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  • Impact of Pesticides Vis-A-Vis Mycorrhiza On Host and Soil Health

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    Pesticides are designed to react with living cells. Though wide spectrums of these chemicals are directed to protect plants from pathogenic organisms, many of these toxicants adversely influence the symbiotic relationships between the host plant and the microorganisms. Such type of biological tool like Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) has also been taken as a microbial model system for its many fold advantages. Since the facilitation of plant nutrition uptake by VAM fungi in symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants is emerging as one of the frontier areas for the improvement of crop productivity. This is of particular significance because VAM occurs on large range of commercial crops; and the wide use of toxic materials in normal farming system may upset this balance. Most of the crop plants benefit from the VAM association because of greater efficacy in nutrient (particularly phosphorus) and water uptake from soil (Zakaria et al 2010). The VAM fungal colonization of roots has also been shown to increase the drought resistance of many crops (Al- Karaki 1998; Ghazi et. al. 2004). Further, it has also been well demonstrated that VAM association can greatly increase the growth of host plants, particularly when the available soil phosphorus is a limiting factor (Mosse, 1973). The behavior of target and non-target microorganisms at the soil – root interface is largely mediated by factors that effect host physiology and the quantitative / qualitative nature of root exudates (Hale and Moore, 1979). Among the many factors, pesticidal applications are able to induce substantial changes in the zone of root influence. Not only are pathogen affected, but changes in the function of VAM fungi would exert measurable influence on the spectrum of root exudates (Jalali and Domsch, 1977), as well as the mineral nutrition of host plants with a resultant potential for predisposition to diseases. Trappe et al, 1984) while reviewing the impact of pesticides on mycorrhizal fungi indicated that a wide range of pesticides inhibit infection and resultant colonization of mycorrhizal fungi. In fumigated soils, citrus seedlings exhibited suppressed growth rates as well as reduced phosphorus uptake (Kleinschmidt et. al. 1972). In such soils, stunting and chlorosis were brought about by the killing of mycorrhizal fungi. Fumigation with methyl bromide or chloropicrin drastically suppressed mycorrhizal development (O’Banon et. al. 1978). As a result of this application, growth of citrus seedlings was restricted as compared to satisfactory growth of non-fumigated mycorrhiza- infected seedlings. Similarly, furrow application of pyroxychlor significantly reduced chlamydospores of Glomus fasciculatus (Pfleger et. al. 1976). Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem, acting as a link between the autotrophic host plants and the saprophytic decomposes (Jeffries and Barea, 1994). Any compounds that affect the host plant or the soil microflora, such as herbicides, fungicides and broad spectrum biocides are bound to affect the mycorrhizal fungi Fontanet et al (1998). These toxicants usually decrease mycorrhizal infection and spore population. Systemic fungicides applied to soil around plants can be absorbed by roots and translocate to other parts of the plant (Isaac 1992). These kinds of fungicides are persistent in the plant and their action on Mycorrhizal fungi can either be against their vegetative or their reproduction structures (Kurle and Pfleger 1994). Benomyl, which decomposes in soil to yield carbendazim and butyl isocyanate, has been shown to reduce percentage of mycorrhizal infection in root samples (Tommerup and Briggs, 1981). Earlier, Jalali and Chhabra (1991) also observed that seed and soil application with conventional and systemic fungitoxicants restricted the development of VAM of host roots and also changed the pattern of amino acid exudation from such roots. The other fungicide Benomyl is amo

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    E paper on VAMIMPACT OF PESTICIDES VIS-A–VIS MYCORRHIZA ON HOST AND SOIL HEALTH M. L. Chhabra, B. L. Jalali1 and S. K. Pandey Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Regional Center, PB. 52, Karnal-132001, India 1CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar – 125004, India

