P AREREQUISITES This course is part of Information Technology program (B.Sc. (IT)) of Kuvempu University.

A student registering for the fifth semester of B.Sc. (IT) of Kuvempu University must have completed the fourth semester of B.Sc.(IT). The student should have attained the kno ledge of the follo ing modules!

Algorithms "ava #rogramming Uni$ % Shell #rogramming Soft are &ngineering

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CHAPTER-SPECIFIC INPUTS Chapter One Objectives In this chapter. the students have learned to!

Identify the need for computer graphics /iscuss the/iscuss the history of computer graphics Identify the applications of computer graphics

Focus Areas Introduce computer graphics as a revolutionary development in the field of computer sciences. Tell the students that 0illiam 1etter invented the term computer graphics in -234. &$plain the term computer graphics follo ed 5y the history of computer graphics hard are. )onduct an open discussion on the applications of computer graphics. 6ou may discuss the applications of computer graphics discussed in the Additional Inputs sectionInputs section. (e$t. discuss operating system support for graphics. 1inally. discuss programming language support for graphics. Inform the students that they ill learn to use ) programming for creating graphics as a part of this curriculum. A itiona! Inputs

The follo ing section provides some e$tra inputs on the important topics covered in the S*! Histor" o# Co$puter %raphics - Interestin& Facts The follo ing ta5le lists the various events in the history of computer graphics! Event First computer animation film First video game Spacewar First computer model of a human figure 1961 1961 1964 Year

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First home video game named Odyssey, which allowed users to move points around a screen Fracta!s

1966

,ost graphic packages allo you to create simple graphics using lines. polygons. and curves easily. 8o ever. these 5asic tools cannot help you in creating clouds. trees. or for that matter the 9a::y patterns in the A;S used in audio soft are such as 0inamp or the latest 0indo s ,edia #layer. Such real<life or comple$ patterned graphics are implemented using the concept of fractals. 1ractals are mathematically generated patterns. hich are produced 5y recursive implementation of self<similar pattern at varying scales ithin itself. 1or e$ample. fractals can 5e implemented to create a tree from a small leaf ith a tiny stem under it 5y infinite recursions of the same pattern (mathematical function). A ell<kno n fractal named after its inventor. Benoit ,andel5rot. is the ,andel5rot set. ,andel5rot discovered the concept of fractals hen he rote a program to run a mathematical formula (dealing ith fractional dimensions such as -.7 dimes ions) recursively on an IB, computer. The output as a pretty pattern. App!ications o# Co$puter %raphics - %eo&raphica! In#or$ation S"ste$s '%IS( *IS is a soft are system through hich you can capture. store. and manipulate geographical information and display it in various forms. *eographical information (spatial data) has al ays 5een 5etter understood through pictures rather than numerical data. *IS depicts geographical information pictorially. in the form of maps. )onse=uently graphics form an inevita5le part of *IS. App!ications o# Co$puter %raphics - Co$puter Ai e )esi&n 'CA)( )A/ is the use of computers for creating engineering dra ings used in various fields such as architecture. and civil engineering. )A/ has 5een a 5oon for engineers. ho can no use graphical tools for )A/. such as Auto)A/. and create. manipulate. and share engineering dra ings ith ease. Open%*

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?pen*@ is a kno n and highly used Application #rogramming Interface (A#I) for creating 7/ and >/ graphics. hich has 5ecome a de<facto industry standard. It is an easy to use. relia5le. and porta5le graphics development environment. hich is compati5le ith popular programming languages such as ). )AA. and "ava. 6ou can do nload various applications made using ?pen*@ at its official site. http!BB .opengl.org. 1or e$ample. to do nload games made in ?pen*@ visit http!BB .opengl.orgBapplicationsB indo sBgamesB. So!utions to Chapter One Questions 1. What is the need for computer graphics? Ans. Graphical communication is an old and more popular method of exchanging information than verbal communication and is more convenient when computers are utilized for this purpose. As the volume of information increases, problem of storage arises. Also, in the 21st centur people do not have time to read huge number of pages. !his problem was solved b computer graphics. !his can be clearl understood with the help of an example where we wantwe want to present the performance of a factor since 1"#$. %or this, we re&uirewe re&uire a number of pages to render this large volume of information related with financial, numerical and statistical information. 't will ta(e a lot of time to anal ze such a long report. We canWe can easil represent this data in a pictorial form thus ma(ing it simple to understand. )ictures can represent a huge database in the form of bar charts, pie charts, and so on. !wo other prominent applications of graphics are in the field of *omputer Aided +esign ,*A+- and *omputer Aided .anufacturing ,*A.-. 'n *A+, graphics techni&ues are used to produce the drawings of certain parts of a machine from an viewing angle. 'n *A. computer graphics techni&ues, one ma displa the manufacturing la out for a given part and trace the path ta(en b machine tools for a given manufacturing process.

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2. /efine computer graphics and Interactive computer graphicsD Ans. )omputer graphics can 5e defined as the use of computers to define. store. manipulate. interrogate. and present pictorial output of the data. Interactive computer graphics refers to devices and systems that facilitate the man<machine graphic communication. >. Briefly. narrate the history of graphics hard are technologyD Ans. In early days. the high cost of the hard are for computer graphics remained the o5stacle. hich prevented their idespread use. )omputers have 5een getting progressively more ine$pensive and it has 5ecome a household article these days. The microelectronics revolution and the su5se=uent reduction in the price of the digital hard are have completely changed the situation. /ue to this price reduction. it is no realistic to e$pect that all computers ith graphic display hard are capa5ility ill 5e making e$tensive use of computer graphics. The announcement of the IB, personal computer using -3<5it Intel E4EE microprocessor on August -7. -2E-. can 5e regarded as a historic event. hich had a profound effect in the orld of computers. These computers significantly improved the state of display technology in the orld of computers. The ne$t ma9or change in #) display technology as announced 5y Apple )ompany in -2EC. hen it introduced the ,acintosh #). It as the first #) that did not include a te$t<5ased display 5ut provided only a graphic display. The application programs developed for the ,acintosh advocated 06SI06* (0hat 6ou See Is 0hat 6ou *et) style of interface. This concept has 5ecome a 5asic re=uirement in the area of desktop pu5lishing (/T#). The #o er#)Fs from IB,. Apple. and other vendors created a ne standard for /T# computers. 0ith such a development. computer graphics and multimedia has 5ecome a necessity for all types of users. /. 8o to make graphics processing fasterD Ans. ;ideoB*raphic processing can 5e made faster in t o ays! 5y using a graphic co<processor and a graphic accelerator. The graphic co<processor 5oosts video performance 5y assuming tasks normally handled 5y the )#U. An accelerator takes control of graphic task. hich are other ise
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performed 5y the )#U. 8o ever. an accelerator is not programma5le. It is a functioned processor. hich caries out specific tasks hard<coded into the chip. 0. 0hat is graphics processorD 0hy it is neededD Ans. *raphics processor helps in managing the screen faster ith an e=uivalent soft are algorithm e$ecuted on the )#U. Through the use of these processors certain amount of parallelism can 5e achieved for e$ecuting graphic commands. Several manufacturers of personal computers use a proprietary graphics processor. 1. (ame some graphics processors. Ans. Some graphics processors are!

Intel E7HE3 Te$as Instruments C>4-4

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2. "ustify the statement I0indo s ?S is so popularID Ans. The 0indo s ?S is popular 5ecause it supports a graphical user interface (*UI). in hich users can perform operations ith the help of graphical o59ects such as indo s and 5uttons. Apart from an intuitive *UI. it supports various other features such as support for integrated application environment. multitasking. multimedia. and net orking. #. 0hat are the strengths of U(IJ operating systemD Ans. The Uni$ operating system has 5een kno n and popular as a simple. small. porta5le. po erful. time<sharing operating system. 8o ever. no it has also gained commercial strength. It is still the most porta5le and configura5le of all operating systems. Uni$ has adopted to the ne hard are architecture and application re=uirements 5y incorporating ne functionalities such as distri5uted file system. J-- 5ase *UIs. ,ulti threading. distri5uta5ility and so on. Uni$ 5ecame =uite popular ithin Bell @a5s. ". 0hat is a pi$elD Ans. #i$el may 5e defined as the smallest si:e o59ect or color spot that can 5e displayed and addressed on a monitor. 1$. *ive the different applications of )omputer *raphics. Ans. )omputer graphics is used in every field. Some of the ma9or application areas are! a. 5. c. d. e. f. g. h.
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Building design and construction &lectronic /esign ,echanical /esign &ntertainment and Animation Aerospace industry ,edical Technology )artography Art and )ommerce.
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11. (ame the )omputer languages that support )omputer *raphics. Ans. Some languages that support computer graphics are! a. 5. c. d. 1?KTKA( BASI) #AS)A@ )

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12. Wh * language is popular for graphics programming? Ans. * has become a choice for toda 3s professionals, developers for graphics programming. * is a structured language and is rich in expressive power and applicable to a wide variet of users. 4ecause of the rich set of graphical functions available, this language helps in designing for graphical applications. !he * code is small, fast, portable, and flexible. FAQ 1. 0hat are real time computer graphicsD Ans5 Keal time graphics deal ith producing images in real time. An e$ample of real time graphics is creating scenes for video games. They are used in simulating real life actions. 1or this reason they are used e$tensively in the entertainment industry. 2. 0hat is )omputer<*enerated Imagery ()*I)D Ans5 )*I is the application of computer graphics for creating special effects. A common use of )*I is in creating action effects or cro d in movie shoots. 6. *ive some of the features of 0indo s ?S. Ans5 Some of the features of 0indo s ?S are!

