DBQ ESSAY QUESTION ONE

Step 1: Analyzing the question Directions: The first step in doing any DBQ is determining exactly what the question is asking you to do. Jot down your ideas in your workspace.
Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians1 of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity !n light of the following documents and your knowledge of the 1"#$%s and 1"&$%s to what e'tent do you agree with the Jacksonians( view of themselves) In order to answer this question fully you will need to include a consideration of: !""who the Jacksonians# $or Jackson%s supporters& were #""the constitutional' issues of the !(#)%s and !(')%s and how Jackson dealt with them '""any e*idence that political democracy+ was ,eing challenged or de*eloped at this time +""issues of indi*idual li,erty- raised during the !(#)%s and !(')%s -""issues in*ol*ing equality of economic opportunity. .""how well the *iew that Jacksonian Democrats were guardians of the four areas can ,e supported. /i*e specific examples of all four areas. 0ou will find some examples in the documents which you will read and analy1e first. Draw on information that you ha*e learned in your studies to pro*ide other examples and to help explain the extent to which you agree with the statement.

Step 2: Recalling relevant information Directions: 2hen answering any essay question you should ,riefly list the main e*ents of the time period addressed ,efore you read the documents $do so in your work space&. This will ,ecome your 3outside information3 that you will wea*e into your essay. 4ssays that lack this required outside information do not generally recei*e *ery high scores.
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Or protectors. This includes the various roups in !ac"son#s $road coalition% such as s&all 'ar&ers and ur$an (or"ers. ) This includes issues such as states# ri hts% nulli'ication% and the U.S. Ban". * A si&ple de'inition o' de&ocrac+ is a overn&ent in (hich people have a voice or there is &a,orit+ rule. This includes issues a$out slaver+% (o&en% and Native A&ericans. . This includes opportunit+ 'or s&all 'ar&ers and (or"in &en and (o&en.

Outside Information This is some5 of the information that 67 students included in their essays. 6ge of the 8ommon 9an 6ge of Jackson U.S. Constitution Jackson%s philosophy""elected ,y the people and responsi,le to them 2e,ster":ayne de,ate 9ays*ille *eto nullification;tariff crisis $8alhoun and <outh 8arolina& Bank *eto Political Democracy ma=ority rule"",y white men politics and elections> disputed election of !(#+ campaign of !(#( $rise of Democratic and ?ational @epu,lican parties& formation of the 2hig 7arty 2orking 9en%s 7arty la,or and trade unionism spoils system Individual Liberty position on sla*ery Indian remo*al $generally 8herokees& 2orcester *. /eorgia 8herokee nation cases Black people immigrants and ur,an rioting de Tocque*ille and 6merican democracy @eform and reformers $/arrison /rimke sisters a,olition women%s rights etc. Equality of Economic Opportunity 2orking 9en%s 7arty Bank recharter $Jackson 8lay and Biddle& Taney remo*al of federal deposits from A.<. Bank and pet ,anks Taney and the <upreme 8ourt specie circular panic of !('5 Bowell mill girls

You should not $e over(hel&ed $+ this list. It includes in'or&ation 'ro& thousands o' essa+s% not one particular essa+. You could do ver+ (ell i' +ou include onl+ a s&all a&ount o' the in'or&ation here% particularl+ i' +ou develop it (ell. There is% o' course% additional relevant in'or&ation not listed here.

Step : Drafting the thesis statement and outline Directions: Before you read the documents draft a thesis statement and outline for your essay $in your work space&. This will help you organi1e your thoughts. It will also ensure that you include ample outside information. 0ou will ha*e a chance to re*ise this after you read the documents and ,efore you ,egin to write.
<ample Draft Cutline Thesis statement that e*aluates the extent to which Jacksonian Democrats were the guardians of democracy. I. Jacksonian Democrats and the 8onstitution 6. 7resident responsi,le to the common people B. Defies <upreme 8ourt ruling concerning 8herokee 8. 2illingness to use force against <outh 8arolina D. <upreme 8ourt and monopoly 7olitical democracy 6. Increased political participation expansion of right to *ote B. <poils system kitchen ca,inet 8. Ba,or and unionism D. 4lections of !(#( and !('# 4. Dormation of the 2hig 7arty

II.

III. Indi*idual li,erty 6. 6merican society;democracy B. Indian remo*al policy 8. 8ontinued existence of sla*ery D. 2omen%s rights IE. 4quality of economic opportunity 6. Eeto of Bank esta,lishment of pet ,anks 9ays*ille @oad *eto B. <pecie circular 8. 7anic of !('5 and 2higs D. 8ompetition and monopoly <ample Thesis <tatements Thesis !: Jac sonian Democrats! supporters and follo"ers of #ndre" Jac son! "ere indeed t$e %uardians of democracy and t$e interests of t$e common people. &$ey insisted on a strict ad$erence to t$e Constitution! t$e e'pansion of political democracy! and t$e protection of individual liberty and equality of economic opportunity. &$ere "ere! $o"ever! some areas "$ere t$ey failed. Thesis #: Supporters and follo"ers of #ndre" Jac son believed t$emselves to be t$e %uardians of t$e Constitution and t$e common people and too credit for an increase in universal male suffra%e durin% t$e ()*+,s and ()-+,s. .o"ever! t$e issues of slavery! t$e removal of /ative #mericans! "omen,s ri%$ts! states, ri%$ts! and t$e national ban

rec$arter and veto offered more c$allen%es t$an t$e Jac sonian Democrats could successfully $andle. &$e Jac sonian Democrats "ere more t$e beneficiaries of political democracy t$an t$e %uardians of it.

