Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unchecked Aspects of Variation of Acceleration Due To Gravity With Altitude
Unchecked Aspects of Variation of Acceleration Due To Gravity With Altitude
Unchecked Aspects of Variation of Acceleration Due To Gravity With Altitude
Abstract
t is correctly esta'lished that & decreases (ith altitude) 'ut the variation o* & (ith atmos#heric #ressure +decreases (ith altitude, is not considered in #recise ex#eriments in the existin& literature. -orricelli determined in #ioneerin& ex#eriments that hei&ht o* mercury column in
'arometer as 0.7.m due to atmos#heric #ressure in 1.//. 0e(ton *ormulated & in 1.12) and then Pascal3s 4a( (as treated in #resence o* &ravity *or ima&inary cylinder o* li$uid. -hus e$uation P56&H is o'tained (hich relates acceleration due to &ravity) & (ith atmos#heric #ressure) P. -he ex#ression *or variation in & (ith altitude as &h 5 &7+18h79,:) 'y 'oth methods (ill 'e com#ared. ;t sea level the hei&hts o* li$uid columns +*or (ater 10.<<m ) *or &lycerine 1.:0:m ) ethyl alcohol 1<.1.m , are inde#endent o* other *actors such as diameters o* tu'es) viscosity) sur*ace tension o* li$uid) an&le o* contact and ca#illarity etc. ;t hei&ht o* : =m a'ove the sur*ace o* the earth the hei&hts o* li$uid columns are reduced e.&. *or mercury 0.2>.7m) *or (ater 1.1121m and *or &lycerine ..//11 m. 0o( measurin& P) H and & can 'e calculated. -he value o* & can 'e determined 'y 'oth methods at various hei&hts and should 'e same. -heoretically (hen atmos#heric #ressure 'ecomes ?ero then value o* &H +P76H, must tend to ?ero! accordin& to &h 5 &7+18h79,: ) &h 'ecomes ?ero at in*inite lar&e distances. But no such attem#ts have 'een re#orted in literature) hence it is o#en #ro'lem es#ecially (hen tu'es o* various diameters are considered and characteristics o* li$uids are di**erent. 6ue to diverse ex#erimental conditions o* li$uids and e$ui#ments) mercury may 'e re&arded as ideal li$uid *or such measurements o* #ressure. -he value o* & due to altitude decreases steadily) (hereas due to atmos#heric #ressure & decreases a'ru#tly. So sensitive ex#eriments are a'solutely necessary to dra( concrete conclusions.
1.0 ntroduction -orricelli *ormed mercury 'arometer in 1.// and con*irmed the hei&ht o* mercury column as 0.7.m and acceleration due to &ravity (as de*ined 'y 0e(ton in 1.12) then ex#ression *or #ressure @1A<B (as determined as P 56&H +1, (as calculated usin& Pascal la( in #resence o* &ravity. Here P is #ressure! & is acceleration due to &ravity and H is hei&ht o* li$uid column. Consider a li$uid o* density 6 is in e$uili'rium o* rest. E$.+1, is derived *or ima&inary cylinder o* li$uid. Consider a li$uid o* density 6 is in e$uili'rium o* rest. -here*ore net *orce actin& cylinder (ill also 'e ?ero i.e. F18M&AF: 50 +:, (here F1 is *orce actin& vertically do(n(ards on the to# *ace o* the cylinder) F: is the *orce is actin& vertically u#(ards on the lo(er *ace o* cylinder. M& is the (ei&ht o* mass o* (ater in cylinder. P1;8 ;H6&AP:;50 and lo(er sur*aces. Pressure exerted 'y li$uid column) P:AP1 5 P or P 56H& So) E$.+1, 'ecomes P51<).00=&mA< >.1msA: 0.7.m51.01< 102 Pa +2, t may 'e re&arded as standard e$uation *or atmos#heric #ressure. n e$.+1, H is hei&ht o* ima&inary cylinder o* li$uid (hich is su'mer&ed in the same li$uid + the same li$uid is a'ove and 'elo( the cylinder,.Dhereas in case o* mercury 'arometer ) the hei&ht H o* li$uid column is 0.7.m ) a'ove the mercury column there is vacuum . Dhereas (hile derivin& P 56&H) the same li$uid is considered a'ove and 'elo( the ima&inary cylinder o* li$uid. Further accordin& to 0e(ton3s la( o* &ravitation) the acceleration due to &ravity decreases as altitude increases. -he acceleration due to &ravity at the sur*ace o* the earth & 5 GM79: ;cceleration due to &ravity &h at hei&ht h is +., (here G is &ravitational constant) M is mass o* the earth and 9 is radius o* the earth. +/, +1, +<, (here P1 is #ressure at u##er end and P: is #ressure at the lo(er *ace. ; is area o* u##er
-he unit o* #ressure) Pascal (as de*ined 'y sim#ly #uttin& value o* H e$ual to 0.7.m.