&asy<to<use *UI ,ultitasking Integrated application environment &$tensive hard are support (et orking /evice independence /?S compati5ility

/. 0hat is meant 5y )*,D Ans5

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The mechanism called )*, ()omputer *raphics ,etafiles) provides for the e$change of pictures 5et een applications. It supports 5itmap facility for the creation and manipulation of graphics images.

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Chapter T+o Objectives In this chapter. the students have learned to!

/escri5e graphics hard are components and soft are packages /efine interactive graphics )ompare raster and random display systems Use graphical input devices and interactive techni=ues Identify graphical user interface design techni=ues

Focus Areas Introduce the term interactive computer graphics to students. Tell them that interactive graphics need special hard are to function. Ask students to identify graphics components that can 5e used for interactive graphics. &$plain the various characteristics of displays. such as aspect ratio. resolution. refresh rate. and interlacing. &$plain the concept of random and raster scanning in displays. &$plain the various types of display technologies. Kefer to the 1ocus Areas section and e$plain the difference 5et een raster and vector images. Initiate a discussion on the comparison 5et een various types of displays. A itiona! Inputs

The follo ing section provides some e$tra inputs on the important topics covered in the S*! Raster vs ,ector %raphics Kaster images are stored as pi$els. ?nce created and saved in a raster(5itmapped) form. an image can 5e edited 5y altering individual pi$els through 5itmap creation and editing packages such as #hotoshop. 8o ever. these images cannot 5e scaled ithout losing =uality. If you scale a raster graphic it Fpi$alatesF that is the individual pi$els 5egin to sho up and the =uality of the image is lost. *iven here are the t o versions of the same image < one in normal si:e and another magnified!

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Unlike raster images. vector or random images are made up and stored as geometric shapes. These can 5e scaled ithout loss of =uality. and can 5e easily edited in packages such as Ado5e Illustrator. The follo ing image sho s an image created and magnified to >744L in Ado5e Illsutrator.

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Kaster graphics are used commonly on the 0e5 or for normally displaying on computers 5ecause in this case the high =uality and si:e of vector graphics is not re=uired. ;ector graphics are not suita5le for use on the 0e5. 5ecause vector file formats are not idely supported 5y 5ro sers (e$cept 1lash. hich is also a vector 5ased format). The high =uality vector graphics are more suita5le for creating graphics such as logos and 5rochures. here =uality is a prime concern. In some cases. such as logos here you may ant to use the same graphic for the 0e5 as ell as printing. you can create a vector graphic and import it as a raster graphic for the 0e5 and retain the original vector format copy also. In this ay. you ill also 5e a5le to make changes to the image easily. This kind of functionality is supported in Illustrator and #hotoshop. here you can import an illustrator graphic in #hotoshop.

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Settin& )isp!a" Properties 6our operating system lets you set the properties of your monitor as re=uired. In 0indo s. you can set the display properties 5y performing the follo ing steps! -. Kight<click on your desktop and select #roperties from the short cut menu. The /isplay #roperties dialog 5o$ opens. 7. (avigate to the Settings ta5 as sho n in the follo ing figure!

>. Select a resolution using the Screen Area slider. The resolutions sho n in the slider depends on the si:e of your monitor. The si:e of a monitor is specified as its diagonal length. The follo ing ta5le sho s recommended si:e 5ased on the monitor si:e! Monitor Size 14 1" 1$ Recommended Resolutions 8 !6

1 #4 ! $68 1 #4 ! $68 or 11"# ! 864

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11"# ! 864 or 1#8 ! 96 1#8 ! 96

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C. )lick the Advanced 5utton. A dialog 5o$ opens. (avigate to the ,onitor ta5 in this dialog 5o$ as sho n in the follo ing figure!

G. &nsure that the 7ide modes that this monitor cannot displa check5o$ is selected. (o . select an appropriate refresh rate from the Kefresh 1re=uency drop<do n list. (ote that the refresh rates displayed in this dialog 5o$ depend on the resolution of your monitor. Kefresh fre=uency is inversely proportional to resolution. That is. higher resolutions support lo refresh rates. 1or e$ample. the follo ing snapshots sho the Kefresh 1re=uency options availa5le for a -GI monitor at E44 $ 344 resolution and -47C J HE4 resolution!

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3. )lick ?K in the dialog 5o$ to apply the selected refresh rate and then click ?K in the /isplay #roperties dialog 5o$ to close it and apply the settings. -ore )isp!a" Characteristics Apart from resolution. refresh rate. and aspect ratio. some other characteristics of monitors include!

8iewing angle! It is the ma$imum angle at hich you can vie a monitorFs display ithout any reduction in 5rightness or color of the image. ,ost )KT monitors support a vie ing angle of -E4 4. That is. even hen you are standing at an angle of -E4 degrees to a )KT monitor. you can vie it ithout any loss of color of 5rightness. 8o ever. if you try vie ing a laptop from an angular position. you ill see the display darker than hen you vie it from the normal position of 244. @)/ displays do not support good vie ing angles. +ot pitch! It is the distance 5et een the phosphor dots on a monitor. hich have the same color. This distance is measured diagonally and e$pressed in millimeters. It is desira5le to have a lo dot pitch for sharper image display. )ixel pitch! It is the distance 5et een the centers of t o ad9acent pi$els. usually e$pressed in millimeters. *ontrast ratio! It is ratio 5et een the 5rightest hite and darkest 5lack in a monitor. It is evaluated as! Brightness at the center of the monitor hen all pi$els are hite Brightness at the center of the monitor hen all pi$els are 5lack 9esponse time! It is a characteristic of @)/ monitors. hich is related to the frame rate of the @)/ monitor. A high response time means that

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the monitor can display full motion movies ithout any pro5lems. This characteristic does not apply to )KT monitors 5ecause they have the capa5ility of displaying full motion video ithout any pro5lems. So!utions to Chapter T+o Questions 1. )ompare the merits and demerits of raster and random scanning system. Ans. -. In raster scan display. the electron 5eam is s ept across the screen. one ro at a time from top to 5ottom. Kandom scan monitors dra a picture one line at a time and so they are also referred to as vector displays. 7. Kefreshing on raster scan display is carried out at the rate of 34 to E4< frames per second. Kefresh rate on a random scan system depends on the num5er of lines to 5e displayed. >. The picture definition is stored in a memory area called refresh 5uffer or frame 5uffer in case of a raster scan display. In case of random scan display. picture definition is stored as a set of line<dra ing commands in an area of memory referred to as the refresh display file. Kefresh display file is also called the display list. display program. or the refresh 5uffer. 2. /efine pi$el. resolution. and aspect ratio. Ans. #i$el can 5e defined as the smallest si:e o59ect or color spot that can 5e displayed and addressed on a monitor. Image resolution refers to pi$el spacing that is the distance from one pi$el to the ne$t pi$el. The aspect ratio of the image is the ratio of the num5er of J pi$els to the num5er of 6 pi$els. The standard aspect ratio for #)Ms is C!> and some use G!C.

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6. &$plain the principle of dra ing pictures on )KT. Ans. In )KT. an electron gun produces a stream of electrons. This electron 5eam can 5e s itched onBoff through a heating system. The electron 5eam is focused to ards the phosphor coated screen. The point here the 5eam hits the screen 5ecomes phosphorent and produces a speck of light. A pair of focusing grids. focus the 5eam to a particular point on the screen. The grid controls the focusing ith the help of magneticBelectric fields. In this ay a hole picture can 5e dra n 5y illuminating the points on the screen. /. :xplain briefl the wor(ing principle of ;hadow mas( *9!. Ans. !he ;hadow .as( *9! is based on the principle of combining the basic colors < red, green and blue. !he shadow mas( *9!, instead of using one electron gun, uses three different guns placed ad=acent to each other to form a triangle or a >+elta>. :ach pixel point on the screen is made up of three t pes of phosphors to produce red, blue, and green colors. ?ust in front of the phosphor screen, is a metal screen, called a >shadow mas(>. !his plate has holes placed strategicall , so that the beams from the three electron guns are focused on particular color< producing pixel onl . @ow, unli(e the beam penetration *9!As, the acceleration of the electron beam was being monitored, one can manipulate the intensit of the three beams simultaneousl . 'f the red beam is made more intense, we get more of red color in the final combination etc. ;ince fine<tuning of the beam intensities is comparativel simple, we can get much more combination of colors than the beam penetration case. 0. &$plain the principle of /;ST system. Ans. The /irect ;ie Storage Tu5e (/;ST) 5ehaves like a )KT ith highly persistent phosphor. #ictures dra n on this screen ill 5e seen for several minutes (C4<G4 minutes) 5efore fading. It is similar to a )KT as far as the electronic gun and phosphor<coated mechanisms are concerned. 8o ever. instead of the electron 5eam directly riting the pictures on the phosphor coated )KT screen. the riting is done ith the help of a fine<mesh ire grid. The grid made of very thin. high =uality ire is located ith a dielectric and is mounted 9ust 5efore the screen on the path of the electron

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5eam from the gun. A pattern of positive charges is deposited on the grid and this pattern is transferred to the phosphor coated )KT 5y a continuous flood of electrons. This flood of electrons is mounted 5y a Iflood gunI. hich is separate from the electron gun that produces the main electron 5eam. 1. 0hat are the different graphical input interactive techni=uesD Ans. 1ollo ing are the various graphical input interactive techni=ues! a. 5. c. d. e. f. #ositioning )onstraints *rids *ravity 1ield Ku55er 5and methods /ragging

2. 0hy refreshing is re=uired in )KTD Ans.