Step !: Analyzing documents Directions: 8lick on the letter ,uttons a,o*e to read documents. 6s you read a document note the main idea and source. 6lso think a,out how each document might relate to outside information as well as to other documents. Jot down notes in your work space.
Document A Source0 1eor e 2enr+ Evans% 3The 4or"in 5en#s Declaration o' Independence3 6Dece&$er 172897 "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights" against the undue influence of other classes of society, prudence, as well as the claims of self defense, dictates the necessity of the organization of a party, who shall, by their representatives, prevent dangerous combinations to subvert these indefeasible and fundamental privileges. "All experience hath shown, that man ind" in general, and we as a class in particular, "are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves," by an opposition which the pride and self interest of unprincipled political aspirants, with more unprincipled zeal or religious bigotry, will willfully misrepresent. "!ut when a long train of abuses and usurpations" ta e place, all invariably tending to the oppression and degradation of one class of society, and to the unnatural and iniquitous exaltation of another by political leaders, "it is their right, it is their duty," to use every constitutional means to reform the abuses of such a government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Note on Docu&ent A0 1eor e 2enr+ Evans (as one o' the or ani:ers o' a part+ to represent the &en o' the (or"in class. In this docu&ent esta$lishin the 4or"in 5en#s ;art+% he paraphrases the Declaration o' Independence partl+ to &a"e the point that the (or"in class has inaliena$le ri hts ,ust as an+ other class in societ+. <i"e the colonists% the (or"in class (ill su''er evils done to the& $+ the overn&ent onl+ up to a point. But a'ter &an+ a$uses% it is ti&e to use all constitutional &eans availa$le to (or"in =class &en to re'or& the overn&ent and protect their ri ht to e>ual econo&ic opportunit+. It is not co&pletel+ clear (hether or not this is a pro= !ac"sonian docu&ent. A'ter all% the !ac"sonians supposedl+ represented the 3co&&on3 people. But the date on the docu&ent is (ell into the 'irst +ear o' the !ac"son ad&inistration% indicatin that so&e (or"in =class &e&$ers re arded the De&ocrats as e?cludin the& and a$usin their ri hts instead o' protectin these ri hts. Onl+ a'ter !ac"son (as in o''ice did the+ or ani:e their o(n part+ to uard their e>ual econo&ic opportunit+==$ut the+ pro$a$l+ could not have done this until a'ter the ri ht to vote (as e?panded to include the&.

Note the date. Does it help +ou deter&ine i' this is a docu&ent supportin or critici:in !ac"son@

Document B9 Source0 Andre( !ac"son#s veto &essa e 6!ul+ 1A% 17)29 " sincerely regret that in the act before me " can perceive none of those modifications of the ban charter which are necessary, in my opinion, to ma e it compatible with #ustice, with sound policy, or with the $onstitution of our country. . . . %he present !an of the &nited 'tates . . . en#oys an exclusive privilege of ban ing, . . . almost a monopoly of the foreign and domestic exchange. "t appears that more than a fourth part of the stoc is held by foreigners and the residue is held by a few hundred of our own citizens, chiefly of the richest class. (f the twenty)five directors of this ban five are chosen by the *overnment and twenty by the citizen stoc holders. . . . "t is easy to conceive that great evils to our country and its institutions might flow from such a concentration of power in the hands of a few men irresponsible to the people. "s there no danger to our liberty and independence in a ban that in its nature has so little to bind it to our country+ "t is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Note on Docu&ent B0 In 17)2% Bon ress passed the $ill to recharter the Ban" o' the United States% and it >uic"l+ $eca&e a ca&pai n issue. In this docu&ent% !ac"son is ivin the reasons 'or his veto. 2e ar ues that the Ban" had to $e dis&antled $ecause it (as a 'inancial &onopol+ that 'avored the (ealth+. 5oreover% over a 'ourth o' the stoc" (as held $+ 'orei ners. The re&ainder (as held $+ a 'e( hundred rich people (ho (ere not responsi$le to the citi:ens and (ho could use their po(er and (ealth 'or their o(n sel'ish purposes. The Second United States Ban" (as not co&pati$le (ith ,ustice% there'ore it (as unconstitutional. You &i ht use this docu&ent to support +our ar u&ent that !ac"son (as a uardian o' the Bonstitution and o' the interests and ri hts o' the co&&on people% especiall+ their ri ht to e>ual econo&ic opportunit+. 2is attac" on the concentration o' po(er in the hands o' a 'e( (ould have &et (ith the approval o' the 4or"in 5en#s ;art+ and o' (estern 'ar&ers% land speculators% o(ners o' s&all $usinesses% and state $an"ers% $ut not o' people such as Daniel 4e$ster% (ho (as pri&aril+ responsi$le 'or the recharter $ill.

