About the Course

Complex Numbers
Opening
Course Outline
Opening
In mathematics you dont understand things. You just get used to them.
Johann von Neumann (1903 - 1957)
Mathematician, Computer Scientist
Dr. Serkan G unel 1 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Opening
Course Outline
Course Outline I
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Dr. Serkan G unel 2 / 52
Notes
Notes
MAT2001 Complex Analysis
Lecture I : Complex Numbers I
Assit.Prof.Dr. Serkan G unel
Dokuz Eyl ul University
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Izmir, TURKEY
serkan.gunel@deu.edu.tr
21.09.2011
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
What is a Complex Number?
Consider the solution of
x
2
+ b
2
= 0, b R (1)
Clearly, there is no x R that solves this equation. Because squares of
reals numbers are always positive!
Question:
Can we extend the numbers such that this equation has a solution?
Dr. Serkan G unel 4 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Denition
Consider the solution of equation
z
2
+ 1 = 0 = z
1,2
=

1 (2)
Let us dene
1
i

=

1 (3)
Then, two possible solutions are
z
1,2
= i
By same line of reasoning the solutions of z
2
+ b
2
= 0 are z
1,2
= ib.
1

= means by denition equal to

Dr. Serkan G unel 5 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Now, consider a more general quadratic polynomial of the form
c
2
z
2
+ c
1
z + c
0
= 0, c
0
, c
1
, c
2
R (4)
Then the solution would be:
z
1,2
=
c
1

_
c
2
1
4c
2
c
0
2c
2
(5)
Let = c
2
1
4c
2
c
0
. If < 0, we can write the solution as
z
1,2
=
c
1
2c
2

1
2c
2
_
i
2
, Since i
2

= 1, and > 0
=
c
1
2c
2
i

2c
2
= a + ib
Notice that
a =
c
1
2c
2
R b =

2c
2
R.
Dr. Serkan G unel 6 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Denition of Complex Number
Denition (Complex Number)
A complex number is any number of the form z = a + ib where a R
and b R and i is the imaginary unit dened as i
2

= 1. Set of all
complex numbers is denoted as C that is
C

=
_
z | z = a + ib, a R, b R, i
2
= 1
_
(6)
Denition (Real and Imaginary Parts)
Let z = a + ib, a, b R be a complex number. Then a is the real part
and b is the imaginary part of z. We denote these as:
Re(z) = a (7a)
Im(z) = b (7b)
Dr. Serkan G unel 7 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Remarks
In electrical engineering we use j instead of i in order to denote
imaginary unit.
Clearly, z = Re(z) + i Im(z).
Imaginary part of z = a + ib is b, not ib!
Since any real number x can be considered as z = x + i 0, R C.
Dr. Serkan G unel 8 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Equality of Complex Numbers
Denition (Equality of Complex Numbers)
Let z
1
, z
2
C, then z
1
= z
2
if and only if
Re(z
1
) = Re(z
2
), and Im(z
1
) = Im(z
2
) (8)
Remark
Note that comparison of two complex numbers are not dened!
Operators >, <, and are meaningless.
Dr. Serkan G unel 9 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Arithmetic Operations
Let z
1
= a
1
+ ib
1
and z
2
= a
2
+ ib
2
. Then following operations are well
dened:
Addition : z
1
+ z
2

= (a
1
+ ib
1
) + (a
2
+ ib
2
)
= (a
1
+ a
2
) + i (b
1
+ b
2
) (9)
Subtraction : z
1
z
2

= (a
1
+ ib
1
) (a
2
+ ib
2
)
= (a
1
a
2
) + i (b
1
b
2
) (10)
Multiplication : z
1
z
2

= (a
1
+ ib
1
)(a
2
+ ib
2
)
= (a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2
) + i (a
1
b
2
+ a
2
b
1
) (11)
Division :
z
1
z
2

