Lecture Note 4

Field and Function of Scalar and Vector

4.1. Field and function of scalar and vector
o

Example of scalar field: distribution of : energy assay permeability modulus

of elastisity calorivic value temperature concentration !ead air pressure !ydrostatic pressure topograp!y electrostatic etc.

Example of vector field: gradient of scalar field: electropotential stress

velocity ground"ater flux magnetic flux electric current flux diffusive flux momentum field etc.

o o o

Scalar and vector function: t!e "ay to express distribution of scalar and vector
field at a line #1$%& plane or surface #'$%& and space #($%&.

Scalar function:
f#x#t& y#t&&

1$%: y ) f#x&* '$%: + ) f#x y&* ($%: u ) f#x y +&* + )

Vector function:
v ( t ) = [ v1 # t & v ' # t & v ( # t & ] = v1 # t &i + v ' # t & - + v ( # t &,
v ( t ) =[x # t & y# t & +# t &

v # x y + & = [ v 1 # x y + & v ' # x y + & v ( # x y + &] = v1 # x y + &i + v ' # x y + & - + v ( # x y +& ,

] = x # t & i + y# t & - + +# t & ,

4.'. Vector and scalar calculus

v, (t )

f(x) f(x)

v (t )

v ( t + t )
f#x& x f(x + x) x x + x 4$1

Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

Fig. 4.1: %erivative of vector function #left& and scalar function #rig!t&

2onvergence of vector function:

lim a n n4 a = 3 n : 1 ' ( .... a = a limit of vector nlim 4 n

2ontinuity of vector function :

lim # t & = # t o & t t o

continue at to

%ifferential of vector function :

# t & = lim
t 3

# t + t & # t & t

2omponent of differential vector function :

v 5 # t & = [ v51 # t & v5 ' # t & v5 ( # t &] = v51 # t & i + v5 ' # t & - + 5 ( # t & ,

6ule of differential vector function :

$ #c & = c $ # u & = u $ # u . & = u . + u . $ # u x & = u .x + u . $ # u . . " & = u . . " + u . . " + u . . "

7artial derivative of vector function :

# t & = [ 1 # t & ' # t & ( # t &]

or i.e: :

# x y + & = [ 1 # x y + & ' # x y + & ( # x y + &]

#t& = ' # t & - + ( # t & , 1 #t &i + t1 t1 t1 t1

(t)= 1 ( t )i + 2 (t ) j + 3 ( t ) k t1t2 t1t2 t1t2 t1t2

# x y + & = 1 # x y + &i + ' # x y +& - + ( #x y +& , x x x x

# x y + & = 1 # x y +&i + ' # x y +& - + ( # x y +& x y x y x y x y

4.(. 2urve tangent of vector function and lengt! of curvature

4$' Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

Example : function of position vector : parameterisation of function

# t & = [ 1 # t & ' # t & ( # t &] or
r # t & = [ x # t & y # t & + # t &]

r (t )
x

y Fig. 4.': Function of position vector

2onto! : vector function of line : parametarisationof line

+

a
x y Fig. 4.( : Vector function of line
r # t & =a +b t

a = [ a1 a ' a( ]
b = [ b1 b' b( ]

: position vector
: unit of directional vector

8angent of curve

4$( Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

tangent = r 5 #t &

u 7

r ( t ) r ( t + t )

Fig. 4.4 : 8angent of curvature

79 =

1 t

[r # t + t & r # t &] : secant of curvature of 79

1 t

r # t & = lim

t o

[r # t + t & r # t &] : tangent of vector #position vector&

= [ x # t & y# t & + # t &]

u #t& = 1 r # t & : unit of tangent of vector #unit of directional r #t&

vector&

8angent of curve is expressed by means of expression of vector function #parameterisation& leading to follo"ing e:uation :
: #t & = r #t & + r #t & .t r #t &