Bo&pare this to Docu&ent A. Do +ou thin" the 4or"in 5en#s ;art+ (ould have supported !ac"son#s veto o' the Ban" charter@

Document C10 Source0 Daniel 4e$ster#s11 repl+ to !ac"son#s veto &essa e 6!ul+ 11% 17)29 ,%his message- extends the grasp of executive pretension over every power of the government. . . . "t appeals to every pre#udice which may betray men into a mista en view of their own interests, and to every passion which may lead them to disobey the impulses of their understanding. "t urges all the specious topics of 'tate rights and national encroachment against that which a great ma#ority of the 'tates have affirmed to be rightful and in which all of them have acquiesced. "t sows, in an unsparing manner, the seeds of #ealousy and ill)will against that government of which its author is the official head. "t raises a cry that liberty is in danger, at the very moment when it puts forth claims to powers heretofore un nown and unheard of. "t effects alarm for the public freedom, when nothing endangers that freedom so much as its own unparalleled pretenses. %his even, is not all. "t manifestly see s to inflame the poor against the rich; it wantonly attac s whole classes of the people, for the purpose of turning against them the pre#udices and the resentments of the other classes. "t is a state paper which finds no topic too exciting for its use, no passion too inflammable for its address and its solicitation. Note on Docu&ent B0 Senator Daniel 4e$ster 6and 2enr+ Bla+9 (ere !ac"son#s &ain opponents in Bon ress. The+ "ne( that ;resident !ac"son opposed the Second Ban" and hoped to create popular opposition to !ac"son in an election +ear. The+ anticipated that &an+ De&ocrats 'avored the Ban" and that !ac"son (ould not dare to veto it. 4hen !ac"son did veto the $ill to recharter the Ban"% ho(ever% 4e$ster accused !ac"son o' pittin the poor a ainst the rich and creatin ill (ill and 'ear 'or political ains. Accordin to 4e$ster% it (as the increased po(er o' the e?ecutive under !ac"son that (as to $e 'eared. You &i ht recall a political cartoon sho(in Cin Andre( !ac"son sto&pin on the Bonstitution and vetoin the Ban" charter. Blearl+% 4e$ster and those (ho $eca&e &e&$ers o' the 4hi ;art+ in opposition to 3Cin 3 !ac"son did not vie( !ac"son as a uardian o' the Bonstitution. Document D12 Source0 2arriet 5artineau%1) a British author% reportin on her 17)* visit to the United States in Society in America 6Ne( Yor"% 17)/9 " had been less than three wee s in the country and was in a state of something li e awe at the prevalence of not only external competence but
1A 11

Bo&pare this docu&ent to Docu&ent B. It is i&portant to note the source. 4as Daniel 4e$ster a !ac"sonian De&ocrat or a critic@ 12 Be sure to co&pare 5artineau#s report to Docu&ent A. 1) 4ho is 5artineau@ Dro& (hat vie(point did she o$serve conditions in the United States@

intellectual ability. %he stri ing effect upon a stranger of witnessing, for the first time, the absence of poverty, of gross ignorance, of all servility, of all insolence of manner cannot be exaggerated in description. " had seen every man in the towns an independent citizen; every man in the country a landowner. " had seen that the villages had their newspapers, the factory girls their libraries. " had witnessed the controversies between candidates for office on some difficult sub#ects, of which the people were to be the #udges. With all these things in my mind, and with evidence of prosperity about me in the comfortable homesteads which every turn in the road and every reach of the la e brought into view, " was thrown into painful amazement by being told that the grand question of the time was "whether the people should be encouraged to govern themselves, or whether the wise should save them from themselves." Note on Docu&ent D0 5artineau (as a British author (ho &ade a visit to the United States in 17)*. On a relativel+ short trip% she had seen nothin $ut independent citi:ens in the to(ns and lando(ners in the countr+% $ut no povert+% i norance% servilit+% or insolence. She had (itnessed de$ates prior to elections in (hich all &en (ould $e votin . This see&ed so de&ocratic that she (as surprised to 'ind that it (as a $i issue in 17)*. I' +ou co&pare this docu&ent (ith 1eor e 2enr+ Evans# vie(s on the position o' (or"in &en% +ou &a+ 'eel that the t(o docu&ents are contradictor+. Ee&e&$er 5artineau#s 'ra&e o' re'erence. This docu&ent does su est that there (as a 'air &easure o' political de&ocrac+ and econo&ic opportunit+ in the 17)A#s. Document "1! <ource: 7hilip :one a ?ew 0ork 8ity ,usinessman and 2hig politician descri,ing riots in eastern cities during the !(')%s in &$e Diary of P$ilip .one!(0 ()*)1()0( $?ew 0ork !F#5& %hursday, April ./.))0ast day of the election; dreadful riots between the "rish and the Americans have again disturbed the public peace. " happened to be a witness of the disgraceful scene which commenced the warfare. . . . A ban of "rishmen of the lowest class came out of 1uane 'treet from the 'ixth Ward poll, armed with clubs, and commenced a savage attac upon all. . . . %here was much severe fighting and many persons were wounded and noc ed down. . . . "n a few minutes the mob returned with a strong reinforcement, and the fight was renewed with the most unrelenting barbarity. 2riday, August 33, .456.))7iot in 8hiladelphia. %he spirit of riot and insubordination to the laws which lately prevailed in 9ew :or has made its
1* 1-