=
a
1
+ ib
1
a
2
+ ib
2
=
a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
a
2
2
+ b
2
2
+ i
b
1
a
2
a
1
b
2
a
2
2
+ b
2
2
, a
2
= 0 or b
2
= 0
(12)
Dr. Serkan G unel 10 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Properties of Arithmetic Operators
For z1, z2, z3 C following properties hold
Addition is commutative : z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 (13)
Multiplication is commutative : z1 z2 = z2 z1 (14)
Addition is associative : z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3 (15)
Multiplication is associative : z1 (z2 z3) = (z1 z2) z3 (16)
Distributive Law : z1(z2 + z3) = (z1 z2) + (z1 z3) (17)
We also have:
Additive identity : z1 + (0 + i 0) = z1 (18)
Additive inverse : z1 + (z1) = (0 + i 0) (19)
Multiplicative identity : z1 (1 + i 0) = z1 (20)
Multiplicative inverse : z1 (
1
z1
) = (1 + i 0) (21)
Besides additive identity is multiplicative null element, i.e.
z1 (0 + i 0) = (0 + i 0). Therefore complex numbers forms a eld with
dened addition and multiplication operations!
Dr. Serkan G unel 11 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Conjugate Operation
Denition (Complex Conjugate)
If z = a + ib, then complex conjugate of z is z = a ib.
Properties
If z, z
1
, z
2
C then
z = z (22)
z
1
+ z
2
= z
1
+ z
2
(23)
z
1
z
2
= z
1
z
2
(24)
_
z
1
z
2
_
=
z
1
z
2
(25)
Re(z) =
z + z
2
, Im(z) =
z z
2i
(26)
z
1
z
2
=
z
1
z
2
z
2
z
2
(27)
Dr. Serkan G unel 12 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Complex Plane
x-axis
Real axis
y-axis
Imaginary axis
z = a + ib
(a, b)
b
a
zplane
|
z
|
Another representation for a complex
number z = a + ib is (a, b).
A complex number can also be viewed
as a vector.
Indeed, C is a vector space with
scalars are taken from R. Let
,
1
,
2
R and z, z
1
, z
2
C:
Clearly, associativity, commutativity,
identity element, and inverse element
properties of addition is already satised.
We also have,
(z
1
+ z
2
) = z
1
+ z
2
,
(
1
+
2
)z =
1
z +
2
z,

1
(
2
z) = (
1

2
)z,
1 z = z
Dr. Serkan G unel 13 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Remarks
Since C is a vector space over scalar eld R, they share the same
properties of all (abstract) vector spaces.
C is a eld with dened addition and multiplication operators.
Therefore, the most important result is we can use all linear
algebraic concepts used in real spaces in C, too.
You can use matrix algebra with matrices whose elements are taken
from C and apply the same rules. Determinant rules, Cramers rule,
etc. apply to complex numbers, too.
Dr. Serkan G unel 14 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Complex Plane
x-axis
Real axis
y-axis
Imaginary axis
z = x + iy
(x, y)
y
x
zplane
|
z
|
Denition (Modulus, Absolute Value)
The modulus or absolute value of a
complex number z = x + iy, is the real
number
|z|

=
_
x
2
+ y
2
(28)
Properties
For all z, z
1
, z
2
C
|z| 0, |z| = 0 z = 0 (29)
|z|
2
= z z, |z| =

z z (30)
|z1 z2| = |z1| |z2| (31)

z1
z2

=
|z1|
|z2|
(32)
|z1 + z2| |z1| +|z2| (33)
Dr. Serkan G unel 15 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Addition and subtraction in complex plane
Re
Im
z
1
z
2
|z2
|
z = z
1
+ z
2
|
z
1
+
z
2
|
|
z
1
|
z
2
w = z
1
z
2
Dr. Serkan G unel 16 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Conjugation in complex plane
Re
Im
z = x + iy
z = x iy z = x iy
z = x + iy
z + z
z z
Dr. Serkan G unel 17 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Example - Complex Linear Algebraic System of Equations
Solve
z1 + iz2 + z3 = 1
iz1 z3 = 0
z2 + (i 1)z3 = 0
Rearranging in matrix form we have
Az = b
_
_
1 i 1
i 0 1
0 1 (i 1)
_
_
_
_
z1
z2
z3
_
_
=
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
det(A) =

1 i 1
i 0 1
0 1 (i 1)

= 1

0 1
1 (i 1)

(i )

i 1
1 (i 1)

+ 0

i 1
0 1

Dr. Serkan G unel 18 / 52

Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Example - Complex Linear Algebraic System of Equations
det(A) = 1

0 1
1 (i 1)

(i )

i 1
1 (i 1)

+ 0

i 1
0 1

= 1 (0 (i 1) (1 1)) + i (i (i 1) 1 1) = 2 2i
Using Cramers rule we have
1 =

1 i 1
0 0 1
0 1 (i 1)

= 1

0 1
1 (i 1)

= 1 z1 =
1

=
1
2 2i
=
1
4
(1 + i )
2 =

1 1 1
i 0 1
0 0 (i 1)

= 1

i 1
0 (i 1)

= 1 i z2 =
2

=
1 i
2 2i
=
i
2
3 =

1 i 1
i 0 0
0 1 0

= 1

i 0
0 1

= i z3 =
3

=
i
2 2i
=
1
4
(1 i )
Dr. Serkan G unel 19 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
1 2 3 4
0

