Professional Documents
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Power Plant Protection
Power Plant Protection
Power Plant Protection
auxiliary relay 7 P.
PMI, NTPC 126
Directional Earth Fault Protection
This protection is provided in three steps. For a fault, if the direction of
power flow is from the bus to the line, the directional relays 1 PM pick up
and depending on the magnitude of the current, relays 3 T, 4 T or 5 T
(Ref.Fig.70)
will pickup. The directional relay contact in series with that of 3 T, 4 T or 5 T trips
the feeder breaker. If 3 T pickup, the feeder gets tripped instantaneous. If 4 T
alone pick up, relay 3 PB gets energised, v-hose aux. contact trips the feeder
breaker with a time lag of 0.6". If only 5T pickup, relay 4 PB gets energised and
the feeder breaker is tripped with a time lag of 2.1".
PMI, NTPC 127
16. Protection And Interlock Tests
GENERAL
In previous chapters the importance of various protections and interlocks were
discussed in detail. It is not just enough to have the protection and interlocks, but it
is the responsibility of the Power Engineers to make it sure that these protections
act and protect the equipment in case of abnormalities. To ascertain that these
protections and interlocking systems are in healthy condition, it is necessary to
conduct protection and interlock tests of the boiler, turbine, generator and
associated auxiliaries at least once after every long shut down.
The conditions of the unit before conducting the test should be:
1) Unit is to be in tripped condition.
2) 6.6 KV unit-working supplies are in isolated condition and reserve supplies are
in service.
3) 415 V working supply is in service.
In order to conduct protection and interlock tests the following arrangements are to
be made:
1) Take 415 V reserve supply and switch off the 415 V working supply. Keep
interlock switch in 'off position'.
2) Trip the 6.6 KV reserve supply breakers keeping the interlock switch in 'off
position'.
PMI, NTPC 128
3) Control and .power supplies to the breakers of individual equipment are to
available.
4) Rack out Bus PTs in 6.6 KV Switchgear.
5) Rack in the circuit breakers of all the individual equipment. Now
the tests can be conducted.
The idea behind doing the above operation is:
1) During the protection and interlock test out interest is to check whether the
circuit breaker is tripping on protection or not.
2) And to check whether the reserve equipment's circuit breaker is closing on
interlock or not.
Since the equipment, for which protections and interlocks test is being carried out
should not run and we are switching off the power supply to the equipment.
Now the breakers of the individual equipment can be closed as per our requirement,
and simulate the fault conditions. Then check whether the expected result is
obtained or not. If expected result was not obtained then check for the fault in
protection circuits and they are to be rectified.
Method of conducting protection and interlock test for some of the equipment is
tabulated in the tables attached:
PMI, NTPC 129
17. Boiler
1.
I.D. fan a
(B fan fan)
1. Inlet damper
open.
2. Reg. Vane
in min
position
3. Outlet
damper
closed.
4. Lub. Oil
pres-ssure
is adequate.
5. Fan and
motor
bearing
temps not
high.
1. Make 6.6 kV
unit bus dead.
2. Take out low
voltage age
protection
3. Make all the
permissive.
4. Make
available L.T.
Supply from
Reserve
5. Close the
break-er
keeping it in
service
remote
position.
Make any one of
the permissive
not satisfactory
1. Breaker shall close.
2. Out let damper shall
open after a time delay.
3. Connecting the
regulating vanes to the
regulator.
4. Opening the
interconnecting dampers.
5. Closing the inlet dampers
and the outlet damper of
I.D. fan B and bringing its
regulating its regulating
vane to minimum
position.
Breaker shall not close:
2. I.D. Fan B
(A Fan On)
1. Outlet
damper is
closed.
2. Regulating
vane min.
position
3. Inlet damper
closed.
4. Lub oil
pressure
adequate.
Make the
condition as in
the previous
case.
Close the
breaker.
1. Inlet damper shall open
after a time delay.
2. Outlet damper shall open
after 8 time delay.