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    Pesticides are designed to react with living cells. Though wide spectrums of these chemicals are directed to protect plants from pathogenic organisms, many of these toxicants adversely influence the symbiotic relationships between the host plant and the microorganisms. Such type of biological tool like Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) has also been taken as a microbial model system for its many fold advantages. Since the facilitation of plant nutrition uptake by VAM fungi in symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants is emerging as one of the frontier areas for the improvement of crop productivity. This is of particular significance because VAM occurs on large range of commercial crops; and the wide use of toxic materials in normal farming system may upset this balance. Most of the crop plants benefit from the VAM association because of greater efficacy in nutrient (particularly phosphorus) and water uptake from soil (Zakaria et al 2010). The VAM fungal colonization of roots has also been shown to increase the drought resistance of many crops (Al- Karaki 1998; Ghazi et. al. 2004). Further, it has also been well demonstrated that VAM association can greatly increase the growth of host plants, particularly when the available soil phosphorus is a limiting factor (Mosse, 1973). The behavior of target and non-target microorganisms at the soil – root interface is largely mediated by factors that effect host physiology and the quantitative / qualitative nature of root exudates (Hale and Moore, 1979). Among the many factors, pesticidal applications are able to induce substantial changes in the zone of root influence. Not only are pathogen affected, but changes in the function of VAM fungi would exert measurable influence on the spectrum of root exudates (Jalali and Domsch, 1977), as well as the mineral nutrition of host plants with a resultant potential for predisposition to diseases. Trappe et al, 1984) while reviewing the impact of pesticides on mycorrhizal fungi indicated that a wide range of pesticides inhibit infection and resultant colonization of mycorrhizal fungi. In fumigated soils, citrus seedlings exhibited suppressed growth rates as well as reduced phosphorus uptake (Kleinschmidt et. al. 1972). In such soils, stunting and chlorosis were brought about by the killing of mycorrhizal fungi. Fumigation with methyl bromide or chloropicrin drastically suppressed mycorrhizal development (O’Banon et. al. 1978). As a result of this application, growth of citrus seedlings was restricted as compared to satisfactory growth of non-fumigated mycorrhiza- infected seedlings. Similarly, furrow application of pyroxychlor significantly reduced chlamydospores of Glomus fasciculatus (Pfleger et. al. 1976). Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem, acting as a link between the autotrophic host plants and the saprophytic decomposes (Jeffries and Barea, 1994). Any compounds that affect the host plant or the soil microflora, such as herbicides, fungicides and broad spectrum biocides are bound to affect the mycorrhizal fungi Fontanet et al (1998). These toxicants usually decrease mycorrhizal infection and spore population. Systemic fungicides applied to soil around plants can be absorbed by roots and translocate to other parts of the plant (Isaac 1992). These kinds of fungicides are persistent in the plant and their action on Mycorrhizal fungi can either be against their vegetative or their reproduction structures (Kurle and Pfleger 1994). Benomyl, which decomposes in soil to yield carbendazim and butyl isocyanate, has been shown to reduce percentage of mycorrhizal infection in root samples (Tommerup and Briggs, 1981). Earlier, Jalali and Chhabra (1991) also observed that seed and soil application with conventional and systemic fungitoxicants restricted the development of VAM of host roots and also changed the pattern of amino acid exudation from such roots. The other fungicide Benomyl is amo

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    Impact of Pesticides Vis-A-Vis Mycorrhiza On Host and Soil Health

    Uploaded by

    mintu_uas
    Pesticides are designed to react with living cells. Though wide spectrums of these chemicals are directed to protect plants from pathogenic organisms, many of these toxicants adversely influence the symbiotic relationships between the host plant and the microorganisms. Such type of biological tool like Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) has also been taken as a microbial model system for its many fold advantages. Since the facilitation of plant nutrition uptake by VAM fungi in symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants is emerging as one of the frontier areas for the improvement of crop productivity. This is of particular significance because VAM occurs on large range of commercial crops; and the wide use of toxic materials in normal farming system may upset this balance. Most of the crop plants benefit from the VAM association because of greater efficacy in nutrient (particularly phosphorus) and water uptake from soil (Zakaria et al 2010). The VAM fungal colonization of roots has also been shown to increase the drought resistance of many crops (Al- Karaki 1998; Ghazi et. al. 2004). Further, it has also been well demonstrated that VAM association can greatly increase the growth of host plants, particularly when the available soil phosphorus is a limiting factor (Mosse, 1973). The behavior of target and non-target microorganisms at the soil – root interface is largely mediated by factors that effect host physiology and the quantitative / qualitative nature of root exudates (Hale and Moore, 1979). Among the many factors, pesticidal applications are able to induce substantial changes in the zone of root influence. Not only are pathogen affected, but changes in the function of VAM fungi would exert measurable influence on the spectrum of root exudates (Jalali and Domsch, 1977), as well as the mineral nutrition of host plants with a resultant potential for predisposition to diseases. Trappe et al, 1984) while reviewing the impact of pesticides on mycorrhizal fungi indicated that a wide range of pesticides inhibit infection and resultant colonization of mycorrhizal fungi. In fumigated soils, citrus seedlings exhibited suppressed growth rates as well as reduced phosphorus uptake (Kleinschmidt et. al. 1972). In such soils, stunting and chlorosis were brought about by the killing of mycorrhizal fungi. Fumigation with methyl bromide or chloropicrin drastically suppressed mycorrhizal development (O’Banon et. al. 1978). As a result of this application, growth of citrus seedlings was restricted as compared to satisfactory growth of non-fumigated mycorrhiza- infected seedlings. Similarly, furrow application of pyroxychlor significantly reduced chlamydospores of Glomus fasciculatus (Pfleger et. al. 1976). Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem, acting as a link between the autotrophic host plants and the saprophytic decomposes (Jeffries and Barea, 1994). Any compounds that affect the host plant or the soil microflora, such as herbicides, fungicides and broad spectrum biocides are bound to affect the mycorrhizal fungi Fontanet et al (1998). These toxicants usually decrease mycorrhizal infection and spore population. Systemic fungicides applied to soil around plants can be absorbed by roots and translocate to other parts of the plant (Isaac 1992). These kinds of fungicides are persistent in the plant and their action on Mycorrhizal fungi can either be against their vegetative or their reproduction structures (Kurle and Pfleger 1994). Benomyl, which decomposes in soil to yield carbendazim and butyl isocyanate, has been shown to reduce percentage of mycorrhizal infection in root samples (Tommerup and Briggs, 1981). Earlier, Jalali and Chhabra (1991) also observed that seed and soil application with conventional and systemic fungitoxicants restricted the development of VAM of host roots and also changed the pattern of amino acid exudation from such roots. The other fungicide Benomyl is amo

