Works Cited Primary Sources

Boyle, Patrick. "What they should do is make it mandatory for adequate ventilation in these places." 06 September 1994 by Carroll, Thomas D. Digital Audio Tape. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/item/afcwip002854>. This is a first-hand account of the sweatshop working conditions. It is important because we are able to hear directly from the man who experienced it at the time. Garcia, Felix. "Either shining shoes, or stockboy, or washing cars, washing windows; I did anything in order to make a buck." 06 September 1994 by Carroll, Thomas D. Digital Audio Tape. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/item/afcwip002857>. This primary source is an audio recording of an interview with Felix Garcia. He worked as a child during the Industrial Revolution period and tells us the different kinds of work he did at a young age. Harris & Ewing. WALD, LILLIAN, MISS. Between 1905 and 1945. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/hec2009006235/>. This portrait of Lillian Wald allows us to see her appearance, which somewhat helps us have an idea of what kind of person she was. It is important to know how she looked like as she was one of the women who came up with the idea of the Childrens Bureau. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Group of workers stringing beans. 1909 July 7. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004000715/PP/>. This photo shows a group of young children working in J.S. Farrand Packing Company. It lets us know what kind of work existed back then and who did it. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Groups of workers in Delaware Hosiery Mill. 1910 May. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004002300/PP/>. This photo shows us a group of workers, allowing us to get an idea of what kind of people were expected to work back then. Some of the workers are faintly smiling while others have a serious face. Hine, Lewis Wickes. A clipping. 1911 January. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004002618/PP/>. This primary source is a clipping from a newspaper. It is important because it shows how serious injuries occurred around the working area, one of the reasons the Childrens Bureau was formed. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Rural Accident. 1915 August. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004003844/PP/>. This primary source is a newspaper clipping describing an accident that happened to a twelve year old boy. It shows us that because children were expected to work, they often got hurt. Hine, Lewis Wickes. In neighborhood of Maple Mill. 1908 December 5. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004001285/PP/>. This photo of two boys shows us that children began working at a very young age. Many of them dont even know how old they are. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Maud Daly, five years old. Grace Daly, three years old. 1911 March. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004002728/PP/>. This is a picture of two girls, five and three years old. Again, this makes us aware that children started working at an early age some, like this girl, were just three years old.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Dangerous work. Charlie McBride. 1913 November. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004001616/PP/>. This photo shows describes the process of a twelve year old boy. It lets us know how dangerous the work children had to do was. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Doffer in Mellville Mfg. Co. 1908 November. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004000977/PP/>. This photo shows an underage boy working in a textile mill. It is important in showing us how young the children were as well as why they were useful because of their small hands. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Harley Bruce, a young coupling-boy at tipple of Indian Mountain Line of Proctor Coal Co. 1910 December. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004002592/PP/>. This is a picture showing young boys working in the coal mining and railroad industry. They had to push heavily loaded cars while surrounded with bad air. It lets us know how hard and dangerous the work was. Hine, Lewis Wickes. A view of Ewen Breaker of the Pa. [Pennsylvania] Coal Co. 1911 January. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004002610/PP/>. This powerful photo captures the young workers at the Pennsylvania Coal Co., showing how dusty the air was, penetrating the boys lungs. The person in charge, who sometimes stands over the workers, kicking them into obedience, can also be seen. Hine, Lewis Wickes. A view of the Pennsylvania Breaker. 1911 January. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004002616/PP/>. This is another photo that captures the boys at the Pennsylvania Coal Co., showing us how dusty and dirty the area was. The poor working conditions can clearly be seen here. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Breaker boys in #9 Breaker, Hughestown Borough, Pa. Coal Co. 1911 January. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004002622/PP/>. This picture illustrates several boys, all dirty and covered with dirt and dust. It shows us just how bad the working conditions were. Hine, Lewis Wickes. One of the young spinners in the Quidwick Co. Mill. 1909 April. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004000870/PP/>. This is a photo of a young textile mill worker resting in a doffer-box. It lets us know that the workers rarely had any time to rest, and if they did, it was in a box or somewhere worse. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Nearly 9 A.M. Girl (about 8 years old) carrying sack of hose supporters. 1912 November. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004003722/PP/>. This photograph captures a young girl on the way home. She is in a hurry to get to school on time. It lets us know that the children who worked barely had time to get an education, another reason for the establishment of the bureau. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Fursen[?] Owens 12 years old. 1909 January. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004001440/PP/>. This is another picture that shows us how deprived these children were. This twelve year old boy wants to learn how to read but doesnt have time since he works all the time.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Shaw Cotton Mills. An accident case. 1914 November. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/nclc/item/ncl2004001119/PP/>. This is a photo of a thirteen year old boy whose hand got caught in a spinning machine, resulting in the loss of a finger. It makes us more aware of the dangers of child labor. Jones, Howard. "I was busy all my life." 28 August 1994 by Levitas, Susan. Digital Audio Tape. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/item/afcwip003647>. This is a first-hand account of Howard Jones, who had a busy life as a young child. The audio recording allows us to go back in time and imagine the hardships of children back then. Unknown. Florence Kelley. c1925 Jan. 22. Photograph. Lib. of Cong., Washington D.C. Lib of Cong. Web. 06 December 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003669896/>. This portrait of Florence Kelley lets us have an idea of the kind of person she was, which is important because she was one of the women who came up with the idea of the Childrens Bureau. US Department of Commerce and Labor, Childrens Bureau, The Childrens Bureau, (Washington D.C., 1912), PDF file. <http://www.mchlibrary.info/history/chbu/20364.pdf>. This is a document from 1912, when President William Taft signed the very important Childrens Bureau bill into law. It describes the kind of work the organization was called upon to accomplish. US Department of Labor: Mrs. Max West, Prenatal Care, (Washington D.C., 1913), PDF file. <http://www.mchlibrary.info/history/chbu/2265-1913.PDF>. This is one of the many publications of the Childrens Bureau, written to inform mothers of the proper way to care for children.

