&ts of 1iolen&e# destru&tion# assaults and fighting are what %ee$ fas&ists' morale at a high le1el( These are the eAa&t o$$osite of $ea&e# brotherhood# $ea&e and tran!uility( The ignoran&e of the fas&ists also $lays a $i1otal role in their tenden&y towards 1iolen&e( That is why Hitler felt the need for fighters in his ra&ist regime# not intelle&tuals( The NaEis' a&ts of 1iolen&e were &arried to that end by s$e&ially formed organiEations( The first of these# the <A 7Sturma#teilung# or <torm Troo$ers9 were formed in )/+,# and in )/+) they too% on a $aramilitary !uality( There were a great many street thugs in the ran%s of the <A( The grou$ was also %nown as the ""rown <hirts#" and was led by Ernst RShm# %nown for his $sy&ho$athi& nature 7and his homoseAual tenden&ies9( The <A &arried out &ountless a&ts of terrorism throughout the )/+,s in order to strengthen the NaEi 3arty( <A units &arried out sudden atta&%s on o$$onents of the NaEis# s$ilt blood in street fights# and tortured those o$$onents they too% as "$risoners of war(" Hitler too% $ride in the 1iolen&e of the <A( 6n Mein 0ampf# he des&ribed one "su&&essful" atta&% that was &arried out on o$$onents of the NaEis: Dhen 6 entered the 1estibule of the HofbrTuhaus Jbeer hallK at a !uarter of eight# there &ould indeed be no doubt with regard to the eAisting intention( The room was o1er&rowded and had therefore been &losed by the $oli&e((( The small <(A( awaited me in the 1estibule( 6 had the doors to the large hall &losed and then ordered the forty5fi1e or forty5siA men to line u$((( My storm troo$ers @ for so they were &alled from this day on @ atta&%ed( 2i%e wol1es they flung themsel1es in $a&%s of eight or ten again and again on their enemies# and little by little a&tually begun to thrash them out of the hall( After only fi1e minutes 6 hardly saw a one of them who was not *? &o1ered with blood( The <A began to fall from gra&e when the NaEis &ame to $ower# and the star of the more $rofessional << 7<&hutEstaffel# or Guard 0eta&hments9# with their military dis&i$line# began to rise( This &or$ wore bla&% shirts(

>oung $eo$le were sele&ted a&&ording to "ra&ial &riteria" for membershi$ in the <<( They had to $ossess Aryan ra&ial features( The Daffen5<< was the military wing of the <<( The Toten.opf# or 0eaths Head# 0i1ision within the Daffen5<< was $arti&ularly renowned for its &ruelty# and was brought in to man the &on&entration &am$s( <imilar &am$s had also been set u$ by Mussolini# and )M#,,, of the ;:#,,, $la&ed in these "eAtermination &am$s" were %illed( There were a great many other deaths# murders# and unsol1ed %illings throughout the fas&ist $eriod in 6taly( Mussolini admitted to the &ruelty of fas&ism in one of his s$ee&hes: "Cas&ism is no longer *4 liberation but tyranny# no longer the safeguard of the nation but the defense of $ri1ate interests(" 6t was also $ossible to see su&h eAam$les of 1iolen&e in Cran&o's <$ain( E1en at the 1ery outset of the &i1il war# Cran&o's ruthless methods had attra&ted attention( Cor instan&e# in a small mountain 1illage north of Madrid# )M $eo$le were arrested for 1oting for the 3o$ular Cront( After !uestioning# ); of these were ta%en out of the 1illage by lorry and %illed by the side of the road( Dhen the fas&ists entered the small town of 2oro del Rio with its $o$ulation of ))#,,, near <e1ille# they %illed more than ;,, $eo$le( =$$ression too% on a $arti&ularly 1iolent form in the &ities( To su&h an eAtent that the number of those %illed is e1en today not %nown *M for &ertain( Cran&o had hundreds of thousands of his own $eo$le %illed# e1en in&luding the elderly# women and &hildren( The words of a member of the anti5Cran&o resistan&e in Hune )/;? des&ribe the situation: Thousands of $eo$le ha1e been tortured# women who refused to turn in their lo1ed ones ha1e been hung u$side down# &hildren ha1e been shot# and the mothers who witnessed the torture of their &hildren ha1e gone */ madP Cran&o dragged <$ain into a terrible &i1il war( "rother fought against brother# and father against son( An a1erage of :,, $eo$le died e1ery day( A&ts of 1iolen&e# slaughter# mass torture# and %illings went on without end( The <$anish -i1il Dar left some ?,,#,,, dead in its wa%e( :, Hitler and Mussolini used <$ain as a laboratory# a testing5ground for new troo$s and wea$ons( The most terrible eAam$le of this was a 1illage that Cran&o $resented to Hitler as a gift in return for his assistan&e( =n the morning of May :# )/;4# the $eo$le of the 1illage of Guerni&a were wi$ed out by the huge bomber :) $lanes manufa&tured by NaEi te&hnology( Cran&o had left the little 1illage as an eA$eriment for NaEi $lanes(

Fascis*'s P$&ic5 $) C$ 7/"st

Another feature without whi&h fas&ism &annot sur1i1e is its $oli&y of eA$ansion by &on!uering other &ountries( The basis of this $oli&y of &on!uest is ra&ism# and the &on&e$t of "the struggle for sur1i1al between the ra&es#" a lega&y of 0arwinism( Cas&ist states belie1e that in order to de1elo$ as a nation# they ha1e to &on!uer wea%er nations# and grow by absorbing them( A&&ording to fas&ist thin%ing# man &an only $rogress by engaging in war( Therefore# "militarism" is fas&ism's most defining &hara&teristi&( 6n order to en&ourage this martial s$irit# fas&ist $arties attem$t to im$ress their &itiEens with their uniforms and $om$ous &eremonies( 6n Mussolini's words# "Cas&ism((( belie1es neither in

the $ossibility nor the utility of $er$etual $ea&e( Dar alone brings u$ to its highest tension all human energy and :+ $uts the stam$ of nobility u$on the $eo$les who ha1e &ourage to meet it(" Mussolini eA$ressed his o$$osition to $ea&e in another s$ee&h# saying# "6 do not belie1e in $ea&e# but 6 :; find it de$ressing and a negation of all human 1irtues of man(" Mussolini infli&ted great suffering# both on his own $eo$le and on those in the &ountries he o&&u$ied# in the name of his ideology( He o&&u$ied Ethio$ia7Abyssinia9 in )/;:# and ):#,,, inno&ent Muslims were %illed towards his dreams of "re1i1ing the Roman Em$ire(" He had no &om$un&tion about ordering &i1ilians who tried to fight the o&&u$ation to be shot( He was also res$onsible for terrible atro&ities through the use of $oison gas against &i1ilians( The most grie1ous eAam$le of fas&ism's $oliti&s of o&&u$ation is# of &ourse# NaEi Germany( The NaEis &laimed that the Germans# "the master ra&e#" needed "room to li1e" beyond the frontiers of Germany# and for that reason s$ar%ed Dorld Dar 66( Dithin a 1ery short time# the German Army had o&&u$ied 3oland# "elgium# the "alti& &ountries# Cran&e# the "al%an 3eninsula and Northern Afri&a# in1aded Russia as far as Mos&ow# and headed from there to the -as$ian <ea( This murder# whi&h ultimately &ulminated in a disaster for the German $eo$le as well as for those of other &ountries# left :: million dead# and was the bloodiest lega&y of fas&ism in the +,th &entury(

T!" Fascist S5st"*'s Attac3 $

A%t

Another disturbing as$e&t of fas&ism is that $eo$le li1ing under su&h a regime are unable to de1elo$ their artisti& talents# and that their s&ientifi& resear&h fails to $rodu&e any $rodu&ti1e results( 6n order to determine the reason for this# we must first define what art is( Art is found in $eo$le ta%ing $leasure in beauty and wanting to eA$ress it( Therefore# it first of all re!uires a soul &a$able of a$$re&iating beauty( Cor instan&e# an artist who $ossesses feelings su&h as lo1e and affe&tion &an see beauty in an animal# a lands&a$e# or a $lant( He eA$erien&es a feeling of oy# whi&h he then tries to de$i&t( A &om$oser# in the $resen&e of su&h beauty $rodu&es beautiful musi&# be&ause his soul# feeling that beauty# longs to eA$ress it( The same a$$lies to e1ery other ty$e of art# from literature to musi&( Howe1er# it is im$ossible for those with a dar% and &old soul# who are used to o$$ression and &ruelty# and who ha1e lost all semblan&e of humanity# to $rodu&e art( 6t is im$ossible for a $erson who belie1es in aggression and the su$eriority of for&e# who &onsiders that bloodshed is ne&essary# who sees the world as a battleground# a %ind of arena where only the strong ha1e the right to li1e# to be affe&ted by the beauties of nature or human beings# and influen&ed by their intri&a&ies( Those are the &hara&teristi&s of fas&ists# and therefore# it is im$ossible for a fas&ist to $ossess any artisti& feeling( The fas&ist soul is utterly debilitated and ignorant# and la&%s all understanding# and &onsiders art "unne&essary(" A&tually# the fas&ists' hostility to art goes ba&% to an&ient <$arta# that an&ient &ity whi&h they too% as a model( At a $eriod when art was greatly $riEed in Athens# <$arta saw art as unne&essary# and raised its &itiEens instead to be&ome warriors from an early age( 6t was 1irtually forbidden for <$artan &hildren to ta%e an interest in sub e&ts su&h as reading and writing or art in their edu&ation(

6n +,th &entury fas&ist states# wor%s of art# if any# were $re$ared and &ontrolled by the state to ser1e as $ro$aganda( These were the $rodu&ts of a soulless and me&hani&al "art to order(" No real wor%s of art emerged( Cor instan&e# only those sub e&ts that the state allowed &ould be $ainted# su&h as war( <ub e&ts disli%ed by the state were forbidden( The same a$$lied to the written word# only those things the fas&ist state $ermitted &ould be written about# and nothing else( As a result# art totally unrelated to true art emerged# that# aestheti&ally# rendered art# ar&hite&ture and literature rigid# soulless and dull( The most ob1ious eAam$les of this were seen in Hitler's Germany( "e&ause of his ra&ist 1iews# Hitler boy&otted &ertain art forms( Cor eAam$le# be&ause he loo%ed on Afri&ans as an "inferior ra&e#" the $laying of aEE was forbidden in Germany# for it was regarded as "bla&% man's musi&(" 6n )/;:# Eugen Hadamows%i# the head of German radio# announ&ed that by order of Hitler# he $rohibited the $laying of Negro aEE on German radio( At the beginning of the )/*,s# at the height of Hitler's $ower# aEE began to be used as a $ro$aganda tool in radio broad&asts dire&ted at Great "ritain and Ameri&a( At that time# and in most &ountries# aEE was one of the most $o$ular forms of musi&( Euro$e's greatest aEE musi&ians were brought together( The first thing done was to translate all the English names of the famous aEE songs into German( The lyri&s of these songs were altered to &onform with NaEi $ro$aganda# and was $layed only on $rograms aimed at the Dest# and &om$letely forbidden on domesti& German radio( The lyri&s of the songs were entirely fas&ist in &ontent( Here is one eAam$le( >ou're the greatestP >ou're a German $ilotP >ou're ma&hine gun fireP >ou're a heroi& submarinerP :* >ou're the greatestP >ou're a German bomberP That was the NaEis' idea of art and musi&( 3aintings# song lyri&s# musi& and literature were all eA$e&ted to in&lude sub e&ts a$$ro1ed of by the state( 3ainters &ould only $aint sub e&ts that en&ouraged the s$irit of war( Cor instan&e# when the abo1e5mentioned "state &ontrolled aEE grou$" $rodu&ed a re&ord that did not &onsist of NaEi $ro$aganda# they were immediately a&&used of being "degenerate" and warned ne1er to try su&h a thing again( And# that was not the end of Hitler's measures against artists( After the ra&e laws of )/;;# the 8eichsmusi..ammer 7Rei&h Musi& -hamber9 re!uired a registry of all German musi&ians( As a result# hundreds of talented &om$osers had their wor% deliberately su$$ressed and &areers ended sim$ly be&ause their ra&e or style of musi& offended the Third Rei&h( Camous wor%s by Mendelssohn# Mahler and <&hoenberg were used as :: eAam$les of una&&e$table musi&( A&&ording to Hitler# the role of art was to &arry $oliti&al messages in order to sha$e the mind of the $ubli&( Dhat to Hitler was true art was that whi&h $ortrayed life in the &ountryside# the healthy# and the Aryan ra&e( 6n one s$ee&h# he offered his 1iews on art and artists: De shall dis&o1er and en&ourage the artists who are able to im$ress u$on the <tate of the German $eo$le the &ultural stam$ of the Germani& ra&e((( in their origin and in the $i&ture whi&h they $resent they are the :? eA$ressions of the soul and the ideals of the &ommunity(

As &an be dis&erned from all that has been mentioned# the artisti& talents and s&ientifi& endea1or of $eo$le li1ing under fas&ist regimes are ultimately fruitless( =n the other hand# howe1er# a so&iety whi&h li1es by true religion sees great $rogress and de1elo$ment in the arts( <in&e religious $eo$le %now that the uni1erse and all li1ing things in it were &reated by God# they loo% at e1erything around them with the intention of re&ogniEing their beauty( They see the art in God's &reation and are in awe of it( They see $eo$le# animals# $lants and e1erything in nature as God's &reations# and both lo1e and a$$re&iate them# realiEing their beauty and detail( 6n fa&t# the greatest wor%s of art in history arose out of ins$iration artists ha1e found in religious sub e&ts(

Fascis*'s Hat%"' $) W$*"

There is another little %nown but eA&eedingly im$ortant as$e&t of fas&ism( 6t has an inimi&al attitude towards women# and sees them as inferior to men( This fa&t is re&ogniEable in words and statements of +,th &entury fas&ist leaders( Cor instan&e# Mussolini's statement to Mauri&e de Faleffe# a re$orter for the Cren&h $ubli&ation 6ournal# on No1( )+# )/++# o$enly belittled women: There are those who say that 6 intend to limit the right to 1ote( NoQ E1ery &itiEen will %ee$ his right to 1ote for the Rome 3arliamentP 2et me also admit to you that 6 am not thin%ing of eAtending the 1ote to women( There would be no $oint( My blood o$$oses all %inds of feminism when it &omes to women $arti&i$ating in state affairs( Naturally a woman shouldn't be a sla1e# but if 6 &on&eded her the 1ote# 6'd be :4 laughed at( 6n our state# she must not &ount( 0uring the serious e&onomi& &risis beginning in )/;,# Mussolini ordered that women should lea1e their $la&es of wor%( "e&ause he saw women as "thie1es who rea&h out to steal men's bread# and res$onsible for :M men's un$rodu&ti1eness(" The 0u&e's 1iews on women are stri%ingly a$$arent in an inter1iew he granted the Cren&h ournalist HUlVne Gosset in )/;+: Domen must submitP E1en if they ha1e an analyti&al $ower# they ha1e no syntheti& one( Ha1e they e1er $ut u$ an ar&hite&tural stru&tureO 6 am not tal%ing about a tem$le: a woman &ould do no better than ere&ting a hut( Domen are strangers to ar&hite&ture# the synthesis of all the arts: and their destiny ends at :/ this $oint( Through 1arious measures# restri&tions on women in the wor%$la&e were also im$osed in edu&ation( Cor instan&e# a de&ree of Han( ;,# )/+4 forbade women in high s&hool from ta%ing &lasses in literature and $hiloso$hy( A de&ree $assed in )/+M resorted to legal measures to o$$ose women's edu&ation# and women were $re1ented from be&oming dire&tors of middle s&hools( Cemale students were re!uired to $ay double the fees in s&hools and uni1ersities(

A de&ree whi&h Mussolini $ut before 3arliament on No1( +M# )/;; de&lared# "<tate bodies are em$owered to im$ose &onditions eA&luding women in ad1ertisements for eAams to ta%e on new em$loyees(( They must ?, im$ose limits against a rise in the number of female wor%ers in $ubli& offi&esP" A&&ording to a de&ree instituted by for&e of law on <e$t( )# )/;M# women &ould only ma%e u$ ), $er&ent of the wor%for&e in $ubli& offi&es( 6n NaEi Germany the status of women as "se&ond &lass &itiEens" was e1en more $ronoun&ed( The German Edu&ation Ministry de&ided that women should ma%e u$ no more than ), $er&ent of high s&hool graduates( 6n )/;*# only )#:,, out of e1ery ),#,,, female high s&hool graduates were allowed to $ro&eed to higher edu&ation( 6n )/+/# there were ;/ National <o&ialist edu&ation bodies( =nly two of these were for women( 2aws were $assed banning women from ta%ing 2atin &lasses in middle s&hool: before ha1ing e1en finished high ?) s&hool# they were $re1ented from going on to uni1ersity( These de&rees did not ust re$resent a so&ial ideology or merely im$osed regulations to foster a di1ision of labor# they were a&tually the im$lementation of the biologi&al dogma of NaEism( Maria A( Ma&&io&&hi# author of El:ments pour une +nalyse du 'ascisme &omments that in the eyes of the NaEis# women were a %ind ?+ of animal( A&&ording to su&h a $hiloso$hy# women were a $rimiti1e ra&e# at a lower le1el in biologi&al ?; terms(

T!" Da%-i ist R$$ts $) t!" H$sti&it5 t$ W$*"

The root of this $re udi&e among fas&ists towards women was# as in so many other matters# 0arwinism( Cas&ists did not merely a$$ro$riate the idea of the ine!uality between the ra&es from 0arwinism# they also ado$ted the idea that men were su$erior to women( 6n The Descent of Man, 0arwin wrote that women some of whose "$owers of intuition# of ra$id $er&e$tion# and $erha$s of imitation are &hara&teristi& of the lower ra&es# and therefore of a $ast and lower state ?* of &i1ilisation(" A&&ording to 0arwin# e1olution meant "a struggle of indi1iduals of one seA# generally males# ?: for the $ossession of the other seA(" 6n the Descent# 0arwin also wrote# "Man is more $owerful in body and mind than woman# and in the sa1age state he %ee$s her in a far more ab e&t state of bondage than does the male of any other animalN therefore ?? it is not sur$rising that he should ha1e gained the $ower of sele&tion(" E1olution was in the hands of men# and women were basi&ally $assi1e( As a result# women had e1ol1ed less and were more $rimiti1e# for whi&h reason ?4 women were dominated by instin&t and emotions# whi&h was their "greatest wea%ness(" 0arwin maintained his 1iews on the su$eriority of men and its im$ortan&e for e1olution throughout his life( He had this to say about this issue also by referring to his &ousin Cran&is Galton's theories: The &hief distin&tion in the intelle&tual $owers of the two seAes is shewn by man's attaining to a higher eminen&e# in whate1er he ta%es u$# than &an womanIwhether re!uiring dee$ thought# reason# or imagination# or merely the use of the senses and hands( 6f two lists were made of the most eminent men and women in $oetry# $ainting# s&ul$ture# musi& 7in&lusi1e both of &om$osition and $erforman&e9#

history# s&ien&e# and $hiloso$hy# with half5a5doEen names under ea&h sub e&t# the two lists would not bear &om$arison( De may also infer# from the law of the de1iation from a1erages# so well illustrated by Mr( Galton# in his wor% on Hereditary Genius# that if men are &a$able of a de&ided $re5eminen&e o1er women ?M in many sub e&ts# the a1erage of mental $ower in man must be abo1e that of woman( 0arwin's 1iews &ould also be re&ogniEed in his $ersonal outloo% towards women( He des&ribed a woman's role in marriage as "&onstant &om$anion# 7friend in old age9 who will feel interested in one# ob e&t to ?/ be belo1ed and $layed withIbetter than a dog anyhowIHome# and someone to ta%e &are of house (((" 6t is e1ident that 0arwin loo%ed at women and the institution of the family from a materialisti& stand$oint( There was not a tra&e of lo1e# res$e&t# loyalty# affe&tion or &om$assion in his outloo%( The e1olutionist and materialist -arl Fogt# a &ontem$orary of 0arwin and a Gene1a s&holar of the mid nineteenth &entury# also held dis$araging 1iews regarding women( "De may be sure that where1er we $er&ei1e an a$$roa&h to the animal ty$e the female is nearer to it than the male" he wrote( "Hen&e we should dis&o1er a 4, greater Ja$eli%eK resemblan&e if we were to ta%e a female as our standard(" Many e1olutionists# following 0arwin# ha1e &ontinued to maintain that women are inferior to men# both biologi&ally and intelle&tually( <ome e1olutionists ha1e e1en &lassified men and women as two distin&t 4) $sy&hologi&al s$e&ies: males were homo frontalis# females homo parietalis( =ne e1olutionist# Elaine Morgan# noted that 0arwin had moti1ated men into resear&hing the reasons why women were "manifestly inferior and 4+ irre1ersibly subordinant"( 3aul "ro&a 7)M+*5)MM,9# an e1olutionist $hysi&ist and anthro$ologist# was $arti&ularly interested in the differen&es in intelligen&e and brain siEe between men and women# as&ribing their inferior intelligen&e to the smaller siEe of their brains( Another follower of 0arwin# the e1olutionist so&ial $sy&hologist Gusta1e 2e "on# wroteN 6n the most intelligent ra&es ((( are a large number of women whose brains are &loser in siEe to those of gorillas than to the most de1elo$ed male brains( This inferiority is so ob1ious that no one &an &ontest it for a momentN only its degree is worth dis&ussion( ((( Domen ((( re$resent the most inferior forms of human e1olution and ((( are &loser to &hildren and sa1ages than to an adult# &i1iliEed man( They eA&el in fi&%leness# in&onsisten&y# absen&e of thought and logi&# and in&a$a&ity to reason( Dithout a doubt there eAist some distinguished women ((( but they are as eA&e$tional as the birth of any monstrosity# as# for 4; eAam$le# of a gorilla with two headsN &onse!uently# we may negle&t them entirely( Therefore# at the basis of fas&ism's dis$aragement of and &ontem$t for women lies the theory of 0arwinism( Mussolini's ta%ing away of women's so&ial rights# and Hitler's building of "breeding farms" to re$rodu&e the su$erior ra&e and obliging young girls to slee$ with << offi&ers# are all refle&tions of fas&ists' attitudes to women( "oth 0arwinists and fas&ists are enemies of women( They see them as an inferior and ba&%ward s$e&ies# and both des$ise them# as well as em$loying dis&riminatory and o$$ressi1e methods against them( This fas&ist $ers$e&ti1e is &om$letely at odds with the ethi&s of the Koran( God has &ommanded in the Koran that women should be &herished# res$e&ted# and $rote&ted( 6n addition# He has shown eAam$les of women with su$erior morals# su&h as Mary and the wife of 3haraoh( 6n the eyes of God# su$eriority does not lie

in ra&e# seA or ran%# but in &loseness to Him and strength of belief( 6n a number of 1erses of the Koran# God has re1ealed that all belie1ers will re&ei1e their reward without dis&rimination between men and women( T#(-/ Lo/+ /(".on+" 'o '#(): "I $- no' (' '#( +((+" o* &n! +o(/ &)on, !o% ,o 'o $&"'(: )& ( o/ *()& (A!o% &/( 2o'# '#( "&)( -n '#&' /(".(0'B" 8Ko/&n: 6:1?C5 An!on(: )& ( o/ *()& (: $#o +o(" /-,#' &0'-on" &n+ -" & 2( -(1(/: $- (n'(/ '#( G&/+(n. T#(! $no' 2( $/on,(+ 2! "o )%0# &" '#( '-n-("' ".(07. 8Ko/&n: ;:12;5 A 5$ " -!$ acts %i#!t&5, *a&" $% )"*a&", 6"i # a 6"&i"."%, W" -i&& #i." t!"* a #$$' &i)" a ' W" -i&& %"c$*(" s" t!"* acc$%'i # t$ t!" 6"st $) -!at t!"5 'i'8 9K$%a , :;:<=> Howe1er# as religion was abandoned# these truths were abandoned with it# and in their $la&e were $ro1ided su$erstitions su&h as fas&ism and 0arwinism# in whi&h all forms of dis&rimination based on seA or ra&e are seen as ustified(

Fascis*'s S"?/a& D".iati$ s

The hostility to women that we ha1e so far eAamined is a&tually the manifestation of a dar% sub&ons&ious tenden&y( Cas&ism e!uated feelings su&h as lo1e# &om$assion and affe&tion with womanhood# and thus regarded it as des$i&able( =n the other hand# tenden&ies su&h as the lo1e of war# bloodlust and ruthlessness were seen as ty$i&ally "male#" and for that reason "manliness" was ele1ated to the $oint of being sa&red( Dhen fas&ism's myth of "manliness" is eAamined a bit &loser# howe1er# there we find homoseAuality hidden within it( This little %nown but im$ortant &onne&tion between fas&ism and homoseAuality dates ba&% as far as an&ient <$arta( 6n earlier &ha$ters of this boo%# we saw that fas&ism was founded on $agan &ulture# and that it emerged together with &laim of re5awa%ening $aganism( The most defining &hara&teristi& of $aganism is that it la&%s the moral &riteria and laws re1ealed by God( 6n the $agan world# therefore# seAual de1ian&e of all %inds was able to flourish( 6t was the &ity5states of an&ient Gree&e that brought these to their highest $oint( 6n Athens and <$arta# homoseAuality was seen as !uite normal# an a&&e$table relationshi$# and e1en a 1irtue( 6n <$arta es$e&ially# the an&estor of fas&ism# a s$e&ial im$ortan&e was attributed to the &on&e$t of "manliness#" and under the name of "lo1e of man#" homoseAuality was widely a&&e$ted( <$artan soldiers belie1ed that they in&reased their strength by ha1ing seAual relations with ea&h other( The historian 3lutar&h of -haeronea# who li1ed around :,5)+, A(0(# wrote of "the sa&red battalion" of Thebans made u$ of ):, male 4* homoseAual $airs( 6n <$arta# all healthy male &hildren were ta%en into the army at the age of )+# and were immediately ra$ed by eA$erien&ed soldiers( 6t was belie1ed that these $er1erted relations were the greatest sour&e of strength for the <$artan army# with its "warrior" &ulture and $assion for bloodshed(

<u&h a debased and de1iant &ulture raised its head again with the neo5$agan mo1ement of the )/th &entury( And# the ma or &enter of this de1ian&y was Germany( The leader of the mo1ement# Adolf "rand# founded the (emeinschaft der Eigenen 7-ommunity of the Elite9 in )/,+# together with Dilheml Hansen and "enedi&t Criedlander# both of whom were %nown for their de1iant seAual tenden&ies( Criedlander $ublished a boo% &alled 8enaissance des Eros ;ranios 7Renaissan&e of 'ranian Eroti&a9 in )/,*( =n the &o1er was a $i&ture of a na%ed Gree% youth( Criedlander eA$lained the aim of the boo% in these words: The $ositi1e goal(((is the re1i1al of Helleni& &hi1alry and its re&ognition by so&iety( "y &hi1alri& lo1e we mean in $arti&ular &lose friendshi$s between youths and e1en more $arti&ularly the bonds between men of 4: une!ual ages( The aim of the &ommunity was to transform Germany from a Hudeo5-hristian so&iety to a Gre&o5'ranian 4? one( This de1iant organiEation was also %nown for its ra&ism( Referring to the ideas of the -ommunity of the Elite# Kurt Hildebrandt# the leader of the <o&iety for Human Rights established in )/+;# wrote in his boo% Norm Entartung <erfall 76deal# 0egeneration# Ruin9 that the su$erior ra&e was that &om$osed of homoseAuals( 6n his 1iew# relations with women were only ne&essary for "re$rodu&ti1e reasons#" but that in order to a&hie1e an "ultramas&uline" ra&e# seAual "lo1e" between men was essential( These ideas were none other than those of the NaEi 3arty# whi&h was basi&ally a "homoseAual &lub(" This fa&t was set out by <&ott 2i1ely and Ke1in Abrams in their boo% The 7in. S asti.a" Homose=uality in the Na>i 7arty, a wide5ranging study( The boo% eAamines both $re5NaEi mo1ements and organiEations# as well as the NaEi 3arty leadershi$# and re1eals that there was a large number of homoseAuals within it( 6t eA$lains# with histori&al do&umentation# how the NaEis' $oli&y of rounding u$ homoseAuals and sending them to &on&entration &am$s was all for show# and that by doing so# senior NaEi leaders were trying to &o1er u$ their own $ra&ti&es( Among the %nown NaEi homoseAuals were <A &hief Ernst RShm# Gesta$o &hief Reinhard Heydri&h# 2uftwaffe &hief Herman Goering# Rudolf Hess# leader of the Hitler3ugend 7Hitler >outh9 organiEation "aldur 1on <&hira&h# NaEi Germany's Cinan&e Minister Dalther Cun%# and Hitler's land Cor&es &ommander Creiherr Derner 1on Crits&h( There is also e1iden&e to suggest that << &hief Himmler and Hitler himself also 44 had homoseAual tenden&ies( The 7in. S asti.a also demonstrates that this tenden&y was not restri&ted to NaEis in Germany# and that there are many homoseAuals in neo5NaEi mo1ements and ra&ist organiEations a&ti1e in the 'nited <tates# and shows that su&h de1ian&e is a regular feature of fas&ism( Cas&ist $agans indulge in the sin as related in the Koran# that of the $eo$le to whom the $ro$het 2ot was sent( Howe1er# those who engage in these $ra&ti&es must not forget what ha$$ened to the $eo$le of 2ot( The disaster 1isited on them is des&ribed in the Koran in this way: A ' L$t, -!" !" sai' t$ !is ("$(&", 0D$ 5$/ c$**it a $6sc" it5 $t ("%("t%at"' 6")$%" 5$/ 65 a 5$ " i a&& t!" -$%&'s@ Y$/ c$*" -it! &/st t$ *" i st"a' $) -$*" 8 Y$/ a%" i '""' a '"(%a."' ("$(&"80 T!" $ &5 a s-"% $) !is ("$(&" -as t$ sa5, 0E?("& t!"* )%$* 5$/% cit5A T!"5 a%" ("$(&" -!$ 3""( t!"*s"&."s (/%"A0 S$ W" %"sc/"' !i* a ' !is )a*i&5B "?c"(t )$% !is -i)"8 S!" -as $ " $) t!$s" -!$ sta5"' 6"!i '8 W" %ai "' '$- a %ai /($ t!"*8 S"" t!" )i a& )at" $) t!" ".i&'$"%sA 9K$%a , =:C0+ CD>