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    IMPACT OF PESTICIDES VIS-AVIS MYCORRHIZA ON HOST AND SOIL HEALTH M. L. Chhabra, B. L. Jalali1 and S. K.

    Pandey Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Regional Center, PB. 52, Karnal-132001, India 1 CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India Pesticides are designed to react with living cells. Though wide spectrums of these chemicals are directed to protect plants from pathogenic organisms, many of these toxicants adversely influence the symbiotic relationships between the host plant and the microorganisms. Such type of biological tool like Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) has also been taken as a microbial model system for its many fold advantages. Since the facilitation of plant nutrition uptake by VAM fungi in symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants is emerging as one of the frontier areas for the improvement of crop productivity. This is of particular significance because VAM occurs on large range of commercial crops; and the wide use of toxic materials in normal farming system may upset this balance. Most of the crop plants benefit from the VAM association because of greater efficacy in nutrient (particularly phosphorus) and water uptake from soil (Zakaria et al 2010). The VAM fungal colonization of roots has also been shown to increase the drought resistance of many crops (Al- Karaki 1998; Ghazi et. al. 2004). Further, it has also been well demonstrated that VAM association can greatly increase the growth of host plants, particularly when the available soil phosphorus is a limiting factor (Mosse, 1973). The behavior of target and non-target microorganisms at the soil root interface is largely mediated by factors that effect host physiology and the quantitative / qualitative nature of root exudates (Hale and Moore, 1979). Among the many factors, pesticidal applications are able to induce substantial changes in the zone of root influence. Not only are pathogen affected, but changes in the function of VAM fungi would exert measurable influence on the spectrum of root exudates (Jalali and Domsch, 1977), as well as the mineral nutrition of host plants with a resultant potential for predisposition to diseases. Trappe et al, 1984) while reviewing the impact of pesticides on mycorrhizal fungi indicated that a wide range of pesticides inhibit infection and resultant colonization of mycorrhizal fungi. In fumigated soils, citrus seedlings exhibited suppressed growth rates as well as reduced phosphorus uptake (Kleinschmidt et. al. 1972). In such soils, stunting and chlorosis were brought about by the killing of mycorrhizal fungi. Fumigation with methyl bromide or chloropicrin drastically suppressed mycorrhizal development (OBanon et. al. 1978). As a result of this application, growth of citrus seedlings was restricted as compared to satisfactory growth of non-fumigated mycorrhiza- infected seedlings. Similarly, furrow application of pyroxychlor significantly reduced chlamydospores of Glomus fasciculatus (Pfleger et. al. 1976). Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem, acting as a link between the autotrophic host plants and the saprophytic decomposes (Jeffries and Barea, 1994). Any compounds that affect the host plant or the soil microflora, such as herbicides, fungicides and broad spectrum biocides are bound to affect the mycorrhizal fungi Fontanet et