N0hen an electron 5eam strikes a dot of phosphor material. it glo

s for a fraction of a second and then fades. As 5rightness of the dots 5egins to reduce. the screen image 5ecomes unsta5le and gradually fades out. In order to maintain a sta5le image. the electron 5eam must s eep the entire surface of the screen and return to redra it num5er of times per second. That is. the screen must 5e refreshed multiple times in a second.O @arge num5er of electron 5eam produce at high velocity on the flood gun. The grids hich are negative changed reduce the acceleration on the lo velocity 5ut the electrons attracted 5y the phosphor coated and display picture 5ut they may or not a5le to produce sharp and 5right image to overcome this pro5lem the electron 5eam s eep the entire surface of the screen and returns to redra it num5er of per second therefore it need to 5e refreshed #. (ame the different positioning devices. Ans. The various positioning devices are!
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,ouse Track 5all "oystick /igiti:er Ta5lets @ight #en

". 0hat are pointing devicesD *ive e$amples. Ans. A pointing device is a hard are peripheral that allo s user to point to o59ects on the screen and perform operations on them. such as selecting. clicking. moving. and dragging. ,ouse is an e$ample of pointing device. 1$. &$plain the orking principle of ,ouse. Ans. A mouse is a small handled 5o$ used to position the screen cursor. It has t o heels at right angles to each other. &ach of these heels is connected to the shaft encode. 1or every incremental rotation of the heel. an electrical signal is produced 5y the shaft encode. As the device is moved on a flat surface. the movement is coded in the $ and y directions 5y counting the num5er of pulses received from the shaft encoder. These values are held in separate registers and the computer can sample them at a suita5le rate. The device can. therefore. 5e used for a moving cursor around the display screen. 11. &$plain the orking of @ight pen along ith a diagram. Ans. @ight pen has a very simple orking. &very pi$el on the screen that is a part of the picture emits light. All that the light pen does is to make use of this light signal to indicate the position. A small aperture is held against the portion of the picture to 5e modified and the light from the pi$els falls on a photocell. after passing through the aperture. This photocell converts the light signal received from the screen to an electrical pulse to 5e sent as a signal sent to the computer. Since the electrical signal is rather eak. an amplifier amplifies it 5efore 5eing sent to the computer. A Itracking soft areI keeps track of the position of the light pen al ays. Through the use of the tracking soft are. a signal received 5y the light pen at any point indicates the portion of the picture that needs to 5e modified.
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(ote that .that. hen the pen is 5eing moved to its position. to the position here the modification is re=uired. it. it ill encounter various other light sources on the ay. These light sources should not trigger the computer to accept the signal. So the aperture of the light pen is normally kept closed till the final position is reached. and then it can 5e opened 5y a s itch.

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12. If e use > 5its for primary colors ho many different colors are possi5leD Ans. E colors are possi5le. 16. 8o many different choices are possi5le if e use 7C 5its per pi$elD Ans. -3.H million (77C) colors. FAQ 1. Some porta5le computers have high =uality. evenly colored. perfectly flat displays. Are these @)/ displaysD Ans5 These could 5e flat panel displays called *as #lasma displays. hich use neon 5ul5s. 2. 0hat is S;*D Ans5 Scala5le ;ector *raphics (S;*)is an J,@ 5ased language for descri5ing 7/ vector graphics. It is 5eing vie ed as the standard for descri5ing vector graphics on the e5 in the future. 8o ever. currently many 5ro sers do not support it. 6. Should the resolution of an image 5e changed as per the monitor resolutionD Ans5 0hen you create images you can set their resolution. The resolution of an image should ideally 5e 5et een H7 and 23 ppi. 8o ever. the e$act value should 5e decided 5ased on the monitor resolution. 1or e$ample. for a -C inches monitor ith E44 J 344 resolution an image resolution of H3<HE is accepta5le. 8o ever. for a 7- inches monitor ith -7E4 J 234 resolution. an image resolution of around 23 is accepta5le. /. 0hat is an appropriate refresh rate. hen multiple refresh rates are availa5le for a given resolutionD

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Ans5
The most appropriate refresh rate is considered to 5e H7 and EG 8:. )hapter Three

Objectives In this chapter. the students have learned to!

)reate graphics using ) functions )reate animation using ) functions

Focus Areas Introduce ) as one of the oldest 5ut strongest programming languages. Tell the students that ) also supports graphics and animation. Although creating an animation using a modern animation package such as Imageready is much easier than riting hundreds of lines of code in ). ) forms the foundation of such graphics packages. In fact. students can create a graphics package such as ,S #aint themselves using )Fs support for graphics and kno ledge of some additional concepts such as handling the mouse input. (e$t. mention the t o modes through hich graphics and te$t can 5e displayed in ) language. Tell the students that the actual graphics and animation is done in the graphics mode. 6ou can e$plain the 5asics of the graphics mode referring to the topic. I)reating *raphics in )I from the Additional Inputs sectionInputs section. &$plain the various graphics functions availa5le in ) using e$amples. Take the e$ample of creating a hut. Start 5y creating a hut simply using the line dra ing related functions. (e$t. e$plain ho to create the same hut using rectangle(). 5ar(). arc() and other such shape related functions. (o e$plain the concept of filling images using solid fills or patterns. Again. use the e$ample of the hut to demonstrate the related functions. 1or practice1or practice you could discuss ith the class. the creation of the Indian flag or a human face. These e$amples have 5een e$plained at the 5ack of the 5ook. 1inally. e$plain animation support in ). A itiona! Inputs The follo ing section provides some e$tra inputs on the important topics covered in the S*! Creatin& %raphics in C

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To rite a ) program for creating graphics. you must follo the follo ing procedure! -. Include the graphics.h file in your program. 7. S itch over to the graphics mode. hich offers the 5est resolutions using the initgraph() function. This function initiali:es the graphics mode. Its synta$ is! initgraph(int Pdriver. int Pmode. char Ppath)Q >. As its parameters you must specify the graphics mode such as &*A or ;*A (depends on the graphics adapter 5eing used). the graphics driver (a program that interfaces 5et een the hard are and your ) program). and path of the graphics driver. To specify the value of the graphics driver parameter. refer to the follo ing ta5le! Value/Constants 4 or /&T&)T - or )*A 7 or ,)*A > or &*A C or &*A3C G or &*A,?(? 3 or IB,EG-C H or 8&K),?(? E or ATTC44 2 or ;*A -4 or #)>7H4

(ote that during e$ecution ith a call to initgraph(). your system s itches to the graphics mode and the mouse cursor disappears. C. )all appropriate functions to create graphics. G. )lose the graphics mode using the closegraph() function. hen you have ritten the code for creating graphics.

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3. )all the restorecrtmode() to restore the original video mode of your monitor. )ra+in& Shapes in C 6ou have learned a5out various shape creation functions in the te$t5ook. such as arc() and 5ar(). If you ant to create a rectangle or s=uare 5oundary ithout any color inside it. you can use the rectangle() function. The synta$ of this function is! rectangle(int left. int top. int right. int 5ottom)Q To dra a rectangle you must specify the coordinates of its top left and 5ottom right corner points as the four parameters of the rectangle() function. This function creates a rectangle in the specific line style. thickness. and color. hich have 5een set prior to a call made to this function. If these ere not set. the defaults are used. (ote that the 5ar() and rectangle() functions are different. The 5ar() function creates a rectangular shape ithout 5oundary and fills it in the current fill pattern and color. ?n the other hand. rectangle() creates a rectangular 5oundary in the current color and pattern. 0hile dra ing shapes in ) programs. it is important to understand the screen coordinate system and the meaning of the parameters that specify the coordinate points of these shapes. 0hen you s itch to the graphics mode. the hole screen 5ecomes a virtual coordinate system according to hich the coordinates specified in the graphics function in your programs are determined. &ach pi$el represents a point in this coordinate system. It is important to identify the position here you ant to dra your shapes.

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As an e$ample. consider the follo ing screen coordinate system in the 3C4 J CE4 mode!