&h 5 GM7+98h,: From e$.+., and e$.+7, &h 5 &7+18:h79,: &ravity 'y method o* variation o* #ressure is &iven 'y &H 5 P 76H
+7, +1,
-he acceleration due to &ravity at hei&ht h is &iven 'y e$s.+7)1, and acceleration due to +>,
Both e$s.+1)>, &ive value o* & ) 'ut 'y entirely di**erent methods. !.0 and "omparison for acceleration due to #ravity by both e$uations i.e. #% &'()% #h & #( *1+h(,-!
0o( at di**erent hei&hts acceleration due to &ravity 'y 'oth e$uations i.e. &h 5P76H and &h 5 &7 +18h79,:. n one e$uation &h de#ends u#on P) 6 and H (hereas in other it only de#ends u#on altitude) h. ;ccordin& to &h 5 &7 +18h79,: the value o* & decreases steadily (hereas accordin& to &H 5P76H) the same decreases a'ru#tly. -he measurement o* & due to Emethod atmos#heric #ressure3 and .variation (ith altitude3) im#lies that & decreases (ith hei&ht) h. ;ccordin& to e$.+1, & de#ends u#on hei&ht h. Dhereas in e$.+1, or e$.+>, & indirectly de#ends u#on hei&ht h as #ressure decreases causin& decrease in hei&ht o* li$uid column H. ;t hei&ht o* 20=m the total air is only 1F im#lyin& considera'le decrease in #ressure as atmos#heric #ressure decreases. ;t hei&ht o* 20 =m) atmos#heric #ressure is 72.>// Pa and the same at hei&ht o* :2 =m is :211.0: Pa. -hus accordin&ly & (ill decrease. +i, -he varia'les in e$.+1, are density o* li$uid (hich can 'e =e#t constant) #ressure P can 'e measured 'y various methods ) hei&ht o* the column H has to 'e directly measured. -here are no such *actors li=e diameter o* tu'e +tu'es can 'e o* di**erent diameters,) viscosity) sur*ace tension) ca#illarity and an&les o* contact etc. E$.+1, is valid *or all li$uids and tu'es. -he various characteristics o* li$uids) are sho(n in -a'le . +a, For mercury 'arometer) the hei&ht o* li$uid column is 0.7.m. t is clear *rom e$.+2, the hei&ht o* mercury column is re&arded as standard and &ive unit o* #ressure 1.01< 102 Pa. -his ma&nitude o* #ressure may 'e used *or calculatin& the hei&ht o* li$uid columns o* various li$uids. +', -he hei&hts o* li$uid columns o* ethyl alcohol) (ater and &lycerine 'arometers are &iven 'y 1<.1.m) 10.<<m) and 1.:m at sea level. n s#ite o* availa'ility o* #recise measurement techni$ues such ex#eriments are not conducted yet.
+i,-he acceleration due to &ravity also varies (ith altitude) and theoretically tends to ?ero at in*inity) accordin& to e$uation &h 5 & 7 +18h79,: . ;lso accordin& to &H 5P76H) acceleration due to &ravity 'ecomes ?ero (hen P50 #rovided 6 and H are *inite. ;t hi&her altitude the #ressure decreases a'ru#tly) hence &H. +ii, -he various ty#ical #redictions *or hei&hts o* li$uid columns are sho(n at -a'le . ;t distance o* :=m the hei&hts o* mercury) (ater and &lycerine columns are 0.2>.>m) 1.1121m) and ..//11m. -hese values are lo(er than values at sea level and hi&her than values at 1=m +ty#ical hei&ht o* #ea=s o* Mount Everest. For com#leteness the values H are determined at hei&hts :2=m +:211.0: Pa, and 20=m +72.>// Pa, a'ove sea level. +c, ;cceleration due to &ravity is more at #oles than at e$uator) hence accordin&ly the hei&ht o* li$uid column (ill vary accordin&ly. /.0 "ritical discussion +i, ;ccordin& to e$uation P 5 6&H) the #ressure is com#letely inde#endent o* other *actors such as diameters o* tu'es) viscosity) sur*ace tension o* li$uid) an&le o* contact and ca#illarity etc. -here is no *actor (hich ta=es in account the diameter o* the tu'e in (hich hei&ht o* li$uid column is measured. -heoretically) the hei&ht o* li$uid column must 'e same *or ca#illary tu'e +closed u##er end , and tu'e o* diameter t(o *eet. Ho(ever the #henomena o* rise or *all o* li$uids is o'served in ca#illary) (hereas u##er end is o#en. -his as#ect is not ta=en in account in e$uation P 56&H. +ii, Mercury does not (et the (alls o* container) (hereas (ater does. -his #ro#erty is li=ely to a**ect the hei&ht o* (ater column. +iii, Similarly &lycerine is the most viscous li$uid the viscosity o* &lycerine is .1>..7 times that o* mercury and 1021 times that o* (ater. t causes internal resistance o* the *luid and retards motion! it may a**ect the sta'ili?ation o* li$uid column. -he viscous *luids also (et the tu'e. +vi, -he acceleration due to &ravity at any hei&ht +&H 5 P76H, can 'e calculated 'y measurin& atmos#heric #ressure P and hei&ht o* li$uid column) H. ;t any hei&ht the atmos#heric #ressure P) can 'e =no(n *rom standard atmos#heric calculator and H has to 'e ex#erimentally con*irmed *or various li$uids +mercury) (ater) &lycerine etc,. -hus &H can 'e measured. On the other hand acceleration due to &ravity &h 5 &7 +18h79,:) varies (ith hei&ht (hich can 'e easily estimated. 0o( 'oth values o* & must 'e the same. For
consistency o* 'oth values o* & ) the hei&hts o* li$uid columns are sho(n in -a'le . +v, -hus undou'tedly mercury may 'e re&arded as ideal li$uid *or such measurements as it has lo( viscosity hence comes to rest $uic=ly) and does not (ets the (alls o* &lass tu'e. But the ex#eriments has to 'e conducted under diverse conditions *or various li$uids) in vie( o* e$.+1, *or &eneral conclusions.