FASCISM, RACISM AND DARWINISM

De &an list the $rin&i$le features of fas&ism as su&h &on&e$ts as authoritarian or di&tatorial state rule# and an aggressi1e foreign $oli&y( "ut alongside all of these# its really dominant &hara&teristi& is ra&ism( Dhen we loo% at the NaEi ideology# in $arti&ular# we &an see that it is ra&ism that ma%es fas&ism what it is( The NaEis set out with the dream of establishing the hegemony of the Aryan ra&e# whi&h they belie1ed to be su$erior# o1er the whole world# an idea on whi&h all their $oli&ies and so&ial measures were based( 6n the words of Dilhelm 4M Rei&h# "The ra&e theory is German fas&ism's theoreti&al aAis(" Ra&ism was also the fundamental ideology of other fas&ist regimes# su&h as those of Mussolini and Cran&o# e1en if not to the eAtent it was in NaEism( Mussolini suggested that the Romans who had go1erned the Roman Em$ire were a "su$erior ra&e#" and that the 6talians# as their des&endants# also $ossessed this su$erior nature( The &on!uest of Ethio$ia was based on this notion of the su$erior ra&e# and that the bla&%5s%inned Ethio$ians need submit to the 6talians# in a&&ordan&e to what was $er&ei1ed as a natural ra&ial hierar&hy( Cran&o made similar &laims for the <$anish( Ha$anese fas&ism# whi&h de1elo$ed before the <e&ond Dorld Dar# and was $art of the Hitler5Mussolini allian&e# also $ossessed a "su$erior ra&e" &om$leA( 6n the Ne 9or. Times of August )*# )/*+# =tto 0( Tolis&hus wrote about a boo%let issued in To%yo by 3rofessor -hi%ao Cu isawa# one of the leading eA$onents of Ha$an's $oliti&al thought and $hiloso$hyN A&&ording to this boo%let# whi&h was made u$ for widest distribution# Ha$an# as the original motherland of the human ra&e and world &i1iliEation# is fighting a holy war to reunite warring man%ind into one uni1ersal family household in whi&h e1ery nation will ta%e its $ro$er $la&e under the di1ine so1ereignty of the Ha$enese Em$eror# who is a dire&t des&endant of the <un Goddess in the "absolute &osmi& life5&enter#" from whi&h the 4/ nations ha1e strayed and to whi&h they must return( The interesting thing is that the allian&e of the fas&ist states was set u$ between grou$s who ea&h saw themsel1es as the "su$erior ra&e(" Cor instan&e# the NaEis did not ob e&t to the Ha$anese su$erior ra&e &laims# but e1en en&ouraged them by des&ribing them as "honorary Aryans(" "ut what is the root of the ra&ism whi&h forms the basis of all fas&ist regimes and mo1ementsO De shall &onsider the answer to that !uestion in this &ha$ter(

Racis* a ' Da%-i is*

6n the earlier &ha$ters of this boo% we saw that ra&ism was a $art of $agan &ulture# and that although it had already largely been done away with through the re1elation of di1ine religion# it returned to Euro$e in the )Mth and )/th &enturies( The greatest influen&e behind this new de1elo$ment was the re$la&ement of the

-hristian belief that "God &reated all $eo$le e!ual" with "0arwinism"( "y suggesting that man had e1ol1ed from more $rimiti1e &reatures# and that some ra&es had e1ol1ed further than others# 0arwinism $ro1ided ra&ism with a s&ientifi& mas%( 6n short# 0arwin is the father of modern ra&ism( His theory was ta%en u$ and &ommented on by su&h "offi&ial" founders of modern ra&e theory as Arthur Gobineau and Houston <tewart -hamberlain# and this ra&ist ideology that emerged was then $ut into $ra&ti&e by the NaEis and other fas&ists( Hames Holl# who s$ent many years as a $rofessor of history at uni1ersities su&h as =Aford# <tanford# and Har1ard# eA$lained the relationshi$ between 0arwinism and ra&ism in his boo% Europe Since ?@A2, whi&h is still taught as a teAtboo% in uni1ersities: -harles 0arwin# the English naturalist whose boo%s On the Origin of Species# $ublished in )M:/# and The Descent of Man# whi&h followed in )M4)# laun&hed &ontro1ersies whi&h affe&ted many bran&hes of Euro$ean thoughtP The ideas of 0arwin# and of some of his &ontem$oraries su&h as the English $hiloso$her Herbert <$en&er# Pwere ra$idly a$$lied to !uestions far remo1ed from the immediate s&ientifi& onesP The element of 0arwinism whi&h a$$eared most a$$li&able to the de1elo$ment of so&iety was the belief that the eA&ess of $o$ulation o1er the means of su$$ort ne&essitated a &onstant struggle for sur1i1al in whi&h it was the strongest or the 'fittest' who won( Crom this it was easy for some so&ial thin%ers to gi1e a moral &ontent to the notion of the fittest# so that the s$e&ies or ra&es whi&h did sur1i1e were those morally entitled to do so( The do&trine of natural sele&tion &ould# therefore# 1ery easily be&ome asso&iated with another train of thought de1elo$ed by the Cren&h writer# -ount Hose$h5Arthur Gobineau# who $ublished an Essay on the Ine5uality of Human 8aces in )M:;( Gobineau insisted that the most im$ortant fa&tor in de1elo$ment was ra&eN and that those ra&es whi&h remained su$erior were those whi&h %e$t their ra&ial $urity inta&t( =f these# a&&ording to Gobineau# it was the Aryan ra&e whi&h had sur1i1ed bestP 6t was((( Houston <tewart -hamberlain who &ontributed to &arrying some of these ideas a stage furtherP Hitler himself admired the author M, J-hamberlainK suffi&iently to 1isit him on his deathbed in )/+4( Earlier &ha$ters of this boo% des&ribed how the e1olutionist German biologist Ernst Hae&%el was one of the most im$ortant of NaEism's s$iritual fathers( Hae&%el brought 0arwin's theory to Germany# and formulated it as a $rogram ready for the NaEis( Crom ra&ists su&h as Arthur Gobineau and Houston <tewart -hamberlain# Hitler ado$ted a $oliti&ally5oriented ra&ism# and a biologi&al a$$roa&h from Hae&%el( -areful eAamination will re1eal that these ra&ists all deri1ed their ins$iration from 0arwinism( 6ndeed# a dee$ 0arwinian influen&e &an be found among all NaEi ideologues( Dhen we eAamine the NaEi theory# whi&h was gi1en form by Hitler and Alfred Rosenberg# we see in it &on&e$ts su&h as "natural sele&tion#" "sele&ti1e mating#" and "the struggle for sur1i1al between the ra&es#" all re$eated doEens of times in 0arwin's The Origin of Species( As also mentioned earlier# the name of Hitler's boo% Mein 0ampf was ins$ired by 0arwin's $rin&i$le that life was a &onstant struggle for sur1i1al# and those who emerged 1i&torious sur1i1ed( 6n the boo%# Hitler tal%ed of the struggle between the ra&es# and maintained that "History would &ulminate in a new M) millennial em$ire of un$aralleled s$lendor# based on a new ra&ial hierar&hy ordained by nature herself(" 6n the Nuremberg $arty rally in )/;;# he $ro&laimed that ''higher ra&e sub e&ts to itself a lower ra&e Pa M+ right whi&h we see in nature and whi&h &an be regarded as the sole &on&ei1able right(" That NaEism was influen&ed by 0arwinism is a&&e$ted by almost all historians who are eA$ert in the $eriod( 3eter -hris$ eA$resses it this way in his The 8ise of 'ascism:

-harles 0arwin's theory that humans had e1ol1ed from a$es was ridi&uled when it was first $ublished# but was later widely a&&e$ted( The NaEis distorted 0arwin's theories# using them to ustify warfare and M; ra&ism( The historian R( Hi&%man eA$resses the influen&e of 0arwinism on Hitler in these words: JHitlerK was a firm belie1er and $rea&her of e1olution( Dhate1er the dee$er# $rofound# &om$leAities of his $sy&hosis# it is &ertain that Jthe &on&e$t of struggle was im$ortant be&auseKP his boo%# Mein 0ampf# &learly set forth a number of e1olutionary ideas# $arti&ularly those em$hasiEing struggle# sur1i1al of the M* fittest and the eAtermination of the wea% to $rodu&e a better so&iety(

T!" Na1i T!"$%5 $) Rac"

6n The Mass 7sychology of 'ascism Dilhelm Rei&h des&ribes the NaEi theory of ra&e thus: The ra&e theory $ro&eeds from the $resu$$osition that the eA&lusi1e mating of e1ery animal with its own s$e&ies is an "iron law" in nature( =nly eA&e$tional &ir&umstan&es# su&h as &a$ti1ity# are &a$able of &ausing a 1iolation of this law and of leading to ra&ial interbreeding( Dhen this o&&urs# howe1er# nature re1enges itself and uses e1ery means at its dis$osal to o$$ose su&h infringements# either by ma%ing the bastard sterile or by limiting the fertility of later offs$ring( 6n e1ery &rossbreeding of two li1ing &reatures of different "le1els#" the offs$ring will of ne&essity re$resent something intermediate( "ut nature aims at a higher breeding of lifeN hen&e bastardiEation is &ontrary to the will of nature( Natural sele&tion also ta%es $la&e in the daily struggle for sur1i1al# in whi&h the wea%er# i(e(# ra&ially inferior# $erish( This is &onsistent with the "will of nature#" for e1ery im$ro1ement and higher breeding would &ease if the wea%# M: who are in the ma ority# &ould &rowd out the strong# who are in the minority( As we ha1e seen# this biologi&al $remise that forms the basis of the NaEis' ra&e theory is "undiluted" 0arwinism( Nonsense su&h as the notion that nature's aim is to "&ause su$erior s$e&ies to e1ol1e#" that it uses natural sele&tion to do so# and that the wea% are ine1itably eliminated# are all ty$i&ally 0arwinian( These e1olutionist 1iews# whi&h ha1e no s&ientifi& basis# and are ust a rewor%ing of the $agan absurdity of "as&ribing &ons&iousness to nature#" finally rea&hed their &ulmination in the sa1agery of the NaEis( The theory was $ut into $ra&ti&e in human so&ieties# again in a manner in &onformity with 0arwinism( Dilhelm Rei&h &ontinues: The National <o&ialist went on to a$$ly this su$$osed law in nature to $eo$les( Their line of reasoning was something as follows: Histori&al eA$erien&e tea&hes that the "intermiAing of Aryan blood" with "inferior" $eo$les always results in the degeneration of the founders of &i1iliEation( The le1el of the su$erior ra&e is lowered# followed by $hysi&al and mental retrogressionN this mar%s the beginning of a

$rogressi1e "de&line(" The North Ameri&an &ontinent would remain strong# Hitler states# "as long as he Jthe German inhabitantK does not fall a 1i&tim to defilement of the blood#" that is to say# as long as he M? does not interbreed with non5Germani& $eo$les( Dhen Hitler said# "Ta%e away the Nordi& Germans and nothing remains but the dan&e of a$es#" he based the thought on the 0arwinist ideas that man had e1ol1ed from a$es# for whi&h reason some humans still M4 $ossessed "a$e "status( This logi& is a &onse!uen&e of seeing man as a s$e&ies of animal# and that there are "su$erior" and "inferior" ra&es within this s$e&ies of animal( That is# in any &ase# the thesis $ut forward by 0arwin in The Descent of Man and The Origin of Species( All the NaEis did was to $ut 0arwin's theory into $ra&ti&e( The truth of the matter is that human su$eriority has nothing to do with ra&e( No matter from what ra&e $eo$le may be# they are still $eo$le( Ea&h one was &reated and $la&ed in the world by God( The Koran re1eals this truth thus: Ma 3i 'A W" c%"at"' 5$/ )%$* a *a&" a ' )"*a&", a ' *a'" 5$/ i t$ ("$(&"s a ' t%i6"s s$ t!at 5$/ *i#!t c$*" t$ 3 $- "ac! $t!"%8 T!" $6&"st a*$ # 5$/ i G$''s si#!t is t!at $ " $) 5$/ -!$ 6"st ("%)$%*s !is '/t58 G$' is A&&+K $-i #, A&&+A-a%"8 9K$%a , D<::E> The abo1e 1erse is $erfe&tly &lear( No matter by what &riteria human beings are udged in this world# in God's eyes# su$eriority &onsists of &loseness to Him# and fear of Him( An indi1idual or grou$ whi&h &hooses to see one ra&e as su$erior# or tries to demonstrate it to be so# is de&ei1ing itself( E1eryone will ha1e to a$$ear before God at the 0ay of Re&%oning# and will be &alled to a&&ount alone( Those attributes that he $er&ei1ed as &onferring su$eriority in this world will be of no use to him then( Quite the &ontrary# those who set u$ &riteria outside those re1ealed by God# who &laim that they are su$erior and o$$ress others# and who try to gain strength by &rushing the wea%# will definitely rea$ the fruit of their a&tions# both in this world and the neAt( 6n the holy 1erses of the Koran# this reality is re1ealed in the following manner: ...DSE#o$n 2! '#(-/ &//o,&n0( -n '#( &n+ &n+ (1- . o''-n,. B%' (1- . o''-n, (n1( o." on ! '#o"( $#o +o -'. Do '#(! (F.(0' &n!'#-n, 2%' '#( .&''(/n o* ./(1-o%" .(o. ("4 Yo% $- no' *-n+ &n! 0#&n,-n, -n '#( .&''(/n o* Go+. Yo% $- no' *-n+ &n! & '(/&'-on -n '#( .&''(/n o* Go+. H&1( '#(! no' '/&1( (+ -n '#( &n+ &n+ "((n '#( *-n& *&'( o* '#o"( 2(*o/( '#()4 T#(! $(/( *&/ ,/(&'(/ '#&n '#() -n "'/(n,'#. Go+ 0&nno' 2( $-'#"'oo+ -n &n! $&!: (-'#(/ -n '#( #(&1(n" o/ on (&/'#. H( -" A 9Kno$-n,: A 9Po$(/*% . 8Ko/&n: 6C:;69 ;;5 T#(/( &/( on ! ,/o%n+" &,&-n"' '#o"( $#o $/on, .(o. ( &n+ &0' &" '!/&n'" -n '#( (&/'# $-'#o%' &n! /-,#' 'o +o "o. S%0# .(o. ( $- #&1( & .&-n*% .%n-"#)(n'. 8Ko/&n: ;2:;25

Na1i P$&ici"s: T!" I*(&"*" tati$ T!"$%i"s i S$ci"t5

$) Da%-i ist

A&&ording to the NaEi ideology# ra&es were di1ided into three basi& &ategories( The first was "&i1iliEation5 &reating ra&es#" the Germans and other northern $eo$les( "-i1iliEation5following ra&es" were those whi&h had no $ower to $ush &i1iliEation forward# but whi&h were "ordinary" ra&es &a$able of imitating it( Hitler &ounted nations su&h as the -hinese and Ha$anese as being in this &ategory( The third &ategory &onsisted of "&i1iliEation5 destroying ra&es" su&h as Hews# <la1s and Afri&ans( NaEi ideology &onsidered the intermingling of the German ra&e with other "inferior" ra&es as a "biologi&al mista%e(" Hitler said: "The miAing of the higher and lower ra&es is &learly against the intent of nature and in1ol1es the eAtin&tion of the Aryan ra&e((( Dhere Aryan blood has miAed with that of lower $eo$les the result MM has been the end of the bearers of &ulture(" Cor this reason# from the moment the NaEis &ame to $ower they tried to &orre&t this so5&alled "e1olutionary mista%e(" Hitler $assed a number of laws to that end in )/;;# and the $ro&ess of &leansing between the ra&es began( =nly those with German blood were allowed to be &onsidered as &itiEens# and were gi1en $referential treatment( 6n Hune )/;;# a law was brought out weeding gy$sies# Afri&ans# Hews and the handi&a$$ed out of so&iety( Hitler defended the $oli&y: Hybridism# with the resulting degradation of the biologi&al le1el of the ra&e# was the sole reason of the de&aden&e of the old &i1ilisations( Cor it is a fa&t that nations do not $erish in &onse!uen&e of lost wars# but in &onse!uen&e of the loss of that for&e of resistan&e whi&h has its only origin in the $reser1ation of M/ ra&ial $urity( Cor e1erything whi&h is not ra&ially $ure is mere &haff( Hitler belie1ed that on&e the inferior ra&es had been done away with# humanity would be grateful towards him for its de1elo$ment( 6ns$ired by 0arwin# Hitler des&ribed the young $eo$le of the so5&alled "su$erior ra&e" he wanted to &reate in these words: My $edagogy is stri&t( 6 want a $owerful# masterly# &ruel and fearless youth((( There must be nothing wea% or tender about them( The freedom and dignity of the wild beast must shine from their eyes((( That /, is how 6 will root out a thousand years of human domesti&ation( "ut how did Hitler intend to &reate his "$owerful# masterly# &ruel and fearless youthO" 3ro$aganda methods alone would not suffi&e( NaEi ra&ial theory saw man as a s$e&ies of animal# and &onsidered that he &ould be im$ro1ed by the same methods used by farmers( Therefore# the NaEis embra&ed the theory of "eugeni&s" and $ursued its im$lementation( As we saw earlier in this boo%# eugeni&s is a $oli&y that see%s the "im$ro1ement of man%ind#" whi&h has its roots in the an&ient Gree% $agan &ity of <$arta# and was resurre&ted by -harles 0arwin's &ousin Cran&is Galton in the )/th &entury( Ernst Hae&%el des&ribed how eugeni&s &ould be &arried out# and defended the %illing of deformed

babies from the time of birth# and that unhealthy $eo$le and the wea% or mentally handi&a$$ed should be steriliEed( The NaEis lost no time in im$lementing this inhumane $oli&y( Dhen they &ame to $ower in )/;; they instituted "ra&ial hygiene" laws( A&&ording to these laws# the mentally handi&a$$ed and the si&% were to be steriliEed# and thus# $re1ented from re$rodu&ing( They were e1en to be weeded out of so&iety# and for this reason# were gathered together in s$e&ial &enters( The NaEis set u$ these &enters without delay# and threw large numbers of $eo$le into them# where they treated them li%e animals( The NaEi Hereditary Health -ourts re1iewed nearly M,#,,, $ro$osals to steriliEe $ersons in their first two years of o$eration# and they a$$ro1ed the /) 1ast ma ority of these $etitions( 6n time# German eugeni& $oli&y be&ame steadily more $er1erse# e1entually resulting in large s&ale "euthanasia" of retarded $ersons# the insane# and other desirables( 6n other words# these $eo$le were %illed( Cilms and $hotogra$hs of this $eriod ma%e light of the tragedy of the %illing of the mentally or $hysi&ally ill by being in e&ted with $oison by NaEi do&tors( The elderly and little &hildren as well were sub e&ted to this sort of sa1agery( As NaEi Germany unflin&hingly eAe&uted su&h barbarity# it also $ushed "$ositi1e eugeni&s#" en&ouraging the union of Aryan women and men to $rodu&e &hildren who NaEi $ubli& offi&ials belie1ed would be endowed /+ with su$erior genes( Dith this in mind# sele&t females with the ne&essary "su$erior ra&e" traits 7being blond and strong# with blue eyes9 were e1en $la&ed in s$e&ial homes# and were im$regnated by as many NaEi offi&ers as $ossible( The aim was to $rodu&e a great "Aryan ra&e#" li%e breeding a &ow or horse( "ut the results were a disa$$ointment to the NaEis# the 6Qs of the &hildren that resulted being lower than that of the $arents# and /; regressing toward the $o$ulation mean( Hitler had defended his $oli&ies of eugeni&s and the $urifi&ation of the ra&e by saying: 6f Germany e1ery year would ha1e one million &hildren# and would eliminate 4,,5M,,#,,, of the /* wea%est# the end result would $robably be an in&rease in JnationalK strength( Hitler argued in a )/;/ s$ee&h that for the sa%e of the health of the so&ial organism# the state must ta%e res$onsibility# "2et us s$end our efforts and our resour&es on the $rodu&ti1e# not on the wastrel(" 6n another $la&e he eAhorted# "Rid the earth of dysgeni& $eo$les by whate1er means a1ailable so that we may en oy the /: $ros$erity of the fatherland("

T!" H$&$ca/st Sa.a#"%5

NaEism's ra&ist sa1agery was not ust restri&ted to those $resumed "unsuitable" within Germany's borders# but was aimed at the entire world( Hitler's dream was the foundation of a German Em$ire that would rule the whole world# and to s$eed u$ the so5&alled "e1olution of man" by steriliEing all the "inferior" ra&es on earth( This in fa&t was a $ro$he&y of 0arwin's( 6n The Descent of Man# 0arwin wrote "At some future $eriod# not 1ery

distant as measured by &enturies# the &i1ilised ra&es of man will almost &ertainly eAterminate# and re$la&e the sa1age ra&es of man throughout the world( At the same time the anthro$omor$hous Jhuman5li%eK a$es P will /? no doubt be eAterminated(" This duty of fulfilling this $ro$he&y fell u$on Hitler( The $lan was set in motion in )/;/( Dith a series of sur$rise atta&%s# he first o&&u$ied 3oland# followed by 0enmar%# Norway# "elgium# Holland# Cran&e# >ugosla1ia# Gree&e# North Afri&a and the <o1iet 'nion( The $eo$les of the o&&u$ied &ountries were sub e&ted to terrible &ruelty# es$e&ially those in the &ategory of "inferior ra&es" su&h as the Hews# <la1s and Gy$sies( Millions of $eo$le were sent to &am$s to be used as sla1e labor( <oon# these &am$s turned into eAtermination &am$s a&&ording to the "Cinal <olution" ada$ted at the notorious Dannsee -onferen&e by Hitler and his asso&iates( The gas &hambers s$e&ially designed to %ill humans first used &arbon monoAide and then Ly%lon "( 6n the gas &hambers and other methods of mass eAtermination# a total of :(: million Hews# ; million 3oles# almost ) million Gy$sies and hundreds of thousands of $risoners of war from 1arious nations were brutally murdered( =ne of the most a$$alling eAam$les of NaEi sa1agery were the inhumane eA$eriments $erformed by the NaEi offi&er Hosef Mengele on $risoners at the &on&entration &am$ of Aus&hwitE( <ele&ted adults and &hildren from among the $risoners were used by Mengele as "guinea $igs" in frightful eA$eriments to determine the resistan&e of the human body to eAtreme hot and &old( 3eo$le were for&ed into water full of i&e on bitterly &old winter days in order to see how long they &ould sur1i1e before freeEing( 6t is %nown that Mengele &arried out surgi&al o$erations on his 1i&tims without any anestheti&# and that they were &ut o$en wide awa%e( His &ruelest eA$eriments were &arried out on twins who arri1ed at the &am$( Mengele %e$t all twins a$art from the rest of the &am$ and measured the effe&t of $hysi&al fa&tors by $erforming different eA$eriments on them( The methods he em$loyed were in&redibly barbari&( He in e&ted twins with ea&h others' blood and measured their rea&tion# and most of the time one or both of the twins suffered from 1iolent heada&hes and high tem$eratures( Also wanting to measure whether or not eye &olor &ould be &hanged $hysi&ally# Mengele in e&ted blue in% into twins' eyes( All the 1i&tims suffered terribly# and many of them went blind( <mall &hildren were in e&ted with 1arious diseases to obser1e how long they &ould sur1i1e them( Many inno&ent &hildren were tortured by the NaEi monster Mengele# and wound u$ either &ri$$led or dead( At the root of this in&redible sa1agery lies the 0arwinist5fas&ist theory that regards human beings as a s$e&ies of animal and some human ra&es as "harmful animals(" An eAamination of Mengele's life re1eals that he was edu&ated in su&h a theory( 6n a study of Mengele's life and &ruelties# the <o&ial 0arwinism of 0r( Ernst Rudin# the NaEi do&tor's mentor# is dis&ussed as follows: 6f Mengele himself be&ame a &old5blooded monster at the height of his NaEi &areer# he &ertainly learned at the feet of some of Germany's most diaboli&al minds( As a student Mengele attended the le&tures of 0r( Ernst Rudin# who $osited not only that there were some li1es not worth li1ing# but that doctors had a res$onsibility to destroy su&h life and remo1e it from the general $o$ulation( His $rominent 1iews gained the attention of Hitler himself# and Rudin was drafted to assist in &om$osing the 2aw for the 3rote&tion of Heredity Health# whi&h $assed in )/;;# the same year that the NaEis too% &om$lete &ontrol of the German go1ernment( This una$ologeti& <o&ial 0arwinist &ontributed to the NaEi de&ree that &alled for the steriliEation of those demonstrating the following flaws# lest they re$rodu&e and further &ontaminate the German gene $ool: feeblemindednessN s&hiEo$hreniaN mani& de$ressionN e$ile$syN hereditary blindnessN /4 deafnessN $hysi&al deformities(((

=1er and o1er again and at e1ery le1el of NaEi brutality# <o&ial 0arwinism &ould be seen rearing its ugly head( The $rimary ins$iration behind one of the foremost ar&hite&ts of NaEi brutality# Heinri&h Himmler# were# again# none other than the 0arwinist &on&e$ts of "&onfli&t" and "the struggle for sur1i1al(" 0es&ribing the so5 &alled "s&ientifi&" logi& he used to ustify the o$$ression he &arried out# he said# "the law of nature must ta%e its /M &ourse in the sur1i1al of the fittest(" Himmler saw non5Aryan $eo$les and $eo$les su&h as <la1s and Hews in $arti&ular# as animals# and &onsidered it $erfe&tly natural to $er$etrate all %inds of &ruelty against them( He had this to say about female Russian $risoners in a s$ee&h he made on * =&tober )/*; to the << Grou$ 2eaders in 3oEnan: Dhether the other $eo$les li1e in &omfort or $erish of hunger interests me only in so far as we need them as sla1es for our Kultur( Dhether or not ),#,,, Russian women &olla$se from eAhaustion while digging a // tan% dit&h interests one only in so far as the tan% dit&h is &om$leted for Germany( Himmler would e1en denigrate those in o&&u$ied &ountries who had wanted to fight on the side of Germany: 6 1ery soon formed a German << in the 1arious &ountries( De 1ery soon got Germani& 1olunteers from them( Crom the beginning# 6 ha1e said to them# ">ou &an do what you li%e and lea1e what you li%e( 6 lea1e e1erything entirely to you# but you may be sure# that an << will be set u$ in your &ountry# and there is but one << in Euro$e# and that is the Germani& << led by the Rei&hsfuehrer5<<((( 6 ha1e said to the <<5 men from the beginning too: De do not eA$e&t you to be&ome German out of o$$ortunism( "ut we do eA$e&t you to subordinate your national ideal to the greater ra&ial and histori&al ideal# to the Germani& ),, Rei&h( The &ost of the <e&ond Dorld Dar# whi&h Hitler had initiated for the so5&alled "so1ereignty of the su$erior ra&e#" was tremendous( More than :: million $eo$le died# more than half of whom were &i1ilians( Material losses were in&al&ulable( The main fa&tor that dro1e the NaEis to bring about this disaster was their &laim of being the "master ra&e(" And# the root of that &laim was 0arwin's theory of e1olution( "enito Mussolini# Hitler's greatest ally# was influen&ed by 0arwinism in mu&h the same way( 6n Mussolini's 1iew# 1iolen&e was ne&essary for so&ial &hange( He o$$osed all forms of $a&ifism and fre!uently used 0arwinist terms in his s$ee&hes( He asserted that "the relu&tan&e of England to engage in war only $ro1ed ),) the e1olutionary de&aden&e of the "ritish Em$ire(" The &on&lusion we are for&ed to deri1e from an eAamination of fas&ist ra&ism is &lear: 0arwinism is the hidden &ul$rit behind both fas&ist regimes and the <e&ond Dorld Dar( Cew $eo$le today $erha$s are aware of the lin% between these &atastro$hi& realities and 0arwinism( Howe1er# it is e1ident that fas&ists ha1e deri1ed all their basi& tenets from 0arwinism( 'ltimately# this ideology# whi&h attributes the &reation of life to &oin&iden&e# embodies $rin&i$les su&h as &haos# ruthlessness# &ruelty# and that might is right( And# moreo1er# the $rin&i$le of &ontinual &onfli&t in 0arwinism leads to a $hiloso$hy of sa1agery# &ruelty# and bloodshed( =n the &ontrary# God &reated all ra&es e!ual# and as we ha1e already seen# has re1ealed that su$eriority &onsists of fearing and obeying Him( Throughout history# the &ruel leaders who ha1e defied this &ommandment

ha1e all &ome to the same terrible end( As it is re1ealed in <ura *,# 1erse :?# those who "ha1e nothing in their breasts eA&e$t for $ride whi&h they will ne1er be able to 1indi&ate" ha1e ne1er attained their desire( God says# "Those who do wrong will soon %now by what a great re1erse they will be o1erturnedQ" in <ura +?# 1erse ++4# and re1eals that these $eo$le will meet with a humiliating defeat in this world( And# the end that awaits them in the neAt world will be e1en more terrible: Go+ $- no' *o/,-1( '#o"( $#o +-"2( -(1( &n+ +o $/on, o/ ,%-+( '#() on &n! .&'#: (F0(.' '#( .&'# o* H( : /()&-n-n, -n -' '-)( ("" !: *o/ (1(/ &n+ (1(/. T#&' -" (&"! *o/ Go+. 8Ko/&n: ;: 1GH9 1G?5