Error Chec.in& Routine It is a good practice to check for errors hen initiating the graphics mode. 6ou can do this using the graphresult() function. The graphresult() function returns an integer representing the values given in the follo ing ta5le! Value Constant Associated error message, a string which can be returned by the gra herrormsg!" &o error *+)(, graphics not installed *use initgraph, )raphics hardware not detected -evice driver file not found (nvalid device driver file &ot enough memory to load driver Out of memory in scan fill

grO% '1 '# '. '4 '" '6 gr&o(nit)raph gr&ot-etected grFile&otFound gr(nvalid-river gr&o/oad0em gr&oScan0em

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Value

Constant

Associated error message, a string which can be returned by the gra herrormsg!" Out of memory in flood fill Font file not found &ot enough memory to load font (nvalid graphics mode for selected driver )raphics error )raphics (2O error (nvalid font file (nvalid font num3er (nvalid device num3er (nvalid version num3er

'$ '8 '9 '1 '11 '1# '1. '14 '1" '18

gr&oFlood0em grFont&otFound gr&oFont0em gr(nvalid0ode gr1rror gr(Oerror )r(nvalidFont )r(nvalidFont&um gr(nvalid-evice&u m )r(nvalid4ersion

6ou can use the graphresult() function to catch errors as follo s! BP initiali:e graphics mode PB initgraph(%gdriver. %gmode. Id!RRtcRR5giI)Q BP read result of initiali:ation PB errorcode S graphresult()Q if (errorcode TS gr?k) U occurred PB printf(I*raphics error. RnI)Q grapherrormsg(errorcode)Q printf(I#ress any key to halt!I)Q getch()Q e$it(-)Q V Ani$atin&
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BP an error

BP return ith error code PB

In the 5ook. a step is missing for implementing animation. 0hen you call imagesi:e(). it returns the area of the rectangle 5ounding the image. Before calling getimage(). you must allocate enough memory so that the image can 5e handled 5y getimage() as! int area S imagesi:e(7G.>4.HG.HG)Q unsigned char P 5uf S malloc(arear)Q getimage(7G.>4.HG.HG. 5uf)Q The malloc() function allocates as many 5ytes as specified in its parameter.

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So!utions to Chapter Three Questions 1. )ompare the features of te$t and graphics modeD Ans. The follo ing ta5le compares the te$t and graphics modes! #e$t mode 5ou can only handle te6t7 5ou can display in 16 colors on a color monitor7 8e6t mode display is in two forms, #" rows of 4 columns or #" rows of 8 columns7 %ra hics mode 5ou can display, capture, and animate figures7 5ou can display various colors7 8he resolution of the graphics mode depends on the adapter7

2. 0ith the help of an illustration. e$plain ho initgraph() function orks. Ans. The initgraph() function is used to initiali:e the graphics system to load appropriate graphics drive and video mode used 5y the graphics functions. The synta$ of this function is! initgraph(int Pdriver. int Pmode. char Ppath) As its parameters. you must specify the graphics mode such as &*A. or ;*A (depends on the graphics adapter 5eing used). the graphics driver (a program that interfaced 5et een the hard are and your ) program). and path of the graphics driver. 1or e$ample. to initiali:e graphics mode in )*A high resolution mode! int gdriver S -. gmodeSCQ initgraph(%gdriver. %gmode. Id!RRtcRR5giI)Q 1or e$ample. to select the 5est driver and mode possi5le on a computer! int gdriver S /&T&)T. gmodeQ initgraph(%gdriver. %gmode. Id!RRtcRR5giI)Q

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6. Use graphics function to dra concentric circlesD Ans. WincludeXconio.hY WincludeXgraphics.hY W includeXstdio.hY main() U int gdriver S /&T&)T. gmodeQ BP initiali:e graphics mode PB initgraph(%gdriver. %gmode. Id!RRtcRR5giI)Q circle(-44.-44.24)Q circle(-44.-44.G4)Q circle(-44.-44.>4)Q getch()Q restorecrtmode()Q V Inform the students that the path Zd!RRtcRR5gi[ should 5e changed according to the machine settings. The code given here has 5een tested on Tur5o ) >.4. /. /evelop a ) program to dra a structure of a fish and give animation. Ans. WincludeXgraphics.hY WincludeXstdio.hY WincludeXstdli5.hY WincludeXconio.hY WincludeXdos.hY void main() U int gdriverS/&T&)T.gmodeQ int iQ initgraph(%gdriver.%gmode.Ie!RRtcRR5giI)Q int ma$\ySgetma$y()B7Q iS4Q
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setcolor(B@U&)Q hile(Tk5hit()) U line(4Ai.ma$\yA>4.4Ai.ma$\y<>4)Q BPtrianglePB line(4Ai.ma$\yA>4.>4Ai.ma$\y)Q line(4Ai.ma$\y<>4.>4Ai.ma$\y)Q ellipse(24Ai.ma$\y.4.>34.34.>G)Q circle(-74Ai.ma$\y<G.G)Q iSiA>Q if(iYS3>G) iS4Q delay(-44)Q cleardevice()Q V getch()Q closegraph()Q V Inform the students that the path Ze!RRtcRR5gi[ should 5e changed according to the machine settings. The code given here has 5een tested on Tur5o ) >.4.

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0. /evelop a ) program to dra a car shape and move the car using animation functions. Ans. WincludeXgraphics.hY WincludeXconio.hY WincludeXdos.hY WincludeXstdli5.hY void car\ heel(int $.int y) U setcolor(08IT&)Q setfillstyle(S?@I/\1I@@.08IT&)Q circle($.y.-4)Q floodfill($.y.08IT&)Q circle($.y.7G)Q V void car\5ody() U car\ heel(G4.744)Q car\ heel(744.744)Q setcolor(K&/)Q line(7G.744.4.7-4)Q line(C4.-34.H4.->4)Q 5ar(-4G.--4.-7G.->4)Q line(4.-34.C4.-34)Q line(H4.->4.-H4.->4)Q line(-H4.->4.744.-34)Q line(-HG.744.HG.744)Q line(744.-34.734.-34)Q line(734.-34.734.744)Q line(734.744.77G.744)Q arc(G4.744.4.-E4.7G)Q arc(744.744.4.-E4.7G)Q setfillstyle(S?@I/\1I@@.K&/)Q

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floodfill(-G4.-H4.K&/)Q V void main() U int gdriver S /&T&)T.gmodeQ int iQ void P5uffQ initgraph(%gdriver.%gmode.Ie!RRtcRR5gi I)Q car\5ody()Q 5uffSmalloc(imagesi:e(4.-44.7H4.7>4))Q getimage(4.-44.7H4.7>4.5uff)Q putimage(4.-44.5uff.J?K\#UT)Q iS4Q hile(Tk5hit()) U if(iYG44) iS4Q putimage(i.-44.5uff.?K\#UT)Q delay(HG)Q putimage(i.-44.5uff.J?K\#UT)Q putimage(iAG.-44.5uff.?K\#UT)Q delay(HG)Q putimage(iAG.-44.5uff.J?K\#UT)Q i SiA-4 V closegraph()Q restorecrtmode()Q getch()Q V Inform the students that the path Zd!RRtcRR5gi[ should 5e changed according to the machine settings. The code given here has 5een tested on Tur5o ) >.4. 1. @ist the different graphics functions along ith e$ample. Ans.
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) supports various graphics functions. such as!

line(int $-. int y-. int $7. int y7)! This dra s a line from position ($-. y-) to ($7. y7) &$ample! line(-4.G4.-4.-44)Q 5ar(int $-. int y-. int $7. int y7)! This dra s a filled rectangle ith diagonal from ($-. y-) to ($7.y7) 5ar(-4.7G.-44.HG) circle(int $. int y. int r)! This dra s a circle ith center at ($. y) and radius of r. &$ample! circle(G4.G4.-4) arc(int $. int y. int start. int end. int r)! This dra s an arc of circle ith the center at ($.y). radius r and start and end specified in degrees to mention the portion of the circle that forms the arc. &$ample! arc(-44.-44.4.24.74) dra s the first =uarter of the circle. arc ith center (-44.-44) and radius 74.

2. 0hat is the use of malloc() function in ). Ans. The malloc() function allocates memory for an o59ect. The num5er of 5ytes of memory to 5e allocated is specified as its parameter. #. &$plain the use of getimage() and putimage() ith e$amplesD Ans. The getimage() function captures the image inside the rectangle hose diagonal is defined 5y ($-. y-). and ($7.y7). here $-. y-. $7. and y7 are the first four parameters of getimage(). The captured image is stored in an array. hich is specified as the last parameter of getimage(). 1or e$ample. to capture a rectangle hose diagonal is defined 5y (-4. G4) and (G4. -7G). you can use the getimage() function as! int area S imagesi:e(-4.G4.G4.-7G)Q unsigned char P 5uf S malloc(arear)Q getimage(-4.G4.G4.-7G. 5uf)Q The putimage() function copies the image captured using getimage(). starting at location ($. y). here $ and y are the first t o parameters of this function. The image to 5e captured is specified as the third parameter. The fourth parameter of this function specifies ho the image has to 5e copied and takes any of the follo ing values!

)?#6\#UT or 4. hich copies the image as it is

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J?K\#UT or -. hich performs an e$clusive ?K 5et een the 5ackground pi$els and the image pi$els ?K\#UT or 7. hich performs an inclusive ?K 5et een the 5ackground pi$els and the image pi$els A(/\#UT or >. hich performs an A(/ 5et een the 5ackground pi$els and the image pi$els (?T\#UT or C. hich inverts the pi$els of the image.