Lengt! of curve
4$4

Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

r 5 #a & u #a & ds# t & dr # t & r #a + dt & r #a & r #b&

t=b

t=a

< : reference point

Fig. 4.; : Lengt! of curve

= ds# t & dr # t & = dr # t &
t =a t =a a t =b t =b b

dr # t & = . dt dt a

= r # t & dt = r # t &. r # t & dt

a a

Lengt! of curvature
s# t & = r # t &. r # t & dt
a t

ds dr

ds' dr . dr ' ' ' ' ds = dx + dy + d+ dr = [ dx dy d+]

u #t& = 1 . r5 #t& r 5 #t & 1 dr #s& . dr #s& ds ds = 1 dr # t & . dr # t & dt dt 1 dr . r 5 #s& ds ds ds

u #s& =

4.4. Example of field and function

4$; Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

Example 1:
=iven is scalar field of concentration "it! follo"ing expression: + ) f#x y & ) >x' ? 4y' and line y)x?1

concentration at point #' 4& f#' 4& )# >&.#4& ? #4&.#1@& ) 133 S,etc! of iso$concentration is figured by fig. 4.@. + ) f #x y& ) >x' ? 4y' ) (@
x ' y' + =1 4 > x y + =1 ' (
' '

+ ) f#x y& ) #>x' ? 4y'& #4& ) (@ #4&

x ' y' + =1 1@ (@ x y + =1 4 @
' '

8!e region bet"een concentration (@ and 144 is located bet"een ellips >x ' ? 4y' ) (@ and ellips (@x' ? 1@y' ) 144. 8!e value of z on line y ) x ? 1 is expressed by follo"ing e:uation + ) f#x& ) 1( x' ? A x ? ; y

>x' ? 4y' ) (6 x @ 4 ( ' x (@x' ? 1@y' ) 144

Fig. 4.@ : 2urve of iso$concentration lines

Example '

4$@ Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

=iven is iso$t!ermal line "it! follo"ing function 8 #x y& ) xy 8 #x y& ) xy ) 1 y )

1 x

x)3 y)4 y)3 x)4

8 #x y& ) xy ) $1 y )

1 x

x)3 y)$4 y)3 x)$4

Fig. 4.B : 2urve of iso$t!ermal lines x

Example (
=iven is t!e vector field "it! follo"ing function =i + 7lease dra" t!e vector field y x

C #i + -& #1& #i + -& # 1& = # i + - & # ' & # i + -& # ' & #i + -& #(& #i + -& # (&

i j

Fig. 4.A : Vector field #iso lines&

Example 4

4$B Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

v # x y& =x i +y- =2

=iven is a vector field expressed as )

# x i & ' +# y-& ' =2 ' x ' +y ' =2 '

Fig. 4.> : 2urve of iso$gradient lines

4.;. Example of vector calculus

Example 1
=iven a position vector: r # t & = [(t ' @ t 1' t ( ] mass of a moving ob-ect ) m. %ifferential vector:
r 5 # t & = @ t @ (@ t '

rD # t & = @ 3 B' t
Force vector :

# t & = [@m 3 B'mt ] F #t & = m . r

energy :
# t & . r # t & = 1Amt ' 3 A@4 mt 4 E # t & =F # t & . r # t & =m . r

E #;& =E

Example '

4$A Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

=iven F: #4 ' 3& dan

b = i +-

. E:uation of parametric line

r # t & =a + b t

a = [ 4 ' 3 ] [ 3 3 3 ] = [ 4 ' 3] b = [ 1 1 3]
%istance along line

r # t & = [ 4 ' 3] + [ 1 1 3 ] t
from t ) 3 upto t ) 13 is:

r # t & =a + b t

d = r #13& = [ 14 1' 3] = 1A.4(>

4.@. Example of curve tangent of vector and lengt! of curvature

=iven position vector : r # t & = [(t ' @ t 1' t ( ] %istance on r # '& or S # '& is expressed as follo"s:
S # '& =
t ='

r #t & = @t @ (@ t ' r # '& = [1' @ 144]

t =3

r # '&. r # '& dt

r # '&. r 5 # '& = 1' ' + # @& ' + #144& ' = '3>1@ r # '&. r # '& = '3>1@ = 144.@'( S # '& = 144.@'( dt = 144.@'( t
3 ' ' ]3

= 'A>.'4B unit length

8angent of vector at t ) ' is r # '& = [1' @ 144] . Gnit of tangent of vector at t ) '
u # '& = 1 1 [1' @ 144] . r # '& = r # '& 144.@'(

u #s& r #s&

u #13& r #13&

H to "!ic! direction t!e ob-ect moves E

4$> Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S