3. Compacting the
regulating vanes to the
regular.
4. Closing the
interconnecting damper.
PMI, NTPC 130
5. Fan & Motor
brg. Temp. not
high
Make any one of
the permissive
not satisfactory.
Breaker shall not close.
3.
F.D. Fan A
(B fan off )
1. Either of the
I.D. fans on
2. Control oil
pressure
adequate.
3. Fan impeller
bleade to
the minimum
position
4. Out damper
in closed
position
Make all
permissive
satisfactory .
Close the
breaker
Close the
breaker
Make any
permissive not
satisfactory.
Close and the
Breaker.
Breaker shall close.
1. Out let damper shall
open after a time delay.
2. Connecting the fan
impeller blade control
drive to the regulator.
3. Opening the
interconnecting
dampers.
4. Closing the outlet
dampers and the outlet
damper of F.D. fan B to
the minimum position
Breaker shall not close:
4.
Tripping of
ID fan A (fan
B is Off)
ID fan shall
trip under tier
following
conditions:
Fan bearing
temperature
temp. too high
Motor bearing
temp. too high
Lub. Oil pr.
Low with a
time delay of
0-3 minutes.
Air heater A &
Close ID-A
breaker.
Simulate the
conditions one
by one as per
permissive and
check that the
breaker trips.
1. Opening the out ler
damper of ID fan B.
2. Opening the regulating
vane of ID fan B.
3. Disconnecting the
PMI, NTPC 131
B off.
Emergency
push button is
pressed.
regulating impales
acting on regulating
vane of I.D. fan opening
the regulating impales
acting on regulating
vane of I.D. fan A.
4. Opening the regulating
vane of I.D. fan A.
5. Closing the inter-
connecting dampers.
6. Tripping the working F.D
fan and working P.A.
fan.
6. F.D fan B
(A fan ON)
Tripping
conditions one
of the ID fan
trips and this
fan is selected
Fan bearing
too high
Fan motor
bearing temp.
too high.
Lub oil
pressure low
for more than
30 seconds
Unit trips
Emergency
push button is
pressed
-do- 1. Tripping PA fan B if PA
fan A is on and this fan
is selected
2. disconnecting regulator
impulse from acting on
impeller blade control
drive.
3. Bringing impeller blade
contour derive to min.
position
4. Closing the outlet
damper.
5. Opening the
interconnecting damper
6. Exercitation of partial
load relay
PMI, NTPC 132
7.
F.D.
fan A
(B fan
off)
1. Tripping conditions:
fan bearing temp.
too high
2. Motor bearing
temp. too high
3. Both I.D. trips and
FD-A is selected by
the switch
4. Lib. Oil pr. Low for
30 seconds.
5. Emergency push
button is pressed.
Close ID-A
breaker.
Simulate the
conditions one by
one as per and
see that the
breaker trips.
1. Disconnecting the
impeller blade control
drive from the
regulator.
2. Bringing the impeller
blade control drive to
the max. position
3. Bringing the impeller
of FD fan B to the
max. position.
4. Opening the outlet
damper of FD fan B.
5. Open the emergency
scanner air damper.
8. F.D.
fan B
(A fan
on)
1. Tripping conditions
one of the ID fan
trips and this fan is
selected
2. Fan bearing too
high
3. Fan motor bearing
temp. too high.
4. Lub oil pressure
low for more than
30 seconds
5. Unit trips
6. Emergency push
button is pressed
-Do- 1. Tripping PA fan B if
PA fan A is ON and
this fan is selected.
2. Disconnecting
regulator impulse from
acting on impeller
blade control drive.
3. Bringing impeller
blade control drive to
min. position.
4. Closing the outlet
dampers.
5. Opening the inter-
connect ing damper.
6. Energising of partial
load relay .
PMI, NTPC 133
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
9. Drum
Level
High/Low
Condition: for Unit
tripping
1. When drum level
rises beyond + 200
mm
2. When drum level
falls to 150 mm
Simulate the conditions by
shorting the Tripping
contact.