1or e$ample. animate a rectangle as it is you can use the )?#6\#UT option in putimage! putimage(-4.G4. 5uf. )?#6\#UT)Q FAQ 1. 0hat are the various fill patterns in )D Ans5 The various fill patterns include! &attern Constant 10985:F(// SO/(-:F(// /(&1:F(// /8S/;S<:F(// S/;S<:F(// +=S/;S<:F(// /8+=S/;S<:F(// <;8;?<:F(// !<;8?<:F(// (&81@/1;41:F(// A(-1:-O8:F(// ?/OS1:-O8:F(// 1 # . 4 " 6 $ 8 9 1 11 Value 'escri tion +ac%ground color fill Solid fill ''''''' 22222 22222 *thic% lines, >>>> *thic% lines, >>>> <atch fill *light, ?ross hatch fill *heavy, (nterleaving line fill -ot fill *widely spaced, -ot fill *closely spaced,

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&attern Constant BS1@:F(//

Value 1#

'escri tion Bser'defined fill pattern

2. 8o can you create user<defined fill patternsD Ans5 A pattern is stored as a se=uence of E 5ytes. ith each 5yte corresponding to a set of E pi$els. The value of a pi$el is set in the current color. if the value of the corresponding 5it is -. 1or e$ample. you can define a pattern as! char patternNO S U4$)). 4$AA. 4$>>. 4$7E.4$AB.4$-4.4$-H.4$11VQ 6ou use setfillstyle() for predefined patterns. 1or user<defined patterns. such as the one given a5ove. you can use setfillpattern(char P pattern. int color). 6. ) supports a graphics mode and a te$t mode. /oes that mean that you cannot output graphics in graphics modeD Ans5 6ou can print graphics in the graphics mode as ell. The various te$t functions availa5le in the graphics mode are!

outte$t$y(int $.int y. char P te$t). hich displays the te$t specified as its third parameter at position specified 5y the first and second parameters. in current font. si:e and direction. sette$tstyle(int font. int direction. int charsi:e). hich allo s you to set the font. si:e. and direction of the te$t. 1onts can 5e any of the --(value 4 < -4) predefined fonts. direction can 5e 8?KI]\/IK or ;&KT\/IK. and si:e can 5e 4 or any non<:ero value positive value. The si:e manipulation involves various other functions also such as te$theight(). te$t idth(). and setusercharsi:e(). 1or more information you can refer to .cs.colorado.eduB^mainB5giBdocBsette$tstyle.html. sette$t9ustify(int hori:\9usti. int vert\9usti). allo s you to 9ustify and align te$t. The possi5le values for the parameters are. @&1T\T&JT (only hori:\9usti). )&(T&K\T&JT (5oth hori:\9usti and vert\9usti). KI*8T\T&JT (only hori:\9usti). B?TT?,\T&JT (only vert\9usti). T?#\T&JT (only vert\9usti).

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/. 8o can you make an o59ect animate infinitely till you press the &nter key to e$itD Ans5 6ou can make an o59ect animate till you hit a key using the k5hit() function. 0hen this function is called it returns true if an input character is availa5le in the read 5uffer for reading. If there is nothing to 5e read. it returns false. 6ou can use this function as! int continue S-Q hile(continue) U if(k5hit()) U ch S getch()Q if(ch SS7H) 5reakQ V else U BBanimation code V V 0. It is easy to dra lines or plot points in relation to the screen coordinate system. 8o can you move the cursor 5y a position relative to another point on the screenD Ans5 6ou can do this using the moverel(int $. int y) function. It moves the cursor $ pi$els in the J direction and y pi$els in 6 direction from the current position. (ote that it does not dra any line hile doing so. To dra a line from a point to a relative point use the linerel(int $. int y) function.

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Chapter Four Objectives In this chapter. the students have learned to!

/escri5e the origin. and development of multimedia Identify the components of multimedia @ist the digital imaging technologies /escri5e video as a component of multimedia /escri5e audio as a component of multimedia Identify types of animation /escri5e >/ animation techni=ues Apply digital filtering and special effects @ist latest multimedia technologies. tools. and accessories

Focus Areas Introduce multimedia 5y asking students the various reasons hy they ould use a computer. )ommon ans ers ould 5e listening to music. atching video. and surfing e5sites. hich are rich in graphics. te$t. audio. and video. Tell the students that these are the components that are collectively kno n as multimedia. At this stage list each of the components of multimedia including te$t. graphics. sound. video. and animation. &$plain the difference 5et een a normal desktop #) and a multimedia system. /iscuss the origin and development of multimedia 5riefly. Introduce some of the multimedia packages and products 5eing used in the field of multimedia no adays. (e$t. e$plain digital imaging. 6ou may e$plain this concept ith reference to the additional inputs given in the Additional Inputs sectionInputs section. /iscuss video and audio as multimedia components. #rompt students to identify common formats for these components as ell as tools used for creating. editing. and using these components. T o other important topics in this chapter are Animation and /igital 1iltering and Special &ffects. /iscuss these topics in an interactive manner ith the students. 6ou could link the latter topic to #hotoshop. hich is discussed in the ne$t chapter and create conte$t for it. A itiona! Inputs

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The follo ing section provides some e$tra inputs on the important topics covered in the S*! Sa$p!in& Rate o# Au io An important characteristic of audio. hen it is digiti:ed is the sampling rate. Sound is in the form of analog signals. 0hen these analog signals are digiti:ed for use on computers. the sound aveforms is measured or sampled at specific intervals. The num5er of samples taken per second is the sampling rate. Informally. you could compare a sample to a frame in an animation or video. The more the num5er of frames. the smoother is the animation or video. Similarly. the higher the sampling rate. the 5etter is the =uality of digiti:ed sound. A high sampling rate ould therefore mean that the sound as digiti:ed from its analog aveform more precisely. ,athematically. sampling rate is e$pressed in 8: as t ice the highest fre=uency of sound in the analog aveform.

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I$portant Scanner Characteristics #or )i&ita! I$a&in& The resolution (dpi) of a scanner is a crucial characteristic to 5e considered during digital imaging. Apart from resolution other important characteristics to 5e considered during digital imaging are!

4it depth! Bit depth is the num5er of 5its per pi$el. Bits contain color information. Therefore. the num5er of 5its defining a pi$el in an image. affects the =uality of the FrealismF of the digital image as compared to the original image. This is actually 5ecause the tones in an image depend on 5it depth. An image ith 5it depth of - ill 5e a5le to represent 7- S 7 tones (5lack and hite). An image ith more 5it depth can represent more num5er of tones. 1or e$ample. images ith 5it depth 7C. can represent over -3 million tones. 0ith the popularity of digital imaging. modern scanners are supporting higher 5it depths. 1or e$ample. most good 8# scanners no support CE<5it depth. + namic range! /ynamic range is the ratio of the 5rightest signal to the darkest signal that a scanner can detect and represent it in the digital image. The dynamic range affects the =uality of shado s and highlights in an image. 1or e$ample. an image. hich has shado s may appear to 5e completely 5lack in certain shado y regions if the dynamic range is lo and may not allo all shado s to 5e depicted appropriately. Although. a higher 5it depth makes it possi5le to store more information so that the dynamic range can 5e higherQ ho ever it does not ensure a higher dynamic range. ,athematically. dynamic range is the difference 5et een the ma$imum and minimum values of image density that a scanner can capture. The notations commonly used to donate densities are /,a$ and /,in. Therefore . /ynamic Kange S /,a$ </min. The desktop scanners. hich use ))/s do not have high dynamic ranges. ?nly /rum scanners have a high dynamic range. Some scanners such as those of )anon and (ikon claim of dynamic ranges up to C.7. )ixel dimension! #i$el dimension is the height and idth of an image in pi$els. It indicates the actual pi$els that scanned image uses. 1or e$ample. a >I J CI image scanned at 744 dpi ill 5e stored using (height J dpi) 344 pi$els $ ( idth J dpi) E44 pi$els. hich is the resolution of the scanned image. Object in Ter$s o#

Ca!cu!atin& Fi!e Si/e o# a Scanne Scanner Characteristics

The file si:e of a scanned o59ect depends on the follo ing! #i$el dimensions

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Bit depth Kesolution

A simple formula for estimating the si:e of a file in hich an o59ect ill 5e scanned can 5e calculated from the follo ing formula! 1ile si:e S (#i$el Kesolution $ Bit depth $ Kesolution)BE 5ytes 1or e$ample. if a 7C<5it. -4I $ --Iimage is scanned at >44 dpi. its file si:e ould 5e! 1ile si:e S (>444 $ >>44 $ 7C $ >44) B E S E2-4444444 5ytes.

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Popu!ar Au io For$ats The four most popular audio file formats include! (ormat 0(-( 'escri tion 0usical (nstrument -igital (nterface or 0(-( was developed in 198#7 (t stores digital music instructions instead of actual sound data7 (t can play only music as it records notes not sounds7 8he siCe of a 0(-( file is very small and its e6tension is 7mid or 7midi 8ypically the file siCe of a 7midi file is #" =+ for " minutes audio7 A;41 Format A;41 Format was developed 3y (+0 and 0icrosoft7 (t is AindowsD inherent file format for storing audio7 For e6ample, sounds that are played when you perform an action in Aindows such as logging on to Aindows are all in 7wav format7 (t stores uncompressed ?- Euality audioF however the file siCe of a 7wav file is very large7 8ypically the file siCe if a 7wav file is 1 0+ for a minuteGs audio7 Specifically developed with the (nternet as the target, its main advantage is streaming audio7 7ra files can only 3e played with a @eal One player 3ecause it is a proprietary format7 091) /ayer . or 09. is a highly compressed 3ut good Euality sound file format, which has revolutioniCed digital music sharing and storing7 09. files have the e6tension 7mp. and 7mpga7 8ypically a " minutes audio is stored 3etween 47" to "7" 0+7 Apart from the a5ove formats. other kno n formats include AU format (.au). AI11 format (.aif or.aiff). S(/ format (.snd). 0indo s ,edia Audio format (. ma). flac format (.flac). and ogg format (.ogg).
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@eal ;udio

09.

