Carbonate System

Where it deposited?

Carbonate is widely deposited in various types of depositional environment. In major, it can be divided into:

Sub-aerial carbonate system Transitional - Marine carbonate system

Reef/reefal carbonate is the most potential carbonate system in petroleum geology.

Depositional spectrum

Carbonate Facies Belts

Steps in Working with Carbonates

DATA DATA GATHERING GATHERING

Lithology Description* Geometry Fossils Sedimentary Structures Porosity/Perm. Distrib. Fluid content

INTERPRETATION INTERPRETATION
Depositional Environment Palaeogeographic reconstructions

PREDICTION PREDICTION
Reservoir quality Reservoir extent

Carbonate Petrology
DIAGNOSTIC GRAINS

DIAGNOSTIC TEXTURES & CEMENTS

e.g. boundstone rudstones meniscus cements syntaxial overgrowth cements

POROSITY and PERMEABILITY : vugs, mouldic, crystalline, fracture, etc.

k : pore connectivity
OTHER INFORMATION
Index Fossils Sedimentary structures Hydrocarbon shows

General Properties of Carbonate Reservoir Rocks

dolomite

LITHOLOGY

grainstones boundstones
interparticle intraparticle intercrystalline moldic vuggy intercrystalline

POROSITY POSITION ON PROFILE DIAGENESIS

PRIMARY SECONDARY

INNER-SHELF FAIRWAY OUTER-SHELF FAIRWAY MIDDLE-SHELF HIGHS DEEP-WATER REEFS/ATOLLS

STEADY SUBSIDENCE SINGLE UPLIFT MULTIPLE UPLIFTS

Possible Interpretation Based on Sample Examination

RESERVOIR QUALITY HC SHOWS RESERVOIR GEOMETRY WATER DEPTH EOD SALINITY POSITION OF PROFILE

Carbonate

Sillisiclastic

Vs
Tropical climate Shallow water depth Mainly marine Organic Mud Indicates primary precipitation & mud-size components All Climates

Environment

All Water Depths Terrestrial and Marine

Sediment Type and Grain size

Hydraulic Energy Mud indicates the suspension system

Carbonate

Sillisiclastic

Vs
Tectonic organisms growth Common

Facies Control Marine Cementation Sub-aerial Exposure

Regional Tectonics

None

Intense Diagenesis

No Effect

Carbonate

Sillisiclastic

Vs
Obliterates textures

Low-grade metamorphism

No effect

Several unique indicators

Facies Recognition

Sequences important

Carbonate

Sillisiclastic

Vs
All depositional textures may develop economic pore networks Res. Properties controled mainly by diagenesis Greater likelihood to be oil-wet Coarse grained facies have economic pore networks

Reservoir properties

Res. Properties controled mainly by depositional processes Greater likelihood to be water-wet

Carbonate

Sillisiclastic

Vs
Difficult

Log Recognition Cuttings Useful Seismic Resolution Predictable facies belts

Accurate

May be diagnostic Fair - good Good/excellent

Fair Good/excellent Fair

Carbonate Rock Classification

Carbonate Rock Classification

Core Photograph of PAB-1

Selected core photograps for depositional facies

Core Photograph of PAB-1

Selected core photograps for depositional facies and diagenesis

Core Photograph of PAB-1

Selected core photograps for depositional facies and diagenesis

Core Photograph of Pergidatit AB-1

Petrographic Photo of AS-10 Core

Petroraphic Photo of PAB-1 core

Petroraphic Photo of PLL-4 core

Depositional facies & diagenesis

Petrographic Photo of PTW-1 Sidewall Core

Diagenesis process