You should co&pare 2one#s report to that o' 5artineau in Docu&ent D. As a $usiness&an and 4hi politician% 2one is not li"el+ to have $een s+&pathetic to people o' the 3lo(est class.3

appearance in the orderly city of 8hiladelphia, and appears to have been produced by causes equally insignificant))hostility to the blac s and an indiscriminate persecution of all whose s ins were dar er than those of their enlightened fellow citizens. . . . 'everal houses were pulled down and their contents destroyed on %uesday of last wee ; the police were attac ed and several of the police officers badly wounded. Note on Docu&ent E0 This $usiness&an and 4hi politician does not share the British author#s vie( o' the citi:enr+ in Docu&ent D. 2e notes violence a ainst roups such as A'rican A&ericans and Irish i&&i rants. This class anta onis& and discri&ination pro$a$l+ had roots in social and econo&ic ine>ualit+. You &a+ recall that the nativist &ove&ent (as stron in the United States% and that it (as particularl+ hostile to Irish Batholic i&&i rants at this ti&e. You &a+ also recall that 'ree Blac" people in the 17)A#s had ver+ restricted civil ri hts and restricted econo&ic opportunities. This docu&ent &i ht cause +ou to consider the !ac"sonians# position on slaver+. Document F Source0 Acts and Eesolutions o' South Barolina1. 617)-9 5. 7esolved, %hat the legislature of 'outh $arolina, having every confidence in the #ustice and friendship of the non)slaveholding states, . . . earnestly requests that the governments of these states will promptly and effectually suppress all those associations within their respective limits purporting to be abolition societies, and that they will ma e it highly penal to print, publish, and distribute newspapers, pamphlets, tracts and pictorial representations calculated and having an obvious tendency to excite the slaves of the southern states to insurrection and revolt. ;. 7esolved, %hat the legislature of 'outh $arolina regards with decided approbation the measures of security adopted by the 8ost (ffice 1epartment of the &nited 'tates in relation to the transmission of incendiary tracts. !ut if this highly essential and protective policy be counteracted by $ongress, and the &nited 'tates mail becomes a vehicle for the transmission of the mischievous documents, . . . ,we- expect that the $hief <agistrate of our state will forthwith call the legislature together, that timely measures may be ta en to prevent ,such mail- traversing our territory. Note on Docu&ent D0 In these Acts and Eesolutions% the le islature o' South Barolina as"ed non=slaveholdin states to suppress a$olitionist societies and &a"e it ille al to print or distri$ute in'or&ation a$out a$olition. South Barolina (arned Bon ress that i' it allo(ed a$olitionist &aterial to $e sent throu h U.S. &ail% the state (ould ta"e &easures to prevent that &ail 'ro& enterin or crossin South Barolina. You &a+ recall that in his annual &essa e to Bon ress in 17)-% ;resident !ac"son attac"ed the a$olitionists and their incendiar+ pu$lications. 2e ur ed Bon ress to $an a$olitionist &aterials 'ro& the &ails. The 'ollo(in +ear% Bon ress passed a 3 a rule3 to $rin a halt to the a$olitionist petitions that (ere 'loodin Bon ress. This docu&ent ives +ou evidence o' a &a,or 'ailin in the !ac"sonians# uardianship o' individual li$erties and the constitutional ri ht to 'ree speech.
1.

Note that this re>uest is $ein &ade $+ the le islature o' South Barolina. 4hat position has South Barolina ta"en to(ard 'ederal actions o' (hich it disapproved@

Document G

Source0 4oolaroc 5useu&% Bartlesville% O"laho&a.1/

Note on Docu&ent 10 This &ural depicts the 1%2AA=&ile &arch that the Bhero"ee (ere 'orced to underta"e in the 'all and (inter o' 17)7 'ro& 1eor ia to the ne( Indian Territor+ in present=da+ O"laho&a. You &a+ recall that !ac"son &ade clear in his 'irst &essa e to Bon ress that he &eant to re&ove all Native A&ericans east o' the 5ississippi to provide land 'or 4hite settlers. You &a+ also re&e&$er that !ac"son carried out this polic+ despite t(o contrar+ rulin s $+ the Supre&e Bourt. The Bhero"ee appealed to the Supre&e Bourt in 1727 a'ter 1eor ia denied their clai& to nationhood% ar uin that 1eor ia#s denial o' their independence violated the U.S. Bonstitution. In Bhero"ee Nation v. 1eor ia% Bhie' !ustice !ohn 5arshall upheld their vie(. In another case in 17)2% 4orcester v. 1eor ia% 5arshall held that the tri$al nations (ere uaranteed $+ the United States. !ac"son#s re&oval policies (ere carried out a'ter he le't o''ice% (hen the Bhero"ee and other southeastern tri$es (ere sent to O"laho&a under ar&+ uard. You &i ht conclude that !ac"son#s actions to(ard the Bhero"ee sho( his disre ard 'or the constitutional po(er o' the Supre&e Bourt and 'or the individual li$erties o' the Bhero"ee. Document # <ource: 8hief Justice @oger B. Taney%s!( opinion in <upreme 8ourt case C$arles 2iver 3rid%e v. 4arren 3rid%e $!('5&
1/