Popu!ar ,i eo For$ats The most popular video formats include! (ormat 091) 'escri tion (t is one of the most popular formats, which can 3e played on computers as well as most 4?-2-4- players7 8he Euality is the same as that of 4?@s7 091) actually encompasses versions, 091)1, 091)#, and 091)47 ;4( *7avi, Huic%8ime *7mov, Bsed on the Aindows platform7 8he Euality of these files is not good, considering their siCe7 ?ommonly used on 0acintosh systems7 (t is also compati3le with the Aindows platform7 (ts Euality is good, considering the siCe of the files7 8his format also provides streaming video7 Bsed for streaming video7 8he Euality is considered to 3e decent7

@eal4ideo*7rm,

Some other video formats include. /ivJ. AS#. Intel ;ideo Technology (I;1). and 0,;. Scannin& I$a&es #or 0eb Use 0hen you scan an image or create one. save it at H7 dpi for use on the Internet. Anything more than H7<dpi causes files to 5e unnecessarily large and increase do nload time. 8o ever. a file used for the 0e5 cannot 5e used for the print media. 1iles destined for print need much higher resolution than files to 5e displayed on screen only. So!utions to Chapter Four Questions 1. What is multimedia? Ans. .ultimedia can be defined as presentation of information with integration of multiple media elements that can be used on and manipulated b computer. !his media includes graphic software, video, audio, animation software, and computer hardware such as *+ pla ers, scanners and cameras.

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2. 0hat are the main components of ,ultimediaD Ans. The components of ,ultimedia are as follo s!

Te$t *raphics Sound Animation ;ideo

6. With illustration briefl narrate the origin and development of multimedia technolog ? Ans. .ultimedia is an effective medium to express information in a more attractive wa . 't ma(es use of text, pictures, audio, animation, and video. 't was started more then 20 ears ago. 7owever, it onl became popular with the advent of des(top computers. Audio was the first multimedia data incorporated into des(top computing, with the introduction of soundboards built around the tone<s nthesis chips. 'n addition, video could also be captured, displa ed and stored on a computer dis( with the help of digital overla and capture boards installed on an ordinar computer. 7owever, the use of audio and video on des(top computers was limited due to their large size and high computing power re&uirements. !hese limitations were overcome through the introduction of compressionBdecompression engines for reducing the sizes of these files. As the demand increased for multi standard compression on the same s stem, several manufacturers introduced a new generation of compression chips that supported software programming. !hese chips contained hardware engines for operations re&uiring high computing power and also integrated processors that can be programmed to control data flow within the chip. ;uch technologies made audio and video boards capable of transferring data to computer s stems efficientl , in some cases, in real time. !he advent of 9';* technolog , parallel processing architecture, high speed hard dis(, optical dis( drives and a variet of interfacing devices made it possible to design computer s stems that have multimedia features as standards.

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia CG

!he latest brea(through in the field of multimedia was the advent of the 'nternet and other high<speed networ(ing technologies. !hese have presented new opportunities such as video conferencing, medical imaging, and scientific visualization. /. *ive different applications for multimediaD Ans. ,ultimedia finds application in the field of entrainment. marketing. 5roadcasting. advertising. pu5lication. telecommunications. training. colla5orative engineering. and design manufacturing process 5ecause of its user<friendly operation. 0. 0hat are sound cardsD Ans. Sound card is the hard are for sound input and output. It is used ith speakers. headphones. and microphones to record and play sound. Some sound cards also include ,I/I. .0av. and ,#>. 1. 8o do graphics help in digital imagingD Ans. In digital imaging. film less camera may capture an image electronically. or an image may 5e traditionally created and scanned. or it may 5e created directly on the computer using graphics packages. The last option is here graphics help digital imaging. /irect graphics can 5e created on a computer in sophisticated. feature<rich packages such as #hotoshop. These graphics editing packages allo creation of realistic digital images for use in multimedia applications. In addition. graphics packages also help to edit digital images. hich have 5een scanned or captured in digital cameras.
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2. What are the different choices for digital imaging? Ans. !here are three different choices for digital imaging5

A film less camera ma capture an image electronicall !he image ma be created within the computer using various paints and illustration programs !he image ma be created traditionall and than scanned into digital form

#. What are the different (inds of film less cameras available in the mar(et? Ans. !here are five different t pes of film less cameras suitable for digital imaging available in the mar(et5

8ideo flopp dis( *ameras +igital *ameras )*.*'A *ameras %ilmless *amera bac(s ;till 8ideo *ameras

". &$plain ho an artist can make use of multimedia soft are for his ork. Ans. An artist can create illustrations using illustration soft are such as Ado5e Illustrator. 8e can also apply special effects to e$isting and ne images through filters such as those in #hotoshop and Illustrator. In addition. he can scan hand<dra n illustrations and apply effects to or edit them. 8e can also create animation and add sound to his art ork using such soft are.

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia CH

1$. &$plain ho moving images are recorded on the hard disk. Ans. ,oving images can 5e captured or copied on the hard disk ith the help of a capture 5oard. /igital cameras K1 or audio and video ports are connected to the corresponding K1 of Audio video ports availa5le in the capture 5oard. 0ith the help of any ;ideo studio soft are live images can 5e captured and stored on the hard disk. 11. &$plain ho sound helps in multimedia. 0hat are the ma9or types of sound filesD Ans. Sound in multimedia can include speech. special effect sounds. and music. Sound is an essential component of a multimedia production. such as video or animation. and presentations. It helps to make a multimedia application. entertaining. easy to understand. and more presenta5le. 1or e$ample. a presentation used for computer<5ased training can 5e more effective for students. if the te$t is also read out as it is displayed. The ma9or types of sound file formats include 0ave files and ,I/I files. 12. 0hat is samplingD Ans. The process of transfer of information from analog to digital is called sampling. 16. What is animation? :xplain different t pes of animation techni&ues. Ans. Animation is the process in which each frame of a film or movie is produced individuall and viewed in rapid succession to give an illusion of continuous movement. Cn )*s the two main t pes of animation techni&ues are as follows5

Cb=ect animation5 's the moment of unchanged text and ob=ect around the screen *ell animationB%rame animation5 's made of different frames on screen where the are rapidl displa ed to simulate motion.

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1/. :xplain the meaning of the following terms5 .orphing, 9endering, Wrapping. Ans.

.orphing5 't is the process of transformation of one image to another b the transformation and distortion of corresponding points in both the images. !he best example will be Dawasa(i advertisement where the motorbi(e changes into a cheetah. 9endering5 !he process of converting our designed ob=ects with texturing and animation into an image or a series of images is called rendering. Wrapping5 't is the process where certain parts of the image could be mar(ed for a change and made to change to different one for example legs of cheetah to be morphed with the wheels and head with head lights. 7ead can alone be mar(ed and wrapped.

10. 0hat is the meaning of file formatD Ans. The method 5y hich soft are organi:es the data in the saved file is called the file format. The file name e$tension or suffi$es indicate the format or usage of the file. Several different types of file formats are used 5y various kinds of soft are. 1or e$ample! the *I1 file format used for 0e5 page images is a standard format that can 5e opened 5y any program that supports that standard format.

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia C2

11. Wh do we use a scanner? @ame the different t pes of scanners? Ans. ;canner is a peripheral device, which captures real ob=ect or image and saves it in a digital file as a graphic. +ifferent t pes of scanner are as follows5

%latbed or ;heet<fed ;canner %ilm ;canner 7andheld ;canner 6 + ;canner

12. 0hat are the components of a multimedia systemD Ans. The components of a multimedia system are as follo s!

,onitor )#U ,ouse Key5oard ,icrophone )/ drive and disc Speaker /igital camera "oystick Scanner #rinter 0e5 camera

1#. :xplain the significance of file extensions and file formats. Ans. %ile formats organize and store data in a specific format. !he &ualit and characteristics of the format decide the &ualit and usage of the data stored in the file, and the applications with which the file will be compatible. %or example, a graphic can be saved as a bitmap file or a G'% file. 'n the first case, the &ualit of the graphic is good because bitmap format does not compress data, whereas G'% does. 7owever, the size of the file in the first case will be much more than the size of the file in the second case. !herefore, bitmap graphics cannot be used on web pages because the ta(e a lot of time to load, whereas G'% graphics can be used.
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%ile extensions help a user as well as an application to identif the file format. %or example, ou can identif a graphic file b its extension such as .gif or .=pg. ;imilarl when ou double clic( on a .gif file, Windows would read the extension and select the appropriate program for opening the file. %ill in the 4lan(s -. .ultimedia constitutes an integration of multiple media such as te$t. graphics. audio. video. and animation elements. 7. "#&* uses loss compression techni=ues. >. Wave or .wav files are ,icrosoft standard file format for storing aveform audio data. C. The amount of data that can 5e transmitted from one computer to another in a given time frame is called bit rate. G. The process of removal of e$traneous noise that inevita5le creeps into a recording is called filtering.

