FLUID MECHANICS

Objectives: To define the term of f!"id# To deve!o$ "nderst%ndin& of she%r stress in % movin& f!"id To 'no( differences bet(een f!"ids %nd so!ids) Ne(toni%n %nd Non* ne(toni%n f!"ids To 'no( the f!"id $ro$erties s"ch %s densit+) s$ecific densit+) etc,

F!"id Mech%nics * Introd"ction

Fluid Mechanics is that section of applied mechanics, concerned with the statics and dynamics of liquids and gases. Fluid Statics: Which treats fluids in the equilibrium state of no shear stress Fluid Mechanics: Which treats when portions of fluid are in motion relative to other parts.

Ch%$ter - F!"ids %nd their $ro$erties

-,- F!"ids In everyday life, we recognize three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Although different in many respects, liquids and gases have a common characteristic in which they differ from solids: they are fluids, lacking the ability of solids to offer a permanent resistance to a deforming force.

ig. !. "eformation caused by shearing forces "efinition: A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing forces, however small they may be. #onversely, it follows that:

If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing forces acting and, therefore, all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to the planes upon which they act. -,. She%r stress in % movin& f!"id

ig.$ %ariation of velocity with distance from a solid boundary &ewton's law of viscosity
=
du dy

where ( shear stress, ( dynamic viscosity -,/ Differences bet(een so!ids %nd f!"ids: )he differences between the behaviours of solids and fluids under an applied force are as follows: i. ii. or a solid, the strain is a function of the applied stress, providing that the elastic limit is not e*ceeded. or a fluid, the rate of strain is proportional to the applied stress. )he strain in a solid is independent of the time over which the force is applied and, if the elastic limit is not e*ceeded, the deformation disappears when the force is removed. A fluid continues to flow as long as the force is applied and will not recover its original form when the force is removed.

-,0 Ne(toni%n %nd Non*ne(toni%n f!"ids &ewtonian fluids: luids which obey the &ewton+s law of viscosity are called as &ewtonian fluids. &ewton+s law of viscosity is given by ( dv,dy where ( shear stress ( viscosity of fluid dv,dy ( shear rate, rate of strain or velocity gradient

ig. - %ariation of shear stress with velocity gradient Non*Ne(toni%n f!"ids: luids which do not obey the &ewton+s law of viscosity are called as non.&ewtonian fluids. /enerally non.&ewtonian fluids are comple* mi*tures: slurries, pastes, gels, polymer solutions etc., Plastic, Bingham-plastic: 0esist a small shear stress but flow easily under larger shear stresses. e.g. tooth.paste, 1ellies, and some slurries. Pseudo-plastic: 2ost non.&ewtonian fluids fall into this group. %iscosity decreases with increasing velocity gradient. e.g. polymer solutions, blood. 3seudoplastic fluids are also called as 4hear thinning fluids. At low shear rates5du,dy6 the shear thinning fluid is more viscous than the &ewtonian fluid, and at high shear rates it is less viscous. Dilatant fluids: %iscosity increases with increasing velocity gradient. )hey are uncommon, but suspensions of starch and sand behave in this way. "ilatant fluids are also called as shear thickening fluids.

Time dependent behaviors: )hose which are dependent upon duration of shear. Thixotropic fluids: for which the dynamic viscosity decreases with the time for which shearing forces are applied. e.g. thi*otropic 1elly paints. Rheopectic fluids: "ynamic viscosity increases with the time for which shearing forces are applied. e.g. gypsum suspension in water. Visco-elastic fluids: 4ome fluids have elastic properties, which allow them to spring back when a shear force is released. e.g. egg white. -,1 Densit+ !.7.! 2ass density 2ass density is defined as the mass of the substance per unit volume. 8nits: kilograms per cubic meter 5kg,m-6 !.7.$ 4pecific weight 4pecific weight w is defined as the weight per unit volume. w ( g 8nits: &ewtons per cubic meter 5&m.-6 !.7.- 0elative density 0elative density is defined as the ratio of mass density of a substance to some standard mass density. ( substance, water at 9# 8nits: no units !.7.9 4pecific volume 4pecific volume is defined as the reciprocal of mass density. -,2 3iscosit+ !.:.! #oefficient of dynamic viscosity )he coefficient of dynamic viscosity can be defined as the shear force per unit area 5or shear stress6 required to drag one layer of fluid with unit velocity past another layer a unit distance away from it in the fluid. 8nits: &ewton seconds per square meter 5& s m.$6

!.:.$ ;inematic viscosity ;inematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density. ( , 8nits: square meter per second 5m$,s6