Unit trip
annunciation
appears.
10. Furnace
draft
High/Low
Conditions for unit
tripping:
1. When furnace
draft goes to+ 200
mm
2. When furnace
vacuum goes to
200mm
Simulate the conditions
shorting the contacts of Pr.
Switches.
Unit trip
annunciation
shall appear.
PMI, NTPC 134
18. Turbine
SL.No. Protection
Causing
Operations be carried out RESULT
1.
Loss of voltage
on unit Auxiliary
Bus Bars.
1. Make 6.6 KV Bus dead after
putting loss of voltage on unit
auxiliary bus bars protection in
ON position.
a) Boiler Lock-out relay
will act.
b) Turbine lock out relay
acts.
c) Generator lock out
relay acts.
d) Unit lock out relay
acts.
2. Main steam
temperature very
low.
1. Bring the Main steam
temperature indicator to
450oc.
2. Cut in the main steam
temperature protection
Same as in the case of
protection No.1
3. Axial shift
protection
1. Cut in the axial shift
protection
2. Simulate axial shift value to +
1.2 mm and 1.7 mm one by
one from local.
Unit trip annunciation
should appear along with
the cause.
4. Low Lub oil
pressure
a) Cut out links for A.C. and D.C.
lub oil pumps not to start on inter
lock.
b) Drain the oil from oil pressure
relay to read 0.3 Kg/cm2
a) Unit trip annunciation
should appear along with
the cause.
b) BG will trip if in
running condition.
5. Low vacuum in
condenser
1) Put the vacuum protection in
on position
2) Drop the vacuum in
condenser vacuum relay to
540 mm.
Unit tripped
annunciation should
appear along with the
cause
6. Manual tripping Operate the trip buttons from the
turbine desk.
PMI, NTPC 135
19. Generator
Testing of the boiler and turbine protection-causing unit tripping were tabulated in the
precious pages, Generator and Transformer protection can also be checked in the
similar way, AS a general rule, whenever we are testing a particular protection. all other
protection causing unit tripping should be cut off.
To test generator protection the following procedure is to be flowed.
Make the arrangements of the protection checking as explained earlier, keep the bus
and line insulators of the unit in open position. Keep the field breaker isolator in the
position, then close the field breakers, 6.6 KV working supply breaker, and generator
breakers, after satisfying the circuitry requirements, then cut in any generator protection,
on the generator, on generator transformer protection, and, make to the relay contacts
corresponding to the bottom float than working supply breaker, generator breaker and
field breakers will trip on protection, Boiler, turbine, unit lock out relay will get energized.
Cause of the unit is to be observed in the annunciation windows.
The method of the testing protection and interlocks was discussed only for the
academic interest, All the protection and interlocks should be checked only in the
pressure in the presence of the concerned Engineers.
PMI, NTPC 136
20. Summary Of Individual Relays
This section gives a summary of the wide range of the standard protective relays and
signaling equipment that is available for the protection of the electrical plant and power
system network, the list of the relays is arranged in alphabetical order for ease of the
reference and includes all the basic designs armature, moving coil, disc, induction cup,
polarized and static.
AVB4 Automatic Voltage regulating relay.
AVC4 Automatic Voltage regulating relay with Under voltage blocking facility.
AVE4 Automatic Voltage regulating relay with under voltage blocking facility and
an adjustment define time delay feature.
C10 High frequency communication system for the power line carrier.
CAA11 Series auxiliary relay with self reset contacts.
CAA12 Series auxiliary relay with self and hand reset contacts.
CAA13 Series auxiliary relay with relay with hand reset contacts.
CAD Line drop compensator for the electromagnetic voltage regulating relay.
PMI, NTPC 137
CAEF12 Earth fault indicator with hand reset flag.
CAEF14 Earth fault indicator with the flag automatically reset on restoration of the
line voltage.