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia G-

FAQ 1. 0hat is a deci5elD Ans5 /eci5el is a relative measure of the loudnessBintensity of sound. It is actually measured as a ratio. A sound of 4dB is hardly audi5le to the human ear. 8earing a sound a5ove E4<EG dB can 5e painful and damaging for the human ear. 2. )an you attach your home stereo speakers directly to your computer for 5etter sound =ualityD Ans5 The speakers are po ered 5y the sound card and essentially the =uality of sound produced 5y them ould depend on the sound card itself. It is not advisa5le to attach your home stereo speakers to your computer 5ecause the =uality of sound may still 5e 5ad. This is 5ecause the po er that these speakers need is much more than hat the sound cardFs amplifier can provide. ,oreover. home stereo speakers do have magnetic shield protection and can damage your monitor or data in disks such as hard disk or floppy. 6. /o scanner characteristics such as 5it depth also apply to digital camerasD Ans5 6es. in most cases it does apply 5ecause they mostly ork on similar principles. /. 0hat is an audio codecD Ans5 A codec is soft are that implements a compressionBdecompression techni=ue. It is used for compressingBdecompressing audio data to a file format or a streaming audio format. Specific audio <codecs act as interfaces to audio players such as 0inamp. and 0indo s ,edia players. @ike audio codecs. video codecs are used to compressBdecompress video. To see a list of codecs. visit ttp!BBen. ikipedia.orgB ikiB@ist\of\codecsW;ideo\codecs. To vie the list of codecs installed on your system. open the )ontrol #anel and select Sound and ,ultimedia (or Sound in some systems). The Sound
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and ,ultimedia #roperties dialog 5o$ opens. (avigate to the 8ard are ta5 and select Audio )odecs in the list. (e$t. click the #roperties 5utton. a dialog 5o$ sho ing the codecs installed ill open.

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia G>

Chapter Five Objectives In this chapter. the students have learned to!

&dit 5itmap and vector graphics )hange color modes )ompare different file formats Use #hotoshop tools and features! Kectangle ,ar=uee tool @asso tool #ainting tools &diting tools )olor selection and cropping tools Selection tools #rinting features *raphics file formats supported Use the layers palette

Focus Areas Introduce #hotoshop as one of the most popular image editing and graphics creation tool. hich is an Ado5e product. Inform the students that #hotoshopFs first version. -.4. as shipped in -224. Since then various versions have 5een launched. ;ersion 3.4 included various ne features. hich made #hotoshop very popular. The latest version of #hotoshop is #hotoshop )S. hich includes revolutionary features in the field of image editing. Ask the students to refer to the official Ado5e site to get an overvie of the ne features of #hotoshop )S. #rovide the students a 5rief list of the various tools supported 5y #hotoshop and kind of image editing and graphic creation that can 5e done using these tools. &mphasi:e the advantages of #hotoshop in various fields. such as printing and media. Tell them that 7/ morphing is also possi5le in #hotoshop. here they can actually merge the 5ody of one person ith the face of another. A itiona! Inputs

The follo ing section provides some e$tra inputs on the important topics covered in the S*! Photoshop Shortcuts
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Ta5le G.- 5elo lists key5oard shortcuts of some commonly used operations in #hotoshop! Short cuts 11G 13 1H 1E 12 ShiftA Alt )trl AK ]oom In ]oom In 1it on Screen @ock *uides 1ill 1oreground color 1ill 5ackground color Brush Tool (B) Kectangular ,ar=uee Tool ,ove Tool @asso Tool /odgeBBurnBSponge Tool #ools #hotoshop 8elp Brush #alette )olor #alette @ayer #alette (avigator. Info 8istory. Actions. Tool #resets )opy same layer Kulers )trlAA )trl<< )trlA4 Alt A)trlA )trl A /elete or )trl A Backspace Alt A /elete or Alt A Backspace B , ; @ ?

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Short cuts BlurBSharpenBSmudge Tool Type Tool #en Tool &raser Tool )rop Tool ,ultiple 8istory (Step Back ards) /irect selection /ecrease 5rush si:e Increase 5rush si:e #revious 5rush (e$t 5rush 1ree Transform K T # & )

#ools

)trl AAltA ] )trlA Any Arro N O X Y )trl A T

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Pen Too! in Photoshop ,ersion 1 An important graphics creation and tracing tool in #hotoshop is the #en tool. #en tool ena5les creation of vector illustration through lines and curves. Using the #en tool you can create your o n illustrations. Unlike a #encil tool. a #en tool does not merely create an outlineQ it creates the outline of an illustration as a path. hich can 5e edited during creation or even after creation. #erform the follo ing steps to create a face of a person using the #en tool! -. ?pen a ne image in #hotoshop. 7. )lick the #en tool icon. in the tool5o$. (o . place the mouse cursor in the image area. >. )lick at any point in the 5lank canvas from here you ant to start creating the illustration. A point ill appear on the canvas. This point is called an anchor point or a node. C. )lick at another location in the canvas to connect the anchor point created in Step > to the ne point. A line ill 5e created 5et een the t o anchor points as sho n in the follo ing figure!

(ote that the point. hich is filled ith solid color is the one. hich as created in this step and is currently selected.

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia GH

G. Similarly. you can keep clicking to connect points in the shape of a face. (ote that the closer you click to create anchor points. the more curved ill the path 5e. The follo ing figure sho s the outline of the face after the last anchor point has 5een connected to the first anchor point to form a closed path!

0hen you are at the first and the last anchor points. the mouse cursor (representing the pen tool) ill appear ith a small circle 5elo it to indicate that the path ill 5e closed if the points are connected. ?nce a path is closed you can only edit it. you cannot e$tend it. 3. To fill color in the illustration created using #en tool. you must convert the path to a selection 5y performing the follo ing steps! a. ?pen the #aths palate 5y selecting WindowE;how )aths. 5. )lick the Y sign on the right side of the #aths palate. and select .a(e ;election... from the menu. )lick ?K in the ,ake Selection dialog 5o$ that appears. The 0orkpath ill 5e converted to a selection. c. 1ill color in the selection using the #aint Bucket tool as sho n in the follo ing figure!

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(ote that you can convert a selection 5ack to a path in the same ay 5y selecting .a(e Wor( )ath... in the #aths palate. The procedure e$plained a5ove is only one of the ays. and not a versatile ay. of using the #en tool. 6ou can use the #en tool to create curves 5y dragging hile you click to create an anchor point. 6ou can also edit individual anchor points. To dra a curve using the #en tool. click to create the starting anchor point. (e$t. click and drag to create the ne$t anchor point. A curve ill 5e created as sho n in the follo ing figure!

(otice the t o e$tended lines e emanating out of the selected anchor point in the a5ove figure. These are called the handles of the anchor point. 6ou can move the handles simultaneously or individually using the )onvert Anchor #oint tool (availa5le in the #en tool options if you right

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia G2

click on it). By dragging the handles. you change the orientation of the curve as desired. Apart from the )onvert Anchor #oint tool under the #en tool. t o other useful options are Add Anchor #oint Tool and /elete Anchor #oint Tool. 6ou can select the Add Anchor point tool to add an anchor point at any location in a path. 6ou can then use the handles of this anchor point. to modify the shape of the path at that point. Similarly. you can delete an anchor point in a path using the /elete Anchor #oint tool. These t o tools along ith the )onvert Anchor #oint tool can 5e used to impart a smooth shape to an illustration. Creatin& Custo$ Fi!ters in Photoshop Apart from the filter effects availa5le in #hotoshopFs 1ilter menu. you can also create your o n custom filter for applying on images. Using a custom filter. you can change the 5rightness value of each pi$el in the image according to a predefined mathematical operation kno n as convolution. )onvolution is an integral 5ased mathematical operation 5et een t o functions. hich is often said to F5lendF the functions. As a result of the application of convolution each pi$el in an image on hich a custom filter is applied is reassigned a value 5ased on the values of surrounding pi$els. To create a custom filter. perform the follo ing steps! -. ?pen the image to hich you ant to apply the filter.

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7. Select %ilter E Cther E *ustom from the main menu of #hotoshop. The )ustom dialog 5o$ opens as sho n here!

The )ustom dialog 5o$ sho s the previe of the image in the right hand side 5o$. if the #revie check5o$ on the left side is selected. >. )lick in any unla5eled te$t 5o$. hich represents the pi$el 5eing evaluated. &nter the value 5y hich you ant to multiply that pi$elFs 5rightness value. This value can 5e 5et een <222 to A222. Using the values entered in the various te$t5o$es 6ou can ad9ust the image 5rightness at a micro level and create a filter of your o n 5y entering different values in the te$t5o$es. (ote that you do not have to enter values in all the te$t 5o$es. In addition. you can set the value 5y hich you ant to divide the sum of the 5rightness values entered in the unla5eled te$t 5o$es. in the Scale te$t 5o$. 6ou can also enter a value in the ?ffset te$t 5o$ to add it to the result of the scale calculation. C. )lick ?K to apply the filter in the image after you have entered all the desired values. In addition. you can save the custom filter as a .A)1 5y clicking on the Save 5utton. 6ou can load an already saved custom filter. 5y clicking the @oad 5utton and 5ro sing to the desired .A)1 file. The follo ing figure sho s the effect of a custom filter on an image in the previe 5o$!