Does the location o' this picture ive +ou an+ in'or&ation@

%he interests of the great body of the people of the state, would, in this instance, be affected by the surrender of this great line of travel to a single corporation, with the right to exact toll, and exclude competition, for seventy years. While the rights of private property are sacredly guarded, we must not forget, that the community also have rights, and that the happiness and well) being of every citizen depends on their faithful preservation. . . . %he charter of .;4= to the proprietors of the $harles 7iver bridge . . . confers on them the ordinary faculties of a corporation, for the purpose of building a bridge; and establishes certain rates of toll, which the company are authorized to ta e. . . . %here is no exclusive privilege given to them over the waters of $harles 7iver, above or below their bridge; no right to erect another bridge themselves, nor to prevent other persons from erecting one; no engagement from the state, that another should not be erected; and no underta ing not to sanction competition, nor to ma e improvements that may diminish the amount of its income. Note on Docu&ent 20 Andre( !ac"son appointed Eo er B. Tane+ to the Supre&e Bourt as 5arshall#s successor. In this case% !ustice Tane+ is rulin that the Bharles Eiver Brid e Borporation had not received &onopol+ ri hts to a $rid e over the Bharles Eiver in its charter o' 1/7- and that the ri hts o' the co&&unit+ are as i&portant as the ri hts o' private propert+. The state could there'ore ive charters to other co&panies to $uild $rid es over the Bharles Eiver% even i' the+ co&peted (ith the e?istin $rid e. This is an attac" on &onopol+ and privile e in the $uildin o' transportation 'acilities. You &i ht conclude that this decision supported the ri hts o' the co&&unit+ a ainst &onopolies% a position !ac"sonian De&ocrats supported in their e''orts to &aintain e>ual econo&ic opportunit+.

Step $: Revising the thesis statement and outline Directions: @e*ise your thesis statement and outline to amend your main points if necessary and incorporate information from the documents. <croll ,ack to your draft thesis statement and outline in your work space then make your changes.
<ample @e*ised Cutline!F Thesis statement that e*aluates the extent to which Jacksonian Democrats were the guardians of democracy. I.
17

Jacksonian Democrats and the 8onstitution

Do +ou "no( (ho appointed Tane+ to the Supre&e Bourt@

18

This outline incorporates all o' the docu&ents and allo(s 'or the inclusion o' a reat deal o' relevant outside in'or&ation. In addition% it provides the opportunit+ to cover the 'our areas re>uired in the >uestion and to discuss $oth sides o' the state&ent.

6. B. 8. D. 4. D. II.

7resident responsi,le to the common people Defies <upreme 8ourt ruling concerning 8herokee $Document /& 2illingness to use force against <outh 8arolina <upreme 8ourt and monopoly $Document :& /ag rule $Document D& Ase of *eto $Documents B and 8 and outside info&

7olitical democracy 6. Increased political participation expansion of right to *ote $Document D& B. <poils system kitchen ca,inet 8. 2orking 9en%s 7arty $Document 6& D. 4lections of !(#( and !('# 4. Dormation of the 2hig 7arty $Document 8& D. 2omen and most free 6frican 6mericans had no *ote

III. Indi*idual li,erty 6. 6merican society;democracy $Documents D and 4& B. Indian remo*al policy $Document /& 8. 8ontinued existence of sla*ery D. Dree 6frican 6mericans and immigrants $Document /& 4. 2omen%s rights IE. 4quality of economic opportunity 6. Eeto of Bank esta,lishment of pet ,anks $Documents B and 8& 9ays*ille @oad *eto B. <pecie circular 8. 7anic of !('5 and 2higs D. 8ompetition and monopoly $Document :& 4. Ba,or mo*ement $Documents 6 and 4& <ample @e*ised Thesis <tatements#) Thesis !: Jac sonian Democrats! supporters and follo"ers of #ndre" Jac son! "ere indeed t$e %uardians of democracy and t$e interests of t$e common people. &$ey insisted on a strict ad$erence to t$e Constitution! t$e e'pansion of political democracy! and t$e protection of individual liberty and equality of economic opportunity. &$ere "ere! $o"ever! some areas "$ere t$ey failed. Thesis #: Supporters and follo"ers of #ndre" Jac son believed t$emselves to be t$e %uardians of t$e Constitution and t$e common people and too credit for an increase in universal male suffra%e durin% t$e ()*+,s and ()-+,s. .o"ever! t$e issues of slavery! t$e removal of /ative #mericans! "omen,s ri%$ts! states, ri%$ts! and t$e national ban rec$arter and veto offered more c$allen%es t$an t$e Jac sonian Democrats could

2A

This is the ti&e to revise +our dra't thesis state&ent. Does the &a,orit+ o' +our evidence 'ro& the docu&ents and 'ro& +our o(n stud+ support the !ac"sonians# vie( o' the&selves as uardians o' de&ocrac+% or does it re'ute it@

successfully $andle. &$e Jac sonian Democrats "ere more t$e beneficiaries of political democracy t$an t$e %uardians of it.

