Chapter 9

! Bacteria divide by binary fission ! Somatic cells divide by mitosis ! Sex cells (gametes) are the result of meiosis

Part-1: Proliferation

! More than one in number ! Linear chromosomes ! Highly condensed ! High degree of compaction

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Chromosome

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Chromosome

Rosettes of Chromatin Loops Scaffold protein

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chromosome

Rosettes of Chromatin Loops Scaffold protein

Chromatin Loop Scaffold protein

Chromatin loop

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chromosome

Rosettes of Chromatin Loops Scaffold protein

Chromatin Loop Scaffold protein

Solenoid

Chromatin loop

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chromosome Chromatin Loop Scaffold protein

Rosettes of Chromatin Loops Scaffold protein

Solenoid

Chromatin loop

Nucleosome Histone core DNA

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chromosome

Rosettes of Chromatin Loops Scaffold protein

Chromatin Loop Scaffold protein

Solenoid

Chromatin loop

DNA Double Helix (duplex)

Nucleosome Histone core DNA

! Orderly arrangement of chromosomes ! Diploid (2n) number is 46

! 23 pairs of chromosomes ! Each set is a homologous pair

! Haploid (n) number is 23

! Before replication, each chromosome composed of single DNA molecule ! After replication, each chromosome composed of two DNA molecules (now called chromatids)

Homologous chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes

Replication

chromatids chromatids

Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)

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Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)

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The eukaryotic cell cycle has 5 main phases: 1. G1 (gap phase 1) 2. S (synthesis) 3. G2 (gap phase 2) 4. M (mitosis) 5. C (cytokinesis)

interphase

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! During interphase, cells

! Engage in metabolic activities ! Prepare for the next cell division ! G1,S and G2

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!! The cell gathers nutrients, carries out its regular metabolic roles, and performs its normal function.
!! Commits to divide.

!! Some cells never divide; they stay in G1, called Go phase. !! Cell prepares for DNA replication.
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!! DNA replication occurs. !! Each DNA is associated with histone proteins and is called chromatin. !! At the end of S phase,
!! duplicated DNA molecules stay attached. !! chromatids are formed.

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Chromosomes must be replicated before cell division. -Replicated chromsomes are connected to each other at their kinetochores -cohesin complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together -sister chromatids: 2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome
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Homologous chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes

Kinetochore

Replication Cohesin proteins Kinetochores

Centromere

Sister chromatids Sister chromatids

During G2 the chromosomes undergo condensation, becoming tightly coiled. Centrioles (microtubule-organizing centers) replicate and one centriole moves to each pole. Final preparations are made for cell division.
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Figure 18-15 Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)

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Package sister chromatids _______

Sister chromatids align ______ Sister chromatids separate ______ Form daughter nuclei ______

Division of the nucleus ______

Additional growth stage ____

CELL CYCLE

Cytoplasmic division ____

DNA replication ______ Primary growth stage ______

__________ Animal cell _______ Plant cell _____

! Chromatin ! Chromatid ! Chromosome ! Genome ! Centromere ! Kinetochore

! Cells gather information about themselves and their environment for this decision ! Cell cycle checkpoints time points in the cell cell cycle
! Cells evaluate their genetic health, their location in the body and the body s need for more cells.

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Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)

Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)

! Several proteins function as checkpoint regulators ! Two classes of genes that encode checkpoint proteins:

! Proto-oncogenes ! Tumor-suppressor genes

! Balance of these two proteins decides fate of cell cycle

! A tumor suppressor protein - p53 ! Functions at the G1-S and G2-M checkpoints ! Tries to repair damaged DNA; if not possible, cell is killed ! Mutations in p53 gene often lead to cancer