    al (1998). These toxicants usually decrease mycorrhizal infection and spore population. Systemic fungicides applied to soil around plants can be absorbed by roots and translocate to other parts of the plant (Isaac 1992). These kinds of fungicides are persistent in the plant and their action on Mycorrhizal fungi can either be against their vegetative or their reproduction structures (Kurle and Pfleger 1994). Benomyl, which decomposes in soil to yield carbendazim and butyl isocyanate, has been shown to reduce percentage of mycorrhizal infection in root samples (Tommerup and Briggs, 1981). Earlier, Jalali and Chhabra (1991) also observed that seed and soil application with conventional and systemic fungitoxicants restricted the development of VAM of host roots and also changed the pattern of amino acid exudation from such roots. The other fungicide Benomyl is among the most frequently used systemic fungicides against pathogenic fungi of cereals and oil seed plants (INTA 1997). In fact, this fungicide inhibits mitosis by blocking the formation of microtubules when chromosomes are separated (Howard and Aist 1980, Hammersachlag and Sisler 1973, Isaac 1992). Similarly, Tilt (propiconazole) and Rubigan (fenarimol) has also been shown to significantly inhibit P uptake by mycorrhiza, demonstrates that fungicides used against different soil-borne pathogens can have significant side-effects on mycorrhiza in soil, the extent of which may be dependent on the type of fungicide (Salem et al 2003). Nevertheless, we should not overlook the ecological significance of the deleterious influence of pesticides on symbiotic relationship that exists in mycorrhizal plants; instead efforts should be focused to strike a balance in the quantum of pesticidal application without adversely affecting normal mycorrhizal colonization. Therefore, for strong mycorrhizal development and growth, avoid applying insecticides and fungicides to seed or the soil around plants, and avoid systemic fungicides. However if required, choose the fungicide and/or insecticide carefully; and apply at recommended label rates, taking into account factors such as climatic conditions, soil moisture etc. REFERENCES Al- Karaki G. N. 1998. Benefit, cost and water- use efficiency of arbuscsular mycorrhizal durum wheat grown under drought stress. Mycorrhiza 8: 41-45. Fontanet, X., Estaun, V., Camprubi, A. and Calvet, C. 1998. Fungicides added to potting substrate affect mycorrhizal symbiosis between a Peach-Almod rootstock and Glomussp. Hort. Science. 33(7): 1217-1219. Ghazi Al- Karaki, B. McMichael and John Zak. 2004. Field response of wheat to arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza 14: 263 - 269. Hale, M. G. and Moore, L. D. 1979. Factors affecting root exudates II. 1970-78, Adv. Agron. 31; 93-124. Hammersachlag R. S. andSisler H. D. 1973.Benomyl and methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (MBC): biochemical cytological and chemicalaspects of toxicity to Ustilagomaydisand Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 3:4254. Howard R. J. and Aist J. R. 1980. Cytoplasmic microtubules and fungal morphogenesis: ultrastructural effects of methyl benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate determined by freezesubstitution of hyphal tip cells. J Cell Biol. 87:5564.

    INTA 1997.Guaprcticapara el cultivo de soja.Campaa 1997. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologa Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, pp 125. Isaac S.1992. Plant-fungal interactions. Chapman and Hall, London. Jalali, B. L. and Chhabra, M.L. 1991. Effect of pesticides on Vesicular ArbuscularMycorrhizal development and growth of pearl millet. Indian Phytopath. 44 (3): 314-318. Jalali, B. L. and Domsch, K. H. 1977. Effect of some fungitoxicants on the amino acid spectrum of root exudates in relation to endomycorrhizal development. Phytopath. Z. 90: 22-27. Kleinschmidt, G. D. and Gerdemann. H. W. 1972. Stunting of citrus seedlings in fumigated nursery soils related to the absence of endomycorrhizae. Phytopathology, 62; 1447-14453. Kurle EJ, Pfleger FL. 1994.The effects of cultural practices and pesticides on VAM fungi. In: Pfleger FL, Linderman RG (Eds.) Mycorrhizae and plant health. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, pp 101131. Mosse, B. 1973.Advances in the study of vesicular arbuscularmycorrhiza. Ann. Rev. Phytopath.11: 171-196. OBannon, J. H. and Nemec, S. 1978. Influence of soil pesticides on vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizae in citrus soil. Nematropica. 8: 56-61. Pfleger, F. L. and Stewart, E. L. 1976. The influence of fungicides on endemic population of Glomus species in association with field grown peas. Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. 3: 274. Salem S.F., C. Dobolyi, L. Helyes, Z. Pk, J. Dimny.2003. Side-Effect of Benomyl and Captan on arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in tomato plant ISHS.Acta Horticulturae 613: VIII International Symposium on the Processing Tomato. Tommerup. I. C. and Briggs. G. C. 1981. Influence of agricultural chemicals on germination of vesicular arbuscular endophyte spores. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 76 : 326-328. Trappe, J. M., Molina, R. and Castellano, M. 1984. Reaction of mycorrhiza formation to pesticides. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 22: 331-359.
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    Zakaria M. Solman, Paul Blackwell, Lynette K. Abbott and Paul Storer. 2010. Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonization, growth and nutrition of wheat. Soil Research 48 (7) 546-554.

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