CAF11 Series flag indicator relay.
CAG11 Instantaneous over current relay with fixed setting.
CAG12 Instantaneous over current relay with variable setting and low dropoff/
pick up ratio.
CAG13 High set instantaneous over current relay with variable setting and high
transient over reach.
CAG14 High impedance differential relay with variable current setting.
CAG17 High set instantaneous over current relay with variable setting and high
drop off pick up ratio. Low transient over reach.
CAG19 Instantaneous over current relay with variable setting and high drop off
/pick-up ratio low transient over reach.
PMI, NTPC 138
CAN Negative phase sequence relay with define time characteristic.
CATF Overhead line fault indicator.
CAU Define time over current relay.
CD4 Battery negative biasing relay.
CDAG over current relay with time delayed phase fault elements having any of
the standard inverse characteristics, plus an instaneous earth fault
element.
CDD21 Directional inverse time over current relay with a single contact on the
disc.
CDD23 Directional very inverse time over current relay.
CDD24 Directional extremely inverse time over current relay.
CDD26 Directional externally inverse time over current relay with contacts on the
disc.
PMI, NTPC 139
CDG11 Directional time over current relay with basic inverse time operating
characteristic and a single contact on the disc.
CDG12 Inverse time over current relay with long time operating characteristic.
CDG13 very inverse time over current relay.
CDG14 Extremely inverse time over current relay.
CDG16 Inverse time over current relay with basic inverse characteristic and two
contacts on the disc.
CDN Negative phase sequence relay with inverse time characteristic for
generator protection Electromagnetic.
CDV21 Voltage restrain inverse time over current relay.
CDV22 Voltage controlled inverse time over current relay.
C I JC Static line drop compensator time over current relay.
CMC Battery earth fault relay.
PMI, NTPC 140
CMQ Current sensitive balanced armature relay.
CMU Sensitive earth fault relay, Define time characteristic.
CID Static directional relay.
CTG11 Static equivalent of CDC 11
CTG13 Static equivalent of CDG 13
CTG14 Static equivalent of CDG 14.
CTG 25 Silicon rectifier protection relay.
CTIG 39 Local breaker back-up with one instantaneous over current elements per
phase.
CTIG68 Local breaker back up relay with two instantaneous over current
elements per phase.
CTM Motor Protection relay.
PMI, NTPC 141
CTN Negative phase sequence relay with inverse with time characteristic for
generator protection, Static.
CTU12 Static define time over current relay.
CTU15 Static sensitive earth fault relay, Define time characteristic.
CWTG Industrial and marine generator protection.
D12 VF high speed signaling system, General purpose, frequency shift,
DBA4 Moving coil relay with variable setting and two adjustable setting.
DBB4 Moving coil relay with variable setting and two adjustable settings.
DBM4 surge proof internship receiver relay shunt connection.
DBS4 Surgeproof inter ship receive relay with low impedance for the
connection and higher surge withstand.
DDG31 Generator percentage biased differential relay.
PMI, NTPC 142
DDGT31 Generator transformer percentage biased differential relay.
DDT32 Transformer percentage biased differential relay.
DMH31 Two winding transformer percentage biased differential relay with
harmonic restraint.
DMV Plain feeder pilot wire circulating current relay.
DS7 Plain feeder with speed stability pilot wire relay. Private pilots
DSB7 Feeder high-speed pilot wire relay, private pilots.
DSC7 plain feeder high-speed pilot wire relay post office pilots.
DSD7 plain feeder higher speed pilot wire relay used when post office pilot are
required for telephony as well.
DSE7 plain feeder higher speed moving coil pilot wire relay used on capable
feeders.
DSF7 plain feeder higher speed moving coil pilot wire relay private pilots.
PMI, NTPC 143
DTH31 Static two winding transformer percentage biased differential relay with
harmonic restraint.
DVM4 Voltage transformer supply supervision relay.
FAC14 High impedance Voltage calibrated differential relay with variable setting.