FASCISMIS HATRED OF RELIGION

=ne of the &ommon attitudes all fas&ist regimes ha1e $ossessed is that &on&erning religion( At first glan&e# it would a$$ear that all fas&ist regimes ha1e su$$orted the religion of their $eo$les( "ut# the fas&ists ha1e not been sin&ere in this endea1or( Their only aim is to du$e their $eo$le and religious organiEations( 6t ma%es no differen&e to fas&ists whether the religion in !uestion is 6slam# -hristianity# Hudaism# "uddhism or any other( 6t is suffi&ient that the religion is seen as enabling that so&iety to bind together and to moti1ate $eo$le to wor% in the interests of fas&ism( Dhen one eAamines the $oli&ies and $ra&ti&es of fas&ist di&tators su&h as Hitler# Mussolini and Cran&o# and e1en su&h &ontem$orary fas&ists as <addam Hussein# the true fa&e of their enmity towards religion &an be &learly seen( Cirst of all# it is im$ossible for fas&ists to genuinely defend religion# be&ause their &hara&ter and $rin&i$les are the eAa&t o$$osite of the ethi&al foundation that religion instills in $eo$le( Dhile the religion that God has &hosen for man%ind is one of $ea&e and serenity# fas&ism &onsists of war and agitation( God &ommands $leasant s$ee&h# forgi1eness and lo1e# whereas fas&ists desire hatred and &ontinual warfare( Therefore# fas&ists are not genuinely interested in seeing religion flourish# nor do they wish to see the ethi&s that a&&om$any religion broadly disseminated# be&ause# if this were to ha$$en# then they will be unable to go1ern so&iety a&&ording to their fas&ist ideals( Cor this reason# they see% to gi1e the im$ression that they are &ommitted to religion# although they also try to $re1ent its $ro$agation through 1arious measures and $ra&ti&es( The history of the +,th &entury is full of su&h eAam$les(

T!" Na1is' Hat%"' $) R"&i#i$

Ce ha/e already e=am!ned the roots o2 Na?! !deology and !ts att!tude to rel!g!on. $s !s shown !n the e=am"les we ha/e cons!dered the Na?! !deology was "er/erse and o""osed to all d!/!ne rel!g!ons. The 2oundat!ons o2 th!s !deology rest on N!et?sche,s ant!rel!g!ous "h!loso"hy and 3arw!n,s athe!st theory o2 e/olut!on wh!ch den!es the 2act o2 creat!on. The Na?!s, "ers"ect!/e o2 eth!cs was !n !m!tat!on o2 the "agan culture o2 anc!ent ;reece and "re-Chr!st!an barbar!an ;erman tr!bes: Na?!sm was a "agan !dolatrous !deology. This fa&t has been eA$ressed by many &ommentators on the sub e&t( 6n an arti&le titled "0arwinism and the NaEi Ra&e Holo&aust#" the Ameri&an resear&her Herry "ergman des&ribes the NaEis' 1iew of religion as su&h# EA$unging of the Hudeo5-hristian do&trine of the di1ine origin of humans from mainline German 7liberal9 theology and its s&hools# and re$la&ing it with 0arwinism# o$enly &ontributed to the a&&e$tan&e of <o&ial ),+ 0arwinism that &ulminated in the tragedy of the holo&aust( 0aniel Gasman# the author of The Scientific Origins of National Socialism, agrees:

JHitlerK stressed and singled out the idea of biologi&al e1olution as the most for&eful wea$on against traditional religion and he re$eatedly &ondemned -hristianity for its o$$osition to the tea&hings of e1olution( Cor Hitler e1olution was the hallmar% of modern s&ien&e and &ulture# and he defended its ),; 1era&ity as tena&iously as Hae&%el( Hitler on&e re1ealed his hatred of religion when he bluntly stated that religion is an: PorganiEed lie JthatK must be smashed( The <tate must remain the absolute master( Dhen 6 was younger# 6 thought it was ne&essary to set about Jdestroying religionK Pwith dynamite( 6'1e sin&e realiEed there's room for a little subtlety((( The final state must beP in <t( 3eter's -hair# a senile offi&iantN fa&ing him a few sinister old womenP The young and healthy are on our sideP =ur $eo$les had $re1iously su&&eeded in li1ing all right without this religion( 6 ha1e siA di1isions of << men absolutely indifferent in ),* matters of religion( 6t doesn't $re1ent them from going to their death with serenity in their souls( As we ha1e seen# the only notion Hitler &onsidered ne&essary# on a s$iritual le1el# was the understanding whi&h leads $eo$le to "go to their death with serenity in their souls(" This ideal was found in su&h $agan &on&e$ts as "the German soul#" and "martial honor(" He loo%ed on di1ine religions# on the other hand# as beliefs that need to be "destroyed with dynamite(" Hitler summed u$ his 1iews on religion to his staff at a meeting at his house in =berEalsberg: >ou see it's been our misfortune to ha1e the wrong religion( Dhy didn't we ha1e the religion of the ),: Ha$anese# who regard sa&rifi&e for the Catherland as the highest goodO This was Hitler's true o$inion of religion( 6f religion had &ommanded war# as with that of the Ha$anese# then it &ould be a&&e$ted in order to be used for his own ends( "ut -hristianity taught $ea&e# not war# and $ersonal sa&rifi&e instead of selfishness and ri1alry( Cor this reason# the NaEi 3arty waged a &ontinuous war against the -atholi& -hur&h( "ut it also tried to establish a "-hristianity a$$ro$riate to NaEism("

T!" 0Racist C!%istia it50 $) t!" Na1is

Although ultimately o$$osed to religion# in $ra&ti&e# the NaEis beha1ed di$lomati&ally towards it( Their real aim was to use religious organiEations as a tool to a&hie1e their ends( Hitler was a $arti&ular enemy of the -atholi& -hur&h# whi&h loo%ed on all -hristians as a su$ranational &ommunity( 6n its $la&e# he intended to establish a &hur&h for Germans only# and by stages# to de1elo$ religion as a tool of German fas&ism( 6n a re$ort entitled "The NaEi 3arty's 3rogram and Dorld Fiew#" the NaEi ideologist Gottfried Ceder wrote:

<urely# some day the German $eo$le also will find a form for its $er&e$tion and eA$erien&e of God# a form di&tated by its Nordi& blood( <urely# only then will the trinity of #lood# faith and state be ),? &om$lete( A&&ording to this $ers$e&ti1e# it is ne&essary for religion to be in harmony with the ideals of "blood and state#' in other words with the NaEis' ra&ist ideology( 6n Mein 0ampf# Hitler summed u$ how religion was to be mani$ulated# "Anyone who wants to win the broad masses must %now the %ey that o$ens the door to their ),4 heart(" 6n order to a$$eal to 1arious &ommunities# Hitler used religious terms as this "%ey#" and sought to $ortray ra&ism as a sa&red ideal( Though he was a 0arwinist# that is# one who denies &reation by a di1ine being# when formulating his ra&ist $ro$aganda# Hitler made referen&e to &reation# although distorting the idea# to use it as a ustifi&ation for ra&ism( Cor eAam$le# in Mein 0ampf# he said: The result of all ra&ial &rossing is therefore in brief always the following: 7a9 2owering of the le1el of higher ra&eN 7b9 3hysi&al and intelle&tual regression and hen&e the beginning of a slowly but surely $rogressing si&%ness( To bring about su&h a de1elo$ment is# then# nothing else but to sin against the will ),M of the eternal &reator( 3eo$les who bastardise themsel1es or let themsel1es be bastardised# sin against the will of eternal 3ro1iden&e# and when their ruin is en&om$assed by a stronger enemy it is not an in usti&e done to them# but only ),/ the restoration of usti&e( NaEism's distortion of religious ideas in this manner# and its use of them to ser1e its own ra&ist ideology# were to some eAtent effe&ti1e# with the o$$ortunisti& administrators of a number of German &hur&hes $laying an im$ortant role in the strategy( These hy$o&riti&al men of religion# &ollaborating with Hitler# hel$ed to disseminate NaEi $ro$aganda in se1eral ways( 6n )/;;# when Hitler had only re&ently &ome to $ower# the $resident of the 'nion of -atholi& Germans# Fi&e5-han&ellor CranE 1on 3a$en# said in a s$ee&h on No1ember +# )/;;# "The %ind 2ord has blessed Germany by gi1ing it in times of dee$ distress a leader who will lead it# through all distresses and wea%nesses# through all &risis and moment of danger# with the sure instin&t of the )), statesman into a ha$$y future(" <ome others had also $raised Hitler as someone who was s$e&ially &hosen to res&ue Germany from its histori&al misfortune and lead it to a bright future( Dhile the NaEis were du$ing some &hur&hes to &ollaborate with them# they tried to intimidate others through $ressure and fear( 6n )/;+# the 3rotestant &lergyman 0ietri&h "onhoeffer ga1e a sermon in "erlin on the sub e&t of "the truth(" He $raised the im$ortan&e of lo1e as o$$osed to a ra&ist system based on hatred( He was &ondemned to death by the NaEis be&ause of this sub1ersi1e attitude( "etween )/;; and )/;/# a large number of -atholi& $riests were arrested( Eri&h Klausener# the leader of German -atholi& A&tion# was %illed in the $urge of )/;*( -atholi& $ubli&ations were banned( The NaEis also atta&%ed a number of 3rotestant &hur&hes( Howe1er# those among the &lergy who abetted the NaEi ideology were rewarded( =ne of these was 0r( Hans Kerrl# Hitler's Minister for -hur&h Affairs( 6n an address he ga1e to &hur&h leaders on Cebruary );# )/;4# 0r( Kerrl o$enly de&lared -hristianity a tool of NaEi ideology# "The $arty stands on the basis of 3ositi1e ))) -hristianity# and 3ositi1e -hristianity is National <o&ialism((( National <o&ialism is the doing of God's will("

At the end of )/;4 and the beginning of )/;M# 3rotestant &lergymen# submitting to NaEi terrorism# too% an oath of loyalty to Hitler# and thus sealed the surrender of the religious establishment( Hitler thereby enfor&ed his domination o1er all s$heres of life( E1en the &hur&h was in his hands( "ut his real goal was to do away with all di1ine religions# and ta%e Germany fully into $aganism( 6n a se&ret de&ree dated Hune )/*)# NaEis' aim of destroying religion was des&ribed in this way: More and more the $eo$le must be se$arated from the &hur&hes and their organs# the $astors((( Ne1er again must an influen&e on leadershi$ of the $eo$le be yielded to the &hur&hes( This influen&e must be bro%en &om$letely and finally( =nly the Rei&h go1ernment# and by its dire&tion the 3arty# its &om$onents# ))+ and atta&hed units# ha1e a right to leadershi$ of the $eo$le(

T!" T%/" M"a i # $) t!" Na1is' A ti+S"*itis*

6n order to understand the NaEis' religious ideas and $oli&ies# we must eAamine their fanati&al hostility to the Hews and Hudaism( The NaEis' anti5<emitism was a $art of their hatred of religion( "e&ause# a&&ording to NaEi logi&# the Germans had first been a warrior5$agan so&iety# until they had abandoned that &ulture with the s$read of -hristianity# a &ontinuation of Hudaism( The NaEis' hatred of -hristianity stemmed from the fa&t they saw it as a "Hewish &ons$ira&y(" That the 3ro$het Hesus# himself of Hewish origins# should be lo1ed and res$e&ted by the Germans# whom they &onsidered the "master ra&e#" was an idea the NaEis found una&&e$table( 6n the NaEis' o$inion# it was not $ro$hets of Hewish origin who should light the way for the German $eo$le# but the &ruel and barbari& warriors of $agan German &ulture( A&&ording to the NaEi ideology# the history of the world was seen as a &onfli&t between the "Aryan ra&e" and the "<emites(" To the NaEis# the Aryan ra&e was the leader of 6ndo5Euro$ean &ulture# and the <emites 7the Hews and Arabs9 the leaders of Middle Eastern &ulture( The fundamental &hara&teristi& of 6ndo5Euro$ean &ulture was its $agan belief system( 6t was for this reason that the NaEis saw themsel1es as the inheritors of $aganism( They loo%ed on the Hews as a hostile ra&e who had abandoned $aganism and s$read monotheisti& belief to the rest of the world( The 7in. S asti.a# whi&h dis&usses the NaEis' $agan ideologies# summariEes: The reason why the NaEis first atta&%ed the Hewish $eo$le and swore to eAterminate them $hysi&ally and s$iritually is be&ause the tea&hings of the "ible# both the Torah and the New Testament# re$resent the )); foundations on whi&h the whole system of -hristian ethi&s rests( This errant belief of the NaEis &an be dis&erned in many other fas&ist mo1ements as well( Many neo5 fas&ist grou$s today hold $agan beliefs whi&h they &onsider "the religion of the Aryan ra&e#" and bear a $arti&ular hatred of the re1ealed religions of 6slam# -hristianity# and Hudaism# whi&h they des&ribe as "<emiti&

myth(" <imilarly# based on su&h de1iant logi&# fas&ist grou$s ha1e emerged in the 6slami& world and ha1e tried to de1elo$ a new ty$e of anti5<emitism in the form of "anti5Arabism(" Howe1er# the di1ine religion was not addressed solely to the <emiti& ra&es# but to e1eryone( Cas&ism# whi&h denies the religion that God has re1ealed to man%ind# and re1eres the $er1erse $aganism of its an&estors# is a&tually a great error( God mentions these errant $eo$le who turn to the "religion of their an&estors" in the Koran: W!" t!"5 a%" t$&', 0F$&&$- -!at G$' !as s" t '$- t$ 5$/,0 T!"5 sa5, 0W" a%" )$&&$-i # -!at -" )$/ ' $/% )at!"%s '$i #80 W!at, "." t!$/#! t!"i% )at!"%s 'i' $t / '"%sta ' a t!i # a ' -"%" $t #/i'"'A 9K$%a , 2::=0>

Fascis*'s H5($c%itica& P$&ic5 $

R"&i#i$

#!tler,s hy"ocr!t!cal "ol!cy towards rel!g!on was not a method restr!cted to Na?!sm but !s a general character!st!c o2 2asc!st reg!mes. %el!g!on !s merely used as a tool by 2asc!st !deologues because they real!?e that they w!ll be 2aced w!th a 2!erce react!on 2rom "eo"le as a result o2 the!r cruelty and rac!st "ol!c!es unless they d!sgu!se them !n rel!g!ous rhetor!c. .o they d!stort rel!g!on to su!t the!r own ends. They use the language and !deals o2 the!r soc!ety,s rel!g!on but when !t comes to !ts !m"lementat!on a system /ery 2ar remo/ed 2rom rel!g!on becomes recogn!?able. The strategy is merely a $oli&y designed by fas&ist leaders in order to unite their $eo$le under them# be&ause they realiEe that $eo$le will be $re$ared to ma%e all sorts of sa&rifi&es in the name of religion# and are willing to endure a great deal for the sa%e of these lofty beliefs( <o# they $resent themsel1es as a&ting in the name of God and religion( They see% to $ortray a religious image of themsel1es by eA$loiting the language and symbols of faith in their slogans# and $ro$aganda( Hy$o&riti&ally though# fas&ists &arry out the great &ruelties and inhumane a&ts whi&h they belie1e to be ne&essary( 6n essen&e# what fas&ists $ra&ti&e and what they $rea&h are totally o$$osed( The fas&ists' de&e$ti1e use of religion in this way and for their own $ower is merely another eAam$le of the eAtent of their male1olen&e( God has this to say about those who use lies against Him: W!$ c$/&' '$ #%"at"% -%$ # t!a t!$s" -!$ i ." t &i"s a#ai st G$'@ S/c! ("$(&" -i&& 6" a%%a5"' 6")$%" t!"i% L$%' a ' t!" -it "ss"s -i&& sa5, 0T!$s" a%" t!" $ "s -!$ &i"' a#ai st t!"i% L$%'80 Y"s i '""'A G$''s c/%s" is $ t!" -%$ #'$"%s8 9K$%a , ::::C> =n the other hand# those who are de&ei1ed by fas&ist slogans and influen&ed by their ta&ti&s are not to be $er&ei1ed as sin&ere either( These $eo$le are rude and ignorant# with a $oorly de1elo$ed reasoning ability# who

see religion merely as a lega&y inherited from their an&estors( Cor this reason# they either fail to see or ignore the falsehood# de$ra1ity and la&% of &oheren&e by whi&h the fas&ists em$loy religion( As we ha1e seen in the $re1ious $ages# fas&ists ha1e used religion to effe&t in $eo$le the belief that ra&ism and a 0arwinist outloo% on the world are $ro$er and &orre&t( "ut# this strategy merely again re1eals the fas&ists' la&% of intelligen&e( "e&ause# it is ob1ious that religion does not su$$ort ra&ism# nor &om$etition or a struggle for sur1i1al among $eo$le( God has re1ealed that the only su$eriority between $eo$le lies in godliness# whi&h is de$endant on de1otion# lo1e and &o5o$eration between $eo$le# and not on &om$etition( Howe1er# fas&ists are only able to de&ei1e the most ignorant se&tions of so&iety with this false a$$earan&e of religion(

T!" T-$ Fac"s $) M/ss$&i i

6n order to analyEe the fas&ist &hara&ter# the se&ond eAam$le that must be &onsidered after NaEis# is the 6talian di&tator Mussolini# the true originator of the &on&e$t of "fas&ism(" Dhen we &onsider his &areer# we see in it a $rime eAam$le of a hy$o&rite who bore a great hatred of religion# but who wore a mas% of religion to suit his $oliti&al ends( Another truth re1ealed by Mussolini's &areer is that the line that di1ides &ommunism from fas&ism is a 1ery fine one# e1en though they might a$$ear to be totally o$$osed ideologies( Howe1er# they are !uite similar to ea&h other# both being &ruel# o$$ressi1e# totalitarian# oligar&hi& 7based on minority rule9 systems# eAhibiting enmity towards religion# and es$ousing a 0arwinian $ers$e&ti1e of reality( 7<ee -ommunism in +m#ush by Harun >ahya# Mar&h +,,)9 <o there is a&tually 1ery little differen&e between a &ommunist and a fas&ist# for one &an 1ery easily turn from one into the other( A &ommunist who s$ills blood dreaming of a $roletarian re1olution &an later begin to eAhibit the same beha1ior for fas&ist ideals( "e&ause 1iolen&e is an indis$ensable element of both ideologies( Mussolini s$ent years as an atheist &ommunist# an enemy of religion and a fanati&al 0arwinist# trying to ma%e a $la&e for himself in 6talian $oliti&s( Dhen by these means he was not able to a&hie1e his aims# he be&ame a fas&ist(

M/ss$&i i's C$**/ ist Y"a%s

Mussolini was born in a small 1illage in )MM;( His father was an a1owed MarAist# an ideology he $assed on to his son( A&&ording to the =Aford historian 0enis Ma&% <mith# in his boo% Mussolini# "his father used to ))* read $arts of Das 0apital to the family(" Mussolini re&ei1ed a &ommunist edu&ation from his father# and was %nown at s&hool as a diffi&ult and aggressi1e boy# and a smart5ale&%( He had almost no friends(

6n his +,s Mussolini be&ame a fanati&al &ommunist# su$$orting anar&hism# an e1en more radi&al and fanati&al re1olutionary ideology than &ommunism( 0enis Ma&% <mith writes: "y )/,; he was &alling himself an 'authoritarian &ommunist'( Crom his father he had learnt to ha1e little $atien&e with sentimental# reformist so&ialism or with demo&rati& and $arliamentary methodsN instead he $rea&hed re1olution to eA$ro$riate a ruling &lass that would ne1er 1oluntarily renoun&e $ower and $ossessions( 3arliament should be abolishedN &lass struggle must re$la&e &lass &ollaborationN $ri1ate $ro$erty should disa$$ear altogether( <o&ialists should ne1er &ollaborate with bourgeois go1ernments and ne1er $ursue a $oli&y of stri%es merely to get better wages# but should be ready to use terrorism and mob )): 1iolen&e to affe&t a wholesale so&ial re1olution( As we ha1e seen# in his youth Mussolini was a fanati&al &ommunist( The model of "re1olution by 1iolen&e and terror" &losely resembled the terrorist methods of 2enin# whi&h he would $ut into $ra&ti&e in Russia later on( A&tually# Mussolini had established a relationshi$ with 2enin during those years( A&&ording to ))? his own later a&&ount# he met 2enin# who was in <witEerland at that time# and e1en won his a$$ro1al( Mussolini em$hasiEed his loyalty to MarAism by saying# "MarA was the greatest of all theorists of so&ialism" ))4 and fre!uently !uoted from MarA in his writings( =ne of the defining &hara&teristi&s of the &ommunist Mussolini was a fanati&al hatred of religion( 0enis Ma&% <mith has this to say on the sub e&t: Crom his father he had learnt to be a thoroughgoing anti5&leri&al( He $ro&laimed himself to be an atheist(((He for&ibly denoun&ed those so&ialists who thought religion a matter for indi1idual &ons&ien&e((( -hristianity in $arti&ular Jhe saidK was 1itiated by $rea&hing the senseless 1irtues of resignation and ))M &owardi&e# whereas the new so&ialist morality should &elebrate 1iolen&e and rebellion( 6t is im$ortant to ma%e a &areful estimation of Mussolini's state of mind as set out here( As we ha1e seen# he re1ealed his hatred of and total la&% of belief in God with o$en de&laration of untruth about Him( As we shall soon see# Mussolini felt the need to su$$ort the -hur&h the entire time he was in $ower# and so# sometimes $ortrayed himself as a religious man( Curthermore# e1en during the years of his fanati&al &ommunism# he tried to wear a mas% of religion( Dhile he $rodu&ed fanati&ally anti5religious writings and s$ee&hes in his own &ountry# he in1ented a story about ))/ the de$th and firmness of his religious beliefs when writing for an Anglo5<aAon audien&e( Mussolini's hatred of religion and his &ommunist militan&y lasted throughout the )/),s( 6n )/,M# he wrote for the &ommunist magaEine 4a 4ima under a false name# and thus &lashed with the wee%ly Il (iornale 4igure, the $ublishing organ of the -atholi&s of =neglia( The interesting thing is that after Mussolini &ame to $ower# the &olle&tion of 4a 4ima in the lo&al library disa$$eared mysteriously# be&ause# after he &ame to $ower# he de&ided )+, to use religion for $oliti&al ends# and &on&ealed his true fa&e# his hatred of religion(

T!" M" Da%-i

W!$ I s(i%"' M/ss$&i i: Ni"t1sc!" a '

Mussolini's de1otion to &ommunism was rooted in both his tenden&y to 1iolen&e and $ersonal $sy&hologi&al $roblems( 0enis Ma&% <mith des&ribes Mussolini's $ersonality in these words: 0es$ite his &ontinuing allegian&e to MarA# there was little $re&ise do&trine in his e&le&ti& brand of so&ialism( He sometimes &alled himself a syndi&alist# but in $ri1ate s$o%e un%indly about most other )+) so&ialists and to some a&!uaintan&es seemed abo1e all an anar&hist( Another historian who has studied Mussolini's life# Angeli&a "alabanoff# thought his 1iews were "more the refle&tion of his early en1ironment and his own rebellious egoism than the $rodu&t of understanding and &on1i&tionN his hatred of o$$ression was not that im$ersonal hatred of a system shared by all re1olutionariesN it s$rang rather from his own sense of indignity and frustration# from a $assion to assert his own ego and from a )++ determination for $ersonal re1enge('' A&tually# Mussolini's only definite beliefs were the $rin&i$les of "&onfli&t" and "war(" These he had learned from the ideologi&al founder of fas&ism# in other words# from Criedri&h NietEs&he# and his mentor# -harles 0arwin( There is &onsiderable e1iden&e for the admiration Mussolini felt for them both( He admitted to his )+; admiration for NietEs&he# whom he said filled him with a "s$iritual eroti&ism(" 0enis Ma&% <mith writes: 6n NietEs&he he found ustifi&ation for his &rusade against the -hristian 1irtues of humility# resignation# &harity# and goodness and it was also in NietEs&he that he found some of his fa1ourite $hrases in&luding 'li1e dangerously'# and 'the will to $ower'( Here# too# was the s$lendid &on&e$t of the su$erman# the su$reme egoist who defied both God and the masses# who des$ised egalitarianism and demo&ra&y# who )+* belie1ed in the wea%est going to the wall and $ushing them if they did not go fast enough( Mussolini &learly referred to his ideologi&al lin% with 0arwinism in the $ages of the &ommunist wee%ly magaEine 2a 2otta di -lasse 7-lass <truggle9# of whi&h he was editor for a time( 3i&tures of MarA and 0arwin were on the &o1er of the 1ery first edition( The first issue of 2a 2otta di -lasse referred to these two materialist ideologues as "The greatest thin%ers of the $ast &entury#" and was full of $raise for 0arwin's theory of e1olution()+: Mussolini wrote a great deal for 2a 2otta di -lasse on 0arwinist# &ommunist and anti5religious themes# but after )/++# in other words# after he &ame to $ower# all &o$ies of this $a$er suddenly disa$$eared from lo&al libraries()+?