I$prove
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Usabi!it" in Photoshop CS
)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia 3-

#hotoshop in general allo s users to customi:e the graphical user interface according to their convenience 5y sho ingBhiding. and placing the palates. tool5o$. and rulers. 8o ever. a remarka5le feature in #hotoshop )S is the a5ility to save the #hotoshop orking environment as a 0orkspace. That is. the ay you place palates and the tool5o$. ho you separate grouped palates can 5e saved even after you close #hotoshop. so that the ne$t time you open it. the *UI appears the same as you had left it 5efore closing. This 0orkspace features are availa5le under the WindowEWor(space.

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So!utions to Chapter Five Questions 1. 1ill in the 5lanks! a. )omputer *raphics can 5e classified into \\\\\\\\\\\\\ and \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\. Ans. Bitmap Images b. A #hotoshop file can contain vector % raster data. Ans. True c. \\\\\\\\\\ is defined as the num5er of pi$el along the height % idth of 5itmap. Ans. Kesolution d. \\\\\\\\\\\\\ ,ethod is used to assign color values to any ne pi$el. at the time of re<sampling. Ans. Interpolation e. ;ectors graphics are made of \\\\ and \\\\\\ defined 5y mathematical o59ects. hich are called vectors. Ans. @ine )urves 2. 8o many colors are there in K*B )olor modeD Ans. K*B images use three colors. Ked. *reen. and Blue. These colors are kno n as primary colors.

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6. 0hat is gamut in #hotoshopD Ans. The series of colors that a color system can demonstrate or print is called gamut in #hotoshop. A color that can 5e displayed in K*B may 5e out of gamut. and therefore unprinta5le. for your ),6K setting. /. 0hat is a layerD Ans. @ayers can 5e visuali:ed as transparent sheets placed over one another in an image. )reating a layered image refers to putting different o59ects on different levels in a se=uence. . 6ou can create empty layers and add content to them. or you can create ne layers from e$isting content. 0hen you create a ne layer. it appears either a5ove the selected layer or ithin the selected layer set in the @ayers palette. @ayer sets help you organi:e and manage layers. 6ou can use layer sets to easily move layers as a group. to apply attri5utes and masks to groups of layers. and to reduce clutter in the @ayers palette. 6ou cannot create a ne layer set ithin an e$isting layer set. 0. (ame the different selections tools. Ans. The selection tools in #hotoshop include the @asso tool. #en tools. ,ar=uee Tool. and #ath selection tool. 1. What are editing !ools? Ans. :diting tools are used to fine<tune or modif graphic elements. )hotoshop delivers high<powered image editing, photo retouching, and composition tools. 't also supports features, such as .a(ing *olor Ad=ustments, Auto *olor *ommand, Ad=ustment Fa ers and %ill Fa ers, and .as(ing Fa ers to help ou get professional<&ualit results. 2. Give the steps to use rubber stamp tool. Ans. !o use the rubber stamp tool ,*lone tool-, perform the following steps5
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1. Cpen the image that ou want to clone. 2. ;elect rubber stamp tool. 6. ;elect an appropriate brush size and st le from the 4rush drop down in the options bar at the top. Also set values for other options such as blending mode, opacit , and flow. +etermine how ou want to align the sampled pixels. 'f ou select Aligned, ou can release the mouse button without losing the current sampling point. As a result, the sampled pixels are applied continuousl , no matter how man times ou stop and resume painting. 'f ou deselect Aligned, the sampled pixels are applied from the initial sampling point each time ou stop and resume painting. ;elect Gse All Fa ers to sample data from all visible la ersH deselect Gse All Fa ers to sample onl from the active la er. /. )ress Alt and clic( the image that ou want to clone, to select the source point for cloning. 0. Gse the brush to clone the image b dragging the mouse on another area. !he image will be cloned in that area. #. What is %ile %ormat? @ame the different image file formats? Ans. !he method b which the software organizes the data in the saved file is called the file format. !he file name extension or suffixes indicate the format or usage of a file and a brief description of that format. ;everal different t pes of file format are used b various (ind of software to save files. %or example, the G'% file format used for Web page images are standard formats that can be opened b an program that supports it. !he various image file format are as follows5

!agged<'mage %ile %ormat ,!'%%Graphics 'nterchange %ormat ,G'%?oint )hotographic :xperts Group ,?:)G:ncapsulated )ost;cript ,:);)ortable +ocument %ormat ,)+%)ortable @etwor( Graphics ,)@G!GA< !arga

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia 3G

". *ive the steps to use the image printing utility of #hotoshopD Ans. In #hotoshop. you can print a complete image. selected area of an image. or even one or more layers. To print a complete image. select 1ile <<Y #rint from the main menu (or press )trl A #). The #rint dialog 5o$ opens up as sho n in the follo ing figure!

&nsure that the All radio 5utton is selected. 6ou can also set the print resolution 5y selecting it from the #rint _uality drop<do n. After making the desired print settings click ?K to print. To print a selected area. make a selection in the image using the Kectangular ,ar=uee tool and select 1ile Y#rint. Select the Selection option 5utton in the #rint dialog 5o$ and click ?K. (ote that 5y default. #hotoshop prints all visi5le layers and channels. If you ant to print 9ust certain layers or channels. make them the only ones that are visi5le and then print.

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6ou can also choose to print the filename. along ith crop marks. registration marks and a caption along ith the image. To set such options. select 1ile Y#age Setup in #hotoshop 3. The #age Setup dialog 5o$ opens as sho n in the follo ing figure!

6ou can select the check5o$es if you ant to include the corresponding options in the printed image!

*aption! Selecting this check5o$ ill print a caption ith the image. This caption can 5e set in the 1ile Info dialog 5o$. To open the 1ile Info dialog 5o$ select 1ile Y 1ile Info. and choose )aption from the Section drop<do n list. Type a caption in the )aption te$t area and click ?K. *alibration 4ars! Select this check5o$ to print the cali5ration and color 5ars for your image. A cali5ration 5ar is a ro of -- gray s=uares of different values. A color 5ar is a ro of -- colors. These 5ars can 5e helpful hen trying to cali5rate to a specific printer. This option is availa5le only for a #ostScript printer. 9egistration .ar(s! Select this check5o$ to print a registration mark such as 5ullFs eyes around the image. These marks can 5e helpful for aligning color separations. *orner *rop .ar(s! Select this check5o$ to vie hori:ontal and vertical lines around the corners of the image. defining here the image should 5e trimmed.

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)oordinator *uide + *raphics and ,ultimedia 3H

*enter *rop .ar(s! Select this check5o$ to vie the e$act center of the image defined 5y t o crossed lines. Fabels! Select this check5o$ to print the file name ne$t to the image. 6ou can also print the name of the appropriate color channel if you are using color separations. @egative! Select this check5o$ to print an image that appears like a negative of the original image. 0ith this option selected. the colors are reversed. :mulsion +own! Select this check5o$ to print the image as a hori:ontal mirror image of the original image. 'nterpolation! Interpolation refers to a printerFs a5ility to resample an image as they print it to improve its resolution. This option is useful in case of lo <resolution images.

The 5uttons on the left side also present some useful options such as printing a 5order around the image and printing a 5ackground ith the image.

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FAQ 1. 0hy are options under the 1ilter menu grayed or not availa5le sometimesD Ans5 The most common reason for this. assuming that an image is open. is that the )olor mode of the image is not supported 5y the 1ilter commands. 1or e$amples. filters cannot 5e applied to Inde$ images. 2. )an you open a #hotoshop 3.4 file in #hotoshop )SD Ans5 6es. a #hotoshop 3.4 file can 5e opened in #hotoshop )S. 8o ever. the ne features of #hotoshop )S may not 5e availa5le to that file. In addition. the file may not appear e$actly as created in #hotoshop 3.4. 6. )an you apply a gradient on an e$isting imageD Ans5 6es. a gradient on an e$isting image can 5e applied using _uick ,asking. To do this. open the image and copy the area (or the hole image) to hich you ant to apply a gradient. (o open a ne image and click the &dit in _uick ,ask ,ode 5utton in the tool5o$. (e$t. select the *radient tool and apply a gradient in the ne image. )lick the &dit in Standard ,ode 5utton. A selection ill 5e formed on the ne image. Select &ditY#aste Into from the main menu. The image opened first ill 5e pasted in the selection and a gradient ill 5e applied to it. /. )an you delete the path created as an outline of an illustration using the #en toolD Ans5 6es. the path created as an outline of an illustration using the #en tool can 5e deleted. To do this. open the #aths palate. right<click 0ork #ath. and select /elete #ath from the shortcut menu. 0. An image has 5een created using multiple layers. )an you merge all layers into one layer 5efore saving the imageD Ans5
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6es. it is possi5le to merge all layers 5y selecting @ayerY1latten Image from the main menu.

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