Step %: &riting the essay Directions: ?ow you should ,e ready to write your essay.
Scoring 'uide ()* 8ontains a well"de*eloped thesis that clearly addresses the extent to which the Jacksonians% *iew of themsel*es was accurate 7resents an effecti*e analysis of the extent to which the *iew is accurate in the four areas> treatment may ,e une*en 4ffecti*ely uses a su,stantial num,er of documents <upports the thesis with su,stantial and rele*ant outside information Is clearly organi1ed and well written 9ay contain minor errors 8ontains a thesis that addresses the Jacksonians% *iew of themsel*es :as limited analysis is mostly descripti*e> deals with two or three aspects of the question in some depth C@ deals with three or four aspects in a more general way Ases some documents effecti*ely <upports the thesis with some outside information <hows e*idence of accepta,le organi1ation and writing> language errors do not interfere with comprehension 9ay contain errors that do not seriously detract from the quality of the essay 7resents a limited confused and;or poorly de*eloped thesis Deals with two or three aspects of the question in a general way C@ three or four aspects in a superficial way <implistic explanation Quotes or ,riefly cites documents 8ontains little outside information or information that is generally inaccurate or irrele*ant Demonstrates weak organi1ational and;or writing skills that interfere with comprehension 9ay contain ma=or errors 8ontains no thesis or a thesis that does not address the question 4xhi,its inadequate or inaccurate understanding of the question 8ontains little or no understanding of documents or ignores them completely 8ontains inappropriate or no outside information Is so poorly organi1ed or written that it inhi,its understanding 8ontains numerous errors ,oth ma=or and minor

$)+

2)!

,)1

Sample "ssay 1: "-cellent .score of */

Jacksonian Democrats were not the 3guardians of Democracy3 that they claimed to ,e ,ut instead were merely guardians of their own sectional interests and 6ndrew Jackson%s inflated ego.#! Jacksonians were skilled at emotionali1ing issues and rallying the support of the <outh and 2est. Their primary goals were not 8onstitutional =ustice and indi*idual li,erty ,ut instead they stri*ed to suppress ?ew 4ngland the 2hig party and ,usiness interests and to preser*e state%s rights. 6ndrew Jackson $despite allegations to the contrary ,y <outh 8arolina and Tennessee& was ,orn in ?orth 8arolina and grew up a son of the frontier. The hero of the Battle of ?ew Crleans and a pro*en hothead $he flagrantly diso,eyed orders and hanged a few of the enemy in the <eminole 2ar& Jackson was also not what one would call an intellectual. 4motionali1ation of campaign issues got him elected in !(#( o*er a superior statesman 7resident John Q. 6dams. Through an o*er"emotionali1ed re*i*alistic campaign style Jackson%s camp ,rought the common man out of the ,ackwoods into the *oting ,ooth. $@ecords show that *oter participation rose dramatically through the Jackson era&. By exploiting the class difference ,etween the ur,an 4astern industrialists and the <outh"and"2estern agrarian Jackson%s aides turned 3Cld :ickory3 into a sym,ol for the fight against the upper class and intellectualism. :enceforth it mattered little what Jackson did as president as long as it was percei*ed as the will of the common man.##

The Bank of the Anited <tates under the direction of ?icholas Biddle had to an extent ,ecome an agent ,y which 3fat"cat3 ?orthern merchants filled their money ,ags. The Bank was not good howe*er for 2estern speculators who had ,orrowed a great deal of money from the ,ank and now in the late !(#)s were feeling the crunch of le*eling"off land prices. Because the Bank did not ,enefit Jackson%s constituency $and ,ecause of a personal dislike for 381ar3 Biddle& Jackson *etoed the ,ill for recharter of the Bank proclaiming that was in the 3hands of a few men irresponsi,le to the people.3 :e of course meant the common indi*idual. Intellectuals like Daniel 2e,ster saw through this exploitation of industry;agrarian conflict. 2e,ster%s reply in Document 8 shames Jackson for turning a political issue into an emotional quandary.#' $It should ,e noted in fairness to 6ndrew Jackson that 2e,ster owed se*eral thousand dollars to the B.A.<.&. <till Jackson claimed to ,e protecting the rights of indi*iduals instead of the interests of 2estern speculators.#+ In @oger B. Taney%s decision $Taney was a <outhern and a Jacksonian& in the !('5 8harles @i*er Bridge 8ase ,usiness was o*erruled ,y the rights of the community and the indi*idual or was itG Taney%s decision really set a precedent for state%s right inter*ention in commerce though it claimed to support the indi*idual%s li,erty.#21

Fer+ stron and sharpl+ 'ocused thesis.

22 2)

There is a (ealth o' outside in'or&ation here and e?cellent discussion o' attac" on Eastern interests. Sophisticated use o' docu&ent. 2* 1ood use o' $an" docu&ent and outside in'or&ation. 21ood interpretation o' Tane+ case as states# ri hts.

<ometimes howe*er it was Jackson%s ego and not sectional fa*oritism that dro*e Jacksonian democracy. 2hen 8hief Justice John 9arshall $a Dederalist& ruled that the 8herokee nation had a right to its territory Jackson declared 3Justice 9arshall has made his decision now let him enforce it.3 Jackson claimed that the 3common man3 wanted the Indians remo*ed and promptly sent the 8herokee down the 3Trail of Tears3 to Cklahoma. The mo*e was actually fueled ,y Jackson%s dislike for 9arshall and his feeling that the executi*e ,ranch superseded the 8ourt. Jackson *etoed the 9ays*ille @oad pro=ect in Hentucky claiming that the 8onstitution mandated internal impro*ements in intra"state areas ,e the responsi,ility of local go*ernment.#. :e declined to mention that the road ran through the home district of his archri*al 2hig <peaker of the :ouse :enry 8lay. In truth Jacksonian Democracy did not protect indi*idual rights as e*idenced ,y the mistreatment of ,lacks Indians and immigrants. 9ost Jacksonians were sla*eholders and until Jackson%s indi*idual pride was damaged ,y the nullification crisis of !(#( $Jackson resented upstart <outh 8arolina and John 8. 8alhoun due to the 4aton affair& Jackson was an ad*ocate of sla*ery. The 8herokees were ,rutally mistreated ,y Jackson%s remo*al policy. Irish immigrants were often the *ictims of ,ig city riots in the 4ast which 6ndrew Jackson did nothing to pre*ent. These in=ustices were usually concealed from *isitors like :arriet 9artineau and 6lexis De Toque*ille.#5 Jacksonian Democracy did little for indi*idual li,erty and constitutional =ustice ,ut instead hid ,ehind emotionali1ed issues. Jackson%s ego dictated policy as did the needs of the <outh and 2est. <e*eral examples of suppressed indi*idual freedom occurred. Jacksonians were more the protectors of self interest than the guardians of Democracy.