M/ss$&i i's Fa&s" Pi"t5

Mussolini underwent a sudden $ersonal &hange at the end of the )/),s( After ha1ing been a radi&al &ommunist for so long# he then emerged as the leader of the ideology %nown as "fas&ism" as it set out on its way to $ower( This mo1ement too% the "aAe" of an&ient Roman $aganism as its symbol( Howe1er# Mussolini did not himself dis&o1er "fas&ism#" but rather de1elo$ed it from the ra&ist trends whi&h had been es&alating in 6taly during that $eriod( "ut# e1en though he did not in1ent the ideology# he soon made it his own and turned it into a $oliti&al mo1ement( Hust li%e Hitler# he gathered ignorant $eo$le around him# street thugs# ad1enturers# and instigators of 1iolen&e( He grou$ed them together in a !uasi5military organiEation %nown as the ""la&% <hirts#" whi&h he em$loyed as a wea$on of terror against his ri1als( "y these methods# he was able to seiEe $ower a few years later( "y )/++ he was 6taly's $rime minister( <hortly afterwards# he began to be %nown by the term "6l 0u&e#" or leader# and be&ame an outright di&tator( As Mussolini was emerging as the leader of fas&ism# he de&ided first to &on&eal his enmity towards religion# and e1en to a$$ear as a de1out -atholi&( He made great efforts to &reate the image# $arti&ularly in the early years of his rule( =n the one hand# he had all magaEines in whi&h he had written against religion &olle&ted and destroyed# while on the other# he made di1inity lessons &om$ulsory again after an absen&e of half a &entury# )+4 and de&reed that $i&tures of the &ross and the Firgin Mary should be hung in s&hools( He too% great $ains in all his s$ee&hes to &ome a&ross as a religious# &onser1ati1e figure# who was de1oted to national &ustoms and traditions( 6n Mussolini's new 1iew# religion was an institution that owed the state its assistan&e in order that it should grow stronger( Mussolini's hy$o&riti&al $iety was effe&ti1e# in as mu&h as he won the su$$ort of the -hur&h( His "&on!uest of the heart of the -hur&h" was des&ribed in the Encyclopedia of Modern 4eaders: The -hur&h's su$$ort for the fas&ists began with the ele&tion of the former -ardinal of Milan as 3o$e( 6n 3ius W6's 1iew# it was Mussolini who would res&ue 6taly from anar&hy( Relations with Mussolini# who had on&e waged war against the -hur&h in arti&les whi&h he signed "A true atheist#" and the $ro5fas&ist 3o$e were always dire&ted towards &oo$eration( The Fati&an news$a$er 4&Osser$atore 8omano wrote in Cebruary )/+;# "Mussolini has been a$$lauded as the man who will restore the fortunes of 6taly( This is a 1i&tory for religious traditions and national &i1iliEation(" -ardinal Fi&aire &alled u$on the $ubli& to su$$ort the fas&ists in the same year( The Fati&an withheld its a$$ro1al of the -atholi& 3artito 3o$olare's J3eo$le's 3artyK anti5fas&ist attitude and had 0on <turEo remo1ed from his $ost as $arty leader( 6n return for this# Mussolini demonstrated his res$e&t for the -hur&h at e1ery a1ailable o$$ortunity# staging a religious wedding &eremony for him and his wife# whom he had married )+ years before# and ha1ing his &hildren ba$tiEedP 6n Cebruary )/+/# he restored the -hur&h's rights whi&h had been ta%en away in )M4, by signing the "2ateran 3a&t" in the name of the King# with -ardinal Gas$ari signing in the name of the -hur&h( 'nder this agreement# the -hur&h won &om$lete freedom of belief and worshi$# and -atholi&ism be&ame the offi&ial religion of the state( The Fati&an was offi&ially re&ogniEed and awarded &onsiderable benefits# the 3o$e was re&ogniEed as head of the state and granted su&h rights as &om$ensation $ayments to the $a$a&y# the re&ognition of -hur&h marriages# and religious lessons in $rimary s&hools( 6n return for these# the 3o$e awarded Mussolini the order of the "Golden <$ur" in )/;+# and des&ribed him as the )+M "in&om$arable $rime minister("

"ut# des$ite these theatri&s# Mussolini was ne1ertheless an atheist( =n&e ha1ing rallied 6talian so&iety behind him# he began to show his real aim# that of &om$letely doing away with religion( 6n the )/;,s# religious do&trines were slowly eliminated# and in their $la&e a form of $aganism that re1ered Mussolini as a di1ine being was $ut in $la&e( Mussolini's only true religion was his egotism# whi&h he tried little by little to ma%e the 6talians a&&e$t( The slogan mentioned below# during this $eriod# is a testament of the "&ult dedi&ated to Mussolini": "0o )+/ not delay for an instant in lo1ing God( "ut remember that the god of 6taly is the 0u&e(" Mussolini belittled religious notions and re5inter$reted them a&&ording to his own $agan belief system( The fa&t that he &alled the de&rees and $ronoun&ements he issued the "Cas&ist 0e&alogue#" re1eals the s&ale of his arrogan&e and hy$o&risy( Howe1er# Mussolini's arrogan&e did not endure long( 6taly entered the <e&ond Dorld Dar on the side of Germany# but was defeated# &olla$sing mu&h earlier than Germany( 6n )/*;# Mussolini was arrested by his own &ountrymen and im$risoned( He was res&ued with Hitler's su$$ort# and held out against the o$$osition in the North for some time longer( Towards the end of the war# he was on&e again arrested as he tried to &ross the border in a German uniform# and was shot with his mistress at his side( His &or$se was sus$ended by one foot in a s!uare in Milan( <u&h was the dreadful end of a $sy&ho$ath who &laimed he was a "di1ine being("

H$- S(a is! Fascis* Us"' R"&i#i$

As we ha1e seen# fas&ism is an ideology fanati&ally o$$osed to religion# but whi&h may sometimes &on&eal its hatred for $oliti&al reasons# and e1en $resent itself as a&tually &ommitted to religion( The aim behind fas&ists' wish to a$$ear God5fearing is to $er1ert religious &on&e$ts from their true meaning# and em$loy them as tools for their $oliti&al goals( The degree of fas&ism's &ommitment to religion flu&tuates a&&ording to the nature of the so&iety it finds itself in( NaEism felt little need to $ut u$ su&h a front# be&ause it had de1elo$ed itself within German so&iety# whi&h had already been distan&ed far from religion( "ut# in 6taly# Mussolini attem$ted to &ontrol a far more religious so&iety# and thus felt a greater need to $lay su&h a hy$o&riti&al role( Dhen we &onsider the eAam$le of <$ain# we on&e again see a religious so&iety and a fas&ism with a religious fa&e( The leader of this brand of fas&ism was Cran&is&o Cran&o( Cran&o's ideology is %nown as "Calangism(" The term &omes from the word "Calange#" 7or the Calange Es$anola Tradi&ionalista > 0e 2as Huntas 0e =fensi1a Na&ional5<indi&alista# to gi1e it its full name9 whi&h was founded in )/;;( The $arty was established by a fas&ist ideologue &alled Hose Antonio 3rimo de Ri1era# in imitation of 6talian fas&ism# and was o$$osed to demo&ra&y# the -onstitution# leftist mo1ements and the -hur&h( 6n fa&t# the word "Calange" 73halanA in <$anish9 was a martial &on&e$t ta%en from $agan &ultures( The name referred to the arrangement of a regiment of soldiers# as $ra&ti&ed first in an&ient <umeria# and then in an&ient Gree&e and Rome( General Cran&o# the &ommander5in5&hief of the <$anish army at the time# too% o1er &ontrol of the Calange $arty in )/;?# when the &i1il war eru$ted as a result of fighting between right and left in the

&ountry( Howe1er# he softened the $arty's anti5religious stan&e# in an attem$t to ma%e his brand of fas&ism a$$ear &om$atible with religion( Cran&o waged a $arti&ularly bloody &i1il war# not hesitating e1en to bomb &i1ilians when he thought it ne&essary( He won the three5year war in )/;/# and the di&tatorshi$ he set u$ afterwards lasted until the )/4,s( 6n order to maintain the regime# he $ursued $oli&ies to ensure the su$$ort of the -atholi& -hur&h( At the same time# the -hur&h was gi1en a &a$italisti& role in the e&onomi& life of the &ountry( Cran&o's a$$roa&h was always to defend the -hur&h# and to use it for his own ends( =n the other hand# all religious mo1ements that emerged and that were outside fas&ist $rin&i$les were ruthlessly su$$ressed by the go1ernment( The boo% !ho is 'rancoB !hat is 'alangismB eA$lains how <$anish fas&ism used religion in order to su&&eed: Cas&ism needs the masses in order to attain its endsP 6t is suffi&ient to use words su&h as religious truths and monar&hy to moti1ate the massesP -atholi&s were always $owerful in <$ain: Most $riests are outs$o%en su$$orters of fas&ismP <o it was ne&essary to find and $ubli&iEe a theory of <$anish fas&ism( This was done by Gil Robles( Robles has &lose &onne&tions to <$ain's greatest landowners( He was edu&ated in -atholi& Hesuit s&hools# and began his first $oliti&al a&ti1ities in these same organiEationsP Dhen fas&ism &ame to $ower in Germany# Robles rushed there at on&e( His aim was to learn German wor%ing methods( Robles tried to imitate German fas&ism in a number of areas# but he was unable to $ut forward the "su$erior" and "Aryan ra&e" theory( <o what was Robles to doO He resorted to an eAtreme &hau1inism# whi&h he harmoniEed with -atholi&ism( "<$ain &omes before e1erything( God is abo1e <$ain( >ou are as -atholi& as you feel yourself to be <$anishQ" This -atholi& &hau1inism of Roble's &ame from 1arious &hara&teristi&s of <$ain itselfP Robles used -atholi& bodies and &oo$erati1es and -atholi& youth grou$s( The -atholi& $ress also entered the ser1i&e of fas&ism( );, Robles also ran the news$a$er El De#ate, whi&h was well5%nown among &onser1ati1e &ir&les( The -hur&h also ser1ed the fas&ists in other ways( <$aniards in 2atin Ameri&a and other fas&ist grou$s set u$ their own 1ersions of the Calange# so these &ountries &ould be brought under <$anish &ontrol( The -atholi& );) -hur&h in these &ountries was a $rimary moti1ating for&e in this s&heme( The story of how 1arious fas&ist regimes &ame to $ower is generally 1ery mu&h the same( Cor fas&ists# religion is an im$ortant tool to hel$ them a&hie1e their ends( As a result of ta&ti&s similar to those em$loyed in other fas&ist &ountries# the -hur&h in <$ain su$$orted Cran&o( Howe1er# as we ha1e already seen# fas&ists only maintain this $ositi1e attitude towards religion until they are in $ower# after whi&h they generally lose no time waging war against it( The same ha$$ened in <$ain( George =rwell des&ribes the situation in re1olutionary "ar&elona siA months after the re1olution: Almost e1ery &hur&h had been gutted and its images burnt( -hur&hes here and there were being );+ systemati&ally demolished by gangs of wor%man( Dhen we eAamine Cran&o as an eAam$le of how fas&ists o$enly use religion# we find oursel1es on&e again fa&e to fa&e with one of the truths mentioned earlier in this boo%( Cas&ism is an ideology that see%s to turn Euro$ean so&ieties ba&% to the $agan religions of $re5-hristian Euro$e( And not ust in Euro$e( E1erywhere in the world the true religion of fas&ists has been $aganism( E1ery fas&ist mo1ement ta%es its own so&iety's $agan beliefs as a model( Their slogans# symbols and the li%e# all bear the features of a $arti&ular so&iety's $agan $ast( Cas&ists try to generate an emotional fer1or in their $eo$les by referring to their an&estors and traditions#

&ontributing to a %ind of mass hy$nosis( They &ontinually $romise a return to the "glorious days" of the $eo$les' $ast( Essentially# they turn fas&ism into a religion# em$loying religious terms and symbols from their so&ieties' $asts( No matter how mu&h they may gi1e the im$ression of being religious# they are nothing more than $agans(

Fascist M$%a&s A%" t!" O(($sit" $) K$%a ic M$%a&s

6t is $erfe&tly ob1ious that fas&ism has only e1er led to bloodshed and suffering for man%ind( The history of the +,th &entury is $roof of this( "ut# des$ite this fa&t# there are still $eo$le in many $arts of the world who are sym$atheti& to fas&ism( Cas&ist mo1ements in our own time are s$reading ra$idly# under the name of neo5 NaEis and hooligans( 2egal measures ta%en against these fas&ist gangs are ineffe&ti1e# where su&h $owerful &ountries as Great "ritain and Germany are unable to su$$ress them( This reason being that they use ineffe&ti1e methods( 6t is im$ossible to restrain and bring into line $eo$le who ha1e been brought u$ with no %nowledge of religion# leading them to be&ome utterly irres$onsible# un&ontrollable and aggressi1e( The only way to sto$ this aggression and terrorism that $ersists in many &ountries today# is to ino&ulate $eo$le with the morality taught by religion instead of the $agan or atheisti& ideologies that are at the root of fas&ism( As will be &lear from the &ontent of this boo%# fas&ism o$$oses $ea&e# friendshi$# brotherhood# &om$romise and toleran&e( The essen&e of religion# howe1er# is good morality( <o fas&ism is an ideology &om$letely at 1arian&e with religion( X Cor instan&e# fas&ism a$$ro1es of ra&ism( Cas&ists ha1e always &laimed that their own ra&e or nation are su$erior to others# and ha1e used the &laim as an eA&use to seiEe their lands and $ro$erty( This ra&ist &laim results in &ountless wars# %illings# and "ethni& &leansing(" Howe1er# as we ha1e seen# the Koran tea&hes that su$eriority is not sub e&t to ra&e# &olor or any other feature# but is founded in &loseness to God and li1ing by faith and $ro$er morals( The Koran ma%es light of this truth: Ma 3i 'A W" c%"at"' 5$/ )%$* a *a&" a ' )"*a&", a ' *a'" 5$/ i t$ ("$(&"s a ' t%i6"s s$ t!at 5$/ *i#!t c$*" t$ 3 $- "ac! $t!"%8 T!" $6&"st a*$ # 5$/ i G$''s si#!t is t!at $ " $) 5$/ -!$ 6"st ("%)$%*s !is '/t58 G$' is A&&+K $-i #, A&&+A-a%"8 9K$%a , D<::E> 6n another 1erse# God des&ribes ra&ism as the "fanati&al rage of the time of ignoran&e"# and re1eals to belie1ers that He will $rote&t them against this $ro1o&ati1e ideology: T!$s" -!$ 'is6"&i"." )i&&"' t!"i% !"a%ts -it! )a atica& %a#"Bt!" )a atica& %a#" $) t!" Ti*" $) I# $%a c"Ba ' G$' s" t '$s"%" it5 t$ His M"ss" #"% a ' t$ t!" 6"&i"."%s, a ' $6&i#"' t!"* t$ %"s("ct t!" )$%*/&a $) !""')/& "ss -!ic! t!"5 !a' *$st %i#!t t$ a ' -"%" *$st " tit&"' t$8 G$' !as 3 $-&"'#" $) a&& t!i #s8 9K$%a , DC:2;>

$s the abo/e /erse makes clear ;od has d!/!ded "eo"le !nto d!22erent races and ethn!c grou"s so that they may !nteract w!th one another and l!/e !n "eace brotherhood and tolerance. In other words contrary to what 2asc!sts th!nk d!22erent races and ethn!c grou"s are not a tool 2or .oc!al 3arw!n!st con2l!ct and a 4struggle 2or sur/!/al.4 There can be no Huest!on o2 b!olog!cal su"er!or!ty among d!22erent races and ethn!c grou"s. ;od ascr!bes the only su"er!or!ty among human be!ngs to closeness to #!m and l!/!ng accord!ng to 2a!th and moral!ty. In a s!tuat!on where "eo"le adhere to the Eoran there2ore there w!ll be no con2l!ct o2 race color or tr!be nor w!ll such cla!ms o2 su"er!or!ty e/er be able to 2!nd 2ert!le ground !n wh!ch to grow. X History re1eals that "fanati&al rage" is a si&%ness that originated in $agan or atheist so&ieties# where &laims based on the su$eriority of a ra&e# ethni& origin or tribe# and the &onfli&t that results from them# ha1e always eAisted( These $eo$le ha1e always sought to determine their su$eriority in su&h $hysi&al features( The Koran howe1er says# "A )-,#' 2( on," 'o Go+." 8Ko/&n: 1@:GC5 Human beings are &reated by God with no distin&tion between ra&e or s%in &olor# but as hel$less &reatures utterly de$endent on God( They will all someday die( <o# no indi1idual or so&iety has the right to &laim su$eriority o1er another( 6n death# these &laims will be $ro1en unfounded( A holy 1erse on the sub e&t of the 0ay of Hudgment re1eals this fa&t: T!" -!" t!" T%/*("t is 6&$- , $ ti"s $) 3i s!i( -i&& "?ist 6"t-"" t!"* $ t!at 'a5, $% *a5 t!"5 7/"sti$ $ " a $t!"%8 9K$%a , 2E::0:> As the 1erse ma%es &lear# at the moment of death# the 0ay of Hudgment or in the hereafter# &on&e$ts su&h as ra&e# &olor and ethni& origin will be unim$ortant( The only thing of any im$ortan&e then will be &loseness to God and whether a $erson has won His mer&y( =n that day# nobody will be in a $osition to as% anyone about his ra&e or ethni&ity( Those $eo$le who are now $assionate about their ethni&ity# who %ill others for it and e1en burn them ali1e# will understand how hel$less and de$endant they are# no matter what their ra&e( X Another distinguishing feature of fas&ism is its tenden&y to 1iolen&e( Cas&ists regard 1iolen&e# the use of brute for&e# war and &onfli&t as sa&red &on&e$ts( That is not $ossible for someone who li1es by the Koran( God wants the faithful to li1e by good morals# whi&h he des&ribes in the Koran( Cor instan&e# a Muslim is &harged with returning good for e1il( God says this in one of the holy 1erses on the sub e&t: A #$$' acti$ a ' a 6a' acti$ a%" $t t!" sa*"8 R"("& t!" 6a' -it! s$*"t!i # 6"tt"% a ', i) t!"%" is " *it5 6"t-"" 5$/ a ' s$*"$ " "&s", !" -i&& 6" &i3" a 6$s$* )%i" '8 9K$%a , D::ED> 6t is out of the !uestion for a $erson who beha1es in a&&ordan&e with the abo1e 1erse to feel any sym$athy for fas&ist logi& and methods# or to show e1en the slightest tenden&y towards fas&ism( X Another feature of fas&ist morality is that it is !uite &a$able of sa&rifi&ing thousands of inno&ent $eo$le without hesitation for the sa%e of those aims that it $er&ei1es to be sa&red( Cas&ists# who thin% that "the end ustifies the means#" &arry out all %inds of brutality for an end that is in itself utterly un ustifiable( Howe1er# the Koran says that atta&%ing $eo$le un ustly and %illing the inno&ent is a great &rime( A&&ording to fas&ism# human

life is worth nothing# whereas religion sees the life of e1en one $erson as being of the utmost im$ortan&e( God &ommands: Fi) s$*"$ " 3i&&s a $t!"% ("%s$ B/ &"ss it is i %"ta&iati$ )$% s$*"$ " "&s" $% )$% ca/si # c$%%/(ti$ i t!" "a%t!Bit is as i) !" !a' */%'"%"' a&& *a 3i '8 A ' i) a 5$ " #i."s &i)" t$ a $t!"% ("%s$ , it is as i) !" !a' #i." &i)" t$ a&& *a 3i 'F 9K$%a , G:E2> "earing in mind that %illing an inno&ent $erson is li%e murdering all man%ind# it is &lear what a great sin all the %illings# murders and geno&ide &arried out by fas&ists has been( God re1eals what awaits the &ruel fas&ists in the hereafter: T!"%" a%" $ &5 #%$/ 's a#ai st t!$s" -!$ -%$ # ("$(&" a ' act as t5%a ts i t!" "a%t! -it!$/t a 5 %i#!t t$ '$ s$8 S/c! ("$(&" -i&& !a." a (ai )/& (/ is!*" t8 9K$%a , D2:D2> X De also mentioned that fas&ists are eA&essi1ely im$assioned# for whi&h reason they &an easily be $ro1o%ed# angered and in&ited to 1iolen&e( Cas&ist grou$s tend to o$erate in the form of street gangs# be&ome &onsumed with anger at e1en the slightest in&ident# and immediately resort to fighting at the slightest $ro1o&ation( Naturally# this emotionally fuelled 1iolen&e is &om$letely &ontrary to what the Koran &ommands( The Koran s$ea%s of intelligent# mild and moderate $eo$le who &an restrain themsel1es when they be&ome angry( Nothing that ha$$ens &an ma%e them aggressi1e or angry: T!$s" -!$ #i." i ti*"s $) 6$t! "as" a ' !a%'s!i(, t!$s" -!$ c$ t%$& t!"i% %a#" a ' (a%'$ $t!"% ("$(&"BG$' &$."s t!" #$$'+'$"%s8 9K$%a , E::ED> X Another tenden&y $ossessed by fas&ists is a grou$5mentality( Many $oorly edu&ated and ignorant young $eo$le in fas&ist grou$s# who do not e1en %now why they do what they do# get &arried away by a %ind of hysteri&al emotion under the effe&t of &rowds# slogans and martial songs( They get &arried away by the herd mentality and in1ol1ed in grou$ &rimes that they would ne1er &arry out of their own free will( They &an atta&% a foreigner for no reason# or $illage a wor%$la&e( Most $eo$le who engage in su&h a&tions do so be&ause they ha1e be&ome $art of the "herd#" ust one $art of the $sy&hology of the grou$# be&ause their wills and &ons&ien&es are wea%( "ut God warns $eo$le against the de1ian&e of the ma ority: I) 5$/ $6"5"' *$st $) t!$s" $ "a%t!, t!"5 -$/&' *is#/i'" 5$/ )%$* G$''s Wa58 T!"5 )$&&$- $t!i # 6/t c$ H"ct/%"8 T!"5 a%" $ &5 #/"ssi #8 9K$%a , ;:::;> Cor this reason# instead of going along with the ma ority# the faithful a&t intelligently and a&&ording to their better &ons&ien&e( This is only $ossible by li1ing in a&&ordan&e with the Koran(

X Another $oint of dis$arity between religion and fas&ism is the Koran's re!uirement of $ea&e and &om$romise( These &on&e$ts are the eAa&t o$$osite of fas&ism# whi&h $romotes aggression# &on!uest# war# brute for&e and o$$ression( God disa$$ro1es of all of these# $resented in the Koran as &ruelties( =n the &ontrary# God &ommands $eo$le to li1e a&&ording to what is good and to establish good relations between ea&h other: T#(/( -" no ,oo+ -n )%0# o* '#(-/ "(0/(' '& 7: (F0(.' -n '#( 0&"( o* '#o"( $#o (nJo-n 0#&/-'!: o/ $#&' -" /-,#': o/ .%''-n, '#-n," /-,#' 2('$((n .(o. (. I* &n!on( +o(" '#&': "((7-n, '#( . (&"%/( o* Go+: W( $- ,-1( #-) &n -))(n"( /($&/+. 8Ko/&n: ;:11;5

C$ c&/si$
6n &on&lusion# when we eAamine the basis of fas&ism# we &ome to see a system of ethi&s that is the eAa&t o$$osite of those 1irtues that are inherent in religion# su&h as lo1e# affe&tion# &om$assion# humility# &o5 o$eration# and being &ontent with what one has( Howe1er# fas&ism is a s&hool of thought that systematiEes the 1ery o$$osite# and# under the influen&e of 0arwinism# $ortrays itself as a "s&ientifi&" and rational a$$roa&h( "-ruelty#" whi&h has always been &ondemned by religion# is $raised and san&tified systemati&ally in fas&ism( This &ruel and ruthless ideology has been the root of the geno&idal a&ts &arried out by Hitler# Mussolini's ruthless &on!uests# the bloody &i1il war waged by Cran&o# 3ino&het's brutalities# <addam Hussein's %illing of :#,,, &i1ilians by ner1e gas# the inhumane sa1agery meted out to the "osnians and Albanians by Milose1i&# and many other &urrent atro&ities( The fas&ist ideology $lays a role# not only in state5s$onsored 1iolen&e# su&h as mentioned abo1e# but also in e1ery5day instan&es( The stabbing# beating or %illing of $eo$le be&ause of a sim$le misunderstanding is the $rodu&t of a &ulture that sees and $ortrays 1iolen&e as a %ind of heroism( The sour&e this mentality is the influen&e of the idea of a "struggle for sur1i1al#" on&e $rofessed by su&h ideologues as 0arwin and NietEs&he( The &ause of this si&%ness is the la&% of religion in these $eo$le( They may $erha$s &laim to be religious if as%ed# but they ha1e not the slightest in%ling of the true beauty and nobility that religion bestows on $eo$le( And for the same reason# the &ure for this si&%ness is for $eo$le to learn the true meaning of# as well as understand and li1e by# Korani& morality(

PHARAOH: A FASCIST CHARACTER RELATED IN THE KORAN

The defining &hara&teristi& of fas&ist leaders is their tenden&y to &onstru&t regimes founded on fear and o$$ression( They tend to intimidate their &itiEenry through threats# re$ression and torture# and thus &ontrol them as they wish( This is the &ase in almost all fas&ist regimes( Those who go along with them are those who generally su$$ort might instead of right# easily bow their heads in the fa&e of brutality# and are the %ind of wea% souls that &an easily be led in any dire&tion the authorities want( 6gnoran&e here $lays an im$ortant role( 6n the Koran# God $ro1ides an eAam$le of a &ruel di&tator and the %ind of so&iety those loyal to him &onsist of: Egy$t in the time of the 3haraohs( The 3haraoh who ruled Egy$t at the time of the $ro$het Moses established a system based entirely on the use of o$$ression( He did not hesitate using for&e and brutality# as all fas&ist leaders ha1e done in order to fortify their authority( Dhen we eAamine what the Koran has to say about 3haraoh# we see a stri%ing resemblan&e to modern fas&ist leaders( 2i%e fas&ist leaders in our own time# 3haraoh di1ided the $eo$le in his &ountry into &lasses# massa&ring some of them: W" %"cit" t$ 5$/ -it! -!$ 6"&i"."8 P!a%a$! its ("$(&" i t$ ca*(s, s$ s a ' &"tti # t!"i% 2C:E+D> t%/t! s$*" "-s $) M$s"s a ' P!a%a$! )$% ("$(&" "?a&t"' !i*s"&) a%%$#a t&5 i t!" &a ' a ' 'i.i'"' $((%"ssi # $ " #%$/( $) t!"* 65 s&a/#!t"%i # t!"i% -$*" &i."8 H" -as $ " $) t!" c$%%/(t"%s8 9K$%a ,

Another stri%ing feature of 3haraoh's regime is the use of military $ower against his own $eo$le# in the 1ery same way as the modern fas&ists( Cor instan&e# he sent his army to $re1ent the flight of the &hildren of 6srael and the 3ro$het Moses( The Koran re$eatedly uses the eA$ression "3haraoh and his troo$s" when s$ea%ing about his go1ernment# whi&h indi&ates that it was a militarist one( $nother s!m!lar!ty between 8haraoh and contem"orary 2asc!sts !s the way they "ortray themsel/es as d!/!ne. The 4de!2!cat!on o2 the leader4 em"loyed !n #!tler and -ussol!n!,s reg!mes were also o"enly em"loyed by 8haraoh: P#&/&o# "&-+: "Co%n0- : I +o no' 7no$ o* &n! o'#(/ ,o+ *o/ !o% &.&/' */o) M(B" 8Ko/&n: 2H:6H5 P#&/&o# 0& (+ 'o #-" .(o. (: "&!-n,: "M! .(o. (: +o(" '#( 7-n,+o) o* E,!.' no' 2( on, 'o )(4 Do no' & '#("( /-1(/" * o$ %n+(/ )! 0on'/o 4 Do !o% no' '#(n "((4" 8Ko/&n: ;6:C15 The 1erse also indi&ates that 3haraoh ga1e 1irulent s$ee&hes and he&tored his $eo$le# a most distin&ti1e feature of the $ro$aganda methods em$loyed by fas&ist di&tators su&h as Hitler and Mussolini(

At a time when 3haraoh was $ressuring his $eo$le to follow where1er he led them# a true $ro$het# the 3ro$het Moses# &ame to tell the $eo$le of Egy$t the truth and lead them onto the &orre&t $ath( "ut they were afraid to follow Moses# and stu&% with 3haraoh# who a$$eared to them more $owerful: N$ $ " 6"&i"."' i M$s"s "?c"(t )$% a )"- $) !is ("$(&" $/t $) )"a% t!at P!a%a$!, a ' t!" "&'"%s, -$/&' ("%s"c/t" t!"*8 P!a%a$! -as !i#! a ' *i#!t5 i t!" &a '8 H" -as $ " $) t!" (%$)&i#at"8 9K$%a , :0:CE> As we ha1e seen# some of those who might ha1e belie1ed in the 3ro$het Moses failed to do so out of fear of in&urring the wrath of 3haraoh and those around him( This shows that 3haraoh's regime was one that o$$ressed $eo$le solely be&ause of their beliefs# a fundamental &hara&teristi& of fas&ism( Another similarity between 3haraoh and &ontem$orary fas&ist leaders is their dis&riminatory and ra&ist treatment of $eo$le( The ra&ist 1iews of modern fas&ists &an also be seen in 3haraoh( 2i%e the "anti5<emiti&" leaders of our own time# 3haraoh also saw the $eo$le of 6srael as a so5&alled inferior ra&e# and belittled the $ro$hets Moses and Aaron before their own $eo$le# the 3eo$le of 6srael( Here is an eAam$le of the words of 3haraoh and those around him: T!"5 sai', 0W!atA S!$/&' -" 6"&i"." i t-$ !/*a -!" t!"i% ("$(&" a%" $/% s&a."s@0 9K$%a , 2E:D=> 6"i #s &i3" $/%s"&."s

As is &lear from the eAam$les gi1en so far# there were im$ortant resemblan&es between 3haraoh's system and that of fas&ist regimes in our own time( These similarities are not ust limited to administrati1e systems# but also a$$ly to the $eo$les administered under those systems( -ertainly# most $eo$le who abided by 3haraoh and followed his rule %new that they were doing the wrong thing# and that the 3ro$het Moses was in the right( "ut# be&ause they saw 3haraoh as $owerful# and as their ruler# they thought that they had no other alternati1e( They fell under the influen&e of brute for&e and $ower( They belie1ed in the $rin&i$le that "might is right#" though the only true $ossessor of might and dominion is God( "e&ause they &ould not &om$rehend this# they and 3haraoh ultimately suffered great humiliation# both in this world and in the hereafter( The Koran des&ribes the end that awaited these $eo$le: S$ W" s"i1"' !i* a ' !is t%$$(s a ' )&/ # t!"* i t$ t!" s"a8 S"" t!" )i a& )at" $) t!" -%$ #'$"%sA W" *a'" t!"* &"a'"%s, s/**$ i # t$ t!" Fi%", a ' $ t!" Da5 $) Risi # t!"5 -i&& $t 6" !"&("'8 W" (/%s/"' t!"* -it! a c/%s" i t!is -$%&' a ' $ t!" Da5 $) Risi # t!"5 -i&& 6" !i'"$/s a ' s(/% "'8 9K$%a , 2C:D0+D2> The end met by fas&ist leaders is ust as unha$$y as that of 3haraoh( Hitler &ommitted sui&ide# and Mussolini was &ondemned to death by his own $eo$le( The &ruelties they &ommitted in an attem$t to ele1ate themsel1es only led to their humiliation( They be&ame $eo$le who were remembered with disgust by those who &ame after( Curthermore# their humiliation in the hereafter will be mu&h greater than that in this world( "ut it

must be remembered that the suffering in the hereafter is not ust restri&ted to them# it also in&ludes their followers( This truth is again re1ealed in the Koran: T!"5 -i&& a&& (a%a'" 6")$%" G$' a ' t!" -"a3 -i&& sa5 t$ t!$s" -!$ -"%" a%%$#a t, 0W" )$&&$-"' 5$/, s$ ca 5$/ !"&( /s at a&& a#ai st t!" (/ is!*" t $) G$'@' T!"5 -i&& sa5, 0I) G$' !a' #/i'"' /s, -" -$/&' !a." #/i'"' 5$/8 It *a3"s $ 'i))"%" c" -!"t!"% -" ca $t sta ' it $% 6"a% it (ati" t&58 W" !a." $ -a5 $) "sca("80 9K$%a , :D:2:> Many di&tators ha1e established des$oti& regimes in this world# with their $eo$le bowing their heads to them# ta%en by the s$ell of brute for&e# 1iolen&e# fear and domination# or as the Koran $uts -' "B*o o$(+ '#( 0o))&n+ o* (1(/! o2+%/&'( '!/&n'" 8Ko/&n: 11:C?5. God re1eals the great error these leaders and their so&ieties ha1e made: P!a%a$! a ' t!$s" 6")$%" !i* a ' t!" O."%t/% "' Citi"s *a'" a #%"at *ista3"8 T!"5 'is$6"5"' t!" M"ss" #"% $) t!"i% L$%' s$ H" s"i1"' t!"* i a "."%+ti#!t" i # #%i(8 9K$%a , ;<:<+:0>