15

30

45

60

75
90

105

120

135

150

165

180

195

210

225

240

255

270
285

300

315

330

345

Re
Im
r
=
|
z
|
z
x = r cos()
y
=
r
s
i
n
(

Let z = x + iy, dene

r

= |z| =
_
Re
2
(z) + Im
2
(z) (34)
=
_
x
2
+ y
2

= arctan
_
Im(z)
Re(z)
_
(35)
= arctan
_
y
x
_
(36)
x = r cos() (37)
y = r sin() (38)
z = r cos() + i r sin()
= r (cos() + i sin()) (39)
= r cis() (40)
= r (41)
Dr. Serkan G unel 20 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Argument, Principle Argument
Denition (Argument)
Let z = r (cos() + i sin()) = r , then is called the argument of the
complex number. We denote the argument as:
arg(z) = + 2k, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . (42)
Remark
arg(z) is multi-valued.
Denition (Principle Argument)
The argument of a complex number z that lies in the interval
< is called the principal value of arg(z) or the principal
argument of z, and denoted as Arg(z). Clearly,
< Arg(z) (43)
arg z = Arg(z) + 2k, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . (44)
Dr. Serkan G unel 21 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Multiplication in Polar Form
Let z
1
= r
1
(cos(
1
) + i sin(
1
)) and z
2
= r
2
(cos(
2
) + i sin(
2
)) . Then
z
1
z
2
= [r
1
(cos(
1
) + i sin(
1
))] [r
2
(cos(
2
) + i sin(
2
))] (45)
= r
1
r
2
[(cos(
1
) cos(
2
) sin(
1
) sin(
2
))
+ i (cos(
1
) sin(
2
) + sin(
1
) cos(
2
))] (46)
= r
1
r
2
(cos(
1
+
2
) + i sin(
1
+
2
)) (47)
= r
1
r
2

1
+
2
(48)
= |z
1
| |z
2
|
1
+
2
(49)
cos(A B) = cos(A) cos(B) sin(A) sin(B)
sin(A B) = cos(A) sin(B) sin(A) cos(B)
In other words
|z
1
z
2
| = |z
1
| |z
2
| (50)
arg(z
1
z
2
) = arg(z
1
) + arg(z
2
) (51)
Dr. Serkan G unel 22 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Division in Polar Form
Let z1 = r1 (cos(1) + i sin(1)) and z2 = r2 (cos(2) + i sin(2)) . Then
z1
z2
=
r1 (cos(1) + i sin(1))
r2 (cos(2) + i sin(2))
(52)
=
r1 (cos(1) + i sin(1))
r2 (cos(2) + i sin(2))

cos(2) i sin(2)
cos(2) i sin(2)
(53)
=
r1
r2
cos(1) cos(2) + sin(1) sin(2) i (cos(1) sin(2) sin(1) cos(2))
cos
2
(2) + sin
2
(2)
(54)
=
r1
r2
(cos(1 2) + i sin(1 2)) (55)
=
r1
r2
1 2 =
|z1|
|z2|
1 2 (56)

z1
z2

=
|z1|
|z2|
(57)
arg
_
z1
z2
_
= arg(z1) arg(z2) (58)
Dr. Serkan G unel 23 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Remarks
Addition and subtraction are easier in Cartesian form, however
multiplication and division are easier in polar form.
Steinmetz notation z = r is usually preferred in electrical
engineering.
z = r cis() notation is not preferred much.
If z = 0, arg(z) is not dened!
Arg(z
1
z
2
) = Arg(z
1
) + Arg(z
2
) and Arg(z
1
/z
2
) = Arg(z
1
) Arg(z
2
),
in general !
With addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations
acting on complex numbers we can generate all geometric
operations on plane.

Scaling,

Translation,

Rotation.
Dr. Serkan G unel 24 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
1 2 3 4
0

15

30

45

60

75
90

105

120

135

150

165

180

195

210

225

240

255

270
285

300

315

330

345

z
i
i z
w
z2
Multiplication by i rotates z, 90

counter clockwise (ccw)!