Secondary Sources
"Children's Bureau Timeline." Children's Bureau Centennial. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://cb100.acf.hhs.gov/childrens-bureau-timeline>. This is a timeline of events for the Childrens Bureau. It is important because it lets us know the different events relating to the organization that took place at a certain time. It makes the Childrens Bureau seem more real, as great things take time to develop. "Eastern Illinois University Homepage." Childhood Lost. Eastern Illinois University, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.eiu.edu/eiutps/childhood.php>. This is a great site to learn about child labor during the Industrial Revolution. It describes the working conditions and makes it clear why reforms were needed. "History." Children's Bureau. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/about/history>. This website lets us know what kind of work the Childrens Bureau starting out doing. It also provides useful links to learn more about the organization. "It's Your Children's Bureau." Ssa.gov. Social Security Administration, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.ssa.gov/history/childb2.html>. This site explains the history of the Childrens Bureau, taking us back in time. It tells us how the organization was formed, starting from its early years. Photo of child. Digital image. We Can Do Better. Childrensdefense.org, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.childrensdefense.org/programs-campaigns/protect-children-not-guns/>. These photos were taken from the Children's Defense Fund website. They show the innocent faces of children, the main topic of my project, igniting the viewers' emotions. "Quick Facts." Children's Bureau Centennial. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/quick-fact>. This page gives us several interesting facts about the Childrens Bureau, making its great achievements known.

"Teaching With Documents:Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor."National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/>. This site is very useful, informing us of child labor during the Industrial Revolution. We get a good idea of how bad the working conditions were, one of the main reasons why the Childrens Bureau was created. Theodore Roosevelt. Digital image. Archives. Archives.com, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.archives.com/genealogy/images/theodore_roosevelt_genealogy.jpg>. This photo of President Theodore Roosevelt allows viewers to see how the man looked like. This is important because he was a very influential figure during the time. He also supported and endorsed the idea of creating the Children's Bureau. William Taft. Digital image. America's Story from America's Library. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/reform/jb_reform_taft_1_e.jpg>. This photo of President William Taft allows viewers to see how the man looked like. This is important as he is the one who signed the Children's Bureau bill into law.