THIRD WORLD FASCISTS

Cas&ism was defeated in the <e&ond Dorld Dar( The allian&e between NaEi Germany# fas&ist 6taly and Ha$an was beaten# and the fas&ist regimes dismantled( Hitler &ommitted sui&ide# Mussolini was strung u$ by his own $eo$le# and the Ha$anese go1ernment dissol1ed itself( Cas&ism# rising during the first half of the +,th &entury# &olla$sed before it &ould see the se&ond half( Howe1er# the &olla$se of fas&ism did not mean that as a $roblem it had been wi$ed off the fa&e of the earth( After the <e&ond Dorld Dar# and in the Third Dorld# fas&ism a&tually in&reased( The di&tators and untas whi&h &ame to $ower in 2atin Ameri&a and Afri&a were also basi&ally &ommitted to fas&ism(

T!" Sa.a#"%5 $) Fascis* i

Lati

A*"%ica

Third Dorld fas&ists did not hesitate to &ommit atro&ities re&alling the NaEi massa&res( Cor instan&e# the -hilean di&tator General 3ino&het# who &ame to $ower with a military &ou$ against 3resident Allende in )/4;# turned his &ountry into a ri1er of blood( 3ino&het had Allende %illed with tan% and et atta&%s on the 3residential 3ala&e( Howe1er# the -hilean $eo$le were told that Allende had &ommitted sui&ide be&ause he refused to surrender( Collowing that# a ruthless $oli&y to eliminate Allende's su$$orters and the o$$osition was im$lemented( The unta %illed thousands of $eo$le in its first year in $ower# and a$$roAimately /,#,,, -hileans out of a $o$ulation of / million were arrested( The terroriEing of the $o$ulation# &or$ses $iled u$ in morgues# or shot and thrown into the Ma$o&ho Ri1er# the detention of sus$e&ts in the <antiago <tadium# hostage5ta%ings# fre!uent sear&h o$erations and lootings# were ust a few of the &rimes of the 3ino&het regime( A&ademi& institutions were "&leansed#" and history and geogra$hy &ourses in uni1ersities were sub e&ted to &ensorshi$ by the fas&ist authorities( Cas&ist di&tatorshi$s similar to that of 3ino&het &ame to $ower in 2atin Ameri&an &ountries su&h as Argentina# Guatemala# El <al1ador# Ni&aragua# Honduras and 3araguay# and also &arried out a$$alling &ruelties( Thousands of o$$onents of the unta in Argentina "disa$$eared(" A&&ording to the e1iden&e that emerged after the fa&t# more than +#,,, $oliti&al detainees were $ut onto $lanes and thrown out o1er the sea from thousands of feet in the air( A former gendarme# Cederi&o Tala1era# who a$$eared on Argentine tele1ision on A$ril +4# )//:# admitted the tortures &arried out during the time# saying among other things that $regnant women were thrown into the sea and that dogs were s$e&ially trained to bite $eo$les' seAual organs( A&&ording to his &onfession# the dogs would ta%e $oliti&al detainees' seAual organs in their mouths and wait for an order( 6f the detainee refused to tal%# then the dog was told to bite( The brutality in Guatemala was also horrifying( 6n the )/?,s and )/4,s# the fas&ist regime whi&h o1erthrew the &ountry's first and only ele&ted $resident# Ha&obo ArbenE# in )/:*# turned the &ountry into %illing5 fields( Among the fas&ists' targets# in &onformity with fas&ism's general hatred of religion# were men of religion(

Amnesty 6nternational announ&ed that between =&tober )/?? and Mar&h )/?M# some M#,,, Guatemalans# in&luding many $riests# were %illed by "death s!uads(" 6n )/4+# the number of death s!uad 1i&tims went u$ to )+#,,,# and to +,#,,, four years later( The Roman -atholi& "isho$s -onferen&e des&ribed the go1ernment's $oli&y as "geno&ide(" 6n 0illing Hope";S Military and -I+ Inter$entions Since !orld !ar II, the Ameri&an writer Dilliam "lum eA$lained the torture methods used by the Guatemala regime: Anyone attem$ting to organiEe a union or other underta%ing to im$ro1e the lot of the $easants# or sim$ly sus$e&ted of being in su$$ort of the guerrillas# was sub e&t ((( un%nown armed men bro%e into their homes and dragged them away to un%nown $la&es ((( their tortured or mutilated or burned bodies found buried in a mass gra1e# or floating in $lasti& bags in a la%e or ri1er# or lying beside the road# hands tied behind the ba&% ((( bodies dro$$ed into the 3a&ifi& from air$lanes( 6n the Gual area# it was said# no one fished any moreN too many &or$ses were &aught in the nets ((( de&a$itated &or$ses# or &astrated# or $ins stu&% in the eyes ((( a 1illage rounded u$# sus$e&ted of su$$lying the guerrillas with men or food or information# all adult males ta%en away in front of their families# ne1er to be seen again ((( or e1eryone massa&red# the 1illage bulldoEed o1er to &o1er the tra&es ((( seldom were the 1i&tims a&tual members of a guerrilla band( =ne method of torture &onsisted of $utting a hood filled with inse&ti&ide o1er the head of the 1i&timN there );; was also ele&tri& sho&% I to the genital area is the most effe&ti1e( Dilliam "lum !uotes a statement by a female nati1e Guatemalan( Ta%en for !uestioning# along with her family# on &harges of being an "o$$onent of the regime#" Rigoberta Men&hY Tum des&ribed what ha$$ened to her on 0e&ember /# )/4/: =n / 0e&ember )/4/# my )?5year5old brother 3atro&ino was &a$tured and tortured for se1eral days and then ta%en with twenty other young men to the s!uare in -ha ul ((( An offi&er of J3residentK 2u&as Gar&ia's army of murderers ordered the $risoners to be $araded in a line(((( 6 was with my mother# and we saw 3atro&inoN he had had his tongue &ut out and his toes &ut off( The offi&er a&%al made a s$ee&h( E1ery time he $aused the soldiers beat the 6ndian $risoners( Dhen he finished his ranting# the bodies of my brother and the other $risoners were swollen# bloody# unre&ogniEable( 6t was monstrous# but they were still ali1e( They were thrown on the ground and dren&hed with gasoline( The soldiers set fire to the wret&hed bodies with tor&hes and the &a$tain laughed li%e a hyena and for&ed the inhabitants of -ha ul to );* wat&h( These are but a few eAam$les( The fas&ist regime in Guatemala# run first by General Romeo 2u&as Gar&ia# and then by General Efrain Rios Montt# by similar methods# %illed more than ),,#,,, $eo$le( Dilliam "lum s$ea%s of 1i&tims "ha1ing their eyes $ut out# their testi&les &ut off and stuffed in their mouths# and their hands and feet &ut off" by the se&urity for&es# as well as women "ha1ing their breasts &ut off(" <imilar fas&ist regimes held $ower in Afri&an &ountries# su&h as Laire# 'ganda and <outh Afri&a# for long $eriods of time( The regime of <outh Afri&a ado$ted a fier&ely ra&ist ideology# reminis&ent of NaEi Germany( The bla&% ma ority in <outh Afri&a# the original inhabitants of the land# were eA$loited by the white minority for years(

6n short# the se&ond half of the +,th &entury was as mu&h the brunt of fas&ist 1iolen&e as the first( Cas&ist regimes# similar to those o1erthrown in Euro$e# emerged in 2atin Ameri&a and Afri&a# who again led to the world be&oming'a battlefield where "the strong sur1i1e and the wea% are eliminated("

A Mi''&" East"%

Fascist: Sa''a* H/ss"i

At this $oint in time# being the beginning of the +)st &entury# many of the fas&ist di&tators of the )/?,s and 4,s ha1e disa$$eared( Howe1er# fas&ism may rear its head at any time# in 1arious $la&es and under different &onditions( The Middle East in $arti&ular has suffered from the 1iolen&e of fas&ist regimes and organiEations( =ne su&h fas&ist di&tator is at this 1ery moment threatening the region: <addam Hussein( 6t will be useful to eAamine <addam Hussein's $ast in order to better re&ogniEe his fas&ist &hara&ter( The e1ents that brought him to $ower in 6ra! began with a military &ou$( 6n Cebruary )/?;# a grou$ of offi&ers and street militants# &alling themsel1es the "aath 7Resurgen&e9 3arty# o1erthrew General Kassem who was then in $ower( Among these militants was one young member of the siA5man team &harged with %illing Kassem: <addam Hussein al5Ta%riti# or <addam Hussein from Ta%rit( Although he was not a soldier# <addam usually wore a military uniform# and after the &ou$# he was brought in by the "aath administration to head a grou$ res$onsible for terrorism and murder( The first thing he did was to de1elo$ new and effe&ti1e methods of torture with whi&h to interrogate o$$onents of the &ou$( Dhen the administration that followed the "aath's $ala&e &ou$ &olla$sed# in No1ember of that same year# <addam's torture fa&ility was eA$osed# whi&h was e!ui$$ed with 1arious im$lements of torture that <addam had in1ented himself( The "aath go1ernment lasted less than ten months# and was brought down by another &ou$( "ut the $arty &arried out a se&ond &ou$ on Huly )4# )/?M( This time the $lotters remained in $ower( The leader of this se&ond "aath &ou$ was "torture eA$ert" <addam Hussein( He brought in his $ersonal relati1es into %ey $ositions in the regime# and e1entually gathered &om$lete $ower by eliminating his ri1als( The mer&iless torturer had be&ome the di&tator of 6ra!( After &oming to $ower# <addam $ursued war and &onfli&t &onstantly( 6n )/MM he engaged in a sur$rise and totally un ustified atta&% on 6ran# o&&u$ying $art of the &ountry( The war lasted for eight years and &ost the li1es of hundreds of thousands of 6ra!is and 6ranians( Two years after the war had ended# he in1aded Kuwait# again without ustifi&ation# leading to the Gulf Dar( 2i%e Hitler# who &arried out sa1age atta&%s for four years to enlarge German territory# <addam terroriEed those around him( Curthermore# he had no !ualms about using the most o$$ressi1e methods against his own $eo$le( Throughout his rule# those regarded as o$$onents of the regime# and 1arious $oliti&al and ethni& grou$s# ha1e suffered all %inds of re$ression( An edition of Ne s ee. des&ribed <addam's fas&isti& &hara&ter in the following manner: His detra&tors &all him a bloodthirsty tyrantIthe "ut&her of "aghdad( <addam Hussein rules 6ra! with an iron hand inside a steel glo1e# ba&%ed by a million5man Army and a legion of informers# assasins and torturers( <addam# as he is %nown throughout the Middle East# is utterly ruthless in the $ursuit of glory

for himself and his &ountry( He has not hesitated to use $oison gas on enemies both foreign and );: domesti&( <addam has s$ilt the blood of numberless 6ra!is( At the end of the war against 6ran# ) million out of 6ra!'s $o$ulation of )4 million had either been %illed or in ured( More than ) million $eo$le left the &ountry for $oliti&al and e&onomi& reasons( The human rights organiEation Middle East Dat&h states that many $eo$le were relo&ated or de$orted# arrested and $unished for no reason# and that the use of torture was wides$read# together with $oliti&al eAe&utions and unsol1ed %illings in 6ra!( A&&ording to Amnesty 6nternational# torture# e1en of &hildren# in&ludes su&h methods as roasting 1i&tims o1er flames# am$utating noses# limbs# breasts and seAual );? organs# and hammering nails into bodies( The atro&ities &arried out by <addam at Halab a in )/MM demonstrate his fas&isti& treatment of $eo$le of different ethni& origins( Ner1e gas was used against the Kurdish settlers# &ausing the death of many inno&ent men and women# in&luding babies and the elderly( Amnesty 6nternational re$orted that :#,,, Kurds were %illed in a single 6ra!i gas atta&% on the 1illage of Halab a# and many more thousands $erished in similar atta&%s );4 elsewhere in the &ountry( The torture infli&ted on the $oliti&al o$$onents of fas&ist <addam was still worse( A do&tor who fled from 6ra! des&ribed: "6 was an intern in a hos$ital in the <outh( =nly do&tors were allowed to see the $eo$le brought from $rison( Most of them were no more than lum$s of meat# and most of them died( No $oliti&al detainee li1ed );M through the torture( 6 fled when 6 realised that 6 was about to be detained(" E1en <addam's own family and &losest asso&iates were 1i&tims of his &ruelty( His ste$5brother "arEan Ta%riti fled to the 'nited Arab Emirates out of fear that <addam and his son 'day were going to %ill him( Two of <addam's son5in5laws# Hussein and <addam Kamel fled to Hordan out of fear of him( <addam then guaranteed them that their li1es would not be in danger# but as soon as the brothers returned to "aghdad# they and their father were %illed( 2ater# their mother's body was found &ut to $ie&es# all whi&h ha$$ened before the eyes of the world( The 6ra!i leader also uses &ruel methods as well to intimidate o$$onents who ha1e fled the &ountry( Cor instan&e# General Na ib <alihi# who es&a$ed to Hordan in )//:# re$orted that his &lose family were ra$ed and that ta$es of the a&t were sent to him( He also said that the same has been done to many other o$$onents of the regime( As we &an see from these numerous eAam$les# <addam's authority in 6ra! is entirely based on intimidation# terror and torture# while the $eo$le within his fas&ist regime are hungry# unem$loyed and li1ing in $o1erty( 2ittle &hildren are dying of hunger and la&% of medi&ine# while the rest of the nation is doomed for either death or eAtin&tion( 0es$ite all of this# the $eo$le will say nothing against <addam# whether out of fear or from the effe&ts of mass5hy$nosis# but instead blame "them#" <addam's enemies# for the $o1erty they are suffering( 6n <addam# we &an also dis&ern se1eral other fas&ist &hara&teristi&s( =f these is the way he &om$ares himself to $agan di&tators of the $ast# ust as the NaEis and other fas&ists had done( The "<$arta" that <addam sele&ted was "abylon# a $agan em$ire of the an&ient Middle East( He sees and $ortrays himself as heir to the );/ "abylonian King Nebu&hadneEEar# who had "no o$$onents from horiEon to s%y(" 6n 6ra!# &eremonies are held symboliEing the resurre&tion of the "abylonian Em$ire# in a manner that re&alls the $agan &eremonies of the NaEis( Nebu&hadneEEar# who destroyed the tem$le of <olomon and &arried the 3eo$le of 6srael to &a$ti1ity in "abylon# is %nown to history for two &hara&teristi&s# that of a ruthless &ommander# and a great ar&hite&t( He

was also filled with a $ride bordering on the $sy&ho$athi&( He had his name written on e1ery one of the bri&%s used in the &onstru&tion of the buildings he had ere&ted( 6n dire&t imitation# and des$ite all the $o1erty and misery he infli&ts on his $eo$le# <addam has his name written on the bri&%s used to build the $ala&es he &onstru&ts so ostentatiously( A great $ortion of the 6ra!i $eo$le# howe1er# ha1e been so $sy&hologi&ally deformed by <addam's fas&ism# that they do not see the &onstru&tion of su&h $ala&es as a wrong or as an in usti&e to them( =n the &ontrary# they regard these $ala&es# where <addam li1es in great luAury# as a matter of national honor# and something 6ra! &an dis$lay $roudly to foreigners( Another eAam$le of <addam's fas&ist &hara&ter is that# although he has no religious belief# he sometimes $uts on a false fa&ade of religion to use religion for his own $oliti&al ends( Howe1er# it is &lear that the use of religious symbols for im$ro$er ends 7su&h as to %ee$ <addam in $ower and s$reading e1il9 is tremendous hy$o&risy( The duty of the 6ra!i $eo$le# and indeed of e1eryone# when fa&ed with fas&ism# is not to be de&ei1ed by its $ro$aganda methods# but to distinguish between the truly de1out and the fas&ists who ust $retend to be so# and to then a&t a&&ordingly( 6t is not diffi&ult to ma%e out the differen&e between the two# be&ause a fas&ist &an ne1er be truly de1out( 6n the Koran# God has this to say about these two5fa&ed leaders who# through their $ower and ill5earned res$e&t# de&ei1e their $eo$le into &om$la&en&y: A*$ # t!" ("$(&" t!"%" is s$*"$ " -!$s" -$%'s a6$/t t!" &i)" $) t!" -$%&' "?cit" 5$/% a'*i%ati$ , a ' !" ca&&s G$' t$ -it "ss -!at is i !is !"a%t, -!i&" !" is i )act t!" *$st !$sti&" $) a'."%sa%i"s8 W!" "."% !" !$&'s t!" /(("% !a ', !" #$"s a6$/t t!" "a%t! c$%%/(ti # it, '"st%$5i # c%$(s a ' a i*a&s8 G$' '$"s $t &$." c$%%/(ti$ 8 W!" !" is t$&' t$ !a." )"a% $) G$', !" is s"i1"' 65 (%i'" -!ic! '%i."s !i* t$ -%$ #'$i #8 H"&& -i&& 6" " $/#! )$% !i*A W!at a ".i& %"sti #+(&ac"A 9K$%a , 2:20D+20;>

THE SILENT RISE OF FASCISM

The defeat and &olla$se of fas&ism during the <e&ond Dorld Dar led most $eo$le to belie1e that "fas&ism was eliminated &om$letely(" Howe1er# that has by no means been the &ase( 6t is true that the foremost re$resentati1es of fas&ism ha1e been remo1ed from $ower# but the foundations of their ideology 70arwinism# the lo1e of 1iolen&e and ra&ism9 still sur1i1e( Cor that reason# the death of Hitler or Mussolini did not mean the death of fas&ism( =n the &ontrary# the wides$read belief that "fas&ism had &eased to eAist" only $re$ared the ground for the de1elo$ment of new fas&ist grou$s( Cas&ism sur1i1ed# sometimes under its original name# other times by disguising itself( 6n fa&t# it en oyed a $arti&ular rise in $rominen&e during the )//,s( This &ha$ter will eAamine this new u$surge of fas&ism and the threat it $oses to the world( De shall first see how ra&ism is ali1e and well in Euro$e# and then &onsider the $roliferation of neo5NaEi organiEations( Cinally# we shall identify the ideology behind this $henomenon# the hidden fa&e behind the growing trends in ra&ism(

T!" N"$+Na1is
A&&ording to offi&ial German figures# there were ),#,;4 in&idents of a ra&ist or Aeno$hobi& nature in )///( Ra&ist in&idents in +,,, numbered more than ),#,,,( The number of su&h in&idents in Great "ritain was ),#/M+ between A$ril and <e$tember alone( Half of these &rimes &onsisted of threats or intimidation( Many of them# howe1er# ended in death# in ury# burning or destru&tion of $ro$erty( Those res$onsible were fas&ist gangs %nown as neo5NaEis( The neo5NaEi mo1ement be&ame effe&ti1ely organiEed in the )//,s( "efore that# there were the s%inheads of "ritain in the )/4,s( The defining &hara&teristi& of the s%inhead mo1ement were atta&%s on $eo$le in im$o1erished areas inhabited by refugees and foreigners( =nly some of these in&idents were ra&ist( "ut in the )//,s# most of the s%inheads too% to ra&ism and began &arrying out ra&ist and fas&ist atta&%s as su$$orters of NaEism( At $resent# the neo5NaEi mo1ement is growing stronger and s$reading( They are a&ti1e today in ;; &ountries and on siA &ontinents( They number some 4,#,,,( The members of these street gangs are generally aged between ); and +: and use the 6nternet to &ommuni&ate( Neo5NaEis ha1e different targets in different &ountries( A&&ording to one $ie&e of resear&h# they organiEe against the Tur%s in Germany# against the gy$sies in Hungary# <lo1a%ia and the -Ee&h Re$ubli&# against the

Asians in "ritain# North Afri&ans in Cran&e# $eo$le from the Northeast in "raEil# and against all minorities and refugees in Ameri&a( 6n some &ountries# the unem$loyed and those li1ing in $oor areas &an be &hosen as targets( These NaEi5imitating young $eo$le are mainly drug addi&ts# and unem$loyed street ruffians( They &an be easily re&ogniEed by the NaEi symbols on their &lothes# their sha1en heads# and their tattoos# generally referring to their hatred of other ra&es( 6n their slogans# language# and songs# they $raise Hitler and 1ow to ma%e his dreams &ome true: A world ruled by the Aryan ra&e( The %ind of $eo$le who oin these gangs are young# from dysfun&tional families# badly edu&ated# unsu$er1ised# and with little self5&onfiden&e( "y des$ising others# using 1iolen&e and fear# they hel$ de&ei1e themsel1es into belie1ing that they belong to a grou$ that is su$erior to others( Among their &hara&teristi&s# we &an list hatred# intimidation# threatening beha1ior# destru&ti1eness# and harmfulness( The greatest $er$etrators of these are regarded among them as heroes( Neo5NaEis also ha1e their own $arti&ular style of musi&( These &ir&les regard musi& as a $ro$aganda tool( The lyri&s of their songs re1eal their ra&ist# $aranoid and aggressi1e attitudes( The names of their songs and grou$s also &arry the same message: with names su&h as "Fam$ire#" "Dhite Noise#" ""attleground#" "RaEor Edge#" and "Dhite Darriors(" These grou$s are able to gi1e &on&erts where1er they wish in Euro$ean &ountries# su&h as Germany# "elgium and the 'nited Kingdom# attended by thousands of young $eo$le# and a&&om$anied by NaEi salutes( Neo5NaEis also ha1e their own fans outside of their organiEations( Cootball hooligans head the list here( <%inheads and 1arious other hooligans ha1e attended s$orting e1ents and shouted &hants against $layers of other ethi& grou$s or nationalities# e1en atta&%ed o$$osing fans# and initiated fist5fights in the stands# that at times ha1e ended in death( These gangs# e1en though they are not a&tually neo5NaEis# &an also easily be aroused for neo5NaEi a&tions( "y neo5NaEi organiEers# they are seen as $eo$le who &an be easily mani$ulated# be&ause they also en oy neo5NaEi musi&# and therefore# under the right miA of NaEi $ro$aganda# &an be rallied and &alled to a&tion at any time( 6t is in this way that ra&ist mo1ements &ontinue to $oison the younger generation and win new adherents( The reason why neo5NaEi mo1ements in Euro$e ha1e been able to be&ome so $owerful is the se&ret su$$ort they en oy from the rest of so&iety and from $oliti&ians( Many $arties a&ti1e in Euro$e today and under 1arious names a&tually eAer&ise fas&ist tenden&ies and a&ti1ely su$$ort the neo5NaEis( "eyond this $oliti&iEation# neo5NaEis thin% that they &an a&hie1e their ends by 1iolen&e and street a&tions( As we ha1e seen throughout this boo%# this is a ty$i&al &hara&teristi& of fas&ism( Cas&ists thin% that they will not be able to win the battle of ideas in a demo&rati& en1ironment( They belie1e instead in the law of the ungle# and that right belongs to the strong# not to the &ons&ientious( 6n their o$inion# aggression and o$$ression are the greatest fa&tors(

Racist T!%"at i

M$'"%

E/%$("

The neo5NaEis are re$resentati1es of a broader radi&al ra&ist mo1ement in Euro$e( They are the "shar$ edge" of the fas&ist aAe# to &oin a $hrase( "ut this aAe also has its roots# and these re$resent a wider so&ial and

$oliti&al &onstituen&y than the neo5NaEis themsel1es( The ra&ism of the neo5NaEis is a refle&tion of growing ra&ist tenden&ies in Euro$e( Most interestingly# ra&ism is still an insidious $roblem in the Euro$e &ulture# whi&h $la&es great im$ortan&e on demo&ra&y and human rights( A&&ording to resear&h &arried out in )//4# ra&ists &om$rise some ;; $er&ent of Euro$e's general $o$ulation( This figure is higher in "elgium# Cran&e and Austria( :: $er&ent of "elgians des&ribe themsel1es as "!uite" or "1ery ra&ist" and the figures are *M $er&ent in Cran&e and *+ $er&ent in Austria( 6n Germany the number of ra&ists is about ;* $er&ent( <o when neo5NaEis throw Moloto1 &o&%tails )*, and &hant "Coreigners outQ" they are a&tually &arrying out the thoughts of ;: $er&ent of the $o$ulation( The "3as!ua law" of )//;# named after Cren&h interior minister -harles 3as!ua# greatly alarmed foreigners li1ing in Cran&e with the eAtended $owers of sear&h it granted to the $oli&e( E1en the houses of Cren&h &itiEens of foreign origin were sub e&ted to dawn raids and their inhabitants ta%en into &ustody# in&luding men# women and &hildren( These foreigners were treated li%e war &riminals: !uestioned for days# and some had )*) their arms or legs bro%en under torture( The )45year5old Lairois Ni%omU was shot in a 3aris $oli&e station ha1ing been detained on sus$i&ion of theft( A $rotest mar&h was held the neAt day 7A$ril 4# )//;9# and two "la&%s who too% $art were beaten and %illed by the Cren&h $oli&e( Those wor%ers and students in Cran&e legally# and with residen&e $ermits# began to li1e in e1en greater fear and distress# when it &ame to light that a Cren&h &itiEen of Moro&&an origin was tortured and left for dead by three Cren&h $oli&e offi&ers( <u&h e1ents show that ra&ism is still an im$ortant threat in Euro$e( 6lya Ehrenburg# the author of the boo% Europe +fter 'ascism# sets out the &urrent form of ra&ism that still $ersists in Euro$e: Abo1e e1erything fas&ism means national hatred# the o$$osite of national $ride( 3eo$le infe&ted with fas&ism ha1e no &on&e$t of feeling $ride in other $eo$les' &ultures# and only feel $ride in their own )*+ rootsP This national hatred is a de1iant moral tenden&y des&ribed by God &" "*&n&'-0& /&,( o* '#( '-)( o* -,no/&n0(" 8Ko/&n: ;H:2G5 God re1eals in the Koran that this "fanati&al rage" is a &hara&teristi& of $aganism# one that 6slam is $rote&ted from( This ma%es e1ident to us on&e again that fas&ist ra&ism is born of the abandonment of religion# and its re$la&ement with $aganism( 6t a$$ears that the in&reasing $re1alen&e of ra&ist tenden&ies in Euro$e must be related to neo5NaEi mo1ements# who are gaining further ground e1ery day# as well as to $aganism( And so it is(

0W!it" S/(%"*ac50 a ' t!" N"- Fascist I'"$&$#5

Dhen the words "fas&ist organiEations" are mentioned in our time# most $eo$le first thin% of the German neo5NaEis( "ut there are in a&tuality many more su&h organiEations( There are se1eral a&ti1e grou$s in the

'nited <tates whi&h are gi1en more "theoreti&al" weight than the German neo5NaEis( These grou$s generally go by the slogan of "Dhite <u$rema&y(" And# most im$ortant of all# theirs is not a "hatred of foreigners" resulting from e&onomi& diffi&ulties# but is $ut forward rather as a $hiloso$hi&al and s&ientifi& do&trine( Farious fas&ist grou$s su&h as the Ku KluA Klan# the Ameri&an NaEi 3arty# the Aryan Nation mo1ement# and the National Allian&e all &ome under the umbrella of "Dhite <u$rema&y(" The aim of these grou$s# who disseminate eAtensi1e $ro$aganda o1er the 6nternet# is to defend ra&ism as a do&trine and world1iew# and to fa&ilitate its s$read( The basis of su&h a do&trine is &learly set out in the manifesto of one of these grou$s# the National Allian&e( The truly interesting thing is that this manifesto is a &orroboration of what we ha1e in1estigated throughout this boo%# that fas&ism is fundamentally a $agan and 0arwinist ideology( The fas&ist National Allian&e stresses the differen&e between themsel1es and "<emiti& beliefs" 76slam# -hristianity and Hudaism9# and states that they belie1e only in nature# that they are e1olutionists# whereas "<emiti& beliefs" are based on faith in God: De see oursel1es as integral with a unitary world around us# whi&h e1ol1es a&&ording to natural law( 6n the sim$lest words: There is only one reality# whi&h we &all Nature((( De are a $art of Nature and sub e&t to Nature's laws( Dithin the s&o$e of these laws we are able to determine our own destiny((( 6n other words# we oursel1es are res$onsible for e1erything o1er whi&h we ha1e the $ower of &hoi&e: in $arti&ular# for the state of our en1ironment and for the destiny of our ra&e( This 1iew may be &ontrasted with the <emiti& 1iew((( They belie1e that it is not ne&essary for men to &on&ern themsel1es with the future# )*; beyond $lanning for their own needs# be&ause their god has e1erything under &ontrol( Religion is &learly o$$osed to fas&ism( The latter &onsiders man to be "a $rodu&t of nature#" whereas religion tea&hes that man was &reated by God# and that God determines his destiny( 6n the fas&ist National Allian&e manifesto# the e1olutionist logi& behind its ra&ist ideology is des&ribed in the following terms: =ur world is hierar&hi&al( Ea&h of us is a member of the Aryan 7or Euro$ean9 ra&e# whi&h# li%e the other ra&es# de1elo$ed its s$e&ial &hara&teristi&s o1er many thousands of years during whi&h natural sele&tion not only ada$ted it to its en1ironment but also ad1an&ed it along its e1olutionary $ath( Those ra&es whi&h e1ol1ed in the more demanding en1ironment of the North# where sur1i1ing a winter re!uired $lanning )** and self5dis&i$line# ad1an&ed more ra$idly in the de1elo$ment of the higher mental fa&ulties((( 6n other words# it is &laimed that the Aryan ra&e is su$erior to others be&ause it has "e1ol1ed further(" The National Allian&e goes e1en further# &laiming that ra&ism is a "duty to nature#" and bases this assertion on an a$$eal to NietEs&he's $hiloso$hy: Cirst# we ha1e an obligation to the Nature of whi&h we are a $art to $arti&i$ate as effe&ti1ely as we &an in its eternal !uest for higher le1els of de1elo$ment# higher forms of life( This obligation has been re&ogniEed and eA$ressed by our $oets and $hiloso$hers throughout our history( Criedri&h NietEs&he told us that our first res$onsibility is to hel$ $re$are the world for the &oming of a higher ty$e of man( Nature

has refined and honed the s$e&ial !ualities embodied in the Aryan ra&e so we would be better able to fulfill the mission allotted to us( E1en though Nature also has de1elo$ed other forms of life# in&luding other ra&es of man# we ha1e a s$e&ial obligation to our own ra&e: to ensure its sur1i1al# to safeguard its )*: uni!ue &hara&teristi&s# to im$ro1e its !uality( The National Allian&e# based in the 'nited <tates# $rodu&es boo%s and magaEines in <wedish# Cren&h# German# 3ortuguese and Russian# and is ra$idly s$reading its 0arwinist# $agan ideology( The &o1er of the organiEation's fas&ist National <anguard magaEine is de&orated with statues of an&ient Gree% gods( 6ts arti&les fre!uently !uote from the wor%s of 0arwin# and $resents# based on 0arwin's e1olutionary national sele&tion me&hanism# su&h &laims as# "a ra&e eternally at war with the rest of the world has a distin&t sur1i1al ad1antage )*? o1er those ra&es with an attitude of li1e and let li1e(" =ne &an find similar statements# and 0arwinist o$inions# as well as $ro$aganda defending the errant &ulture of $aganism against the di1ine religions# in the $ubli&ations and web sites of other fas&ist organiEations( Cas&isti& ra&ism# whose birth &oin&ided with the re5awa%ening of $aganism and the theory of e1olution in th the )/ &entury# &ontinues to grow in the +)st &entury# based on these same fundamental delusions(