FMC11 Over frequency relay.
FMC12 Under frequency relay.
FOS24 Synchronous motor out of step relay.
FTG11 Static under frequency relay.
GIT Over fluxing relay.
HHTA4 Tran slay transformer feeder speed pilot wire relay.
HHTB4 Tran slay teed transformer feeder medium speed pilot wire relay.
PMI, NTPC 144
HM4 Trans lay plain feeder medium speed pilot wire relay, without over current
starting relays, post office pilots.
HMB4 Trans lay plain feeder medium speed pilot wire relay, with over current
starting relay, post office pilots,
HO4 Trans lay plain feeder medium speed standard pilot wire relay.
HOA4 Trans lay plain feeder medium speed pilot wire relay with alternative
setting.
HT4 trans lay pilot wire relay with adjustable time setting for use with fused
tee.
K10 High frequency signaling system for the power line carrier.
MIV Mho single zone phase fault distance protection.
M3V Mho three zone phase fault distance protection.
MM3V Mho three-zone phase and earth fault distance protection.
M3T Static mho three zone phase and earth fault distance protection.
PMI, NTPC 145
MMIT Static mho three zone phase and earth fault distance protection.
MM3T Static mho three zone phase and earth fault distance protection.
NDM Multi- stage power factor control relay.
NDO Single stage power factor control relay.
NOP Multi Stage power factor relay with non volt resetting feature.
NSS4 Supersensitive a.c. directional relay.
NSS5 D.C. pilots supervision relay.
OBC Gas actuated Bachholz relay.
PIO Phase comparison carrier protection.
PCD Poly phase directional relay
PMI, NTPC 146
PDI Poly phase interlocked over current relay.
PERM programmable equipment for relaying and measurement.
R3V Reactance three zone phase fault distance protection.
RR3V Reactance three-zone phase and earth fault distance protection.
S25 Vf single channel high-speed high security frequency shift signaling
system.
SS25 Vf dual channel high-speed high security high frequency shift signaling
systems.
SDN Static feeder protection with optional auto re closing.
SDA Static pilot supervision relay with capacitor.
SDB Static pilot supervision relay without capacitor.
SKA feeder check synchronizing relay.
PMI, NTPC 147
SKB Generator check synchronizing relay.
SKC Auto re close check synchronizing relay.
SKD Auto re close check synchronizing relay voltage lock out feature.
SKE Generator check synchronizing relay with phase and voltage difference
adjustments.
SSM3V Switched mho three zone phase Ault protection
SSMM3V Static switched mho three zone phase and earth fault distance protection.
TTT10 Transformer oil temperature indicator with alarm and trip functions.
TTT11 Transformers winding temperature indicator with alarm and trip functions.
TTT12 transformers winding temperature indicator f with the alarm and trip
functions and one cooler control.
TTT13 Transformers winding temperature indicator with alarm and trip functions,
two cooler controls and with two rate temperature differential,
PMI, NTPC 148
VAA11 Shunt auxiliary relay self reset contacts.
VAA12 Shunt auxiliary relay with self and hand reset contacts.
VAA13 Shunt auxiliary relay with hand reset contacts.
VAA14 Shunt auxiliary relay with electrically reset contacts.
VAC Counting relay.
VAF Shunt flag indicator relay.
VAG11 A, C Under voltage or over voltage relay with a fixed setting.
VAG12 D.C. under voltage relay with variable settings.
VAG21 A.C. Under Voltage of over voltage relay with a fixed setting and high drop
off/ pick up ratio.
VAG22 A.C. Under voltage of the over voltage relay with variable setting and high
drop off / pickup ratio.
PMI, NTPC 149
VADC11 A.C Control relay with electricity reset contacts.
VADS13 Low burden relay high speed tripping relay with hand reset contacts,
VAGS13 Low burden high speed tripping relay with self reset contacts.
VADX11 High speed tripping relay with electrical or hand and electrical reset
contacts.