Dr. Serkan G unel 25 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Powers of Complex Numbers
Let z = r (cos() + i sin()) = r , then
z
2
= r r + = r
2
2 (59)
z
3
= zz
2
= r r
2
+ 2 = r
3
3 (60)
.
.
. (61)
z
n
= zz
n1
= r r
n1
+ (n 1)
z
n
= r
n
n (62)
= r
n
(cos(n) + i sin(n)) (63)
Dr. Serkan G unel 26 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
de Moivres Formula
Let z = (cos() + i sin()) = 1 , then
z
n
= (cos() + i sin())
n
= 1
n
n (64)
= (cos(n) + i sin(n)) (65)
(cos() + i sin())
n
= (cos(n) + i sin(n)) (66)
Dr. Serkan G unel 27 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Negative Powers of Complex Numbers
Let z = r (cos() + i sin()), then
z
1
=
1
z
=
1 0

r
=
1
r
= r
1
(cos() i sin()) (67)
z
2
=
1
z
2
=
1 0

r
2
2
= r
2
(cos(2) i sin(2)) (68)
.
.
. (69)
z
n
=
1
z
n
=
1 0

r
n
n
= r
n
(cos(n) i sin(n)) (70)
Dr. Serkan G unel 28 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Roots of Complex Numbers
We dene n
th
root of a complex number z as the complex number w
that satises:
z = w
n
(71)
Let z = r (cos() + i sin()) and w = (cos() + i sin())
z = w
n
(72)
r (cos() + i sin()) =
n
(cos(n) + i sin(n)) (73)
= r =
n
+ 2k = n k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Solving for and yields
=
n

r (74)
=
+ 2k
n
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . n 1 (75)
Therefore we have n roots
wk =
n

r
_
cos
_
+ 2k
n
_
+ i sin
_
+ 2k
n
__
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1
(76)
Dr. Serkan G unel 29 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Denition (Principle n
th
Root)
The unique root of a complex number z (obtained by using the principal
value of arg(z) with k = 0) is naturally referred to as the principal n
th
root of z.
The choice of Arg(z) and k = 0 guarantees us that when z is a positive
real number r , the principal n
th
root is
n

r .
Dr. Serkan G unel 30 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Roots of Unity
Let z = 1, then
z = w
3
= 1 0
w
k
=
n

r
_
cos
_
+ 2k
n
_

+ i sin
_
+ 2k
n
__
k = 0, 1, 2
w
k
=
3

1
_
cos
_
2k
3
_

+ i sin
_
2k
3
__
k = 0, 1, 2
0.5 1 1.5 2
0

15

30

45

60

75
90

105

120

135

150

165

180

195

210

225

240

255

270
285

300

315

330

345

z
w0
w1
w2
120

120

120

w0 = 1 0

, Principle cube root

w1 = cos

2
3

+ i sin

2
3

= 1 120

,
w2 = cos

4
3

+ i sin

4
3

= 1 120

Dr. Serkan G unel 31 / 52

About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Quadratic Equations
Consider the solution (roots) of the following quadratic equation
az
2
+ bz + c = 0, a, b, c C (77)
By direct substitution we can verify that the solution is
z =
b +
_
b
2
4ac
_
1/2
2a
(78)
Since b
2
4ac C, we have two roots as in real analysis.
Dr. Serkan G unel 32 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Example
Solve
z
2
+ (1 i )z 3i = 0.
Applying the quadratic root formula
z =
b +
_
b
2
4ac
_
1/2
2a
=
(1 i ) + ((1 i )
2
+ 4 3i )
1/2
2
with a = 1, b = (1 i ), c = 3i .
= b
2
4ac = (1 i )
2
+ 4 3i = 14i = 14 90

To get the roots of we apply the complex root formula:

w
2
= = 14 90

w
k
=

14
90+2k
2
, k = 0, 1
Dr. Serkan G unel 33 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
= w
0
=

14 45

7(1 i )
w
1
=

14 135

7(1 + i )
z
1
=
b + w
0
2a
=
(1 i ) +

7(1 i )
2
=

7 1
2
(1 i )
z
2
=
b + w
1
2a
=
(1 i )

7(1 i )
2
=
1

7
2
(1 i )
Dr. Serkan G unel 34 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Lines in Complex Plane
We can dene lines on complex
plane in several ways:
C
1
= {z | Re((m + i )z) + b = 0, b R}
(79)
where m is the slope and b is the
translation.
C
2
= {z | |z z
1
| = |z z
2
| , z
1
, z
2
C}
(80)
denes the set of points whose
distance to z
1
and z
2
is equal.
Re
Im
C
1
m
b

z
1
z
2
C
2
Dr. Serkan G unel 35 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Circles in Complex Plane
The set of points:
C = {z | |z zo| = , > 0, zo C}
(81)
denes a circle in zplane whose radius
is and center is zo.
To see this let z = x + iy and
zo = xo + iyo
|z zo| = |(x xo) + i (y yo)| =
=