Fascis* i

Dai&5 Li)"

As we ha1e seen# ra&ism# one of the fundamental &hara&teristi&s of fas&ism# is on the rise in Euro$e# and behind it lies the s$read of the 0arwinist5$aganism( "ut has $agan morality# whi&h ustifies the lo1e of 1iolen&e# bloodshed and mer&ilessness# other &ore fundamentals of fas&ism# also sur1i1edO >es# it is ali1e# and thri1ing( 6n his boo%# titled Modern 'ascism" 4i5uidating the 6udeo,-hristian !orld$ie # the Ameri&an historian Gene Edward Feith eA$lains how fas&ist &ulture is still ali1e and %i&%ing: 6n the )/;,s# a1ant5garde artists sho&%ed the bourgeoisie with their aestheti& theories that glorified 1iolen&e and the release of $rimiti1e emotions( Today# if you li%e eAam$les of early fas&ist aestheti&s# sim$ly go to the latest Hollywood blo&%buster# turn on MTF# or go to a Hea1y Metal &on&ert( Here you will see realiEed the fas&ists' artisti& ideals: $leasure from 1iolen&eN the thrill of moral rebellionN the &ult of the Aryan body( The grisly blood5letting of a slasher mo1ieN the body5builder who ta%es the law into his own hands by ma&hine5gunning his enemiesN the masses of teenagers slam5dan&ing as Metalli&a sings )*4 &Scream, as I&m .illing youC&Isu&h art is the !uintessen&e of the fas&ist aestheti&( There is a fas&isti& influen&e hidden in the "$o$ular &ulture" of our daily li1es( This &ulture# with its $assion for 1iolen&e whi&h we see in films# &artoons# ro&% &on&erts and musi& &li$s# is the result of the 0arwinist5fas&ist ideology( This $oint of 1iew# whi&h regards man as a s$e&ies of animal# and maintains that the only law of nature &onsists of "%illing# fighting and destru&tion#" all whi&h it $ortrays as ustified# intelligent and

s&ientifi&# is in&iting $eo$le in our own time towards a&ts of 1iolen&e and an aggressi1e# &rude# sa1age and bloodthirsty attitude# ust as it had in&ited $eo$le to NaEi barbarity in )/;,s Germany( 6t is suffi&ient to &onsider the media to re&ogniEe the $la&e of fas&ism in our daily li1es( Camily members stabbing ea&h other o1er tri1ial matters# fanati&al fans beating ea&h other to death after a football mat&h# &hildren wi&%edly %illing their father to lay their hands on an inheritan&e# $sy&ho$aths who %idna$ a small &hild and torture him or her to death# only to say that they did it "for fun"P There are so many eAam$les li%e these that most $eo$le ha1e begun to regard them as "normal" and "ine1itable(" 6n a&tual fa&t# they are merely the end5$rodu&t of a "mentality" that is be&oming in&reasingly wides$read( Entire nations are being brainwashed from early on# brought u$ with su&h false notions as "2ife is a struggle# only the strong win#" or "Get them# before they get you#" and who &onsistently see su&h messages in the films they wat&h# the songs they listen to# and the news stories $re1alent in the media( The $er$etrators re$orted in these stories usually &ome from the ran%s of the unedu&ated in so&iety( The "elite" of so&iety# $ro1o%ed by this same mentality# also &arry out the similar &rimes# but do so in a more hidden fashion# or in a manner that &omes within their line of o&&u$ation# and are therefore less easily identifiable( This disturbing tenden&y towards 1iolen&e in modern so&ieties is well5%nown# but no solution &an yet be found for it( =ne im$ortant im$ediment is the fa&t that this 1iolen&e is regarded as "normal(" A se&ond reason is that most $eo$le do not realiEe its true sour&e( They thin% that the $roblem &an be resol1ed by resorting to legal and se&urity measures( "ut they are wrong( =f &ourse# su&h "te&hni&al" measures are ne&essary# but the true solution lies in determining the sour&e of this degeneration in so&iety# and to &ure the si&%ness ideologi&ally( The sour&e of this degeneration# as this boo% has tried to ma%e e1ident# is 0arwinism( 6deas su&h as "2ife is a struggle# and only the strong &an win#" and "6f you don't get them# they will get you#" ha1e their roots in 0arwinism# are all ultimately res$onsible for the &urrent in&rease in "fas&ism in daily life" throughout the world( <ome $eo$le might ob e&t to this diagnosis# and say that "most $eo$le who &arry out 1iolent a&tions ha1e ne1er heard of 0arwinism(" And this is $artly true( Those who &ommit these in&reasing a&ts of 1iolen&e may well ne1er ha1e heard of 0arwinism( "ut those who go1ern that se&tion of so&iety and sha$e their $ers$e&ti1e do draw their ins$iration from 0arwinism( This grou$ is $owerful and dominant in uni1ersities# the media# many s&ientifi& institutions# in the arts and literature# in &inema and tele1ision# and in many areas whi&h influen&e the way $eo$le thin%( And it is they who disseminate the idea that "2ife is a struggle# and only the strong &an win(" This &ommunity# whi&h guides so&iety in its dire&tion# belie1es blindly in 0arwinism# and regard themsel1es# not as &reated by God and as His ser1ants with obligations towards Him# but as de1elo$ed animals that ha1e e1ol1ed from a$es# and whose only $ur$ose is "&onfli&t(" This 0arwinist ideology is regularly $resented in news$a$ers# magaEines and on the tele1ision( #owe/er all such "eo"le that !s the commun!ty wh!ch "roduces such so-called news stor!es the 4el!te4 wh!ch hel"s to create th!s world-/!ew are utterly m!staken. Contrary to the cla!ms o2 3arw!n!sm man !s not an an!mal wh!ch came about by chance and whose only "ur"ose !n l!2e !s to 2!ght. -an was created by ;od and !s res"ons!ble 2or l!/!ng by the morals #e has re/ealed. $nd aga!n contrary to 3arw!n!st "ro"aganda sc!ence con2!rms the truth that the un!/erse was d!/!nely created or creat!on!sm not 3arw!n!sm. $s re/ealed !n the Eoran:

H( -" Go+A'#( C/(&'o/: '#( M&7(/: '#( G-1(/ o* Fo/). To H-) 2( on, '#( Mo"' B(&%'-*% N&)(". E1(/!'#-n, -n '#( #(&1(n" &n+ (&/'# , o/-*-(" H-). H( -" '#( A )-,#'!: '#( A 9W-"(. 8Ko/&n: C?:2;5 6n order to es&a$e the fas&ist influen&ed &ulture whi&h denies &reation by God# this so5&alled $hiloso$hy of 0arwinism must be eradi&ated# and $eo$le freed from its de&e$tion( The im$ortant thing is# to silen&e those 1oi&es who whis$er to others to belie1e: ""e ruthless# shed blood# %ill# this is your instin&t# you are only an animal# and when you die your life will be o1er(" Dhen this 1oi&e is silen&ed# those it has hy$notiEed will be allowed to see the truth# and will understand their $ur$ose(

CONCLUSION

T!" C/%" F$% Fascis* Is K$%a ic M$%a&it5

As we ha1e been witnessing all through this boo%# fas&ism is an ideology that has wrea%ed great harm on humanity( Not only was it the &ause of the death and torture of millions of $eo$le be&ause of their ra&e# and the tragedy of the <e&ond Dorld Dar in the last &entury# but it has also sought to destroy all human 1alues where1er it has emerged# by &ontributing to a "&limate of fear(" 6n our day# it is wides$read in Middle East# 2atin Ameri&an and Afri&an &ountries# but also in in&reasingly ra&ist tenden&ies and neo5NaEi organiEations in the Dest( Cas&ism is a&tually the hidden ideology in many &ountries in the world# e1en if is not a&tually &alled by that name( Cas&ist thin%ing is also s$reading to the "streets" in many &ountries# and entire &ommunities are now emerging# who barbari&ally en oy 1iolen&e and bloodshed( Cor this reason# the whole world must embar% on a "fight against fas&ism(" This &annot be &arried out by legal and $oli&e measures only( This ideology &annot be destroyed by following the neo5NaEis# or identifying the guilty and im$risoning them# or by bombing this or that &ountry with a fas&ist regime( =n the &ontrary# it will only grow and further de1elo$ through su&h ta&ti&s( 6n order to defeat fas&ism# it is first ne&essary to understand what fas&ism is( As this boo% has attem$ted to ma%e &lear# fas&ism is a &ulture( At its roots are $aganism# the 0arwinist &on&e$t of "&onfli&t#" and 0arwinian ra&ism( 6n order for fas&ism to be done away with# these su$erstitions need to be torn down( Howe1er# the methods used tend to $rodu&e the o$$osite of the desired effe&ts( The Destern nations whi&h &onfront fas&ist gangs and s$end millions of dollars on trying to &at&h# $unish and destroy them# are a&tually all the while assisting in the s$read of fas&ist grou$s# be&ause they offer a 0arwinist edu&ation to their young $eo$le( They tea&h them that life is an arena of brutality# a battleground# and that one has to be ruthless and fight in order to sur1i1e( They also $ro$agate the idea that man is a s$e&ies of animal that e1ol1ed from an a$e5li%e &reature# and therefore# that there are "ad1an&edZ and "ba&%ward" ra&es in this e1olutionary $ro&ess( 6t is almost ine1itable that someone who has re&ei1ed su&h an edu&ation be&ome a fas&ist( And so# fas&ism is s$reading# both as a s$ontaneous &ultural $henomenon as well as on a systemati& le1el(

Cor this reason# &ountries su&h as Germany and Great "ritain are &aught in a terrible &ontradi&tion# essentially raising fas&ists whi&h they are then e1entually for&ed to fight( 6t is li%e rearing a large number of $oisonous sna%es# then throwing them among $eo$le# and when the sna%es begin %illing $eo$le# as% "Dhy are they %illing $eo$leOZ and try to &at&h them one by one( 6t is meaningless to raise these $oisonous sna%es on the first $la&e# and then to say# "De &an get rid of them by using $ro$er sur1eillan&e and arrest methods(" The solution is to destroy the methods or fa&ilities in whi&h they are reared( 6n order to get rid of fas&ism# 0arwinism# the so5&alled s&ientifi& basis of the ideology# has to be defeated and $eo$le ha1e to instead be taught the &on&e$ts of lo1e# affe&tion# &om$assion# humility# toleran&e# and usti&e( The foundation of these &on&e$ts is the Koran( The ethi&s of the Koran# re1ealed to us by God# are the basis of a world at $ea&e# not $agan morality# whi&h is the basis of fas&ism# and whi&h en&ourages $eo$le to engage in war# bloodshed# 1iolen&e and ra&ism( A so&iety stee$ed in Korani& morality will ha1e no $la&e for fas&ism# nor its "red" 1ersion# &ommunism( Tur%ey is a good eAam$le of this( None of the efforts to im$ort fas&ist and &ommunist ideologies to the &ountry ha1e been su&&essful long5term( Tur%ey has essentially remained uninfe&ted by both totalitarian ideologies( The most im$ortant reason for this is the basi& moral 1alues the Tur%ish nation has a&!uired from 6slam( Turkey as the re"resentat!/e o2 these /alues and as the !nher!tor o2 the Bttoman >m"!re could 2orm a model that would "re/ent 2asc!sm 2!rst w!th!n !ts own borders and then !n the whole world. There were and are 2asc!st reg!mes surround!ng Turkey on all s!des 5IraH 2or !nstance or .erb!a6. Con2l!ct and chaos rule !n the Balkans and the -!ddle >ast. Br!ng!ng these reg!ons so re"lete !n 2asc!st /!olence back to "eace and calm as the Bttomans once d!d can be ach!e/ed by a nat!on wh!ch !m"lements a "ol!cy based u"on these same /alues. 2et us ho$e that this ha$$ens# and that leaders des&ribed by God in a holy 1erse# "BWo% + '#&' '#(/( #&+ 2((n )o/( .(o. ( $-'# & 1("'-,( o* ,oo+ &)on, '#( ,(n(/&'-on" o* '#o"( $#o 0&)( 2(*o/( !o%: $#o *o/2&+( 0o//%.'-on -n '#( (&/'#4" 8Ko/&n: 11:11G5 will finally do away with fas&ism fore1er in the +)st &entury(

MISCONCEPTION OF EVOLUTION
0arwinism# whi&h see%s to deny the fa&t of &reation in the uni1erse# is nothing but an uns&ientifi& falla&y( This theory# whi&h argues that life originated from inanimate matter through &oin&iden&es# has been demolished with the re&ognition that the uni1erse was &reated by God( 6t is God Dho &reated the uni1erse and Dho designed it down to its smallest detail( Therefore# it is im$ossible for the theory of e1olution# whi&h holds that li1ing beings are not &reated by God# but are $rodu&ts of &oin&iden&es# to be true( 'nsur$risingly# when we loo% at the theory of e1olution# we see that this theory is denoun&ed by s&ientifi& findings( The design in life is eAtremely &om$leA and stri%ing( 6n the inanimate world# for instan&e# we &an eA$lore how sensiti1e are the balan&es whi&h atoms rest u$on# and further# in the animate world# we &an obser1e in what &om$leA designs these atoms were brought together# and how eAtraordinary are the me&hanisms and stru&tures su&h as $roteins# enEymes# and &ells# whi&h are manufa&tured with them( This eAtraordinary design in life in1alidated 0arwinism at the end of the +,th &entury( De ha1e dealt with this sub e&t in great detail in some of our other studies# and shall &ontinue to do so( Howe1er# we thin% that# &onsidering its im$ortan&e# it will be hel$ful to ma%e a short summary here as well(

T#( S0-(n'-*-0 Co &."( o* D&/$-n-")

Although a do&trine going ba&% as far as an&ient Gree&e# the theory of e1olution was ad1an&ed eAtensi1ely in the )/th &entury( The most im$ortant de1elo$ment that made the theory the to$ to$i& of the world of s&ien&e was the boo% by -harles 0arwin titled DThe Origin of SpeciesD $ublished in )M:/( 6n this boo%# 0arwin denied that different li1ing s$e&ies on the earth were &reated se$arately by God( A&&ording to 0arwin# all li1ing beings had a &ommon an&estor and they di1ersified o1er time through small &hanges( 0arwin's theory was not based on any &on&rete s&ientifi& findingN as he also a&&e$ted# it was ust an "assum$tion(" Moreo1er# as 0arwin &onfessed in the long &ha$ter of his boo% titled "0iffi&ulties of the Theory#" the theory was failing in the fa&e of many &riti&al !uestions( 0arwin in1ested all his ho$es in new s&ientifi& dis&o1eries# whi&h he eA$e&ted to sol1e the "0iffi&ulties of the Theory(" Howe1er# &ontrary to his eA$e&tations# s&ientifi& findings eA$anded the dimensions of these diffi&ulties( The defeat of 0arwinism against s&ien&e &an be re1iewed under three basi& to$i&s: )9 The theory &an by no means eA$lain how life originated on the earth( +9 There is no s&ientifi& finding showing that the "e1olutionary me&hanisms" $ro$osed by the theory ha1e any $ower to e1ol1e at all( ;9 The fossil re&ord $ro1es &om$letely the &ontrary of the suggestions of the theory of e1olution( 6n this se&tion# we will eAamine these three basi& $oints in general outlines:

T!" Fi%st I s/%*$/ ta6&" St"(: T!" O%i#i

$) Li)"

The theory of e1olution $osits that all li1ing s$e&ies e1ol1ed from a single li1ing &ell that emerged on the $rimiti1e earth ;(M billion years ago( How a single &ell &ould generate millions of &om$leA li1ing s$e&ies and# if su&h an e1olution really o&&urred# why tra&es of it &annot be obser1ed in the fossil re&ord are some of the !uestions the theory &annot answer( Howe1er# first and foremost# of the first ste$ of the alleged e1olutionary $ro&ess it has to be in!uired: How did this "first &ell" originateO <in&e the theory of e1olution denies &reation and does not a&&e$t any %ind of su$ernatural inter1ention# it maintains that the "first &ell" originated &oin&identally within the laws of nature# without any design# $lan# or arrangement( A&&ording to the theory# inanimate matter must ha1e $rodu&ed a li1ing &ell as a result of &oin&iden&es( This# howe1er# is a &laim in&onsistent with e1en the most unassailable rules of biology(

0Li)" C$*"s )%$* Li)"0

6n his boo%# 0arwin ne1er referred to the origin of life( The $rimiti1e understanding of s&ien&e in his time rested on the assum$tion that li1ing beings had a 1ery sim$le stru&ture( <in&e medie1al times# s$ontaneous generation# the theory asserting that non5li1ing materials &ame together to form li1ing organisms# had been widely a&&e$ted( 6t was &ommonly belie1ed that inse&ts &ame into being from food lefto1ers# and mi&e from wheat( 6nteresting eA$eriments were &ondu&ted to $ro1e this theory( <ome wheat was $la&ed on a dirty $ie&e of &loth# and it was belie1ed that mi&e would originate from it after a while( <imilarly# worms de1elo$ing in meat were assumed to be e1iden&e of s$ontaneous generation( Howe1er# only some time later was it understood that worms did not a$$ear on meat s$ontaneously# but were &arried there by flies in the form of lar1ae# in1isible to the na%ed eye( E1en in the $eriod when 0arwin wrote The Origin of Species# the belief that ba&teria &ould &ome into eAisten&e from non5li1ing matter was widely a&&e$ted in the world of s&ien&e( Howe1er# fi1e years after the $ubli&ation of 0arwin's boo%# 2ouis 3asteur announ&ed his results after long studies and eA$eriments# whi&h dis$ro1ed s$ontaneous generation# a &ornerstone of 0arwinBs theory( 6n his trium$hal le&ture at the <orbonne in )M?*# 3asteur said# "Ne1er will the do&trine of s$ontaneous generation )*M re&o1er from the mortal blow stru&% by this sim$le eA$eriment(" $d/ocates o2 the theory o2 e/olut!on res!sted the 2!nd!ngs o2 8asteur 2or a long t!me. #owe/er as the de/elo"ment o2 sc!ence unra/eled the com"le= structure o2 the cell o2 a l!/!ng be!ng the !dea that l!2e could come !nto be!ng co!nc!dentally 2aced an e/en greater !m"asse.

In0on0 %"-1( E**o/'" -n '#( 2@'# C(n'%/!

The first e1olutionist who too% u$ the sub e&t of the origin of life in the +,th &entury was the renowned Russian biologist AleAander =$arin( Dith 1arious theses he ad1an&ed in the )/;,'s# he tried to $ro1e that the &ell of a li1ing being &ould originate by &oin&iden&e( These studies# howe1er# were doomed to failure# and =$arin had to ma%e the following &onfession: "'nfortunately# howe1er# the $roblem of the origin of the &ell is )*/ $erha$s the most obs&ure $oint in the whole study of the e1olution of organisms( E1olutionist followers of =$arin tried to &arry out eA$eriments to sol1e the $roblem of the origin of life( The best %nown of these eA$eriments was &arried out by Ameri&an &hemist <tanley Miller in )/:;( -ombining the gases he alleged to ha1e eAisted in the $rimordial earth's atmos$here in an eA$eriment set5u$# and adding energy to the miAture# Miller synthesiEed se1eral organi& mole&ules 7amino a&ids9 $resent in the stru&ture of $roteins( "arely a few years had $assed before it was re1ealed that this eA$eriment# whi&h was then $resented as an im$ortant ste$ in the name of e1olution# was in1alid# the atmos$here used in the eA$eriment ha1ing been 1ery ):, different from real earth &onditions( ):) After a long silen&e# Miller &onfessed that the atmos$here medium he used was unrealisti&( All the e1olutionist efforts $ut forth throughout the +,th &entury to eA$lain the origin of life ended with failure( The geo&hemist Heffrey "ada from <an 0iego <&ri$$s 6nstitute a&&e$ts this fa&t in an arti&le $ublished in Earth MagaEine in )//M: Today as we lea1e the twentieth &entury# we still fa&e the biggest unsol1ed $roblem that we had when we ):+ entered the twentieth &entury: How did life originate on EarthO

T!" C$*(&"? St%/ct/%" $) Li)"

The $rimary reason why the theory of e1olution ended u$ in su&h a big im$asse about the origin of life is that e1en the li1ing organisms deemed the sim$lest ha1e in&redibly &om$leA stru&tures( The &ell of a li1ing being is more &om$leA than all of the te&hnologi&al $rodu&ts $rodu&ed by man( Today# e1en in the most de1elo$ed laboratories of the world# a li1ing &ell &annot be $rodu&ed by bringing inorgani& materials together( The &onditions re!uired for the formation of a &ell are too great in !uantity to be eA$lained away by &oin&iden&es( The $robability of $roteins# the building blo&%s of &ell# being synthesiEed &oin&identally# is ) in /:, ), for an a1erage $rotein made u$ of :,, amino a&ids( 6n mathemati&s# a $robability smaller than ) o1er :, ), is $ra&ti&ally &onsidered to be im$ossible( The 0NA mole&ule# whi&h is lo&ated in the nu&leus of the &ell and whi&h stores geneti& information# is an in&redible databan%( 6t is &al&ulated that if the information &oded in 0NA were written down# this would ma%e a giant library &onsisting of /,, 1olumes of en&y&lo$edias of :,, $ages ea&h( A 1ery interesting dilemma emerges at this $oint: the 0NA &an only re$li&ate with the hel$ of some s$e&ialiEed $roteins 7enEymes9( Howe1er# the synthesis of these enEymes &an only be realiEed by the information &oded in 0NA( As they both de$end on ea&h other# they ha1e to eAist at the same time for re$li&ation( This brings the s&enario that life originated by itself to a deadlo&%( 3rof( 2eslie =rgel# an

e1olutionist of re$ute from the 'ni1ersity of <an 0iego# -alifornia# &onfesses this fa&t in the <e$tember )//* issue of the Scientific +merican magaEine: 6t is eAtremely im$robable that $roteins and nu&lei& a&ids# both of whi&h are stru&turally &om$leA# arose s$ontaneously in the same $la&e at the same time( >et it also seems im$ossible to ha1e one without the other( And so# at first glan&e# one might ha1e to &on&lude that life &ould ne1er# in fa&t# ha1e originated by ):; &hemi&al means( No doubt# if it is im$ossible for life to ha1e originated from natural &auses# then it has to be a&&e$ted that life was "&reated" in a su$ernatural way( This fa&t eA$li&itly in1alidates the theory of e1olution# whose main $ur$ose is to deny &reation(

I*a#i a%5 M"c!a is*s $) E.$&/ti$

The se&ond im$ortant $oint that negates 0arwin's theory is that both &on&e$ts $ut forward by the theory as "e1olutionary me&hanisms" were understood to ha1e# in reality# no e1olutionary $ower( 0arwin based his e1olution allegation entirely on the me&hanism of "natural sele&tion"( The im$ortan&e he $la&ed on this me&hanism was e1ident in the name of his boo%: The Origin of Species, %y Means Of Natural SelectionE Natural sele&tion holds that those li1ing things that are stronger and more suited to the natural &onditions of their habitats will sur1i1e in the struggle for life( Cor eAam$le# in a deer herd under the threat of atta&% by wild animals# those that &an run faster will sur1i1e( Therefore# the deer herd will be &om$rised of faster and stronger indi1iduals( Howe1er# un!uestionably# this me&hanism will not &ause deer to e1ol1e and transform themsel1es into another li1ing s$e&ies# for instan&e# horses( Therefore# the me&hanism of natural sele&tion has no e1olutionary $ower( 0arwin was also aware of this fa&t and had to state this in his boo% The Origin of Species: Natural sele&tion &an do nothing until fa1ourable indi1idual differen&es or 1ariations o&&ur( ):*

La*a%c3's I*(act
<o# how &ould these "fa1orable 1ariations" o&&urO 0arwin tried to answer this !uestion from the stand$oint of the $rimiti1e understanding of s&ien&e in his age( A&&ording to the Cren&h biologist 2amar&%# who li1ed before 0arwin# li1ing &reatures $assed on the traits they a&!uired during their lifetime to the neAt generation and these traits# a&&umulating from one generation to another# &aused new s$e&ies to be formed( Cor instan&e# a&&ording to 2amar&%# giraffes e1ol1ed from antelo$esN as they struggled to eat the lea1es of high trees# their ne&%s were eAtended from generation to generation(

0arwin also ga1e similar eAam$les# and in his boo% The Origin of Species# for instan&e# said that some ):: bears going into water to find food transformed themsel1es into whales o1er time(

#owe/er the laws o2 !nher!tance d!sco/ered by -endel and /er!2!ed by the sc!ence o2 genet!cs that 2lour!shed !n the D1th century utterly demol!shed the legend that acHu!red tra!ts were "assed on to subseHuent generat!ons. Thus natural select!on 2ell out o2 2a/or as an e/olut!onary mechan!sm.