A; Eeader anal+sis0 This is a super$l+ (ritten essa+ 'ar surpassin the re>uire&ents 'or the top cate or+. It contains a co&prehensive% (ell=developed thesis that the !ac"sonian De&ocrats acted 'or their political sel'=interest% not 'or constitutional ,ustice and individual li$erties. In'or&ation 'ro& the docu&ents is (oven throu hout the essa+ and in so&e instances used i&plicitl+. Throu hout the essa+% the thesis is consistentl+ supported $+ in'or&ation 'ro& the docu&ents and outside evidence.

Sample "ssay 2: 'ood .score of %/ <ince the founding of the 8onstitution the leaders of the A.<. had preser*ed the supremacy of the federal go*ernment o*er local go*ernments. :owe*er during the !(#)s and !(')s the tide turned with the introduction of Jacksonian Democracy.#(Dollowers of 6ndrew Jackson ,elie*ed they were the moral guardians of the constitution and used it to protect states rights. They ,elie*ed in ha*ing as little go*ernment as possi,le. Their policies were aimed at the 3common man3 and sought to ,ring indi*idual li,erties to them. Cne area that they did not tolerate though was foreign

2. 2/

1ood use o' Bhero"ee case and 5a+sville Eoad to illustrate !ac"son#s positions on the Bonstitution. E?cellent para raph on individual ri hts and sophisticated use o' docu&ents. 27 The thesis state&ent could $e $etter 'ocused. The &ain issue (as not 'ederal vs. state supre&ac+% $ut de&ocrati:in the 'ederal overn&ent.

immigrants and the Indians.#F Jackson did not ,elie*e in gi*ing them equal opportunity as gi*en to the 6mericans. Jackson himself had a hum,le up,ringing as an orphan. 7erhaps this led him to emphasi1e the common man%s importance in society and ,ringing in opportunity. :e wanted to achie*e ,ringing the federal go*ernment down to the le*el of society. 6s a staunch state%s rightist ') he ,elie*ed in locali1ing go*ernment. 2hen he was elected he used the spoils system or rotation in office to allow for political di*ersity and compata,ility in office.'! Cne Jacksonian Democrat /eorge :enry 4*ans created the 2orking 9en%s Declaration of Independence. It applied the ,eliefs of Jacksonian Democracy to the Declaration our ,asis for forming the 8onstitution. :ere he shows how the Jacksonian Democrats ,elie*ed in allowing indi*idual li,erty though the rights to reform go*ernment and guard the natural laws of society. 6lso under Jacksonian Democracy came the new *iew of economics and society. The ma=or dealing of Jackson was the defeat of the <econd Bank of the Anited <tates. Jackson ,elie*ed that since in the constitution there was no =ustification to create such a ,ank it was illegal. :e also felt that ha*ing one large federal ,ank depri*ed state ,anks from a chance at sur*i*al. 2hen the Bank%s charter was up for renewal in !('# Jackson naturally *etoed the recharter ,ill. :e used his presidential *eto quite freely. :e states that the ,ank pro*ides for the exclusi*e pri*ilege of ,anking and concentration in the hands of few men. 4*entually Jackson ,led the ,ank dry of its funds and issued pet ,anks similar to those proposed ,y the Jacksonian Democrats.'# Jacksonian Democrats were challenged ,y the imminent nullification laws of <outh 8arolina. Jackson immediately demanded that <. 8arolina withdraw the ,ill and comply with the laws of the federal go*ernment. The Dorce 6ct was issued which allowed na*al and armed troops to enter <. 8arolina to enforce the laws. Cne ma=or area of dispute was the intolerance of foreigners ,y the Jacksonian Democrats. Jackson first had trou,le with the ?ati*e 6mericans. :e was undecided whether to expel the Indians or lea*e them alone on their reser*ations. It was o,*ious that Jackson did not tolerate the Indians. 9ost of the legislation passed under him went against the Indians. The painting from the 2oolaroc 9useum shows the migration of the Indians from their homeland to some other area. The Jacksonian Democracy did a great in=ustice to the nati*e 6mericans. 6lso at the *oting polls great riots ,egan ,etween 6mericans and foreigners o*er the !('+ elections. 6mericans learned to not tolerate foreigners and came down on them with ,ar,arity.'' The Jacksonian Democrats ,asically pro*ided the A.<. with the de*elopment of the common man and a go*ernment working in fa*or of the people much like populism of
28

Sho(s so&e understandin that there are t(o sides to the >uestion.