(x xo)
2
+ (y yo)
2
=

2
= (x xo)
2
+ (y yo)
2
Re
Im
z
o

2
= (Re(z) Re(z
o
))
2
+ (Im(z) Im(z
o
))
2
(82)
Dr. Serkan G unel 36 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Disks in Complex Plane
The set of points:
R = {z | |z zo| , > 0, zo C}
(83)
denes a closed disk with radius and
center zo in zplane.
R = {z | |z zo| < , > 0, zo C}
(84)
denes a open disk with radius and
center zo in zplane.
Re
Im
z
o

Dr. Serkan G unel 37 / 52

About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Denitions about Set of Points in C
Denition (Neighborhood)
The set {z | |z z
o
| < } is called neighborhood of z
o
.
The {z | 0 < |z z
o
| < } is called deleted neighborhood of z
o
or a
punctured disk. Clearly, it does not include z
o
.
Denition (Interior Point)
A point z
o
is said to be an interior point of a set S of the complex plane
if there exists some neighborhood of z
o
that lies entirely within S.
Denition (Open Set)
If every point z of a set S is an interior point, then S is said to be an
open set.
Dr. Serkan G unel 38 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Some Open Sets
Re
Im
Open Left-half Plane
R
e
(z)
<
0
Re
Im
Open Right-half Plane
R
e
(z)
>
0
Re
Im
I
m
(z)
>
0
Re
Im
R
e
(
z
)
>
a
Re
Im
Open Unit Disc
1
Re
Im
Arbitrary open Set S
S
Dr. Serkan G unel 39 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Denitions about Set of Points in C II
Denition (Boundary Point)
If every neighborhood of a point z
o
of a set S contains at least one point
of S and at least one point not in S, then z
o
is said to be a boundary
point of S.
Denition (Boundary)
The collection of boundary points of a set S is called the boundary of S,
and denoted with S.
Denition (Exterior Point)
A point z that is neither an interior point nor a boundary point of a set S
is said to be an exterior point of S; in other words, z
o
is an exterior point
of a set S if there exists some neighborhood of z
o
that contains no points
of S.
Dr. Serkan G unel 40 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Boundary, Interior, Exterior
Re
Im
S
S I
n
t
e
r
io
r
Exterior
Boundary Point
Dr. Serkan G unel 41 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Denitions about Set of Points in C III
Denition (Connected Set)
If any pair of points z
1
and z
2
in a set S can be connected by a polygonal
line that consists of a nite number of line segments joined end to end
that lies entirely in the set, then the set S is said to be connected.
Denition (Domain)
An open connected set is called a domain.
Denition (Region)
A region is a set of points in the complex plane with all, some, or none of
its boundary points. Since an open set does not contain any boundary
points, it is automatically a region.
Dr. Serkan G unel 42 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Connected Set, Disconnected Set
Re
Im
S
z1
z2
Connected Set
Re
Im
S1 S2
z1
z2
Disconnected Set
Dr. Serkan G unel 43 / 52
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Denitions about Set of Points in C IV
Denition (Closed Set)
A region that contains all its boundary points is said to be closed.
Denition (Bounded Set)
A set S in the complex plane is bounded if there exists a real number
R > 0 such that |z| < R every z in S. That is, S is bounded if it can be
completely enclosed within some neighborhood of the origin.
Denition (Unbounded)
A set is unbounded if it is not bounded.
Dr. Serkan G unel 44 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Bounded Set, Unbounded Set
Re
Im
R
|z|
=
R
S
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
Sunbounded
R

Dr. Serkan G unel 45 / 52

About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Annulus
Let 0 <
1
<
2
, then the set
R = {z |
1
< |z z
o
| <
2
} (85)
is called an open circular annulus.
Similarly,
R = {z |
1
|z z
o
|
2
} (86)
is a closed annulus. z
o
1
2
Re
Im
R
Dr. Serkan G unel 46 / 52
Notes
Notes
About the Course
Complex Numbers
Denition and Properties
Arithmetic Operations, Complex Conjugate
Complex Plane
Polar form of a complex number
Power and Roots of Complex Numbers
Set of Points in Complex Plane
Extended Complex Plane
There is a one to one
correspondence between the point
on the real line and the unit circle.
x
y
R
2
a1
(x1, y1)
a2
(x2, y2)
a3
(x3, y3)
(0, 1)
a1 (x1, y1)
a2 (x2, y2)
a3 (x3, y3)
(0, 1)
Similarly, we can map the complex
plane to unit sphere.
Im
Re
(0, 0, 1)
|z| = (0, 0, 1);
When |z| = included, the plane is
called extended complex plane.
Dr. Serkan G unel 47 / 52
Notes
Notes