Module 6: The Cell

Cellular FunctionsTo maintain energycell must perform 3 basic functions: 1) bsorption !) "igestion #brea$ing do%n polysaccharides) 3) &espiration #brea$s do%n monosaccharides and produces energy) Three Methods of Cell 'limination1) '(cretion #in)ol)es %aste) !) 'gestion #in)ol)es %aste) 3) *ecretion #in)ol)es useful substances) For a cell to continue its e(istence+ it must perform: -,omeostasis #maintaining status -uo) -&eproduction #ma$ing more cells) Cells must perform 11 main functions in order to support.maintain life: absorption+ digestion+ respiration+ biosynthesis+ e(cretion+ egestion+ secretion+ mo)ement+ irritability+ homeostasis+ and reproduction

Cell *tructure /lant cells usually ha)e a cell %all0 animal cells do not /lasma membrane #semipermeable)- inside cell %all #if one e(ists)0 in case of animal cells+ plasma memb1 is all that separates the cell from its surroundings Cytoplasm- fluid in %hich all cell organelles are suspended -cytoplasmic streaming: motion of cytoplasm in cell that results in coordinated mo)ement of cell2s contents #important for cell to respond to change) Mitochondria- organelles in %hich nutrients are con)erted to energy0 3po%erhouse of cell4 b.c responsible for cell respiration 5ysosome- organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis

&ibosomes- non-membrane bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis 'ndoplasmic &eticulum #'&)- performs se)eral tas$s0 -in animal cells maintains cell2s shape -aids in transport of comple( molecules 6! types &ough and *mooth7 -&ough '& is part of protein synthesis since it has ribosomes /lastids #in)ol)ed in biosynthesis) -leucoplasts: store starches or oils -chromoplasts: contain pigments used in photosynthesis #e(1 Chloroplast) 8acuoles.8esicles-Central )acuole+ 9aste )acuoles+ /hagocytic )acuole -/inocytic )esicle+ *ecretion )esicle :olgi ;odies- store proteins.lipids Centrioles- ! functions #form flagella or cilia and in)ol)ed in ase(ual reproduction mitosis) <ucleus- 3control center of cell4stores cell2s "< 0 has it2s o%n structure Cytos$eleton- net%or$ of fibers that holds cell together+ helps cell $eep its shape+ and aids in mo)ement -made up of 3 fibers: microfilaments+ intermediate filaments+ microtubules ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,o% *ubstances Tra)el =n and >ut of Cells *ubstances lea)ing.entering cell must pass through plasma membrane1 plasma membrane is constructed of proteins+ cholesterol+ and phospholipids #has a phosphate group attached to ! fatty acid molecules) ! basic %ays substances enter.e(it a cell/assi)e Transport: mo)ement of molecules through the plasma membrane either by diffusion or osmosis cti)e Transport: mo)ement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that re-uires energy ?@nderstand Figure 61A on page 1AB

,o% Cells :et Their 'nergy Cells produce usable energy by a 3simple4 chemical reaction: glucose C o(ygen carbon dio(ide C %ater C energy cti)ation 'nergy- energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going #usually a little energy to start reaction but reaction %ill yield a greater amount of energy) erobic Cellular &espiration- accomplished through a D-stage process that begins in the cytoplasm 1st stage- :lycolysis #ta$es place in cytoplasm)
Glucose (burned by the cell) 2 pyruvic acid + 4Hydrogen + Energy

!nd stage- Formation of cetyl CoenEyme 3o(idation of pyru)ic acid4

#ta$es place in mitochondrion)

Pyruvic Acid +2 oA 2Acetyl oA + 2 arbon !io"ide +2 Hydrogen

3rd stage- 3Frebs Cycle4 or 3The Citric cid Cycle4 #ta$es place in Mitochondrion)
2 Acetyl oA + # $"ygen % Hydrogen + 4 arbon !io"ide + 2 oA + Energy

Dth stage- 'lectron Transport *ystem #ta$es place in mitochondrion) ?produces most energy of all D stages?
&2 Hydrogen +# $"ygen % 'ater + Energy

Chemicals are formed and used up throughout the D stages1 *o %hat is the end resultG 1 glucose molecule is reacted %ith 6 o(ygen molecules to ma$e 6 carbon dio(ide molecules+ 6 %ater molecules+ and energy1 &emember+ the beginning reaction re-uires acti)ation energy but more energy is produced as an end result1 9hat is that energyG &ead onH11 T/ and "/

T/- adenosine triphosphate #a molecule of stored energy produced in cellular respiration) "/- adenosine diphosphate #molecule of energy resulting from a phosphate group brea$ing off of an T/ molecule) *ee page 1BA+ Fig1 61B to see all D stages of erobic Cellular &espiration