)A )1

Error. !ac"son opposed BalhounGs position on the Nulli'ication Doctrine. 1ood use o' outside in'or&ation in this para raph. )2 1ood para raph on Ban"% usin docu&ents and outside in'or&ation. )) T(o ood e?a&ples o' the li&its o' !ac"sonian de&ocrac+.

the !Fth century these mo*ements ,elie*ed in crushing elitism in society. 6s :arriet 9artineau states the people were the =udges and this allowed for the formation of the A.<. as a ,etter society for almost e*eryone.

A; Eeader anal+sis0 The thesis here is not 'ocused clearl+ on the issues and there'ore doesn#t uide the essa+ as (ell as it &i ht. The essa+ does use the docu&ents and outside in'or&ation in ar uin the stren ths and li&itations o' the !ac"sonians. 5ore anal+sis o' the docu&ents and a sharper thesis state&ent (ould have i&proved this essa+.

Sample "ssay : 0nsatisfactory .score of / Jacksonian Democrats which were found in the !F#)%s and !F')%s '+ ,elie*ed in strict interpretation of the 8onstitution indi*idual freedoms equal opportunity strong go*ernment in the states and equality of white men and women.'- 9any people did not agree with 6ndrew Jackson or his methods of getting things done. Jackson was a racist. :e did nothing for the sla*es and harassed the Indians. Jackson always used his poor ,ackground as a stand that e*en the common man can ,ecome president.'. Jacksonian Democrats stressed that indi*iduals had rights a,o*e the whole. 6ny man no matter what his ,ackground had the rights of happiness life and li,erty $Document 6&. :arriet 9artineau a British author could not ,elie*e that in 6merica e*ery man was an 3independent citi1en3. :e e*en wondered if people go*erning themsel*es was *ery safe $Document D&.'5 Jacksonian Democrats may ha*e *iewed themsel*es as gi*ing more power to the people ,ut that did not hold to ,e completely true. Jackson did a few good things to gi*e people a choice. Jackson *etoed the Bank of the Anited <tates ,ecause he felt it ga*e the people no choice. If the ,ank had control o*er the nation%s money then neither the go*ernment or the people could decide where they wanted their money placed $Document B&.'( 9any people disagreed with Jackson%s so"called patriotism. Daniel 2e,ster who was for the Bank of the Anited <tates felt that Jackson was ,eing unreasona,le. 2e,ster thought that since freedom was not truly endangered that Jackson was ,eing too passionate a,out it $document 8&.'F Jackson felt that if people were denied e*en simple freedoms that o*er the course of time larger and more important freedoms would ,e taken away. Jackson continually supported laws or passed laws that denied rights. In Document 4 riots are descri,ed. The riots were a direct result of Jackson%s laws.+) Jackson seemed to completely disregard the rights of immigrants and anyone else who was not white 7rotestant. <tates in the ?orth were opposed to sla*ery wrote literature and mailed
)* )-

This &isdatin is a &inor error. 4hat evidence is there that !ac"sonians supported e>ualit+ 'or (o&en@ ). This para raph has so&e ood in'or&ation in it% $ut it needs to $e $etter or ani:ed. )/ 2arriet 5artineau (as a (o&an. This sho(s &isunderstandin o' her praise 'or A&erican societ+. )7 This &isinterprets !ac"son#s $an" veto &essa e. )8 This does not correctl+ interpret 4e$ster#s concern. *A Error. There is no evidence in the docu&ent that the riots resulted 'ro& an+ !ac"son polic+.

things to sla*es to get them to consider freedom as an alternate lifestyle. <outh 8arolina asked the ?orthern states to halt all writing a,out a,olishing sla*ery they did not their sla*es to get restless $Document 4&. Jackson supported this stand. The worst thing that Jackson did against another society was mo*e the Indians. :e had thousands of Indians forcefully mo*ed from their homes. :e had Indians murdered thrown out and e*en tortured. Cnly a few Indians wanted their people to ,e relocated and those were the only ones he e*en tolerated. The trek he sent the Indians on was known as the 3Trail of Tears3 $Document /&. C*er !;' of the 8herokee nation died on that trip and mostly ,ecause of Jackson%s selfishness.+! Cn the whole Jacksonian Democrats had good ideas. They wanted people to ha*e choices as shown in 38harles @i*er Bridge *s. 2arren Bridge3 $Document :& and they ga*e power to the people. Jackson truly felt that he was representing the whole when he had Indians mo*ed and condoned sla*ery. Jackson may ha*e once ,een a 3common man3 ,ut when he was president he didn%t listen to the 3common man3 any longer. :opefully the Anited <tates will ne*er ha*e another president that was so openly pre=udiced. It would ,e nice to think that people would ha*e ,etter =udgment than to reelect another 6ndrew Jackson.

A; Eeader anal+sis0 This essa+ conve+s the idea that !ac"son#s policies tended to 'avor one roup% 4hite A&ericans% at the e?pense o' Native A&ericans and A'rican A&ericans% $ut it does not connect the ideas. Docu&ents are used in a super'icial and descriptive &anner or are &isread. There is little outside in'or&ation to support the enerali:ations.

*1

4hat speci'ic evidence is there o' !ac"son#s sel'ishness@