0able 11 "omparison of various characteristics of 2thyl alcohol3 water3 #lycerine and mercury. "haracteristic 2thyl alcohol 6ensity+ k#(m/ Coe**. O* viscosity +#oise, 678 1.<: 10A/ 1)000 1.01 10A: 1:.0 10..> 1<.00 12.2 10A< 4ater Glycerine 5ercury
Sur*ace tension+dyne7cm,
!!./
72..
.<.1
/.2 +dyne7cm,
AA AA Dets
10.<<
1.:0:
0.7.
0able
diameters3 at different hei#hts. Sr. Hei&ht Pressure ;cceleration Mercury Dater +H1, Glycerine +H:,
+&, >.1
H5P76& 0.7. 0..7/< 0.2>.7 0.2:.2 0./.<0 0./02> 0.<2/. 0.<017 0.:.77 0.01>12 0.00021
H15P761& 10.<< >.17<7 1.1121 7.1.0. ..:>77 2.2:01 /.1:</ /.1>>0 <../17 0.:.0/7 0.007>>>
H:5P76:& 1.:0: 7.:107 ..//11 2..1< /.>>11 /.<11. <.1:11 <.<<:. :.1>0: 0.:0.7: 0.00.:2:
1>)17/.27 >.7>.> 7>)/12.: 70)101.2 .1)./0.: 2/)01>.> /7)111. >.7><1 >.7>01 >.7177 >.71/7 >.711.
9.0
"onclusions
-he acceleration due to &ravity) & varies (ith altitude and it can 'e measured (ith t(o methods i.e. &H 5 P76H and &h 5 &7 +18h79,:. -he values o* &h 'y 'oth methods must 'e the same. -he acceleration due to &ravity has not yet 'een measured 'y *ormer method. Moreover in this case there are many #arameters *or (hich e$uation to 'e tested) only then &eneral conclusions can 'e dra(n. For consistency o* 'oth the methods the values o* hei&ht o* li$uids columns + *or mercury) (ater and &lycerine), are 0..7/<m) >.17<7m and 7.:107m at hei&ht o* :=m a'ove sea level. Such o'servations have not 'een ta=en 'y scientists in the existin& literature. n this re&ard it can 'e added that e$uation &h 5 P76H (as derived *or ima&inary cylinder o* li$uid) (hich is su'mer&ed in the li$uid o* the same density. Dhereas in determination o* hei&ht o* li$uid column) the a'ove the li$uid column there is vacuum. Further a##arently some si&ni*icant *actors such as diameters o* tu'es) viscosity) sur*ace tension o* li$uid) an&le o* contact and ca#illarity etc have 'een excluded. ;lso the e$uation (as derived *or ima&inary cylinder in e$uili'rium (ith li$uid at rest. Ho(ever it is a##lied *or #ractical #ur#oses as cited a'ove. Such *actors may a**ect the results. -hus sensitive ex#eriments are re$uired to com#are the 'oth values o* &. t is e$ually #ossi'le in vie( o* diverse #arameters o* various li$uids) mercury has to 'e re&arded as standard in measurements o* #ressure. -he value o* & due to altitude
decreases steadily) (hereas due to atmos#heric #ressure & decreases a'ru#tly. So sensitive ex#eriments are a'solutely necessary to dra( concrete conclusions.
Acknowled#ements ;uthor is hi&hly inde'ted to 6r - 9amasami and 6r Ste#hen Crothers *or encoura&ements and critical discussions.
,eferences @1B ;''ott) ;.F.) Ordinary Level Physics, /th ed. ;rnold Heinemann) 0e( 6elhi ##. 102A11<) +1>1/,. @:B 9esnic=) 9. and 6. Halliday, Physics Part, 42nd ed. Diley Eastern 4imited) 0e( 6elhi ##. 9/!:9/;) +1>>:,. @<B Sears) F.D.) Heemans=y) M.D. and H.6. Ioun&) University Physics, 13th ed. 0arosa Pu'lishin& House) 0e( 6elhi ##. !86:!873 +1>12,.