N"$+Da%-i is* a ' M/tati$ s

6n order to find a solution# 0arwinists ad1an&ed the "Modern <yntheti& Theory"# or as it is more &ommonly %nown# Neo50arwinism# at the end of the )/;,'s( Neo50arwinism added mutations# whi&h are distortions formed in the genes of li1ing beings be&ause of eAternal fa&tors su&h as radiation or re$li&ation errors# as the "&ause of fa1orable 1ariations" in addition to natural mutation( Today# the model that stands for e1olution in the world is Neo50arwinism( The theory maintains that millions of li1ing beings $resent on the earth formed as a result of a $ro&ess whereby numerous &om$leA organs of these organisms su&h as the ears# eyes# lungs# and wings# underwent "mutations#" that is# geneti& disorders( >et# there is an outright s&ientifi& fa&t that totally undermines this theory: Mutations do not &ause li1ing beings to de1elo$N on the &ontrary# they always &ause harm to them( The reason for this is 1ery sim$le: the 0NA has a 1ery &om$leA stru&ture and random effe&ts &an only &ause harm to it( Ameri&an geneti&ist "(G( Ranganathan eA$lains this as follows: Mutations are small# random# and harmful( They rarely o&&ur and the best $ossibility is that they will be ineffe&tual( These four &hara&teristi&s of mutations im$ly that mutations &annot lead to an e1olutionary de1elo$ment( A random &hange in a highly s$e&ialised organism is either ineffe&tual or harmful( A random &hange in a wat&h &annot im$ro1e the wat&h( 6t will most $robably harm it or at best be ):? ineffe&tual( An earth!ua%e does not im$ro1e the &ity# it brings destru&tion( Not sur$risingly# no mutation eAam$le# whi&h is useful# that is# whi&h is obser1ed to de1elo$ the geneti& &ode# has been obser1ed so far( All mutations ha1e $ro1ed to be harmful( 6t was understood that mutation# whi&h is $resented as an "e1olutionary me&hanism#" is a&tually a geneti& o&&urren&e that harms li1ing beings# and lea1es them disabled( 7The most &ommon effe&t of mutation on human beings is &an&er9( No doubt# a destru&ti1e me&hanism &annot be an "e1olutionary me&hanism(" Natural sele&tion# on the other hand# "&an do nothing by itself" as 0arwin also a&&e$ted( This fa&t shows us that there is no "e1olutionary me&hanism" in nature( <in&e no e1olutionary me&hanism eAists# neither &ould any imaginary $ro&ess &alled e1olution ha1e ta%en $la&e(

T!" F$ssi& R"c$%': N$ Si#

$) I t"%*"'iat" F$%*s

The &learest e1iden&e that the s&enario suggested by the theory of e1olution did not ta%e $la&e is the fossil re&ord( A&&ording to the theory of e1olution# e1ery li1ing s$e&ies has s$rung from a $rede&essor( A $re1iously eAisting s$e&ies turned into something else in time and all s$e&ies ha1e &ome into being in this way( A&&ording to the theory# this transformation $ro&eeds gradually o1er millions of years( Had this been the &ase# then numerous intermediary s$e&ies should ha1e eAisted and li1ed within this long transformation $eriod( Cor instan&e# some half5fish.half5re$tiles should ha1e li1ed in the $ast whi&h had a&!uired some re$tilian traits in addition to the fish traits they already had( =r there should ha1e eAisted some re$tile5birds# whi&h a&!uired some bird traits in addition to the re$tilian traits they already had( <in&e these would be in a transitional $hase# they should be disabled# defe&ti1e# &ri$$led li1ing beings( E1olutionists refer to these imaginary &reatures# whi&h they belie1e to ha1e li1ed in the $ast# as "intermediate forms(" 6f su&h animals had really eAisted# there should be millions and e1en billions of them in number and 1ariety( More im$ortantly# the remains of these strange &reatures should be $resent in the fossil re&ord( 6n The Origin of Species# 0arwin eA$lained: 6f my theory be true# numberless intermediate 1arieties# lin%ing most &losely all of the s$e&ies of the same grou$ together must assuredly ha1e eAisted((( -onse!uently# e1iden&e of their former eAisten&e &ould be ):4 found only amongst fossil remains(

Da%-i 's H$("s S!att"%"'

Howe1er# although e1olutionists ha1e been ma%ing strenuous efforts to find fossils sin&e the middle of the )/th &entury all o1er the world# no transitional forms ha1e yet been un&o1ered( All the fossils unearthed in eA&a1ations showed that# &ontrary to the eA$e&tations of e1olutionists# life a$$eared on earth all of a sudden and fully5formed( A famous "ritish $aleontologist# 0ere% F( Ager# admits this fa&t# e1en though he is an e1olutionist: The $oint emerges that if we eAamine the fossil re&ord in detail# whether at the le1el of orders or of s$e&ies# we find @ o1er and o1er again @ not gradual e1olution# but the sudden eA$losion of one grou$ at the ):M eA$ense of another( This means that in the fossil re&ord# all li1ing s$e&ies suddenly emerge as fully formed# without any intermediate forms in between( This is ust the o$$osite of 0arwin's assum$tions( Also# it is 1ery strong e1iden&e that li1ing beings are &reated( The only eA$lanation of a li1ing s$e&ies emerging suddenly and &om$lete in e1ery detail without any e1olutionary an&estor &an be that this s$e&ies was &reated( This fa&t is admitted also by the widely %nown e1olutionist biologist 0ouglas Cutuyma:

-reation and e1olution# between them# eAhaust the $ossible eA$lanations for the origin of li1ing things( =rganisms either a$$eared on the earth fully de1elo$ed or they did not( 6f they did not# they must ha1e de1elo$ed from $re5eAisting s$e&ies by some $ro&ess of modifi&ation( 6f they did a$$ear in a fully ):/ de1elo$ed state# they must indeed ha1e been &reated by some omni$otent intelligen&e( Cossils show that li1ing beings emerged fully de1elo$ed and in a $erfe&t state on the earth( That means that "the origin of s$e&ies" is# &ontrary to 0arwin's su$$osition# not e1olution but &reation(

T!" Ta&" $) H/*a

E.$&/ti$

The sub e&t most often brought u$ by the ad1o&ates of the theory of e1olution is the sub e&t of the origin of man( The 0arwinist &laim holds that the modern men of today e1ol1ed from some %ind of a$e5li%e &reatures( 0uring this alleged e1olutionary $ro&ess# whi&h is su$$osed to ha1e started *5: million years ago# it is &laimed that there eAisted some "transitional forms" between modern man and his an&estors( A&&ording to this &om$letely imaginary s&enario# four basi& "&ategories" are listed: )( +ustralopithecus +( Homo ha#ilis ;( Homo erectus *( Homo sapiens E1olutionists &all the so5&alled first a$e5li%e an&estors of men "Australo$ithe&us" whi&h means "<outh Afri&an a$e(" These li1ing beings are a&tually nothing but an old a$e s$e&ies that has be&ome eAtin&t( EAtensi1e resear&h done on 1arious +ustralopithecus s$e&imens by two world famous anatomists from England and the '<A# namely# 2ord <olly Lu&%erman and 3rof( -harles =Anard# has shown that these belonged to an ordinary )?, a$e s$e&ies that be&ame eAtin&t and bore no resemblan&e to humans( E1olutionists &lassify the neAt stage of human e1olution as "homo#" that is "man(" A&&ording to the e1olutionist &laim# the li1ing beings in the Homo series are more de1elo$ed than Australo$ithe&us( E1olutionists de1ise a fan&iful e1olution s&heme by arranging different fossils of these &reatures in a $arti&ular order( This s&heme is imaginary be&ause it has ne1er been $ro1ed that there is an e1olutionary relation between these different &lasses( Ernst Mayr# one of the most im$ortant $ro$onents of the theory of e1olution in the +,th &entury# &ontends in his boo% One 4ong +rgument that "$arti&ularly histori&al J$uEElesK su&h as the origin of life )?) or of Homo sapiens# are eAtremely diffi&ult and may e1en resist a final# satisfying eA$lanation(" "y outlining the lin% &hain as " +ustralopithecus [ Homo ha#ilis [ Homo erectus [ Homo sapiens#" e1olutionists im$ly that ea&h of these s$e&ies is one another's an&estor( Howe1er# re&ent findings of

$aleoanthro$ologists ha1e re1ealed that Australo$ithe&us# Homo ha#ilis and Homo erectus li1ed at different )?+ $arts of the world at the same time( Moreo1er# a &ertain segment of humans &lassified as Homo erectus ha1e li1ed u$ until 1ery modern times( )?; Homo sapiens neandarthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens 7modern man9 &o5eAisted in the same region( This situation a$$arently indi&ates the in1alidity of the &laim that they are an&estors of one another( A $aleontologist from Har1ard 'ni1ersity# <te$hen Hay Gould# eA$lains this deadlo&% of the theory of e1olution although he is an e1olutionist himself: Dhat has be&ome of our ladder if there are three &oeAisting lineages of hominids 7 +. africanus# the ro#ust australo$ithe&ines# and H. ha#ilisF, none &learly deri1ed from anotherO Moreo1er# none of the three dis$lay any )?* e1olutionary trends during their tenure on earth( 3ut briefly# the s&enario of human e1olution# whi&h is sought to be u$held with the hel$ of 1arious drawings of some "half a$e# half human" &reatures a$$earing in the media and &ourse boo%s# that is# fran%ly# by means of $ro$aganda# is nothing but a tale with no s&ientifi& ground( 2ord <olly Lu&%erman# one of the most famous and res$e&ted s&ientists in the '(K(# who &arried out resear&h on this sub e&t for years# and $arti&ularly studied +ustralopithecus fossils for ): years# finally &on&luded# des$ite being an e1olutionist himself# that there is# in fa&t# no su&h family tree bran&hing out from a$e5li%e &reatures to man( Lu&%erman also made an interesting "s$e&trum of s&ien&e(" He formed a s$e&trum of s&ien&es ranging from those he &onsidered s&ientifi& to those he &onsidered uns&ientifi&( A&&ording to Lu&%erman's s$e&trum# the most "s&ientifi&"@that is# de$ending on &on&rete data@fields of s&ien&e are &hemistry and $hysi&s( After them &ome the biologi&al s&ien&es and then the so&ial s&ien&es( At the far end of the s$e&trum# whi&h is the $art &onsidered to be most "uns&ientifi&#" are "eAtra5sensory $er&e$tion"@&on&e$ts su&h as tele$athy and siAth sense@ and finally "human e1olution(" Lu&%erman eA$lains his reasoning: De then mo1e right off the register of ob e&ti1e truth into those fields of $resumed biologi&al s&ien&e# li%e eAtrasensory $er&e$tion or the inter$retation of man's fossil history# where to the faithful Je1olutionistK anything is $ossible 5 and where the ardent belie1er Jin e1olutionK is sometimes able to belie1e se1eral )?: &ontradi&tory things at the same time( The tale of human e1olution boils down to nothing but the $re udi&ed inter$retations of some fossils unearthed by &ertain $eo$le# who blindly adhere to their theory(

T"c! $&$#5 I

T!" E5" a ' T!" Ea%

Another sub e&t that remains unanswered by e1olutionary theory is the eA&ellent !uality of $er&e$tion in the eye and the ear( "efore $assing on to the sub e&t of the eye# let us briefly answer the !uestion of "how we see"( 2ight rays &oming from an ob e&t fall o$$ositely on the retina of the eye( Here# these light rays are transmitted into ele&tri&

signals by &ells and they rea&h a tiny s$ot at the ba&% of the brain &alled the &enter of 1ision( These ele&tri& signals are $er&ei1ed in this &enter of the brain as an image after a series of $ro&esses( Dith this te&hni&al ba&%ground# let us do some thin%ing( The brain is insulated from light( That means that the inside of the brain is solid dar%# and light does not rea&h the lo&ation where the brain is situated( The $la&e &alled the &enter of 1ision is a solid dar% $la&e where no light e1er rea&hesN it may e1en be the dar%est $la&e you ha1e e1er %nown( Howe1er# you obser1e a luminous# bright world in this $it&h dar%ness( The image formed in the eye is so shar$ and distin&t that e1en the te&hnology of the +,th &entury has not been able to attain it( Cor instan&e# loo% at the boo% you read# your hands with whi&h you hold it# then lift your head and loo% around you( Ha1e you e1er seen su&h a shar$ and distin&t image as this one at any other $la&eO E1en the most de1elo$ed tele1ision s&reen $rodu&ed by the greatest tele1ision $rodu&er in the world &annot $ro1ide su&h a shar$ image for you( This is a three5dimensional# &olored# and eAtremely shar$ image( Cor more than ),, years# thousands of engineers ha1e been trying to a&hie1e this shar$ness( Ca&tories# huge $remises were established# mu&h resear&h has been done# $lans and designs ha1e been made for this $ur$ose( Again# loo% at a TF s&reen and the boo% you hold in your hands( >ou will see that there is a big differen&e in shar$ness and distin&tion( Moreo1er# the TF s&reen shows you a two5dimensional image# whereas with your eyes# you wat&h a three5dimensional $ers$e&ti1e ha1ing de$th( Cor many years# ten of thousands of engineers ha1e tried to ma%e a three5dimensional TF# and rea&h the 1ision !uality of the eye( >es# they ha1e made a three5dimensional tele1ision system but it is not $ossible to wat&h it without $utting on glassesN moreo1er# it is only an artifi&ial three5dimension( The ba&%ground is more blurred# the foreground a$$ears li%e a $a$er setting( Ne1er has it been $ossible to $rodu&e a shar$ and distin&t 1ision li%e that of the eye( 6n both the &amera and the tele1ision# there is a loss of image !uality( E1olutionists &laim that the me&hanism $rodu&ing this shar$ and distin&t image has been formed by &han&e( Now# if somebody told you that the tele1ision in your room was formed as a result of &han&e# that all its atoms ust ha$$ened to &ome together and ma%e u$ this de1i&e that $rodu&es an image# what would you thin%O How &an atoms do what thousands of $eo$le &annotO 6f a de1i&e $rodu&ing a more $rimiti1e image than the eye &ould not ha1e been formed by &han&e# then it is 1ery e1ident that the eye and the image seen by the eye &ould not ha1e been formed by &han&e( The same situation a$$lies to the ear( The outer ear $i&%s u$ the a1ailable sounds by the auri&le and dire&ts them to the middle earN the middle ear transmits the sound 1ibrations by intensifying themN the inner ear sends these 1ibrations to the brain by translating them into ele&tri& signals( Hust as with the eye# the a&t of hearing finaliEes in the &enter of hearing in the brain( The situation in the eye is also true for the ear( That is# the brain is insulated from sound ust li%e it is from light: it does not let any sound in( Therefore# no matter how noisy is the outside# the inside of the brain is &om$letely silent( Ne1ertheless# the shar$est sounds are $er&ei1ed in the brain( 6n your brain# whi&h is insulated from sound# you listen to the sym$honies of an or&hestra# and hear all the noises in a &rowded $la&e( Howe1er# if the sound le1el in your brain was measured by a $re&ise de1i&e at that moment# it would be seen that a &om$lete silen&e is $re1ailing there( As is the &ase with imagery# de&ades of effort ha1e been s$ent in trying to generate and re$rodu&e sound that is faithful to the original( The results of these efforts are sound re&orders# high5fidelity systems# and systems for sensing sound( 0es$ite all this te&hnology and the thousands of engineers and eA$erts who ha1e been

wor%ing on this endea1or# no sound has yet been obtained that has the same shar$ness and &larity as the sound $er&ei1ed by the ear( Thin% of the highest5!uality H65C6 systems $rodu&ed by the biggest &om$any in the musi& industry( E1en in these de1i&es# when sound is re&orded some of it is lostN or when you turn on a H65C6 you always hear a hissing sound before the musi& starts( Howe1er# the sounds that are the $rodu&ts of the te&hnology of the human body are eAtremely shar$ and &lear( A human ear ne1er $er&ei1es a sound a&&om$anied by a hissing sound or with atmos$heri&s as does H65C6N it $er&ei1es sound eAa&tly as it is# shar$ and &lear( This is the way it has been sin&e the &reation of man( <o far# no 1isual or re&ording a$$aratus $rodu&ed by man has been as sensiti1e and su&&essful in $er&ei1ing sensory data as are the eye and the ear( Howe1er# as far as seeing and hearing are &on&erned# a far greater fa&t lies beyond all this(

T$ W!$* D$"s t!" C$ sci$/s "ss t!at S((" &n+ H(&/" W-'#-n '#( B/&-n B( on,4
Dho is it that wat&hes an alluring world in its brain# listens to sym$honies and the twittering of birds# and smells the roseO The stimulations &oming from the eyes# ears# and nose of a human being tra1el to the brain as ele&tro5 &hemi&al ner1ous im$ulses( 6n biology# $hysiology# and bio&hemistry boo%s# you &an find many details about how this image forms in the brain( Howe1er# you will ne1er &ome a&ross the most im$ortant fa&t about this sub e&t: Dho is it that $er&ei1es these ele&tro5&hemi&al ner1ous im$ulses as images# sounds# odors and sensory e1ents in the brainO There is a &ons&iousness in the brain that $er&ei1es all this without feeling any need for eye# ear# and nose( To whom does this &ons&iousness belongO There is no doubt that this &ons&iousness does not belong to the ner1es# the fat layer and neurons &om$rising the brain( This is why 0arwinist5materialists# who belie1e that e1erything is &om$rised of matter# &annot gi1e any answer to these !uestions( Cor this &ons&iousness is the s$irit &reated by God( The s$irit needs neither the eye to wat&h the images# nor the ear to hear the sounds( Curthermore# nor does it need the brain to thin%( E1eryone who reads this eA$li&it and s&ientifi& fa&t should $onder on Almighty God# should fear Him and see% refuge in Him# He Dho s!ueeEes the entire uni1erse in a $it&h5dar% $la&e of a few &ubi& &entimeters in a three5dimensional# &olored# shadowy# and luminous form(

A Mat"%ia&ist Fait!
The information we ha1e $resented so far shows us that the theory of e1olution is a &laim e1idently at 1arian&e with s&ientifi& findings( The theory's &laim on the origin of life is in&onsistent with s&ien&e# the e1olutionary me&hanisms it $ro$oses ha1e no e1olutionary $ower# and fossils demonstrate that the intermediate

forms re!uired by the theory ne1er eAisted( <o# it &ertainly follows that the theory of e1olution should be $ushed aside as an uns&ientifi& idea( This is how many ideas su&h as the earth5&entered uni1erse model ha1e been ta%en out of the agenda of s&ien&e throughout history( Howe1er# the theory of e1olution is $ressingly %e$t on the agenda of s&ien&e( <ome $eo$le e1en try to re$resent &riti&isms dire&ted against the theory as an "atta&% on s&ien&e(" DhyO The reason is that the theory of e1olution is an indis$ensable dogmati& belief for some &ir&les( These &ir&les are blindly de1oted to materialist $hiloso$hy and ado$t 0arwinism be&ause it is the only materialist eA$lanation that &an be $ut forward for the wor%ings of nature( 6nterestingly enough# they also &onfess this fa&t from time to time( A well %nown geneti&ist and an outs$o%en e1olutionist# Ri&hard -( 2ewontin from Har1ard 'ni1ersity# &onfesses that he is "first and foremost a materialist and then a s&ientist": 6t is not that the methods and institutions of s&ien&e somehow &om$el us a&&e$t a material eA$lanation of the $henomenal world# but# on the &ontrary# that we are for&ed by our a priori adheren&e to material &auses to &reate an a$$aratus of in1estigation and a set of &on&e$ts that $rodu&e material eA$lanations# no matter how &ounter5 intuiti1e# no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated( Moreo1er# that materialism is absolute# so we &annot )?? allow a 0i1ine Coot in the door( These are eA$li&it statements that 0arwinism is a dogma %e$t ali1e ust for the sa%e of adheren&e to the materialist $hiloso$hy( This dogma maintains that there is no being sa1e matter( Therefore# it argues that inanimate# un&ons&ious matter &reated life( 6t insists that millions of different li1ing s$e&iesN for instan&e# birds# fish# giraffes# tigers# inse&ts# trees# flowers# whales and human beings originated as a result of the intera&tions between matter su&h as the $ouring rain# the lightning flash# et&(# out of inanimate matter( This is a $re&e$t &ontrary both to reason and s&ien&e( >et 0arwinists &ontinue to defend it ust so as "not to allow a 0i1ine Coot in the door(" Anyone who does not loo% at the origin of li1ing beings with a materialist $re udi&e will see this e1ident truth: All li1ing beings are wor%s of a -reator# Dho is All53owerful# All5Dise and All5Knowing( This -reator is God# Dho &reated the whole uni1erse from non5eAisten&e# designed it in the most $erfe&t form# and fashioned all li1ing beings(

W" !a."

T#(! "&-+ KG o/! 2( 'o Yo%= $ 3 $-&"'#" "?c"(t -!at Y$/ !a." ta/#!t /s8 Y$/ a%" t!" A&&+K $-I #, t!" A&&+WIs"84

8KORAN: 2:625

NOTES
)( htt$:..www(fordham(edu.halsall.mod. mussolini5fas&ism(html +( Mar% "ruEons%y# "Habotins%y The 2egend and 6ts 3ower"# 6srael HoriEons# 1ol( +/# no( +# Mar&h.A$ril )/M)# $( )/( ;( Karl R( 3o$$er# The =$en <o&iety and 6ts Enemies# 1ol( 6# The <$ell of 3lato# 2ondon# Routledge \ Kegan 3aul# )/?/# $( :)( *( Karl R( 3o$$er# The =$en <o&iety and 6ts Enemies# 1ol( 6 The <$ell of 3lato# 2ondon# Routledge \ Kegan 3aul# )/?/# $( 4( :( Mi&hael Howard# The =&&ult -ons$ira&y: The <e&ret History of Mysti&s# Tem$lars# Masons and =&&ult <o&ieties# 2ondon# Rider \ -o 2td(# )/M/# $( +; ?( htt$:..biology(&l&(u&(edu.&ourses.bio),?. earlymod(htm 4( htt$:..www(thedarwin$a$ers(&om.oldsite. Number+.0arwin+Html(htm M( 0( R( =ldroyd# 0arwinian 6m$a&ts# Atlanti& Highlands# N( H Humanities 3ress# )/M;# $( +;( /( 3aul -roo%# 0arwinism# Dar and History: The debate o1er the biology of war from the ]=rigin of <$e&ies' to the Cirst Dorld Dar# -ambridge# -ambridge 'ni1ersity 3ress# )//*# $$( ?54( ),( 3aul -roo%# 0arwinism# Dar and History: The debate o1er the biology of war from the ]=rigin of <$e&ies' to the Cirst Dorld Dar# $$( 45M( ))( 3aul -roo%# 0arwinism# Dar and History: The debate o1er the biology of war from the ]=rigin of <$e&ies' to the Cirst Dorld Dar# )//*# $$( )*5):( )+( H( C( 3eters# Larathustra's <ister: The &ase of Elisabeth and Criedri&h NietEs&he# -rown 3ublishers# New >or%# )/44# $( ))/( );( H( C( 3eters# Larathustra's <ister: The &ase of Elisabeth and Criedri&h NietEs&he# -rown 3ublishers# New >or%# )/44# $( 1iii( )*( NietEs&he Criedri&h# Thus <$a%e Larathustra# The Cirst 3art# on "Reading and Driting(" ):( 0aniel -( 0ennett# 0arwin's 0angerous 6dea# Tou&hstone "oo%s# New >or%# )//?# $( ?+ )?( H( C( 3eters# Larathustra's <ister: The &ase of Elisabeth and Crederi&h NietEs&he# -rown 3ublishers# New >or%# )/44# $( ++,( )4( D( -leon <%ousen# The Na%ed -ommunist# <alt 2a%e -ity# 'tah# Ensign 3ublishing -o(# )/:M# $( ;*M )M( "en Ma&intyre# Corgotten Catherland: The <ear&h for Elisabeth NietEs&he# New >or%# Carrar <traus GirouA# )//+# $( )M4( )/( H( C( 3eters# Larathustra's <ister: The &ase of Elisabeth and Criedri&h NietEs&he# -rown 3ublishers# New >or%# )/44# $( iA( +,( H( C( 3eters# Larathustra's <ister: The &ase of Elisabeth and Criedri&h NietEs&he# -rown 3ublishers# New >or%# )/44# $( +++( +)( The Ma&millan En&y&lo$edia +,,)# 0'AnnunEio# Gabriele 7)M?;5)/;M9# 6talian $oet# no1elist# and dramatist( ++( H( C( 3eters# Larathustra's <ister: The &ase of Elisabeth and Criedri&h NietEs&he# -rown 3ublishers# New >or%# )/44# $( +)+(

+;( H( C( 3eters# Larathustra's <ister: The &ase of Elisabeth and Criedri&h NietEs&he# -rown 3ublishers# New >or%# )/44# $( )M*( +*( Cran&is Galton# Memories of My 2ife# AM< 3ress# $( +M4( +:( 6an Taylor# 6n The Minds of Men: 0arwin and the New Dorld =rder# TCE 3ublishing# Toronto# )//)# $( *,*( +?( Ernst Hae&%el# Donders of 2ife# New >or%# Har$er# )/,*# $$( +)# ))MN &ited in 6an Taylor# 6n The Minds of Men: 0arwin and the New Dorld =rder# TCE 3ublishing# Toronto# )//)# $( *,/( +4( Ernst Hae&%el# Donders of 2ife# New >or%# Har$er# )/,*# $$( ))M5))/N &ited in 0aniel Gasman# <o&ial 0arwinism in Ernst Hae&%el and the German Monist 2eague# Ma&0onald# 2ondon and New >or%# )/4)# $ (/:( +M( 0aniel Gasman# The <&ientifi& =rigins of National <o&ialism: <o&ial 0arwinism in Ernest Hae&%el and the German Monist 2eague# Ameri&an Else1ier 3ress# New >or%# )/4)( $( A1ii( +/( "en Ma&intyre# Corgotten Catherland: The <ear&h for Elisabeth NietEs&he# New >or%# Carrar <traus GirouA# )//+# $( +Mf( ;,( Gene Edward Feith# Modern Cas&ism: 2i!uidating the Hudeo5-hristian Dorld1iew# -on&ordia 3ublishing House# <t( 2ouis# )//;# $( )?,( ;)( Mi&hael Howard# The =&&ult -ons$ira&y: The <e&ret History of Mysti&s# Tem$lars# Masons and =&&ult <o&ieties# 2ondon# Rider \ -o 2td(# )/M/# $( );, ;+( <&ott 2i1ely# Ke1in Abrams# The 3in% <wasti%a# Counders 3ublishing -or$(# =regon# )//4# $( )/ ;;( <&ott 2i1ely# Ke1in Abrams# The 3in% <wasti%a# Counders 3ublishing -or$(# =regon# )//4# $( 4, ;*( Eri& Hoffer# The True "elie1er# Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Mo1ements# New >or%: Har$er \ Row# )/:)# $( ))( ;:( Adolf Hitler# Mein Kam$f# Translated by Ral$h Manheim# 3imli&o# 2ondon# )//4# $( )?;5)?*( ;?( Emil 2udwig# Tal%s Dith Mussolini# George Allen# )/;+# $$( )++5)+;# $( )+M( ;4( htt$:..www(history$la&e(&om.worldwar+. holo&aust.h5boo%burn(htm ;M( Hames 2arratt "attersby# The Holy "oo% of Adolf Hitler# )/:+# <outh$ort# $( ),( ;/( htt$:..www(historyguide(org.euro$e. du&e(html *,( htt$:..www(tasis(&om.TA<6<.Ca&ulty2e&ture. Ca&2e&t(html *)( Mi&hael "aigent# Ri&hard 2eigh# Henry 2in&oln# The Messiani& 2ega&y# -orgi "oo%s# )//)# $( )//( *+( Eri& Hoffer# The True "elie1er# Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Mo1ements# New >or%: Har$er \ Row# )/:)# $( )++( *;( Adel 0arwish# "The GodCather of "aghdad"# htt$:..www(mideastnews(&om.the)(htm **( Dilhelm Rei&h# The Mass 3sy&hology of Cas&ism# Carrar# <traus and GirouA# New >or%# +,,,# $( ;;;( *:( "enito Mussolini# Messaggi e 3ro&lami# 2ibreria d'6talia# Milan# $( +/( *?( Adolf Hitler# Mein Kam$f# Translated by Ral$h Manheim# 3imli&o# 2ondon# )//4# $( *:/5*?,( *4( Hohn 3( 0iggins# Mussolini and Cas&ism# 3rin&eton 'ni1ersity 3ress# )/4+# $( ):( 40. Charl!e #ore 3uncan #allas $ndy 3urgan Ls"anya ()I+ Bahar 5."a!n ()I+ ."r!ng6 M 'aynlar ". I7. 4). T. EaknN @ranco E!md!rJ @alan<!?m Ned!rJ 5Cho !s @rancoJ Chat !s @alang!smJ6 E!taO 'aynlar -ays ()+) ". *7. :,( 3aul Hohnson# Modern Times# New >or%: Har$er and Row# )/M;# -ha$ter "The High Noon of Aggression"( :)( htt$:..www(&rf5usa(org.terror. &i1ilian^"ombing(htm

:+( "enito Mussolini# from the entry he wrote for the 6talian En&y&lo$edia on the definition of fas&ism( htt$:..www(fordham(edu.halsall.mod.mussolini5fas&ism(html :;( "enito Mussolini# htt$:..www(history&enter(net.3oliti&s5detail)(as$O60_*M4 :*( No%ta 0ergisi 7No%ta MagaEine9# ); Mar&h )/MM# $( 4?544( ::( htt$:..f&it(&oedu(usf(edu.holo&aust.arts. mus0egen(htm :?( htt$:..f&it(&oedu(usf(edu.holo&aust.arts. artRei&h(htm :4( Maria A(Ma&&io&&hi# ElUments 3our 'ne Analyse du Cas&isme# 3aris# 'GE# )/4?# $(),M :M( Maria A(Ma&&io&&hi# ElUments 3our 'ne Analyse du Cas&isme# 3aris# 'GE# )/4?# $()+?5)+4( :/( Maria A(Ma&&io&&hi# ElUments 3our 'ne Analyse du Cas&isme# 3aris# 'GE# )/4?# $( )+?( ?,( Maria A(Ma&&io&&hi# ElUments 3our 'ne Analyse du Cas&isme# 3aris# 'GE# )/4?# $( )+M5)+/( ?)( Maria A(Ma&&io&&hi# ElUments 3our 'ne Analyse du Cas&isme# 3aris# 'GE# )/4?# $( );+5);;( ?+( Maria A(Ma&&io&&hi# ElUments 3our 'ne Analyse du Cas&isme# 3aris# 'GE# )/4?# $();*( ?;( Maria A(Ma&&io&&hi# ElUments 3our 'ne Analyse du Cas&isme# 3aris# 'GE# )/4?# $( )?;( ?*( -harles 0arwin# The 0es&ent of Man# The Modern 2ibrary# New >or%# $( M4;( ?:( -harles 0arwin# The =rigin of <$e&ies by Means of Natural <ele&tion# 0( A$$leton and -om$any# New >or%# )M:/ 7)M/4 edition9# $( ),M( ??( -harles 0arwin# The 0es&ent of Man# The Modern 2ibrary# New >or%# $( /,)( ?4( <te$hanie A( <hields# Ameri&an 3sy&hologist# "'Cun&tionalism# 0arwinism# and the 3sy&hology of DomenN A <tudy in <o&ial Myth('' Fol( ;,# no()# )/4:# $( 4*+( ?M( -harles 0arwin# The 0es&ent of Man# The Modern 2ibrary# New >or%# $( M4;( ?/( -harles 0arwin# The Autobiogra$hy of -harles 0arwin )M,/5)MM+ 7Edited by Nora "arlow9# D( D( Norton \ -om$any 6n&(# New >or%# )/:M# $$( +;+5+;;( 4,( Roger 2ewin# "ones of -ontention# <imon and <huster# New >or%# )/M4# $( ;,:( 4)( Rosaleen 2o1e# "0arwinism and Ceminism: The 'Domen Question' in the 2ife and Dor% of =li1e <&hreiner and -harlotte 3er%ins Gilman" in 0a1id =ldroyd and 6an 2angham 7Eds(9# The Dider 0omain of E1olutionary Thought# 0( Reidel# Holland# )/M;# $$( ));5);)( 4+( Elaine Morgan# The 0es&ent of Doman# <tein and 0ay# New >or%# )/4+# $() 4;( <te$hen Hay Gould# The Mismeasure of Man# D( D( Norton \ -om$any# New >or%# )/M)# $(),*# ),:( 4*( E1a -antarella# "iseAuality in the An&ient Dorld# New Ha1en# >ale 'ni1ersity 3ress# )//+# $( 4+ 4:( "enedi&t Criedlander# "Memoirs for the Criends and -ontributors of the <&ientifi& Humanitarian -ommittee in the Name of the <u&&ession of the <&ientifi& Humanitarian -ommittee"# Hournal of HomoseAuality# Hanuary5 Cebruary )//)# $( +:/( 4?( <&ott 2i1ely# Ke1in Abrams# The 3in% <wasti%a# Counders 3ublishing -or$(# =regon# )//4# $( ++( 44( <&ott 2i1ely# Ke1in Abrams# The 3in% <wasti%a# Counders 3ublishing -or$(# =regon# )//4 4M( Dilhelm Rei&h# The Mass 3sy&hology of Cas&ism# Carrar# <traus and GirouA# New >or%# +,,,# $( 4: 4/( Dilhelm Rei&h# The Mass 3sy&hology of Cas&ism# Carrar# <traus and GirouA# New >or%# +,,,# $( );+ M,( Hames Holl# Euro$e <in&e )M4,: An 6nternational History# 3enguin "oo%s# MiddleseA# )//,# $$( ),+5),; M)( 2(H( Gann# "Adolf Hitler: The -om$lete Totalitarian#" The 6nter&ollegiate Re1iew# Call )/M:# $( +*# &ited in Henry M( Morris# The 2ong Dar Against God# "a%er "oo% House# Mi&higan# )//?# $( 4M( M+( H( Tenenbaum# Ra&e and Rei&h# Twayne 3ub(# New >or%# )/:?# $( +))# &ited in Herry "ergman# "0arwinism and the NaEi ra&e Holo&aust#" -reation EA Nihilo Te&hni&al Hournal# ); 7+9: ),)@)))# )///(