VAGY11 High speed tripping relay with electrical of hand reset contacts.
VAGZ11 High speed tripping relay with self reset contacts.
VAJZ14 Inter ship send for d.c. auxiliary supplies.
VAK13 Check alarm relay for d.c. auxiliary supplies.
VAK14 check alarm relay for a.c. auxiliary supplies.
VAK15 Check alarm relay for British Electrically Board recommended schemes.
PMI, NTPC 150
VAM Semaphore indicator.
VAP22 Voltage selection relay.
VAP 31 Voltage selection relay.
VAR22 A Fuse failure relay.
VAR29 Auto relay National committee scheme RI.
VAR39 Auto re close relay National Committee Scheme R2.
VAR4I M High Speed three phase auto - re close relay.
VAR49 Auto - re close relay National Committee Scheme R3.
VAR55 A Multi relay National Committee Scheme R3.
VAR79 Auto re close relay National Committee Scheme R4.
PMI, NTPC 151
VAR82 Slow speed three-phase auto phase auto re close relay, high-speed
single-phase auto re close relay.
VAR83 High speed single phase auto re close relay.
VAR84 High-speed single or three-phase auto re close relay.
VAR85 High-speed single or three phase and single /three phase auto re close
relay.
VAT11 Define time delay relay.
VAT14 Define time delay relay two-relay time.
VAT15 Define time relay with two rate time.
VAT16 Define time under voltage of over voltage relay.
VAU21 Define time under voltage of over voltage relay.
VAWA Interposing relay.
PMI, NTPC 152
VAWJ22 Low burden mult contact electricity reset relay.
VAWJ23 Inter ship send with controlled time irrespective of initiation time.
VAWJ34 Combined Send / receive non- surge proof inter ship relay with controlled
send time.
VAX12 D.C. Supply failure relay.
VAX21 Trip circuit supervision relay. Monitors the trip circuit only when the circuit
breaker is closed.
VAX31 Trip circuit supervision relay. Monitors the trip circuit with the circuit
breaker either the open or closed positions.
VDG11 Inverse time over voltage relay.
VGD12 Inverse time neural displacement relay for the use in distribution systems.
VGD13 Inverse time voltage relay.
VGD14 Inverse time neural displacement relay for use in the generator circuits.
PMI, NTPC 153
VDM Reverse phase and under voltage relay induction motors.
VME Rotors earth fault relay.
VTOC13 Static Voltage regulating relay with tap changer alarm supervision.
VTM Synchronous motor field application relay.
VTP Static high-speed fuse failure relay.
VTT Static high time delay relay.
VIU Static definite time delay relay.
VX Bushar supervision relay.
WCD 11 Reverse power relay.
WCD 12 Poly phase sensitive under power relay.
PMI, NTPC 154
WCG Single phase reverse power relay power relay with define time
characteristic.
XTF32 Distance - to fault locator.
XTFA12 Digital reader unit distance to the fault relay.
YCCF Generator asynchronous running detection relay.
YTG3 Static power zone phase or either fault distance relay.
YTO Static power swing blocking relay.
ZMC Impedance relay generator back-up protection.
ZTC High speed fault detector.
PMI, NTPC 155
2 21 1. . Model Session Plan Model Session Plan
Module No: IME- 01A MODULE: Power Plant Protection Duration: 1 WK
DAY Session I Session II Session III Session IV
1 Introduction to
protectction
philosophy
Principles of relays Maintenance,
testing and
commissioning
aspects of relays.
Static relaying
concepts and
grounding
2 Main Boiler Protections Boiler Auxiliaries Protection
3 Main Turbine Protections Turbine Auxiliaries Protection
4 Protection & Interlock
Testing on Boiler
Protection &
Interlock
Testing on
turbine
Generator Protection & Interlock &
their testing
5. HT/LT Motor Protection Transformer
Protection
Bus Bar and feeder Protection
6.
Unit resetting procedure. Test and Evaluation