LTE Physical Layer part 1

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Agenda
Physical layer overview OFDM: Downlink Modulation SC-FDMA: Uplink Modulation MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

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for Conf. Call

2009-12-04

Physical layer overview

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Channel Mapping
Downlink Uplink

PCCH

BCCH

DTCH

DCCH

CCCH

DTCH

DCCH

CCCH

Logical Channel
what type of information is transferred

MIB

SIB

PCH

BCH

DL-SCH

UL-SCH

RACH

Transport Channel
how and with what characteristics data are transferred

- Sched TF DL - CQI - Sched grant UL - ACK/NACK - Pwr Ctrl cmd PDCCH info- HARQ info ACK/NACK - Sched req

Physical Channel
bit, symbol, modulation, radio frame etc.

PBCH
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PDSCH PCFICH PDCCH

PHICH

PUCCH

PUSCH PRACH

Downlink (OFDM)

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Solutions for high-speed wireless telecommunication

Issues Solutions
Spacing more between symbols
InterSymbol interference (ISI)

Dividing into sub-carrier

Fading

Frequency scheduling /Adaptive modulation

RAKE receiver to combine multipath (for CDMA)

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Fading
Multipath Fading
The composite wave attenuates in order to combine the direct wave with the reflective wave which has different phase shift.
direct wave (A) reflective wave (B) composite wave (A)+(B)

Frequency selective fading

Quality of the particular bandwidth drops due to multipath. It may vary with time and geographical position.
Amplitude

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Frequency

Downlink - OFDM
Parallel transmission using multiple narrowband subcarrier. f
0=

15kHz

0*f0

1*f0

Frequency

d0, d1,, dN-1 S/P (di_= ai + jbi)

(N-1)*f0

s(t)
s(t)

20MH (example)

s(t) is given by:

N 1 n =0 N 1 n =0

s(t ) = (an cos2nf 0t bn sin 2nf 0t ) = d n e j 2nf 0t

where N is the number of sub-carriers.
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Time (t)

T = 1 / f0

Downlink - OFDM
In order to implement this function, N digital modulators and N carrier wave generators are needed. (In case of LTE, maximum number of N is 2400)

Unrealistic!!
Consider that s(t) (0 t < T)is sampled during symbol period T at 1/N intervals.
N 1 N 1 j 2nf 0 j 2nf 0 T j k N 1 Nf N 0 = dn e = dn e s T = d n e N n =0 n =0 n =0 k k 2nk N

(k = 0,1,..., N 1)

This means that s(t) can be computed by Inverse FFT from dn (n=0,..., N-1).
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Uplink (SC-FDMA)

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Disadvantage of OFDM (1)

High Peak
sub-carrier 1

sub-carrier 2

sub-carrier 3

Consisting of a large number of sub-carriers results in a high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio).
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Disadvantage of OFDM (2)

Performance of Power Amplifier
Linear zone Output
Saturation Point

Non-linear zone

Distortion!!

Input

Amplification on non-linear zone causes harmonic component.

Interference with adjacent bandwidth
Actual bandwidth
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Frequency

MIMO

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Type of Multi-antenna technology

MISO
(Multiple Input Single Output)

MISO
(Multiple Input Single Output)

MIMO
(Multiple Input Multiple Output)

Directional
Antenna / Beam forming gain

Omnidirectional
Reducing the effect of fading Multiplexing data streams

(e.g.)

(e.g.)

(e.g.)

S/P
Delay

Transmitting signal in best direction Beam Forming

Transmitting the same signal in all directions Tx Diversity

Transmitting multiple signals in different directions Space Multiplexing

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Precoding
UE estimates the channel, selects the best precoding matrix and feeds back the selected index in the codebook to eNodeB.
W

y0 Y = = H W S + n y 1

s0 S = s 1

Precoding

h00 h01 H = h h 10 11
Feedback Precoding Matrix Index

W: Selected from pre-defined codebook known at eNodeB and UE

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Usage of multi antenna technology for LTE

Different antenna technology can be used in accordance with the objective.

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Throughput

Combined with Space Multiplexing & Beamforming Space Multiplexing

TX Diversity

Beamforming

Coverage

Overview of physical channel processing

Downlink
code words layers antenna ports Modulation mapper Layer mapper Scrambling Modulation mapper Precoding
Resource element mapper Resource element mapper

from channel coding

Scrambling

OFDM signal generation

To Antenna

OFDM signal generation

Uplink
from channel coding
Modulation mapper Transform precoder SC-FDMA signal gen.

Scrambling

Resource element mapper

To Antenna

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backup

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Reference Signal
There are three ways to transmit reference signal. Cell Specific
Common in the cell (similar to CPICH on UMTS) Consist of the sequence identifying cell (similar to SC on UMTS) When a reference signal is transmitted from one antenna port, it is not transmitted from any other antenna ports in order to identify antenna port.

UE Specific
It is used for a particular UE. (e.g. beamforming)

MBSFN Specific
Extended CP is taken into consideration.

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Reference Signal
There are three ways to transmit reference signal. Cell Specific
Common in the cell (similar to CPICH on UMTS) Consist of the sequence identifying cell (similar to SC on UMTS) When a reference signal is transmitted from one antenna port, it is not transmitted from any other antenna ports in order to identify antenna port.

UE Specific
It is used for a particular UE. (e.g. beamforming)

MBSFN Specific
Extended CP is taken into consideration.

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