M;( 3eter -hris$# The Rise of Cas&ism# Ditness History <eries# The "oo%wright 3ress# New >or%# )//)# $(? M*( R( Hi&%man# "io&reation# <&ien&e 3ress# Dorthington# =H# )/M;# $$( :)@:+# &ited in Herry "ergman# "0arwinism and the NaEi Ra&e Holo&aust"# -reation EA Nihilo Te&hni&al Hournal# ); 7+9: ),)@)))# )///( M:( Dilhelm Rei&h# The Mass 3sy&hology of Cas&ism# Carrar# <traus and GirouA# New >or%# +,,,# $$( 4:54?( M?( Dilhelm Rei&h# The Mass 3sy&hology of Cas&ism# Carrar# <traus and GirouA# New >or%# +,,,# $( 4?( M4( Hitler's <e&ret 0iaries 7A$ril +,# )/*: 5 May )# )/*:9 Translated \ -om$iled by <ara Hess# 'ni1ersity 3ress# -alifornia# +,,)( MM( Ted Howard and Heremy Rif%in# Dho <hould 3lay GodO# 0ell# New >or%# )/44# $( 4+( M/( Hames 2arratt "attersby# The "oo% of Aryan Disdom and 2aws# The Religious and Ra&ial "a&%ground# <outh$ort# )/:)# $( :M( /,( 0a1e <hiflett# ">ou Mean Hitler Dasn't a 3riestO" National Re1iew =nline# +) Hanuary +,,)( /)( 3hili$ R( Reilly# "A 2oo% "a&% at Eugeni&s"# Gene 2etter# Fol( )# No( ;# No1ember )# )//?( /+( 3hili$ R( Reilly# "A 2oo% "a&% at Eugeni&s"# Gene 2etter# Fol( )# No( ;# No1ember )# )//?( /;( Herry "ergman# "0arwinism and the NaEi ra&e Holo&aust#" -reation EA Nihilo Te&hni&al Hournal# ); 7+9: ),)@)))# )///( /*( Adolf Hitler's <$ee&h at the annual 3arty gathering at Nuremberg on August 4# )/+/# FSl%is&her "eoba&hter# no( )M)( /:( George Grant# Killer Angel# Reformer 3ress# $( M:( /?( -harles 0arwin# The 0es&ent of Man# The Modern 2ibrary# New >or%# $( :+)( /4( 0ouglas 2ynott "Hosef Mengele: The Angel of 0eath"# The -rime 2ibrary 7htt$:..www(&rimelibrary(&om.mengele.young(htm9 /M( Cran&is <&haeffer# How <hall De Then 2i1eO# Re1ell# N(H# )/4?# $( +*"# &ited in Henry M( Morris# The 2ong Dar Against God# "a%er "oo% House# Mi&higan# )//?# $( 4M( //( htt$:..history(hano1er(edu.&ourses.eA&er$ts. )))him(html ),,( <$ee&h of the Rei&hsfuehrer5<< Heinri&h Himmler at Khar%ow A$ril )/*;# NaEi -ons$ira&y and Aggression# Fol( 6F( '<G3=# Dashington# )/*?# $$(:4+5:4M( ),)( Robert E(0( -lar%# 0arwin: "efore and After# 2ondon# 3aternoster 3ress# )/*M# $( )):# &ited in Henry M( Morris# The 2ong Dar Against God# "a%er "oo% House# Mi&higan# )//?# $( M)( ),+( Herry "ergman# "0arwinism and the NaEi ra&e Holo&aust#" -reation EA Nihilo Te&hni&al Hournal# ); 7+9: ),)@)))# )///( ),;( 0aniel Gasman# The <&ientifi& =rigins of National <o&ialism: <o&ial 0arwinism in Earnest Hae&%el and the German Monist 2eague# Ameri&an Else1ier 3ress# New >or%# )/4)# $( )?M( ),*( Adolf Hitler# Hitler's <e&ret -on1ersations )/*)@)/**# Dith an introdu&tory essay on The Mind of Adolf Hitler by H(R( Tre1or5Ro$er# Carrar# <traus and >oung# New >or%# $( ))4# )/:;# &ited by Herry "ergman# "0arwinism and the NaEi ra&e Holo&aust#" -reation EA Nihilo Te&hni&al Hournal# ); 7+9: ),)@)))# )///( ),:( Albert <$eer# 6nside the Third Rei&h# "onanEa "oo%s# New >or%# $( /:( ),?( Gottfried Ceder# 0as 3rogramm der N<0A3 und seine weltans&hauli&hen Grundlagen# $( */N &ited in Dilhelm Rei&h# The Mass 3sy&hology of Cas&ism# Carrar# <traus and GirouA# New >or%# +,,,# $( ))4( ),4( Adolf Hitler# Mein Kam$f# 7Translated by Ral$h Manheim9# 3imli&o# 2ondon# )//4# $( ;,?5;,4( ),M( Adolf Hitler# Mein Kam$f# 7Translated by Ral$h Manheim9# 3imli&o# 2ondon# )//4# $( +?,( ),/( Adolf Hitler# Mein Kam$f# 7Translated by Ral$h Manheim9# 3imli&o# 2ondon# )//4# $( +/4(

)),( The 6nternational Military Tribunal# Nuremberg# NaEi -ons$ira&y \ Aggression# =ffi&e of 'nited <tates -hief of -ounsel Cor 3rose&ution of AAis -riminality# 1ol( 66# $( /;,( )))( <tewart D( Herman# Hr(# 6t's >our <ouls De Dant# AM< 3ress 6n&(# )/*;# $$( ):45M( ))+( The 6nternational Military Tribunal# Nuremberg# The Trial of German Ma or Dar -riminals <itting at Nuremberg# Germany# <ession +# No1ember +)# )/*:# 73art * of M9# $( ?,( ));( <&ott 2i1ely# Ke1in Abrams# The 3in% <wasti%a# Counders 3ublishing -or$(# =regon# )//4# Coreword# $( 1iii( ))*( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $( +( )):( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $( M( ))?( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $( M( ))4( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $( M( ))M( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $( /( ))/( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $())( )+,( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $()+( )+)( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $();( )++( Angeli&a "alabanoff# My 2ife as a Rebel# 2ondon# )/;M# $( ?,# &ited in 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $();( )+;( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $():( )+*( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $():( )+:( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $()M( )+?( 0enis Ma&% <mith# Mussolini# 3aladin Grafton "oo%s# 2ondon# )/M4# $()4( (D7. PaQdaO F!derler $ns!klo"ed!s! 5>ncyclo"ed!a o2 -odern Feaders6 Kol. 4 ". (4+7. (D0. PaQdaO F!derler $ns!klo"ed!s! 5>ncyclo"ed!a o2 -odern Feaders6 Kol. 4 ". (4+). (D). PaQdaO F!derler $ns!klo"ed!s! 5>ncyclo"ed!a o2 -odern Feaders6 Kol. 4 ". (474. (I1. T. EaknN @ranco E!md!rJ @alan<!?m Ned!rJ 5Cho !s @rancoJ Chat !s @alang!smJ6 $$( 4,54;( (I(. Charl!e #ore 3uncan #allas $ndy 3urgan Ls"anya ()I+ Bahar 5."a!n ()I+ ."r!ng6 M yaynlar ". D+ );+( George =rwell# Homage to -atalonia# $( * );;( Dilliam "lum# Killing Ho$e: '< Military and -6A 6nter1entions <in&e Dorld Dar 66# *(b(# 2ondon: Led "oo%s# )//)# $( +?*( );*( Dilliam "lum# Killing Ho$e: '< Military and -6A 6nter1entions <in&e Dorld Dar 66# $( +?/( );:( Russell Datson# Hohn "arry# "3ubli& Enemy No( )#" Newswee%# / A$ril )//,# $(M );?( Ray Dil%inson# "6ra!'s 0ar% Knight#" Newswee%# / A$ril )//,# $()+( );4( Ray Dil%inson# "6ra!'s 0ar% Knight#" Newswee%# / A$ril )//,# $()+( );M( Tur%ish Hurrriyet daily# +) Hanuary )///# Thursday( );/( Ray Dil%inson# "6ra!'s 0ar% Knight#" Newswee%# / A$ril )//,# $(),( )*,( Ra&ism and Weno$hobia in Euro$e# Eurobarometer =$inion 3oll no( *4()# Cirst Results $resented at the -losing -onferen&e of the Euro$ean >ear Against Ra&ism# 2uAemboug# )M \ )/ 0e&ember )//4( )*)( 2ibUration# A$ril +)# )//: Thursday(

(4D. Ilya >hrenburg @aO!?m .onras $/ru"a 5>uro"e $2ter @asc!sm translated 2rom %uss!an to Turk!sh6 .elkan 'aynlar ". D1 )*;( "General 3rin&i$les"# National Allian&e 7htt$:..www(nat1an(&om.what5is5na.na)(html9 )**( htt$:..www(nat1an(&om.what5is5na.na)(html )*:( htt$:..www(nat1an(&om.what5is5na.na)(html )*?( "Two 2essons in Ra&ial <ur1i1al"# National Fanguard MagaEine# Number ))4 7Mar&h5A$ril )//49 )*4( Gene Edward Feith# Modern Cas&ism: 2i!uidating the Hudeo5-hristian Dorld1iew# -on&ordia 3ublishing House# <t( 2ouis# )//;# $( )+ )*M( <idney CoA# Klaus 0ose# Mole&ular E1olution and The =rigin of 2ife# D(H( Creeman and -om$any# <an Cran&is&o# )/4+# $( *( )*/( AleAander 6( =$arin# =rigin of 2ife# 0o1er 3ubli&ations# New>or%# )/;?# )/:; 7re$rint9# $( )/?( ):,( "New E1iden&e on E1olution of Early Atmos$here and 2ife"# "ulletin of the Ameri&an Meteorologi&al <o&iety# 1ol ?;# No1ember )/M+# $( );+M5);;,( ):)( <tanley Miller# Mole&ular E1olution of 2ife: -urrent <tatus of the 3rebioti& <ynthesis of <mall Mole&ules# )/M?# $( 4 ):+( Heffrey "ada# Earth# Cebruary )//M# $( *, ):;( 2eslie E( =rgel# `The =rigin of 2ife on EarthZ# <&ientifi& Ameri&an# 1ol( +4)# =&tober )//*# $( 4M( ):*( -harles 0arwin# The =rigin of <$e&ies by Means of Natural <ele&tion# The Modern 2ibrary# New >or%# $( )+4( )::( -harles 0arwin# The =rigin of <$e&ies: A Ca&simile of the Cirst Edition# Har1ard 'ni1ersity 3ress# )/?*# $( )M*( ):?( "( G( Ranganathan# =riginsO# 3ennsyl1ania: The "anner =f Truth Trust# )/MM( ):4( -harles 0arwin# The =rigin of <$e&ies: A Ca&simile of the Cirst Edition# Har1ard 'ni1ersity 3ress# )/?*# $( )4/( ):M( 0ere% A( Ager# "The Nature of the Cossil Re&ord"# 3ro&eedings of the "ritish Geologi&al Asso&iation# 1ol M4# )/4?# $( );;( ):/( 0ouglas H( Cutuyma# <&ien&e on Trial# 3antheon "oo%s# New >or%# )/M;( $( )/4( )?,( <olly Lu&%erman# "eyond The 61ory Tower# New >or%: To$linger 3ubli&ations# )/4,# $$( 4:5/*N -harles E( =Anard# "The 3la&e of Australo$ithe&ines in Human E1olution: Grounds for 0oubt"# Nature# 1ol +:M# $( ;M/( )?)( `-ould s&ien&e be brought to an end by s&ientistsB belief that they ha1e final answers or by so&ietyBs relu&tan&e to $ay the billsOZ <&ientifi& Ameri&an# 0e&ember )//+# $( +,( )?+( Alan Dal%er# <&ien&e# 1ol( +,4# 4 Mar&h )/M,# $( )),;N A( H( Kelso# 3hysi&al Antro$ology# )st ed(# H( "( 2i$in&ott -o(# New >or%# )/4,# $( ++)N M( 0( 2ea%ey# =ldu1ai Gorge# 1ol( ;# -ambridge 'ni1ersity 3ress# -ambridge# )/4)# $( +4+( )?;( Heffrey Kluger# `Not <o EAtin&t After All: The 3rimiti1e Homo erectus May Ha1e <ur1i1ed 2ong Enough To -oeAist Dith Modern Humans#Z Time# +; 0e&ember )//?( )?*( <( H( Gould# Natural History# 1ol( M:# )/4?# $( ;,( )?:( <olly Lu&%erman# "eyond The 61ory Tower# $( )/( Ri&hard 2ewontin# "The 0emon5Haunted Dorld#Z The New >or% Re1iew of "oo%s# Hanuary /# )//4# $( +M(

INDEX
A Abyssinia# see Ethio$ia Ager# 0ere% ++/ Al5"a%r# Ahmad Hassan ),* Aldridge# Hames ),? Allende# <al1ador )/)# )/+ Ameri&an NaEi 3arty +))# +); AnaAimander ;*# ;: Animism +/ Annas# George )*+ anti5Arabism )?+ anti5<emiti&# anti5<emitism 4+# )?)# )?+# )MM a$artheid )/: Arabs ;, ArbenE# Ha&obo )/; Aristotle ;, art ),# +:# +?# :4# ),?# )):# ))?# ))4# ))M# ))/# )+,# )+)# +): Aryan Nation mo1ement +)) Aryan ra&e :4# ?,# ),M# ))?# ))/# );)# );+# );;# );:# );4# )*)# )*;# ):+# )?+# )44# +,*# +)+# +);# +)*# +): Aus&hwitE )*:# )*? +ustralopithecus +;,# +;) B "aath 3arty ),* "abylonian Em$ire +,) "ada# Heffrey ++; "alabanoff# Angeli&a )?M "albo# 6talo 4) "alilla M4 "attle of "erne +,M "ergman# Herry ):? "ible )?+ bla&% shirts ?/# 4)# ),M# )?/ "lum# Dilliam )/;# )/: "lut and "oden 7"lood and <oil9 ),)

"lutfahne 7"lood Clag9 ),)# ),+ "onhoeffer# 0ietri&h )?, boo% burnings M: "rand# Adolf )+4 "ritish Em$ire ):; "ro&a# 3aul *4# *M# */# )+* brown <hirts ),? "u&henwald )*/ "uddhism ):: "utler# Ri&hard +); C -aesar# Hulius *, -am$igli# Massimo ))/ -ardinal Gas$ari )4) -ardinal of Milan )4) -atholi& -hur&h ):4# ):/# )4:# )44 -audillo M? -eauses&u# Ni&olai ),* -hamberlain# Houston <tewart );;# );: &hildren of 6srael )M4 -hris$# 3eter );: -hristianity )/# +,# +)# +/# ;,# ;+# ;;# ;4# ;M# *,# *)# *?# ::# :?# :4# ?)# )::# ):?# ):4# ):M# ):/# )?)# )?+# )?4# +)+ &ommunism ?4# )??# +)/ -ommunity of the Elite# The )+4 -omte de "uffon ;4 &on&entration &am$s );# ),M# ),/# )+/# )*/ -ordeliers -lub ;; -roo%# 3aul ;M# ;/ D 0'AnnunEio# Gabriele *: 0arwin# -harles ;*# ;?# ;4# ;M# *,# *)# *+# *:# *?# *4# *M# :)# :+# ::# )+;# )+*# );;# );:# );?# );M# )*)# )*;# )*:# ):;# ):?# )?M# )?/# )M;# +)*# ++,# ++)# +++# ++:# ++4# ++M# ++/ 0arwin# Erasmus ;4 0arwin# 2eonard *M# :+ 0arwinism ))# )*# )?# +;# +4# ;*# ;:# ;4# ;M# *,# *)# *4# *M# */# :)# :+# ?;# ),?# )))# )++# )+;# )+*# )+:# );)# );;# );*# );:# );?# );4# ):;# ):?# )?/# )M;# +,;# +)?# +)4# +)/# ++,# ++)# +;: 0emo&ritus ;) 0ennett# 0aniel -( *+ 0ietri&h# Hosef <e$$ ),4

0u&e 4/# M?# M4# )):# )+)# )?/# )4,# )4; E edu&ation ),# +;# +?# *+# *M# ?M# 4*# 4M# M;# M?# )):# )++# )?:# +)M# +)/ Ehrenburg# 6lya +)) Ei&hhorst# CranE ))M El 0ebate )44 Em$edo&les ;* Enlightenment ;)# ;+ Ethio$ia );) Ethio$ia# 6talian o&&u$ation of ))+# )); ethni& &leansing )4/# +), eugeni&s +4# ;M# *?# *4# *M# :,# :)# :+# :;# ?,# )*+# )*;# )** euthanasia )*; e1olution ))# ;*# ;:# ;4# *4# *M# :,# :+# :;# :*# )+;# )+*# ):;# ):?# )?/# +)*# ++,# ++)# +++# ++;# ++*# ++M# ++/# +;,# +;)# +;* eAtermination &am$s ),M# )*: F Calangism )4;# )44 Cas&ist 0e&alogue M4# )4; Ceder# Gottfried ):/ fossil re&ord ++)# +++# ++M# ++/ Cran&o# Cran&is&o ?;# 4;# M?# )),# )))# );)# )::# )4;# )4*# )4:# )4?# )44# )4M# )M,# )M; Creemasons ;, Cren&h Re1olution ;)# ;+# ;;# ;*# :: Criedlander# "enedi&t )+4 Crits&h# Creiherr Derner 1on )+/ CRhrer 4:# M? Cu isawa# -hi%ao );+ Cun%# Dalther )+/ Cutuyma# 0ouglas ++/ G Galton# Cran&is ;M# *?# *4# )+;# )*; Gar&ia# Romeo 2u&as )/;# )/: Gasman# 0aniel :;# ):? Gast# 3eter *, General Kassem )/? geno&ide )4# :*# ?,# ),/# ):,# )M+# )/; George# <tefan :4# :M

Gesta$o ),;# ),:# ),4# )+/ Gil Robles# Hose Maria )44 Gobineau# Arthur de );;# );: God ))# +)# +M# +/# ;,# ;*# ;:# *,# *:# :,# ::# ?)# )+)# )+:# )+?# );;# );M# );/# ):,# ):;# )::# ):/# )?)# )?+# )?;# )?4# )?/# )4,# )4;# )44# )4/# )M)# )M+# )M;# )M:# )M4# )MM# )M/# +,)# +))# +)+# +)*# +)?# +)4# +)/# ++,# +;*# +;: Goebbels# Hose$h M+# M* Goering# Herman )+/ Gosset# HUlVne )+) Goths +; Gould# <te$hen Hay +;) Great -hain of "eing# The ;:# ;4 Gree&e# an&ient ;)# ;*# )+?# ):?# )4:# ++, Grodin# Mi&hael )*+ Guerni&a )),# ))) Gulf Dar )/? gy$sies :*# ?,# )*)# )*:# )*/# +,* H Hadamows%i# Eugen ))4 Hae&%el# Ernst :)# :+# :;# :*# ::# );:# )*;# ):? Halab a# Massa&re of )/,# )/4# )// Hea1y Metal +,4# +): Hereditary Health -ourts )*; Hess# Rudolf )+/ Heydri&h# Reinhard )+/ Hi&%man# R( );? Hildebrandt# Kurt )+4 Himmler# Heinri&h )*M# ):+# ):4 Hindenburg# 3aul 1on 4; Hitler ugend 7Hitler >outh9 *+# *?# M;# )+/ Hitler# Adolf +?# *,# *)# *+# *;# *?# :;# :?# :4# :M# ?,# ?;# 4+# 4;# 4*# 4:# 4M# M;# M?# M4# MM# M/# /,# /;# /*# //# ),)# ),;# ),?# ),M# )),# )))# ))4# ))M# ))/# )+,# )+*# )+/# );)# );*# );:# );?# );4# );/# )*,# )*)# )*;# )**# )*:# )*M# ):;# )::# ):?# ):4# ):/# )?,# )?+# )?/# )4+# )4;# )M;# )M4# )MM# )/)# )/?# )//# +,;# +,*# +), Hobbes# Thomas ;/ Hoffer# Eri& ?/# ),* Holo&aust )*:# )*/# ):? Homo erectus +;, homo frontalis )+* Homo ha#ilis +;,

homo $arietalis )+* Homo sapiens +;, homoseAuality :4# ),?# )+:# )+?# )+4# )+M# )+/ hooligans )4M# +,?# +,M Human "reeding Carms )+*# )** human e1olution )+*# ++/# +;,# +;) Humanism# humanists ;,# ;) Hussein# <addam MM# ),;# ),*# )::# )M;# )/?# )/4# )//# +,,# +,) Hussein# 'day ),*# )// hybridism )*) I 6l Giornale 2igure )?4 6lluminati# The ;4 im$erialism :; infanti&ide +4# +M inferior ra&e *:# *M# ))4# )*)# )*:# )MM intermediate form ++M# ++/# +;* 6ran56ra! Dar )/?# )/4 6slam ))# ;,# ;/# *,# *)# )::# )?+# +))# +)+# +)/ L Habotins%y# Fladimir )? Ha&obins ;+# ;;# ;4 Hansen# Dilhelm )+4 Ha$enese Em$eror );+ HaEE musi& ))4# ))M Hesus -hrist +)# +/# M4# )?) Hews );# )?# :*# ?,# ),;# );/# )*)# )*:# )*/# ):+# )?)# )?+ Holl# Hames );; Hosef Thora% )+? Hudaism *,# )::# )?)# )?+# +)+ K Kahr# Gusta1 1on 4+ Kerrl# 0r( Hans )?) Klausener# Eri&h )?) Korani& referen&es ))# +/# ;,# ;:# ;/# *)# *:# :,# ?,# )+:# )+/# );M# );/# ):;# )?+# )?;# )4/# )M)# )M+# )M;# )M4# )MM# )M/# +,)# +))# +)*# +)4# +)/# +;: Ku KluA Klan +);

L 2a 2ima )?4 2a 2otta di -lasse )??# )?/ 2amar&%# Hean "a$tiste ;4# ++: 2anEinger# Hubert )+, 2ateran 3a&t )4) 2e "on# Gusta1e )+* 2enin# Fladimir 6lyi&h )??# )?4 2eu&i$$us ;) 2ewontin# Ri&hard +;: 2i&htheim# George *+ 2iebenfels# Horg 2anE 1on ?) 2'=sser1atore Romano )4) 2ot# 3ro$het )+/ 2y&urgus +; M Ma&&io&&hi# Maria A( )++ Ma&intyre# "en :; Mahler# Gusta1 ))/ Maillet# "enoit de ;: MarA# Karl ??# )??# )?4# )?M# )?/ master ra&e +4# *+# ))+# );? materialism +,# ;)# +;:# +:: Mau$ertuis# 3ierre de ;4 Mayr# Ernst +;, Mendelssohn# CeliA ))/ Mengele# Hosef )*:# )*?# )*M Metalli&a +): militarism ))+ Miller# <tanley ++; Milose1i&# <lobodan ),;# )M;# +), Mithras ;)# ;; Mobius# 3(H( *: Monist 2eague :; Montt# Efrain Rios )/: Morgan# Elaine )+* Moses# 3ro$het +M# )M:# )M4# )MM Muni&h "eer Hall 3uts&h 4+

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3haraoh +M# )+:# )M:# )M?# )M4# )MM# )M/ 3ino&het# Augusto )M;# )/)# )/+ 3ius W6# 3o$e )4) 3lato +?# +4# +M# ;,# ;M# *? 3lutar&h of -haeronea )+? 3o$$er# Karl +?# +4# +M 3o$ular Cront ))) 3rimo de Ri1era# Hose Antonio )4: 3ro$aganda )?# ;+# *M# :4# 4*# 4:# 4M# 4/# M,# M)# M+# M?# M4# MM# /,# /;# ),;# ),?# ));# ))?# ))4# ))M# )*;# ):/# )?;# )4,# )M4# +,)# +,*# +,?# +))# +)*# +)4# +;) R ra&e theory );)# );;# );?# );4 ra&ial $urity :;# :*# );:# )*) ra&ism )?# +M# +/# ;4# *)# *4# :,# :;# ::# ?M# ),/# )))# )+4# );)# );;# );:# );?# );M# ):;# ):/# )?;# )4M# )4/# +,;# +,*# +,4# +,/# +),# +))# +)+# +)*# +):# +)M# +)/ Rameses 66 +M# )M?# )M/ Ranganathan# "(G( ++? Rei&h# Dilhelm );)# );? Rei&hsmusi%%ammer ))/ religion ),# )/# +,# +)# +/# ;,# ;+# ;4# *,# *)# *:# ::# :?# M4# /:# ),)# )+)# )+:# );;# )::# ):?# ):4# ):M# ):/# )?)# )?+# )?;# )?*# )?:# )?4# )?/# )4,# )4)# )4;# )4:# )44# )4M# )M)# )M+# )M;# )/;# +,)# +))# +)+# +)* religion of reason ;+ re1olutionary worshi$ ;; Riefenstahl# 2eni 4* Robes$ierre# MaAimilien ;; RShm# Ernst ),?# )+/ Roman Em$ire ;M# ::# ??# ))+# ));# );) Rome# an&ient )*# +)# +;# +:# +/# ?)# ?/# 4)# M4# ));# )4: romanti&ism 4:# /;# // Rommel# Erwin ))+ Rosenberg# Alfred *+# ::# :?# );: Rousseau# Hean Ha&!ues ;+ Rudin# Ernst )*M S <A 7<turmabteilung9 ?4# 4+# ),?# ),4# ),M# )+/ <alihi# General Na ib +,, <&hira&h# "aldur 1on )+/ <&hoenberg# Arnold ))/

s%inheads +,*# +,:# +,? <%ousen# 0r( D( -leon *+ <la1s *;# );/# )*:# ):+ <mith# 0enis Ma&% )?:# )?4# )?M <o&ial 0arwinism ;M# :;# );M# )*+# )*M# ):, <orel# George ),* <$aniol# Herr M? <$anish -i1il Dar )))# )4*# )4? <$arta# <$artans +;# +:# +?# +4# +M# +/# ;,# ;*# ;M# *?# :+# ::# ?,# )):# )+:# )+?# )*;# +,, <$en&er# Herbert );; << 7<&hutEstaffel9 *+# *;# 4*# ),*# ),4# ),M# )+*# )+M# )+/# )*)# ):+# ):;# ):?# ):4 <teriliEation 2aws :, struggle for sur1i1al );# ;:# ;?# ;M# :;# ::# )))# );;# );:# );4# )*M# ):,# )?;# )4/# )M; <turEo# 0on )4) <umeria# an&ient ;*# )4: <un Goddess );+ su$erior ra&e +;# ?,# )+*# )+4# );)# );+# );4# )*)# )*;# )**# ):; <u$erman 7abermens&h9 *)# *+# )?/ <u$reme "eing# worshi$ of ;; sur1i1al of the fittest ))# :;# );?# )*M swasti%a ?)# ),)# )?+ T Ta%riti# "arEan +,, Tala1era# Cederi&o )/+ Taylor# 6an *4 tem$le of reason ;; Thales ;*# ;: Third Rei&h :?# ?,# ))/ Torah ::# )?+ Toten%o$f ),4# ),M U 'llri&h# Helmut ))? V Faleffe# Mauri&e de )+) Fandals +; Fe&&hi# Cerru&&io )): Feith# Gene Edward Hr( ::# +): Fisigoths +;

Fogt# -arl )+* W Daffen5<< ),4# ),M Dagner# Ri&hard *,# *)# :M Dertham# Crederi&% ;/ Dhite <u$rema&y +)) women :,# :*# :4# ?,# )))# )+)# )++# )+;# )+*# )+:# )+4# )+/# )*;# )**# ):,# ):+# ):?# )M4# )/+# )/:# )/4# +,/ Dorld Dar 6 7Cirst Dorld Dar9 )*# ;M# ;/# ?;# ?*# ?:# ??# ?M Dorld Dar 66 7<e&ond Dorld Dar9 ),# )*# )4# ))+# +), Dotan 7=din9 ?) M Leus 4* Lu&%erman# <olly +;,# +;)